Journal Description
Condensed Matter
Condensed Matter
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the physics of condensed matter published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Condensed Matter Physics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 20.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
1.7 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
1.6 (2022)
Latest Articles
Enhancing Performances of the VOXES Bragg Spectrometer for XES Investigations
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010019 - 07 Mar 2024
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Utilizing a dispersive crystal for X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES) significantly enhances the energy resolution when compared with spectroscopy performed with just silicon drift detectors. This high resolution is particularly valuable for studying metals, as it offers essential insights into their electronic structures and
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Utilizing a dispersive crystal for X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES) significantly enhances the energy resolution when compared with spectroscopy performed with just silicon drift detectors. This high resolution is particularly valuable for studying metals, as it offers essential insights into their electronic structures and chemical environments. Conducting such experiments in the laboratory, as opposed to synchrotron light sources, presents challenges due to the reduced intensities of X-ray tubes and, consequently, low signal rates, with the effect of increasing the acquisition time. In this study, we demonstrate that XES spectra can be acquired within a few hours for a CuNiZn metallic sample alloy while still maintaining a good energy resolution and a large dynamic range. This is achieved with the VOXES spectrometer, developed at INFN National Laboratories of Frascati (LNF), along with a background reduction procedure that enhances the signal from emission lines under study. This study is a showcase for improving the efficiency of XES in tabletop setup experiments.
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Experimental Study on Coefficient of Restitution of Small-Sized Spherical Particles during Low-Speed Impact
by
Tuo Li, Ran Li, Zhipeng Chi, Yuting Zhang and Hui Yang
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010018 - 05 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study presents experimental investigations on the normal restitution coefficients of a titanium bead (Ti), zirconia bead (ZrO2), and amorphous zirconium alloy sphere (Amor). The research explores the influence of particle diameter and collision velocity on the normal restitution coefficient between
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This study presents experimental investigations on the normal restitution coefficients of a titanium bead (Ti), zirconia bead (ZrO2), and amorphous zirconium alloy sphere (Amor). The research explores the influence of particle diameter and collision velocity on the normal restitution coefficient between two independent, identical spherical particles of different materials. The experimental findings demonstrate that increasing the particle diameter results in more effective plastic deformation, leading to higher energy losses and, subsequently, smaller coefficients of restitution. Similarly, higher particle velocities cause more energy dissipation during collisions, resulting in smaller restitution coefficients. Comparing particles of different materials, those with larger yield strengths exhibit more elastic behavior, experience less initial energy loss due to deformation, and reach the maximum restitution coefficient (elastic state) with fewer collisions. This finding suggests that material properties significantly influence the overall energy dissipation and elastic response in the particles. To validate the experimental results, existing models are compared and discussed. Furthermore, potential physical mechanisms responsible for the observed behavior are explored, providing valuable insights into the collision dynamics in spherical particle interactions. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of the factors affecting the normal restitution coefficient in particle collisions, enabling the design and optimization of particle systems for diverse applications in condensed matter and related fields.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Granular Materials Research in the Asia-Pacific Region)
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Design and Optimization of Potentially Low-Cost and Efficient MXene/InP Schottky Barrier Solar Cells via Numerical Modeling
by
Mohammad Saleh N Alnassar
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010017 - 03 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper uses numerical modeling to describe the design and comprehensive analysis of cost-effective MXene/n-InP Schottky barrier solar cells. The proposed design utilizes Ti3C2Tx thin film, a 2D solution-processible MXene material, as a Schottky transparent conductive electrode (TCE).
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This paper uses numerical modeling to describe the design and comprehensive analysis of cost-effective MXene/n-InP Schottky barrier solar cells. The proposed design utilizes Ti3C2Tx thin film, a 2D solution-processible MXene material, as a Schottky transparent conductive electrode (TCE). The simulation results suggest that these devices can achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 20% in metal–semiconductor (MS) and metal–interlayer–semiconductor (MIS) structures. Combining the proposed structures with low-cost InP growth methods can reduce the gap between InP and other terrestrial market technologies. This is useful for specific applications that require lightweight and radiation-hard solar photovoltaics.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Photonics, Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics)
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Characterization of the SIDDHARTA-2 Setup via the Kaonic Helium Measurement
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Francesco Sgaramella, Francesco Clozza, Leonardo Abbene, Francesco Artibani, Massimiliano Bazzi, Giacomo Borghi, Mario Bragadireanu, Antonino Buttacavoli, Michael Cargnelli, Marco Carminati, Alberto Clozza, Griseld Deda, Raffaele Del Grande, Luca De Paolis, Kamil Dulski, Carlo Fiorini, Carlo Guaraldo, Mihail Iliescu, Masahiko Iwasaki, Aleksander Khreptak, Simone Manti, Johann Marton, Marco Miliucci, Paweł Moskal, Fabrizio Napolitano, Szymon Niedźwiecki, Hiroaki Ohnishi, Kristian Piscicchia, Fabio Principato, Alessandro Scordo, Michal Silarski, Diana Sirghi, Florin Sirghi, Magdalena Skurzok, Antonio Spallone, Kairo Toho, Marlene Tüchler, Johann Zmeskal and Catalina Curceanuadd
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Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010016 - 28 Feb 2024
Abstract
The aim of the SIDDHARTA-2 experiment is to perform the first measurement ever of the width and shift induced by the strong interaction to the energy transition of kaonic deuterium. This ambitious goal implies a challenging task due
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The aim of the SIDDHARTA-2 experiment is to perform the first measurement ever of the width and shift induced by the strong interaction to the energy transition of kaonic deuterium. This ambitious goal implies a challenging task due to the very low X-ray yield of kaonic deuterium, which is why an accurate and thorough characterization of the experimental apparatus is mandatory before starting the data-taking campaign. Helium-4 is an excellent candidate for this characterization since it exhibits a high yield in particular for the transition, roughly 100 times greater than that of the kaonic deuterium. The ultimate goal of the work reported in this paper is to study the performances of the full experimental setup in view of the kaonic deuterium measurement. This is carried out by measuring the values of the shift and the width for the energy transition of kaonic helium-4, induced by the strong interaction. The values obtained for these quantities, for a total integrated luminosity of ∼31/ , are and . The results, compared to the value of the shift measured by the SIDDHARTA experiment , show a net enhancement of the resolution of the apparatus, providing strong evidence of the potential to perform the challenging measurement of the kaonic deuterium.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Precision X-ray Measurements 2023)
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Universal Short-Time Conductance Behavior Emerges between Two Adjacent Reservoirs
by
Er’el Granot
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010015 - 26 Feb 2024
Abstract
When a shutter, which differentiates between two adjacent particles’ reservoirs with a voltage gap, is lifted, a current emerges. In this paper, the temporal dynamics of this emerging current is analyzed. The main results are as follows: (A) the current’s prefactor in the
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When a shutter, which differentiates between two adjacent particles’ reservoirs with a voltage gap, is lifted, a current emerges. In this paper, the temporal dynamics of this emerging current is analyzed. The main results are as follows: (A) the current’s prefactor in the short-time behavior is related to the long-time frequencies, by which the current converges to its equilibrium value (the conductance quantum unit 2e2/h). (B) In the short-time regime, the current is proportional to the square root of the time. (C) The maximum overshoot conductance is bounded by Gmax = ζe2/h, where ζ is a universal value which is very close to Euler’s number. (D) Most of these results are valid for a thin wire in 3D, even in the presence of electron–electron interactions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Condensed Matter Physics)
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The Shrinking Fermi Liquid Scenario for Strange-Metal Behavior from Overdamped Optical Phonons
by
Giovanni Mirarchi, Marco Grilli, Götz Seibold and Sergio Caprara
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010014 - 06 Feb 2024
Abstract
We discuss how the interaction of electrons with an overdamped optical phonon can give rise to a strange-metal behavior over extended temperature and frequency ranges. Although the mode has a finite frequency, an increasing damping shifts spectral weight to progressively lower energies so
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We discuss how the interaction of electrons with an overdamped optical phonon can give rise to a strange-metal behavior over extended temperature and frequency ranges. Although the mode has a finite frequency, an increasing damping shifts spectral weight to progressively lower energies so that despite the ultimate Fermi liquid character of the system at the lowest temperatures and frequencies, the transport and optical properties of the electron system mimic a marginal Fermi liquid behavior. Within this shrinking Fermi liquid scenario, we extensively investigate the electron self-energy in all frequency and temperature ranges, emphasizing similarities and differences with respect to the marginal Fermi liquid scenario.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Superstripes Physics, 2nd Edition)
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A Theoretical Study of Doping Evolution of Phonons in High-Temperature Cuprate Superconductors
by
Saheli Sarkar
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010013 - 06 Feb 2024
Abstract
Hole-doped high-temperature copper oxide-based superconductors (cuprates) exhibit complex phase diagrams where electronic orders like a charge density wave (CDW) and superconductivity (SC) appear at low temperatures. The origins of these electronic orders are still open questions due to their complex interplay and correlated
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Hole-doped high-temperature copper oxide-based superconductors (cuprates) exhibit complex phase diagrams where electronic orders like a charge density wave (CDW) and superconductivity (SC) appear at low temperatures. The origins of these electronic orders are still open questions due to their complex interplay and correlated nature. These electronic orders can modify the phonons in the system, which has also been experimentally found in several cuprates as a softening in the phonon frequency at the CDW vector. Recent experiments have revealed that the softening in phonons in cuprates due to CDW shows intriguing behavior with increasing hole doping. Hole doping can also change the underlying Fermi surface. Therefore, it is an interesting question whether the doping-induced change in the Fermi surface can affect the softening of phonons, which in turn can reveal the nature of the electronic orders present in the system. In this work, we investigate this question by studying the softening of phonons in the presence of CDW and SC within a perturbative approach developed in an earlier work. We compare the results obtained within the working model to some experiments.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Superstripes Physics, 2nd Edition)
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Dynamic Correlations in Disordered Systems: Implications for High-Temperature Superconductivity
by
Takeshi Egami
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010012 - 03 Feb 2024
Abstract
Liquids and gases are distinct in their extent of dynamic atomic correlations; in gases, atoms are almost uncorrelated, whereas they are strongly correlated in liquids. This distinction applies also to electronic systems. Fermi liquids are actually gas-like, whereas strongly correlated electrons are liquid-like.
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Liquids and gases are distinct in their extent of dynamic atomic correlations; in gases, atoms are almost uncorrelated, whereas they are strongly correlated in liquids. This distinction applies also to electronic systems. Fermi liquids are actually gas-like, whereas strongly correlated electrons are liquid-like. Doped Mott insulators share characteristics with supercooled liquids. Such distinctions have important implications for superconductivity. We discuss the nature of dynamic atomic correlations in liquids and a possible effect of strong electron correlations and Bose–Einstein condensation on the high-temperature superconductivity of the cuprates.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Superstripes Physics, 2nd Edition)
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X-ray Technologies for Astrophysics Missions Supported by the Italian Space Agency
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Marco Miliucci, Angela Volpe, Sergio Fabiani, Marco Feroci, Luca Latronico, Claudio Macculi, Luigi Piro, Matteo D’Andrea, Flavio Gatti, Simonetta Puccetti, Paolo Soffitta and Elisabetta Cavazzuti
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010011 - 19 Jan 2024
Abstract
The Italian Space Agency plays a key role in the fulfillment of space missions, contributing to the scientific, technological and economic progress in Italy. The agency accomplishes space experiments by collaborating with scientific and industrial entities, supporting them in the realization of new
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The Italian Space Agency plays a key role in the fulfillment of space missions, contributing to the scientific, technological and economic progress in Italy. The agency accomplishes space experiments by collaborating with scientific and industrial entities, supporting them in the realization of new projects able to achieve, over the last two decades, unprecedented results and obtention of fundamental information on the birth and evolution of the universe. The paper describes a selection of X-ray technologies developed by the synergy between the Italian Space Agency and its principal collaborators which contributed to the main scientific results achieved over the years, together with the latest advances addressed to the next astrophysics missions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Precision X-ray Measurements 2023)
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Search for Novel Phases in Y-Ba-Cu-O Family
by
Danijel Djurek
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010010 - 17 Jan 2024
Abstract
In order to search for possible residual minor phases in the Y-Ba-Cu-O family, powdered mixtures of Y2O3 + BaCO3 + CuO and, independently, superconducting compound YBa2Cu3O7−x have been treated in evacuated cells and elevated
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In order to search for possible residual minor phases in the Y-Ba-Cu-O family, powdered mixtures of Y2O3 + BaCO3 + CuO and, independently, superconducting compound YBa2Cu3O7−x have been treated in evacuated cells and elevated temperatures. YBa2Cu3O7−x was reduced to YBa2Cu3O5 by use of the special home-designed Taconis–Knudsen vacuum device. Subsequent doping by oxygen converts produced insulator YBa2Cu3O5 to semiconductor or metal YBa2Cu3O5+x (0 < x < 0.3). In addition to YBa2Cu3O5, 0.05 volume percent of the minor delafossite phase Y2Cu2O4 was spotted in the powder mixture 1/2 Y2O3 + 2BaCO3 + 6Cu2O, heated up to 818 °C in an inert gas atmosphere. An attempt to prepare the insulating bulk delafossite samples was successful, and subsequent doping by oxygen produced novel metallic phases.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Condensed Matter Physics)
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FL* Approach to the Coexistence of Fermi Arcs with Metal–Insulator Crossover in Strongly Underdoped Cuprates
by
Pieralberto Marchetti
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010009 - 15 Jan 2024
Abstract
We propose that one can explain the coexistence in the same range of doping and temperature of gapless Fermi arcs with the metal–insulator crossover of in-plane resistivity in strongly underdoped cuprates in terms of the FL* fractionalized Fermi liquid nature of these systems,
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We propose that one can explain the coexistence in the same range of doping and temperature of gapless Fermi arcs with the metal–insulator crossover of in-plane resistivity in strongly underdoped cuprates in terms of the FL* fractionalized Fermi liquid nature of these systems, and that such coexistence is not due simply to disorder effects in the resistivity. The particle excitations of this FL* system derived from variants of the t-J model are the gapless holon carrying charge with small Fermi momentum proportional to the doping, the gapful spinon carrying spin 1/2, and an emergent gauge field coupling them and the hole as a spinon–holon bound state, or more precisely resonance, due to gauge binding, with a Fermi surface respecting the topological Luttinger theorem. In our proposal, Fermi arcs are determined by the hole resonance, whereas the metal–insulator crossover is dominated by spinon–spinon (with subleading holon–holon) gauge interactions, and this dichotomy is able to explain their coexistence.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 8th International Conference on Superconductivity and Magnetism (ICSM2023))
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Fully Microscopic Treatment of Magnetic Field Using Bogoliubov–De Gennes Approach
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Vyacheslav D. Neverov, Alexander Kalashnikov, Alexander E. Lukyanov, Andrey V. Krasavin, Mihail D. Croitoru and Alexei Vagov
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010008 - 15 Jan 2024
Abstract
This work introduces an algorithm designed to solve the Bogoliubov–de Gennes equations of superconductivity theory. What sets this algorithm apart is its remarkable ability to precisely and consistently consider the impact of an external magnetic field, all within the microscopic approach. The computation
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This work introduces an algorithm designed to solve the Bogoliubov–de Gennes equations of superconductivity theory. What sets this algorithm apart is its remarkable ability to precisely and consistently consider the impact of an external magnetic field, all within the microscopic approach. The computation scheme’s convergence is guaranteed by addressing the Biot–Savart equation for the field where the vector potential appears on both of its sides. To showcase the capabilities of this approach, we provide several key examples: the Abrikosov lattice, vortex core states, and the vortex structure in the intermediate mixed state of a superconductor. This method promises to offer valuable insights into the microscopic physics of intertype superconductivity.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 8th International Conference on Superconductivity and Magnetism (ICSM2023))
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Microwave Field-Induced Changes in Raman Modes and Magnetic Force Images of Antiferromagnetic NiO Films
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Diego Caso, Aida Serrano, Miriam Jaafar, Pilar Prieto, Akashdeep Kamra, César González-Ruano and Farkhad G. Aliev
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010007 - 15 Jan 2024
Abstract
Effective control of domain walls or magnetic textures in antiferromagnets promises to enable robust, fast, and nonvolatile memories. The lack of net magnetic moment in antiferromagnets implies the need for creative ways to achieve such a manipulation. We conducted a study to investigate
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Effective control of domain walls or magnetic textures in antiferromagnets promises to enable robust, fast, and nonvolatile memories. The lack of net magnetic moment in antiferromagnets implies the need for creative ways to achieve such a manipulation. We conducted a study to investigate changes in magnetic force microscopy (MFM) imaging and in the magnon-related mode in Raman spectroscopy of virgin NiO films under a microwave pump. After MFM and Raman studies were conducted, a combined action of broadband microwave (0.01–20 GHz, power scanned from to 5 dBm) and magnetic field (up to 3 kOe) were applied to virgin epitaxial (111) NiO and (100) NiO films grown on (0001) Al O and (100) MgO substrates, following which the MFM and Raman studies were repeated. We observed a suppression of the magnon-related Raman mode subsequent to the microwave exposure. Based on MFM imaging, this effect appeared to be caused by the suppression of large antiferromagnetic domain walls due to the possible excitation of antiferromagnetic spin oscillations localized within the antiferromagnetic domain walls.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 8th International Conference on Superconductivity and Magnetism (ICSM2023))
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The Impact of Short-Range (Gaussian) Disorder Correlations on Superconducting Characteristics
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Vyacheslav D. Neverov, Alexander E. Lukyanov, Andrey V. Krasavin, Alexei Vagov and Mihail D. Croitoru
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010006 - 12 Jan 2024
Cited by 2
Abstract
The pursuit of enhanced superconducting device performance has historically focused on minimizing disorder in materials. Recent research, however, challenges this conventional wisdom by exploring the unique characteristics of disordered materials. Following the studies, disorder is currently viewed as a design parameter that can
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The pursuit of enhanced superconducting device performance has historically focused on minimizing disorder in materials. Recent research, however, challenges this conventional wisdom by exploring the unique characteristics of disordered materials. Following the studies, disorder is currently viewed as a design parameter that can be tuned. This shift in the paradigm has sparked an upsurge in research efforts, which demonstrates that disorder can significantly augment the superconductivity figures of merit. While almost all previous studies attended to the effects related to disorder strength, this article focuses on the impact of short-range disorder correlations that in real materials takes place, for example, due to lattice defects. The study shows that the degree of such correlations can strongly influence the superconducting characteristics.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 8th International Conference on Superconductivity and Magnetism (ICSM2023))
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Comparison of Different Methods for Evaluating Quantitative X-ray Fluorescence Data in Copper-Based Artefacts
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Eleni Konstantakopoulou, Annalaura Casanova Municchia, Loredana Luvidi and Marco Ferretti
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010005 - 11 Jan 2024
Abstract
Handheld X-ray Fluorescence devices (HH-XRF) have given archaeologists and conservators the opportunity to study a wide range of materials encountered in their work with great accessibility and flexibility. The investigation of copper-based artefacts is a frequent application of these instruments in the field
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Handheld X-ray Fluorescence devices (HH-XRF) have given archaeologists and conservators the opportunity to study a wide range of materials encountered in their work with great accessibility and flexibility. The investigation of copper-based artefacts is a frequent application of these instruments in the field of cultural heritage as it gives direct and rapid quantitative results that can provide very important information about them, such as their fabrication technology. This paper discusses the comparison of quantitative results, obtained by a commercial handheld XRF device “Bruker Tracer 5g” on certified standards, compositionally significant in copper-based alloys of interest in the field of cultural heritage. The measured elemental concentrations were derived using three different calibrations, which were examined for their accuracy. Two of them were based on the empirical coefficients approach, performed by the built-in calibration/software (copper alloy calibrations provided by Bruker manufacturer and the Bruker EasyCal software), while the third one was performed off-line by processing the spectra with an independent fundamental parameters (FP) software (PyMca version 5.9.2., a X-ray fluorescence analysis software developed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility). The results highlight that although HH-XRF devices simplify data collection, for optimal quantitative results, the correct choice of analysis conditions and calibration method still requires a detailed understanding of the principles of X-ray spectrometry.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Precision X-ray Measurements 2023)
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On the Importance of Future, Precise, X-ray Measurements in Kaonic Atoms
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Sławomir Wycech and Kristian Piscicchia
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010004 - 11 Jan 2024
Abstract
Progress in the construction of precise X-ray detectors allows measurements of energies and widths of “upper levels” in K− mesic atoms. These can be used to determine sub-threshold Kaon-nucleon amplitudes, which are important in investigations of nuclear states of these mesons. The
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Progress in the construction of precise X-ray detectors allows measurements of energies and widths of “upper levels” in K− mesic atoms. These can be used to determine sub-threshold Kaon-nucleon amplitudes, which are important in investigations of nuclear states of these mesons. The special case of the 2P state in Kaonic Helium is discussed and used to check the properties of the K− proton quasi-bound state. Similar attempts in other elements indicate a need for new, precise measurements.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Precision X-ray Measurements 2023)
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SrTiO3: Thoroughly Investigated but Still Good for Surprises
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Annette Bussmann-Holder, Reinhard K. Kremer, Krystian Roleder and Ekhard K. H. Salje
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010003 - 06 Jan 2024
Abstract
For decades, SrTiO3 has been in the focus of research with seemingly never-ending new insights regarding its ground state properties, application potentials, its surface and interface properties, the superconducting state, the twin boundaries, domain functionalities, etc. Here, we focus on the already
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For decades, SrTiO3 has been in the focus of research with seemingly never-ending new insights regarding its ground state properties, application potentials, its surface and interface properties, the superconducting state, the twin boundaries, domain functionalities, etc. Here, we focus on the already well-investigated lattice dynamics of STO and show that four different temperature regimes can be identified which dominate the elastic properties, the thermal conductivity, and the birefringence. These regimes are a low-temperature quantum fluctuation-dominated one, followed by an intermediate regime, a region of structural phase transition at ~105 K and its vicinity, and at high temperatures, a regime characterized by precursor and saturation effects. They can all be elucidated by lattice dynamical aspects. The relevant temperature dependences of the soft modes are discussed and their relationship to lattice polarizability is emphasized.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complexity in Quantum Materials: In Honor of Prof. K.A. Muller)
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Influence of Energetic Particles and Electron Injection on Minority Carrier Transport Properties in Gallium Oxide
by
Sushrut Modak, Arie Ruzin, Alfons Schulte and Leonid Chernyak
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010002 - 06 Jan 2024
Abstract
The influence of various energetic particles and electron injection on the transport of minority carriers and non-equilibrium carrier recombination in Ga2O3 is summarized in this review. In Ga2O3 semiconductors, if robust p-type material and bipolar structures become
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The influence of various energetic particles and electron injection on the transport of minority carriers and non-equilibrium carrier recombination in Ga2O3 is summarized in this review. In Ga2O3 semiconductors, if robust p-type material and bipolar structures become available, the diffusion lengths of minority carriers will be of critical significance. The diffusion length of minority carriers dictates the functionality of electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, and detectors. One of the problems in ultrawide-bandgap materials technology is the short carrier diffusion length caused by the scattering on extended defects. Electron injection in n- and p-type gallium oxide results in a significant increase in the diffusion length, even after its deterioration, due to exposure to alpha and proton irradiation. Furthermore, post electron injection, the diffusion length of an irradiated material exceeds that of Ga2O3 prior to irradiation and injection. The root cause of the electron injection-induced effect is attributed to the increase in the minority carrier lifetime in the material due to the trapping of non-equilibrium electrons on native point defects. It is therefore concluded that electron injection is capable of “healing” the adverse impact of radiation in Ga2O3 and can be used for the control of minority carrier transport and, therefore, device performance.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wide-Band-Gap Semiconductors for Energy and Electronics)
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Design and Use of Portable X-ray Fluorescence Devices for the Analysis of Heritage Materials
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Maurizio Chiti, Daniele Chiti, Federico Chiarelli, Raffaella Donghia, Adolfo Esposito, Marco Ferretti and Astrik Gorghinian
Condens. Matter 2024, 9(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat9010001 - 06 Jan 2024
Abstract
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a successful technique often used for the elemental analysis of cultural heritage artefacts. It is non-invasive, the equipment can be miniaturized and made portable and it allows addressing crucial issues such as the fabrication technology, authenticity and provenance of
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X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a successful technique often used for the elemental analysis of cultural heritage artefacts. It is non-invasive, the equipment can be miniaturized and made portable and it allows addressing crucial issues such as the fabrication technology, authenticity and provenance of the artefacts. Depending on the components’ selection (e.g., the primary source, the detector and the focusing optics, if present), the analytical performance and the consequent suitability to investigate a given class of materials may vary significantly. The present paper discusses the analytical performance—with special regard to the limits of detection and the quantification uncertainty—of two portable XRF spectrometers developed within a collaboration between INFN-LNF-FISMEL and CNR-ISPC. The devices are expressly designed for heritage materials. In particular, one is equipped with focusing optics and it is intended to analyze small details on glasses and pigmented surfaces, whereas the other has a 70 kV X-ray tube, which greatly improves sensitivity for medium-Z elements, which is important in copper-based artefacts. Finally, this paper discusses two case studies to highlight the features of the instruments: one concerns Etruscan vitreous material beads and the other pre- and proto-historic copper-based artefacts from Tyrrhenian Central Italy. Thanks to the small size of the equipment, both investigations could easily be carried out in situ, namely, at the Museo Nazionale Etrusco in Rome and the Museo della Preistoria della Tuscia e della Rocca Farnese at Valentano.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Precision X-ray Measurements 2023)
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The Cryogenic Anticoincidence Detector for the NewAthena X-IFU Instrument: A Program Overview
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Claudio Macculi, Andrea Argan, Matteo D’Andrea, Simone Lotti, Gabriele Minervini, Luigi Piro, Lorenzo Ferrari Barusso, Corrado Boragno, Edvige Celasco, Giovanni Gallucci, Flavio Gatti, Daniele Grosso, Manuela Rigano, Fabio Chiarello, Guido Torrioli, Mauro Fiorini, Michela Uslenghi, Daniele Brienza, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Simonetta Puccetti, Angela Volpe and Paolo Bastiaadd
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Condens. Matter 2023, 8(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040108 - 13 Dec 2023
Cited by 3
Abstract
Athena (advanced telescope for high-energy astrophysics) is an ESA large-class mission, at present under a re-definition “design-to-cost” phase, planned for a prospective launch at L1 orbit in the second half of the 2030s. It will be an observatory alternatively focusing on two complementary
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Athena (advanced telescope for high-energy astrophysics) is an ESA large-class mission, at present under a re-definition “design-to-cost” phase, planned for a prospective launch at L1 orbit in the second half of the 2030s. It will be an observatory alternatively focusing on two complementary instruments: the X-IFU (X-ray Integral Field Unit), a TES (TransitionEdge Sensor)-based kilo-pixel array which is able to perform simultaneous high-grade energy spectroscopy (~3 eV@7 keV) and imaging over 4′ FoV (field of view), and the WFI (Wide Field Imager), which has good energy spectral resolution (~170 eV@7 keV) and imaging on wide 40′ × 40′ FoV. Athena will be a truly transformational observatory, operating in conjunction with other large observatories across the electromagnetic spectrum available in the 2030s like ALMA, ELT, JWST, SKA, CTA, etc., and in multi-messenger synergies with facilities like LIGO A+, Advanced Virgo+, LISA, IceCube and KM3NeT. The Italian team is involved in both instruments. It has the co-PIship of the cryogenic instrument for which it has to deliver the TES-based Cryogenic AntiCoincidence detector (CryoAC) necessary to guarantee the X-IFU sensitivity, degraded by a primary particle background of both solar and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) origins, and by secondary electrons produced by primaries interacting with the materials surrounding the main detector. The outcome of Geant4 studies shows the necessity for adopting both active and passive techniques to guarantee the residual particle background at 5 × 10−3 cts cm−2 s−1 keV−1 level in 2–10 keV scientific bandwidth. The CryoAC is a four-pixel detector made of Si-suspended absorbers sensed by Ir/Au TESes placed at <1 mm below the main detector. After a brief overview of the Athena mission, we will report on the particle background reduction techniques highlighting the impact of the Geant4 simulation on the X-IFU focal plane assembly design, then hold a broader discussion on the CryoAC program in terms of detection chain system requirements, test, design concept against trade-off studies and programmatic.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Precision X-ray Measurements 2023)
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