Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause major disability and increases the risk of neurodegeneration. Post-TBI, there is infiltration of peripheral myeloid and lymphoid cells; there is limited information on the peripheral immune response post-TBI in...
Background/Objectives: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to substantial disability and health loss. Despite its importance and impact worldwide, no treatment options are currently available to help protect or preserve brain structure and function...
A growing body of evidence suggests that hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) may affect the activity of adult neural stem cells (NSCs). Since the role of NSCs in recovery from brain injury is still unclear, the purpose of this study was to investigate the e...
Background: Periventricular white-matter (WM) injury is a prominent feature of brain injury in preterm infants. Thyroxin (T4) treatment reduces the severity of hypoxic-ischemic (HI)-mediated WM injury in the immature brain. This study aimed to deline...
Oxidative stress (OS) constitutes a pivotal factor within the mechanisms underlying brain damage, for which the immature brain is particularly vulnerable. This vulnerability is caused by the abundance of immature oligodendrocytes in the immature brai...
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is leading cause of morbidity in young children. Acute dysregulation of oxidative glucose metabolism within the first hours after injury is a hallmark of TBI. The developing brain relies on ketones as well as glucose for...
Perinatal brain damage underlies an important share of motor and neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment, visual dysfunction and epilepsy. Clinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies have revealed that fa...
With a worldwide incidence of 15 million cases, preterm birth is a major contributor to neonatal mortality and morbidity, and concomitant social and economic burden Preterm infants are predisposed to life-long neurological disorders due to the immatu...
Brain organoids have emerged as a novel model system for neural development, neurodegenerative diseases, and human-based drug screening. However, the heterogeneous nature and immature neuronal development of brain organoids generated from pluripotent...
Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a therapy used in neonates with pulmonary hypertension. Some evidence of its neuroprotective properties has been reported in both mature and immature brains subjected to injury. NO is a key mediator of the VEGF pathway,...
There is significant communication and interdependence among the gut, the microbiome, and the brain during development. Diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), highlight how injury to the immature gastrointestinal tract leads to long-term...
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is associated with hypoxia-ischemia (HI) induced brain injury and life-long neurological pathologies. Treatment options are limited. Recently, we found that mesenchymal stem/stromal cell derived extracellular vesi...
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is an important cause of long-term disability in extremely preterm infants, with no current treatment. We aimed to study in an IVH model in immature rats the neuroprotective effect of betulinic acid hydroxamate (BAH)...
Radiation injury- and radiation combined with skin injury-induced inflammatory responses in the mouse brain were evaluated in this study. Female B6D2F1/J mice were subjected to a sham, a skin wound (SW), 9.5 Gy 60Co total-body gamma irradiation (RI),...
Pediatric stroke, a significant cause of long-term neurological deficits in children, often arises from disruptions within neurovascular unit (NVU) components. The NVU, a dynamic ensemble of astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and microglia, is...
Perinatal and neonatal ischemic stroke is a significant cause of cognitive and behavioral impairments. Further research is needed to support models of neonatal ischemic stroke and advance our understanding of the mechanisms of infarction formation fo...
Globally, approximately 11% of all infants are born preterm, prior to 37 weeks’ gestation. In these high-risk neonates, encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a major cause of both morbidity and mortality, especially for neonates who are born very pr...
Neural precursor cells (NPCs) are generated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and travel through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to replace olfactory bulb interneurons in the brains of most adult mammals. Following brain injury, SVZ-derived NPCs ca...
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes cell death mainly in the cerebral cortex. We have previously reported that transplantation of embryonic cortical neurons immediately after cortical injury allows the anatomical reconstruction of injured pathways an...
Injuries to the developing brain due to hypoxia–ischemia (HI) are common causes of neurological disabilities in preterm babies. HI, with oxygen deprivation to the brain or reduced cerebral blood perfusion due to birth asphyxia, often leads to severe...
Exposure to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists has been demonstrated to induce neurodegeneration in newborn rats. However, in clinical practice the use of NMDA receptor antagonists as anesthetics and sedatives cannot always be avoided....
Background and Objectives: Late preterm (LP) infants (born between 34 and 36 weeks of gestational age) are considered at higher risk of neonatal morbidities, mortality, and neurological impairments than full-term born infants (FT). The aim of this st...
Oxytocin (OXT) is hypothalamic neuropeptide synthetized in the brain by magnocellular and parvo cellular neurons of the paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic (SON) and accessory nuclei (AN) of the hypothalamus. OXT acts in the central and peripheral nerv...
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates. Because of high concentrations of sensitive immature cells, metal-catalyzed free radicals, non-saturated fatty acids, and low concentrations of...
The hematopoietic growth factor erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to be neuroprotective against hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in Postnatal Day 7 (P7)–P10 or adult animal models. The current study was aimed to determine whether EPO also provides long-lastin...
In the context of child abuse spectrum, abusive head trauma (AHT) represents the leading cause of fatal head injuries in children less than 2 years of age. Immature brain is characterized by high water content, partially myelinated neurons, and promi...
Caffeine is one of the most commonly used drugs in intensive care to stimulate the respiratory control mechanisms of very preterm infants. Respiratory instability, due to the degree of immaturity at birth, results in apnea of prematurity (AOP), hyper...
Introduction: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a devastating disease in preterm infants concurrent with neurodevelopmental disorders. Chronic hyperoxia exposure might also cause brain injury, but the evidence was insufficient. Methods: Neonatal C5...
Physiological oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in supporting proper growth and development. While moderate oxidative stress is essential for activating key metabolic pathways and maintaining normal cellular signaling, excessive production of rea...
The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is generally considered as repair restricted organ with limited capacities to regenerate lost cells and to successfully integrate them into damaged nerve tracts. Despite the presence of endogenous imma...
Hypoxia–ischemia (HI) leads to immature brain injury mediated by mitochondrial stress. If damaged mitochondria cannot be repaired, mitochondrial permeabilization ensues, leading to cell death. Non-optimal turnover of mitochondria is critical as...
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of non-progressive disorders of motor function in children resulting from an injury to an immature brain. In addition to abnormal limb and trunk movement, individuals with CP can experience involuntary muscle contractio...
Head trauma is the most common cause of disability in young adults. Known as a silent epidemic, it can cause a mosaic of symptoms, whether neurological (sensory–motor deficits), psychiatric (depressive and anxiety symptoms), or somatic (vertigo...
Platinum compounds cause significant clinical neurotoxicity. Several studies highlight neurological complications especially in paediatric oncology patients with Central Nervous System (CNS) and non-CNS malignancies. To understand the toxicity mechan...
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy (HIE) in term newborns is a leading cause of mortality and chronic disability. Hypothermia (HT) is the only clinically available therapeutic intervention; however, its neuroprotective effects are limited....
Pediatric stroke (PS) is an injury caused by the occlusion or rupture of a blood vessel in the central nervous system (CNS) of children, before or after birth. Hemiparesis is the most common motoric deficit associated with PS in children. Therefore,...
The purpose of this work was to study the effects of lactoferrin (Lf) on acute (days 3 and 15) and early-delayed (day 30) changes in the dentate gyrus of mouse hippocampus caused by whole-body gamma-irradiation. Male C57BL/6 mice received Lf (4 mg pe...
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) disrupts hippocampal network function through coordinated alterations in glial reactivity, synaptic integrity, and adult neurogenesis. Effective therapeutic approaches targeting these interconnected processes remain...
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of disability and pain, but little progress has been made in its clinical management. Low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) of various anti-nociceptive targets improves outcomes after SCI, including moto...
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in the neonatal brain frequently results in neurologic impairments, including cognitive disability. Unfortunately, there are currently no known treatment options to minimize ischemia-induced neural damage. We previously showed t...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and warrants further study as well as timely treatment. Additionally, the mechanisms of the brain’s intrinsic defense against chronic injury are not yet fully under...
Axons in the adult mammalian nervous system can extend over formidable distances, up to one meter or more in humans. During development, axonal and dendritic growth requires continuous addition of new membrane. Of the three major kinds of membrane li...
Progressive fetal infection/inflammation is strongly associated with neural injury after preterm birth. We aimed to test the hypotheses that progressively developing fetal inflammation leads to neuroinflammation and impaired white matter development...
In multiple sclerosis (MS), oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are recruited to the site of injury to remyelinate damaged axons; however, in patients this process is often ineffective due to defects in OPC maturation. The membrane receptor GPR17...
Background: Premature infants are born with immature cerebral autoregulation function and are vulnerable to pressure passive cerebral circulation and subsequent brain injury. Measurements derived from near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) have enabled co...