With the development of power energy technology, flexible high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems with high control degree of freedom flexibility, power supply to passive systems, small footprint, and other advantages stand out in the field of lon...
The extensive application of power transfer through high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission links in smart grid scenarios is due to many factors such as high-power transfer efficiency, decoupled interconnection, control of AC networks, reliab...
AC (alternating current) system backup protection setting calculation is an important basis for ensuring the safe operation of power grids. With the increasing integration of modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) i...
Recently, in order to overcome the difficulties of interrupting fault currents in multi-terminal direct current systems (MTDC), studies combining a saturated iron-core type superconducting current limiter (SFCL) and a direct current circuit breaker (...
The growing demand for electricity, integration of renewable energy sources, and recent advances in power electronics have driven the development of HVDC systems. Multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grids, enabled by Voltage Source Converters (VSCs), provide...
Multi-terminal HVDC grids facilitate the integration of various renewable resources from distant locations; in addition, they enhance the reliability and stability of the grid. Protection is one of the major obstacles in realizing reliable and secure...
The traveling wave protection of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines is susceptible to the influence of transition resistance. As a backup protection, current differential protection has absolute selectivity, but usually requires an...
High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems are suitable for power transfer to meet the increasing demands of bulk energy and encourage interconnected power systems to incorporate renewable energy sources without any fear of loss of synch...
Voltage source converter (VSC)-based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) interconnectors can realize accurate and fast control of power transmission among AC networks, and provide emergency power support for AC networks. VSC-HVDC interconnectors b...
One of the most important challenges of developing multi-terminal (MT) high voltage direct current (HVDC) grids is the system performance under fault conditions. It must be highlighted that the operating time of the protection system needs to be shor...
Ground faults in electrical power systems represent more than 90% of total faults. Their detection, location, and elimination are essential and must be carried out in a precise way to allow multiterminal high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable netwo...
On the basis of analyzing high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system and its fault superimposed circuit, the direction of the fault components of the voltage and the current measured at one end of transmission line is certified to be diff...
Transforming the existing key HVAC transmission lines into High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission systems is a new type of transmission capacity expansion scheme that has been applied in power systems in Germany, the United Kingdom and other...
The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has become a very promising technology for long-distance and large-capacity transmission of offshore wind power. However, both sides of the AC transmission line at the sending end are controllable electronic pow...
The use of multi-terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission systems is being adopted in many new links between different generation and consumption areas due to their high efficiency. In these systems, cable energization must be p...
Subsea oil and gas (O&G) exploration demands significantly high power to supply the electrical loads for extraction and pumping of the oil and gas. The energy demand is usually met by fossil fuel combustion-based platform generation, which releas...
In heavily loaded regional power grids, some AC transmission lines are confronting escalating pressures due to excessive short-circuit currents. To optimize AC channels, most research advocates for retrofitting existing AC lines into multi-line-commu...
Flexible direct current (DC) transmission network technology is an effective method for large capacity clean energy access to power grids, but the DC short-circuit fault detection for it is a difficult problem. In this paper, the pole-to-ground fault...
This paper presents a protection scheme to protect multi-terminal high voltage dc (MTDC) networks for interconnection of renewable energy sources. The proposed scheme detects faults by using the Consecutive Data Window Method (CDWM) and harmonics of...
The main weakness of the half-bridge modular multilevel converter-based high-voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) system lies in its immature solution to extremely high current under direct current (DC) line fault. The development of the direct current...
The AC voltage control of a DC/DC converter based on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) is considered under normal operation and during a local DC fault. By actively setting the AC voltage according to the two DC voltages of the DC/DC converter,...
This paper presents a selective harmonic-based pilot protection scheme for detecting faults happened in the DC transmission section of VSC-MTDC grids with pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source converters (VSCs). When a DC fault occurs in VSC-MT...
High power density and better efficiency make the multiterminal high-voltage direct current (MT-HVDC) system the best candidate for long-distance bulk power transfer in the cases of onshore and offshore power systems. Many machine learning-based algo...
The protection of high voltage direct current (HVDC) grids is a challenge considering that the protection system must detect, locate, and interrupt large fault currents in a few milliseconds. Resistive type superconducting fault current limiters (R-S...
Fast detection and isolation of direct current (DC) faults are key issues for DC grids. Therefore, it is very necessary to study the fault protection principle for DC grids. This paper firstly presents the main difficulties in DC fault protection. Th...
The Modular Multilevel Converter-High Voltage Direct Current (MMC-HVDC) system is recognized worldwide as a highly efficient strategy for transporting renewable energy across regions. As most of the MMC-HVDC system electronics are weak against overcu...
High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission is preferred over high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) for long power lines for asynchronous power grid interconnection and high-level renewable energy integration. The control and protection functio...
HVDC grids demand the fast and reliable operation of the protection system. The failure of any protection element should initialize a backup protection almost immediately in order to assure the system’s stability. This paper proposes a novel backup s...
Recent technological developments in modular multilevel converter-based high-voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) transmission systems have shown significant advantages over the traditional HVDC and two-level voltage source converter (VSC) transmission...
In order to solve the problems of insufficient abilities to withstand transition resistance under remote faults and difficulties in identifying internal and external faults for HVDC transmission line protection, a new single-ended protection scheme b...
The HVDC transmission system is winning hearts of researchers and electrical engineers because of its notable merits as compared to the HVAC transmission system in the case of long-distance bulk power transmission. The HVDC transmission system is kno...
Several types of high voltage direct current (HVDC) breakers have been introduced and commercialized. Each of them has advantages and disadvantages. Among them, the hybrid HVDC breaker is highly successful. One of the most important concerns that the...
High-resistance faults on the DC lines of multi-terminal VSC-HVDC grids lead to insufficient protection reliability, and the introduction of current-limiting strategies alters the system’s intrinsic fault characteristics, degrading protection p...
This paper presents a comprehensive review of High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) systems, focusing on their technological evolution, fault characteristics, and advanced signal processing techniques for fault detection. The paper traces the developmen...
Considering the advantage of the ability of data-mining techniques (DMTs) to detect and classify patterns, this paper explores their applicability for the protection of voltage source converter-based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmissio...
With the rapid development of voltage source converter (VSC) and line commutated converter (LCC) technology and the relative concentration of power and load, the inverter station of the flexible DC system is fed into the same AC bus with the conventi...
Estimation of fault classification and location in a multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MT–HVdc) transmission system is a challenging problem and is considered to be a fundamental maneuver of dc grid protection. This research paper cri...
Protection for transmission lines is one of crucial problems that urgently to be solved in constructing the future high-voltage and large-capacity voltage-sourced converter based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) systems. In order to prevent the...
The electrical protection of power networks with fault contribution from inverter-based power sources imposes new application challenges that have to be dealt with by protection engineers. This paper describes the development of a study case model of...
Hybrid cascaded multi-terminal HVDC systems represent a significant advancement in HVDC transmission technology. A notable real-world implementation of this concept is the bipolar hybrid cascaded multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MTDC) proj...
Sensors in power systems utilize the detection results of fault signals to guide subsequent fault handling procedures. However, the traditional phase-shift restart strategy exhibits limitations such as power interruptions, reactive power redundancy,...
The eventual goal of high-voltage direct-voltage (HVDC) systems is to implement HVDC grids. The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has been identified as the best candidate for the realization of an HVDC grid by eliminating the shortcomings of conven...
One of the major challenges toward the reliable and safe operation of the Multi-Terminal HVDC (MT-HVDC) grids arises from the need for a very fast DC-side protection system to detect, identify, and interrupt the DC faults. Utilizing DC Circuit Breake...
Fault detection continues to be a relevant and ongoing topic in multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (MT-HVDC) grid protection. In MT-HVDC grids, however, high DC-fault currents result from a failure of a complex protective threshold in traditio...
One of the technical challenges that needs to be addressed for the future of the multi-terminal high voltage direct current (M-HVDC) grid is DC fault isolation. In this regard, HVDC circuit breakers (DCCBs), particularly hybrid circuit breakers (H-DC...
Protection based on transient information is the primary protection of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. As a major part of protection function, accurate identification of transient surges is quite crucial to ensure the perform...
Various methods have been proposed to provide the protection necessitated by the high voltage direct current system. In this field, most of the research is confined to various types of DC and AC line faults and a maximum of two switching converter fa...
The global development of high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems in fields such as renewable energy sources, interconnection of asynchronous grids or power transmission over great distances, is unquestionably important. Though widely used, the mo...
A DC cable short-circuit fault is the most severe fault type that occurs in DC distribution networks, having a negative impact on transmission equipment and the stability of system operation. When a short-circuit fault occurs in a DC distribution net...
The modular multilevel converter (MMC) high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission technology is essential for overcoming the challenges of large-scale renewable energy integration. Line protection is critical for ensuring system safety. However,...
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