Protection Principle of DC Line Based on Fault Component of Line Mode Voltage with Current-Limiting Reactor

Zhang, Weiming; Li, Tiecheng; Wang, Xianzhi; Liu, Qingquan; Liu, Shiyan; Luo, Mingyu; Dai, Zhihui

doi:10.3390/en18164271

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Protection Principle of DC Line Based on Fault Component of Line Mode Voltage with Current-Limiting Reactor

by

Weiming Zhang

¹,

Tiecheng Li

¹,

Xianzhi Wang

¹,

Qingquan Liu

¹,

Shiyan Liu

¹,

Mingyu Luo

² and

Zhihui Dai

^2,*

¹

Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Hebei Electric Power Company, Shijiazhuang 050021, China

²

Hebei Key Laboratory of Microgrid and Distributed Energy Storage, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Energies 2025, 18(16), 4271; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164271

Submission received: 30 May 2025 / Revised: 28 July 2025 / Accepted: 7 August 2025 / Published: 11 August 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable, Storage and Charging Systems)

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Abstract

High-resistance faults on the DC lines of multi-terminal VSC-HVDC grids lead to insufficient protection reliability, and the introduction of current-limiting strategies alters the system’s intrinsic fault characteristics, degrading protection performance. To address these issues, we propose a DC-line protection scheme that is immune to converter control strategies and highly tolerant to fault resistance. First, based on the grid topology, post-fault current paths are analyzed, and the fault characteristics produced solely by the fault-induced voltage source are identified. A sequential overlapping derivative transformation is then employed to magnify the discrepancy between internal and external faults, forming the core of the fault-identification criterion; the zero-mode component is used for pole selection. Finally, a four-terminal VSC-HVDC model is built in PSCAD/EMTDC version 4.6.2 for validation. Simulation results show that, after applying the current-limiting strategy, the characteristic quantity changes only marginally, and the proposed protection can reliably withstand fault resistances of up to 700 Ω.

Keywords: flexible DC transmission; line protection; current-limiting reactor; line mode voltage; fault identification

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, W.; Li, T.; Wang, X.; Liu, Q.; Liu, S.; Luo, M.; Dai, Z. Protection Principle of DC Line Based on Fault Component of Line Mode Voltage with Current-Limiting Reactor. Energies 2025, 18, 4271. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164271

AMA Style

Zhang W, Li T, Wang X, Liu Q, Liu S, Luo M, Dai Z. Protection Principle of DC Line Based on Fault Component of Line Mode Voltage with Current-Limiting Reactor. Energies. 2025; 18(16):4271. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164271

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Weiming, Tiecheng Li, Xianzhi Wang, Qingquan Liu, Shiyan Liu, Mingyu Luo, and Zhihui Dai. 2025. "Protection Principle of DC Line Based on Fault Component of Line Mode Voltage with Current-Limiting Reactor" Energies 18, no. 16: 4271. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164271

APA Style

Zhang, W., Li, T., Wang, X., Liu, Q., Liu, S., Luo, M., & Dai, Z. (2025). Protection Principle of DC Line Based on Fault Component of Line Mode Voltage with Current-Limiting Reactor. Energies, 18(16), 4271. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164271

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Protection Principle of DC Line Based on Fault Component of Line Mode Voltage with Current-Limiting Reactor

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