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87 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,341 Views
15 Pages

15 January 2024

Halide perovskites are widely used as components of electronic and optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), optically pumped lasers, field-effect transistors, photodetectors, and γ-detectors. Despite this wide r...

  • Review
  • Open Access
22 Citations
9,516 Views
25 Pages

Recent Progress of Electrically Pumped AlGaN Diode Lasers in the UV-B and -C Bands

  • Syed M. N. Hasan,
  • Weicheng You,
  • Md Saiful Islam Sumon and
  • Shamsul Arafin

The development of electrically pumped semiconductor diode lasers emitting at the ultraviolet (UV)-B and -C spectral bands has been an active area of research over the past several years, motivated by a wide range of emerging applications. III-Nitrid...

  • Review
  • Open Access
18 Citations
6,420 Views
33 Pages

Recent Developments of Quantum Dot Materials for High Speed and Ultrafast Lasers

  • Zhonghui Yao,
  • Cheng Jiang,
  • Xu Wang,
  • Hongmei Chen,
  • Hongpei Wang,
  • Liang Qin and
  • Ziyang Zhang

24 March 2022

Owing to their high integration and functionality, nanometer-scale optoelectronic devices based on III-V semiconductor materials are emerging as an enabling technology for fiber-optic communication applications. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) with...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,091 Views
10 Pages

Dynamics of Electrically Pumped Semiconductor Nano-Laser Arrays

  • Yuanlong Fan,
  • K. Alan Shore and
  • Xiaopeng Shao

10 November 2023

Semiconductor nano-lasers have been actively investigated both theoretically and experimentally with to the aim of providing a highly compact laser amenable to photonic integration. Such devices are naturally suited for assembly in close-packed one-...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,223 Views
18 Pages

Re-Engineering of an Impeller for Submersible Electric Pump to Be Produced by Selective Laser Melting

  • Gennaro Salvatore Ponticelli,
  • Flaviana Tagliaferri,
  • Simone Venettacci,
  • Matthias Horn,
  • Oliviero Giannini and
  • Stefano Guarino

11 August 2021

The subject of the present study is the reproduction of a submersible electric pump impeller through reverse engineering and additive manufacturing. All of the phases commonly envisaged in the reproduction of an existing piece were carried out. The a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,932 Views
15 Pages

14 December 2023

Semiconductor nano-lasers have been a topic of interest from the perspective of advancing the capabilities of photonic integration. Nano-lasers are perceived as the means to achieve improved functionality in photonic integrated circuits. The properti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,664 Views
11 Pages

24 November 2021

A self-pulsing III-V/silicon laser is designed based on the Fano resonance between a bus-waveguide and a micro-ring resonator, partially covered by the graphene as a nonlinear saturable absorption component. The Fano reflector etched on the straight...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,881 Views
8 Pages

26 February 2021

Using a fiber of that is 125 μm in diameter in rhodamine 6G ethanol solution, controllable multi- and single-whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) optofluidic lasers based on evanescent-wave-coupled gain are both available. With multi-mode WGM emission, lasi...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,092 Views
7 Pages

Laser Diode Pumped Polymer Lasers with Tunable Emission Based on Microfluidic Channels

  • Ben Niu,
  • Kun Ge,
  • Zhiyang Xu,
  • Xiaoyu Shi,
  • Dan Guo and
  • Tianrui Zhai

13 October 2021

Tunable whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) lasers have been paid lots of attention for their potential applications in the photonic field. Here, a tunable polymer WGM laser based on laser diode pumping is realized with a threshold of 0.43 MW/cm2 per pulse...

  • Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,217 Views
21 Pages

Development of Solution-Processed Perovskite Semiconductors Lasers

  • Nan Zhang,
  • Quanxin Na,
  • Qijie Xie and
  • Siqi Jia

8 September 2022

Lead halide perovskite is a new photovoltaic material with excellent material characteristics, such as high optical absorption coefficient, long carrier transmission length, long carrier lifetime and low defect state density. At present, the steady-s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
8,619 Views
9 Pages

High Power Diode-Side-Pumped Q-Switched Nd:YAG Solid-State Laser with a Thermoelectric Cooler

  • Jian Dong,
  • Xue-Sheng Liu,
  • Chao Peng,
  • You-Qiang Liu and
  • Zhi-Yong Wang

16 December 2015

A diode-side-pumped, high-energy, high-beam-quality, pulsed solid-state Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) laser with a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) is investigated in this study. The pump laser was a pulsed laser diode array with maximum peak power of 15 kW. A 3...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
1,591 Views
9 Pages

Study on Electrically Modulated Quasi-Continuous Wave Fe: ZnSe Solid-State Laser with Hundred-Hertz

  • Yingchao Wan,
  • Yanlong Shen,
  • Ke Wang,
  • Tongxing Chai,
  • Yousheng Wang,
  • Zhengge Chen and
  • Feng Zhu

30 November 2023

Iron-doped binary chalcogenide crystals are very promising for tunable solid-state lasers operating over the 3~5 μm spectral range. Fe: ZnSe is one of the most important gain crystals with the obvious advantages of material characteristics and con...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
4,076 Views
8 Pages

Narrow-Linewidth GaN-on-Si Laser Diode with Slot Gratings

  • Yongjun Tang,
  • Meixin Feng,
  • Jianxun Liu,
  • Shizhao Fan,
  • Xiujian Sun,
  • Qian Sun,
  • Shuming Zhang,
  • Tong Liu,
  • Yaping Kong and
  • Hui Yang
  • + 2 authors

16 November 2021

This letter reports room-temperature electrically pumped narrow-linewidth GaN-on-Si laser diodes. Unlike conventional distributed Bragg feedback laser diodes with hundreds of gratings, we employed only a few precisely defined slot gratings to narrow...

  • Article
  • Open Access
998 Views
9 Pages

Semiconductor Laser with Electrically Modulated Frequency

  • Boris Laikhtman,
  • Gregory Belenky and
  • Sergey Suchalkin

27 August 2025

We propose a novel method for controlling the frequency of semiconductor lasers. This technique facilitates the production of devices with fast frequency tuning and intrinsic linearization of laser frequency sweeps. The electrical contact layer posit...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,030 Views
17 Pages

1 October 2019

A simple, versatile model for the dynamics of electrically and optically pumped vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers, which are mode locked by a semiconductor saturable-absorber mirror, is presented. The difference between the laser opera...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
6,176 Views
12 Pages

Mid-Infrared Quantum-Dot Quantum Cascade Laser: A Theoretical Feasibility Study

  • Stephan Michael,
  • Weng W. Chow and
  • Hans Christian Schneider

In the framework of a microscopic model for intersubband gain from electrically pumped quantum-dot structures we investigate electrically pumped quantum-dots as active material for a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser. Our previous calculations have...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,538 Views
10 Pages

Controllable Burst-Mode Nd3+:YAG/Cr4+:YAG Laser Pumped by 808 nm Polarization-Combined Laser Diodes

  • Xincheng Dang,
  • Nihui Zhang,
  • Hai Wang,
  • Di Xin,
  • Tongtong Li,
  • Weiqiao Zhang,
  • Xuyan Zhou,
  • Wanhua Zheng and
  • Hongbo Zhang

26 February 2025

This paper presents a time-shared pumping technology for semiconductor lasers based on polarization-combined technology, which enables a compact passively Q-switched Nd3+:YAG/Cr4+:YAG laser to generate tunable pulse sequence output. Two 808 nm laser...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
6,116 Views
11 Pages

Wavelength-Tunable Narrow-Linewidth Laser Diode Based on Self-Injection Locking with a High-Q Lithium Niobate Microring Resonator

  • Ting Huang,
  • Yu Ma,
  • Zhiwei Fang,
  • Junxia Zhou,
  • Yuan Zhou,
  • Zhe Wang,
  • Jian Liu,
  • Zhenhua Wang,
  • Haisu Zhang and
  • Ya Cheng
  • + 2 authors

We demonstrate a narrow linewidth 980 nm laser by self-injection locking of an electrically pumped distributed-feedback (DFB) laser diode to a high quality (Q) factor (>105) lithium niobate (LN) microring resonator. The lithium niobate microring r...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,399 Views
17 Pages

Organic Diode Laser Dynamics: Rate-Equation Model, Reabsorption, Validation and Threshold Predictions

  • Daan Lenstra,
  • Alexis P.A. Fischer,
  • Amani Ouirimi,
  • Alex Chamberlain Chime,
  • Nixson Loganathan and
  • Mahmoud Chakaroun

We present and analyze a simple model based on six rate equations for an electrically pumped organic diode laser. The model applies to organic host-guest systems and includes Stoke-shifted reabsorption in a self-consistent manner. With the validated...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
5,450 Views
9 Pages

Design, Construction and Characterization of Sealed Tube Medium Power CO2 Laser System

  • Muddasir Naeem,
  • Tayyab Imran,
  • Mukhtar Hussain and
  • Arshad Saleem Bhatti

A low-cost medium-power carbon dioxide (CO2) laser system is designed, constructed, and characterized to produce coherent, monochromatic laser radiation in the infrared region. The laser cavity is simulated and designed by using ZEMAX optic studio. A...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,052 Views
23 Pages

Design, Fabrication and Validation of Mixed Order Distributed Feed-Back Organic Diode Laser Cavity

  • Amani Ouirimi,
  • Alex Chamberlain Chime,
  • Nixson Loganathan,
  • Mahmoud Chakaroun,
  • Daan Lenstra and
  • Alexis P. A. Fischer

In the context of the quest for the organic laser diode, we address a key challenge to design and fabricate high-quality factor cavities compatible with electrical excitation of organic semiconductors. More precisely, we present the design of DFB mic...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,615 Views
11 Pages

14 December 2019

Structural information on protein dynamics is a critical factor in fully understanding the protein functions. Pump-probe time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) is a recently established technique for visualizing the structural chan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,830 Views
16 Pages

The Structural, Electronic, and Optical Properties of Ge/Si Quantum Wells: Lasing at a Wavelength of 1550 nm

  • Hongqiang Li,
  • Jianing Wang,
  • Jinjun Bai,
  • Shanshan Zhang,
  • Sai Zhang,
  • Yaqiang Sun,
  • Qianzhi Dou,
  • Mingjun Ding,
  • Youxi Wang and
  • Joan Daniel Prades
  • + 4 authors

The realization of a fully integrated group IV electrically driven laser at room temperature is an essential issue to be solved. We introduced a novel group IV side-emitting laser at a wavelength of 1550 nm based on a 3-layer Ge/Si quantum well (QW)....

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,145 Views
7 Pages

Threshold Gain Reduction in Tandem Semiconductor Nano-Lasers

  • Yuanlong Fan,
  • Jing Zhang and
  • K. Alan Shore

5 November 2024

It is shown that a significant reduction in the threshold gain of electrically pumped semiconductor nano-lasers may be achieved in bridge-connected tandem semiconductor nano-lasers. Optimization of the design is achieved by exploring the impact of br...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,199 Views
34 Pages

Excitation Threshold Reduction Techniques for Organic Semiconductor Lasers: A Review

  • Yao Wang,
  • Xu Han,
  • Linze Jin,
  • Yuhui Meng,
  • Chengming Jiang,
  • Kyeiwaa Asare-Yeboah,
  • Zhengran He and
  • Sheng Bi

23 October 2023

Organic semiconductor lasers have shown great application potential in various fields, such as low-cost sensing, high-performance lighting and display, and lab-on-a-chip devices. Since the introduction of organic lasers in the 1960s, research on semi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,813 Views
10 Pages

Electrically Tunable Two-Color Cholesteric Laser

  • Lotfi Saadaoui,
  • Donghao Yang,
  • Yu Wang,
  • Faheem Hassan,
  • Irena Drevensek-Olenik,
  • Xinzheng Zhang,
  • Zenghua Gan,
  • Yigang Li and
  • Jingjun Xu

9 December 2023

Two-color lasing emission from an asymmetric structure, consisting of two dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal (DD-CLC) layers separated by a transparent interlayer, is demonstrated. The DD-CLC mixtures have different reflection bands with long-wavel...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
5,484 Views
13 Pages

High-Peak-Power Long-Wave Infrared Lasers with CO2 Amplifiers

  • Mikhail N. Polyanskiy,
  • Igor V. Pogorelsky,
  • Marcus Babzien,
  • Rotem Kupfer,
  • Navid Vafaei-Najafabadi and
  • Mark A. Palmer

Long-wave infrared (LWIR) picosecond pulses with multi-terawatt peak power have recently become available for advanced high-energy physics and material research. Multi-joule pulse energy is achieved in an LWIR laser system via amplification of a micr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,305 Views
8 Pages

In the present work, an opportunity of nearly single-cycle THz pulse generation in aperiodically poled lithium niobate (APPLN) crystal is studied. A radiating antenna model is used to simulate the THz generation from chirped APPLN crystal pumped by a...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,396 Views
17 Pages

Electron Population Dynamics in Optically Pumped Asymmetric Coupled Ge/SiGe Quantum Wells: Experiment and Models

  • Chiara Ciano,
  • Michele Virgilio,
  • Luigi Bagolini,
  • Leonetta Baldassarre,
  • Andrea Rossetti,
  • Alexej Pashkin,
  • Manfred Helm,
  • Michele Montanari,
  • Luca Persichetti and
  • Michele Ortolani
  • + 6 authors

18 December 2019

n-type doped Ge quantum wells with SiGe barriers represent a promising heterostructure system for the development of radiation emitters in the terahertz range such as electrically pumped quantum cascade lasers and optically pumped quantum fountain la...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,536 Views
14 Pages

10 December 2019

The rate equations for two delay-coupled quantum cascade lasers are investigated analytically in the limit of weak coupling and small frequency detuning. We mathematically derive two coupled Adler delay differential equations for the phases of the tw...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
9,726 Views
16 Pages

MOCVD Growth of InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs Laser Structures with Quantum Wells on Ge/Si Substrates

  • Nikolay Baidus,
  • Vladimir Aleshkin,
  • Alexander Dubinov,
  • Konstantin Kudryavtsev,
  • Sergei Nekorkin,
  • Alexey Novikov,
  • Dmiriy Pavlov,
  • Artem Rykov,
  • Artem Sushkov and
  • Zakhariy Krasilnik
  • + 3 authors

31 July 2018

The paper presents the results of the application of MOCVD growth technique for formation of the GaAs/AlAs laser structures with InGaAs quantum wells on Si substrates with a relaxed Ge buffer. The fabricated laser diodes were of micro-striped type de...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,819 Views
8 Pages

26 September 2022

A microcavity laser with linear polarization finds practical applications in metrology and biomedical imaging. Through a pulsed light excitation, the polarization characteristics of amplified spontaneous emissions (ASEs) from ten-period ZnO/Zn0.8Mg0....

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,668 Views
9 Pages

Temperature-Insensitive Imaging Properties of a Broadband Terahertz Nonlinear Quantum Cascade Laser

  • Atsushi Nakanishi,
  • Shohei Hayashi,
  • Hiroshi Satozono and
  • Kazuue Fujita

27 August 2020

Terahertz (THz) quantum cascade laser sources based on optical nonlinearity are the only electrically pumped monolithic semiconductor sources operable at room temperature in the 0.6–6 THz range. We investigated the temperature dependence of the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
9,100 Views
11 Pages

Quantum Dot Lasers Directly Grown on 300 mm Si Wafers: Planar and In-Pocket

  • Kaiyin Feng,
  • Chen Shang,
  • Eamonn Hughes,
  • Andrew Clark,
  • Rosalyn Koscica,
  • Peter Ludewig,
  • David Harame and
  • John Bowers

We report for the first time the direct growth of quantum dot (QD) lasers with electrical pumping on 300 mm Si wafers on both a planar template and in-pocket template for in-plane photonic integration. O-band lasers with five QD layers were grown wit...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
1 Citations
755 Views
7 Pages

21 February 2025

An analysis is performed of the response of arrays of semiconductor nano-lasers to phase-conjugate optical feedback. A comparison is made of their response to conventional mirror feedback. It is shown that phase-conjugate feedback induces a quasi-per...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,839 Views
11 Pages

14 December 2018

A Si/graphene/Si planar double heterostructure has been fabricated by means of semiconductor wafer bonding. The interfacial mechanical stability and interlayer electrical connection have been verified for the structure. To the best of our knowledge,...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,957 Views
9 Pages

Dispersion Turning Attenuation Microfiber for Flowrate Sensing

  • Yaqi Tang,
  • Chao Wang,
  • Xuefeng Wang,
  • Meng Jiang,
  • Junda Lao and
  • Dongning Wang

20 August 2023

We demonstrated a new optical fiber modal interferometer (MI) for airflow sensing; the novelty of the proposed structure is that an MI is fabricated based on a piece of HAF, which makes the sensitive MI itself also a hotwire. The interferometer is ma...

  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
10,526 Views
12 Pages

Terahertz Active Photonic Crystals for Condensed Gas Sensing

  • Alexander Benz,
  • Christoph Deutsch,
  • Martin Brandstetter,
  • Aaron M. Andrews,
  • Pavel Klang,
  • Hermann Detz,
  • Werner Schrenk,
  • Gottfried Strasser and
  • Karl Unterrainer

3 June 2011

The terahertz (THz) spectral region, covering frequencies from 1 to 10 THz, is highly interesting for chemical sensing. The energy of rotational and vibrational transitions of molecules lies within this frequency range. Therefore, chemical fingerprin...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,997 Views
7 Pages

Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Spectra of 6Li Rydberg Atoms

  • Meimei Wu,
  • Xin Bao,
  • Shuxian Yu,
  • Licheng Yi,
  • Pingshuai Ren,
  • Shujin Deng and
  • Haibin Wu

12 December 2023

Rydberg atoms possess highly excited valence electrons that are far away from atomic cations. Compared with ground states, Rydberg states are excited states with a high principal quantum number n that exhibit large electric dipole moments and have a...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,571 Views
8 Pages

Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Diode Lasers with λ near 2 µm

  • Ruiyan Liu,
  • Leon Shterengas,
  • Aaron Stein,
  • Gela Kipshidze,
  • Dmitri Zakharov,
  • Kim Kisslinger and
  • Gregory L. Belenky

22 November 2022

Epitaxially regrown electrically pumped photonic crystal surface emitting lasers (PCSELs) operating near 2 µm were designed and fabricated within a III-V-Sb material system. A high-index-contrast photonic crystal layer was incorporated into the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,770 Views
9 Pages

Performance Enhancement of Photoconductive Antenna Using Saw-Toothed Plasmonic Contact Electrodes

  • Xingyun Zhang,
  • Fangyuan Zhan,
  • Xianlong Wei,
  • Wenlong He and
  • Cunjun Ruan

4 November 2021

A photoconductive logarithmic spiral antenna with saw-toothed plasmonic contact electrodes is proposed to provide a higher terahertz radiation compared with the conventional photoconductive antenna (PCA). The use of saw-toothed plasmonic contact elec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,723 Views
8 Pages

Low-Threshold Microlasers Based on Holographic Dual-Gratings

  • Tianrui Zhai,
  • Liang Han,
  • Xiaojie Ma and
  • Xiaolei Wang

Among the efforts to improve the performances of microlasers, optimization of the gain properties and cavity parameters of these lasers has attracted significant attention recently. Distributed feedback lasers, as one of the most promising candidate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,375 Views
8 Pages

Investigating Coherent Magnetization Control with Ultrashort THz Pulses

  • Xuan Liu,
  • Emmanuelle Jal,
  • Renaud Delaunay,
  • Romain Jarrier,
  • Gheorghe Sorin Chiuzbaian,
  • Grégory Malinowski,
  • Torsten Golz,
  • Ekaterina Zapolnova,
  • Rui Pan and
  • Boris Vodungbo
  • + 2 authors

26 January 2022

Coherent terahertz control of magnetization dynamics is an area of current interest due to its great potential for the realization of magnetization control on ultrafast timescales in commercial devices. Here we report on an experiment realized at the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,936 Views
13 Pages

Upconversion Nanocrystal Doped Polymer Fiber Thermometer

  • Jonas Thiem,
  • Simon Spelthann,
  • Laurie Neumann,
  • Florian Jakobs,
  • Hans-Hermann Johannes,
  • Wolfgang Kowalsky,
  • Dietmar Kracht,
  • Joerg Neumann,
  • Axel Ruehl and
  • Detlev Ristau

24 October 2020

In recent years, lanthanide-doped nanothermometers have been mainly used in thin films or dispersed in organic solvents. However, both approaches have disadvantages such as the short interaction lengths of the active material with the pump beam or co...

  • Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
7,780 Views
19 Pages

27 November 2019

Various theoretical as well as empirical considerations about how to achieve lasing between the conduction and valence bands in indirect band gap semiconductors (germanium and silicon) are reviewed, starting from the dawn of the laser epoch in the be...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,311 Views
8 Pages

Backward THz Emission from Two-Color Laser Field-Induced Air Plasma Filament

  • Yuxuan Chen,
  • Yuhang He,
  • Liyuan Liu,
  • Zhen Tian,
  • Jianming Dai and
  • Xi-Cheng Zhang

10 May 2023

Two-color laser field-induced plasma filaments are efficient broadband terahertz (THz) sources with intense THz waves emitted mainly in the forward direction, and they have been investigated intensively. However, investigations on the backward emissi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,571 Views
12 Pages

The TeraFERMI Electro-Optic Sampling Set-Up for Fluence-Dependent Spectroscopic Measurements

  • Nidhi Adhlakha,
  • Paola Di Pietro,
  • Federica Piccirilli,
  • Paolo Cinquegrana,
  • Simone Di Mitri,
  • Paolo Sigalotti,
  • Simone Spampinati,
  • Marco Veronese,
  • Stefano Lupi and
  • Andrea Perucchi

TeraFERMI is the THz beamline at the FERMI free-electron-laser facility in Trieste (Italy). It uses superradiant Coherent Transition Radiation emission to produce THz pulses of 10 to 100 μ J intensity over a spectral range which can extend up...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,598 Views
19 Pages

24 March 2024

In order to achieve high-performance coatings on the surface of electric submersible pump impellers, it is crucial to optimize the laser cladding process parameters. Using Ansys 2021 R1 commercial software, a numerical simulation of laser cladding Ni...

  • Article
  • Open Access
36 Citations
7,499 Views
14 Pages

29 December 2016

Multiple pulsing occurs in most ultrashort-pulse laser systems when pumped at excessively high powers, and small fluctuations in pump power in certain regimes can cause unusual variations in the temporal separations of sub-pulses. Unfortunately, the...

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