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  • Review
  • Open Access
64 Citations
12,210 Views
29 Pages

Latest Advances in the Global Navigation Satellite System—Reflectometry (GNSS-R) Field

  • Nereida Rodriguez-Alvarez,
  • Joan Francesc Munoz-Martin and
  • Mary Morris

19 April 2023

The global navigation satellite system-reflectometry (GNSS-R) field has experienced an exponential growth as it is becoming relevant to many applications and has captivated the attention of an elevated number of research scholars, research centers an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,152 Views
18 Pages

9 November 2023

The Land Surface GNSS Reflection Simulator (LAGRS)-Soil model represents a significant advancement in soil moisture detection with the aid of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Occultation Sounder-Reflectometry (GNOS-R) technology, which is on...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
6,210 Views
16 Pages

Signal-to-Noise Ratio Analyses of Spaceborne GNSS-Reflectometry from Galileo and BeiDou Satellites

  • Yang Nan,
  • Shirong Ye,
  • Jingnan Liu,
  • Bofeng Guo,
  • Shuangcheng Zhang and
  • Weiqiang Li

22 December 2021

In recent years, Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technology has made considerable progress with the increasing of GNSS-R satellites in orbit, the improvements of GNSS-R data processing technology, and the expansion of its ge...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
4,712 Views
15 Pages

SNR-Based GNSS-R for Coastal Sea-Level Altimetry

  • Sajad Tabibi,
  • Renaldo Sauveur,
  • Kelly Guerrier,
  • Gerard Metayer and
  • Olivier Francis

16 September 2021

Geodetic Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry (GNSS-R) uses ground-based signals of opportunity to retrieve sea levels at an intermediate spatial scale. Geodetic GNSS-R is based on the simultaneous reception of Line-of-Sight (LoS) and its...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,716 Views
17 Pages

27 September 2020

Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technology is a new and promising remote sensing technology, especially satellite-based GNSS-R remote sensing, which has broad application prospects. In this work, the ionospheric impacts on s...

  • Technical Note
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,548 Views
12 Pages

An Assessment of CyGNSS v3.0 Level 1 Observables over the Ocean

  • Matthew Lee Hammond,
  • Giuseppe Foti,
  • Christine Gommenginger and
  • Meric Srokosz

3 September 2021

Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is a rapidly developing Earth observation technology that makes use of signals of opportunity from Global Navigation Satellite Systems that have been reflected off the Earth’s surface. The Cyc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
50 Citations
5,983 Views
17 Pages

5 February 2021

With the development of spaceborne global navigation satellite system-reflectometry (GNSS-R), it can be used for terrestrial applications as a promising remote sensing tool, such as soil moisture (SM) retrieval. The reflected L-band GNSS signal from...

  • Letter
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,682 Views
12 Pages

Can GNSS-R Detect Abrupt Water Level Changes?

  • Sajad Tabibi and
  • Olivier Francis

3 November 2020

Global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) uses signals of opportunity in a bi-static configuration of L-band microwave radar to retrieve environmental variables such as water level. The line-of-sight signal and its coherent surface re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
75 Citations
7,472 Views
21 Pages

1 January 2020

Global Navigation Satellite Systems-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) has shown unprecedented advantages to sense Soil Moisture Content (SMC) with high spatial and temporal coverage, low cost, and under all-weather conditions. However, implementing an appropria...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,333 Views
21 Pages

7 December 2021

With the realization of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) completion, GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) has become increasingly popular due to the advantages of global coverage and the availability of multiple sources in terms of earth remote sensi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,304 Views
22 Pages

Calibration and Validation of CYGNSS Reflectivity through Wetlands’ and Deserts’ Dielectric Permittivity

  • Iñigo Molina,
  • Andrés Calabia,
  • Shuanggen Jin,
  • Komi Edokossi and
  • Xuerui Wu

6 July 2022

The reflection of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals, namely GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R), has recently proven to be able to monitor land surface properties in the microwave spectrum, at a global scale, and with very low revisiting tim...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,074 Views
12 Pages

Experiment for Oil Spill Detection Based on Dual-Frequency QZSS Reflected Signals Using Drone-Borne GNSS-R

  • Runqi Liu,
  • Fan Gao,
  • Cheng Jing,
  • Xiao Li,
  • Dongmei Song,
  • Bin Wang,
  • Huyu Sun,
  • Yahui Kong,
  • Zhenyao Zhong and
  • Weihua Bai
  • + 2 authors

27 June 2024

Oil spill detection plays an important role in marine environment protection. The technique of global navigation satellite system-reflectometry (GNSS-R) has the advantage of a short revisit time, which could help with timely cleanup of marine oil pol...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,880 Views
19 Pages

Enhancing Soil Moisture Active–Passive Estimates with Soil Moisture Active–Passive Reflectometer Data Using Graph Signal Processing

  • Johanna Garcia-Cardona,
  • Nereida Rodriguez-Alvarez,
  • Joan Francesc Munoz-Martin,
  • Xavier Bosch-Lluis and
  • Kamal Oudrhiri

15 April 2024

The Soil Moisture Active–Passive (SMAP) mission has greatly contributed to the use of remote sensing technologies for monitoring the Earth’s land surface and estimating geophysical parameters that influence the climate system. Since the S...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
3,873 Views
17 Pages

An Improved Back-Projection Algorithm for GNSS-R BSAR Imaging Based on CPU and GPU Platform

  • Shiyu Wu,
  • Zhichao Xu,
  • Feng Wang,
  • Dongkai Yang and
  • Gongjian Guo

27 May 2021

Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (GNSS-R BSAR) is becoming more and more important in remote sensing because of its low power, low mass, low cost, and real-time global coverage capability. The Back Pr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
45 Citations
7,360 Views
24 Pages

10 March 2022

Earth reflected Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals can be received by dedicated orbital receivers for remote sensing and Earth observation (EO) purposes. Different spaceborne missions have been launched during the past years, most of w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
5,647 Views
19 Pages

UAV-Based GNSS-R for Water Detection as a Support to Flood Monitoring Operations: A Feasibility Study

  • Rayan Imam,
  • Marco Pini,
  • Gianluca Marucco,
  • Fabrizio Dominici and
  • Fabio Dovis

26 December 2019

Signals from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) can be utilized as signals of opportunity in remote sensing applications. Geophysical properties of the earth surface can be detected and monitored by processing the back-scattered GNSS signals...

  • Review
  • Open Access
86 Citations
9,057 Views
26 Pages

1 November 2019

Knowledge of sea ice is critical for offshore oil and gas exploration, global shipping industries, and climate change studies. During recent decades, Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) has evolved as an efficient tool for sea i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,036 Views
17 Pages

14 August 2023

In Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R), SNR spectrum analysis is widely used for surface altimetry inversion because of its low cost and easy operation. However, this method is somewhat limited in environmental situations with l...

  • Article
  • Open Access
68 Citations
5,604 Views
24 Pages

10 November 2020

Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) as a microwave remote sensing technique can retrieve the Earth’s surface parameters using the GNSS reflected signal from the surface. These reflected signals convey the surface features...

  • Technical Note
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,100 Views
15 Pages

6 March 2024

In this study, a new vegetation observable derived from spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) was developed. Firstly, a linear relationship between the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) reflectivity an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,121 Views
18 Pages

12 March 2020

The use of reflected Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals has shown to be effective for some remote sensing applications. In a GNSS Reflectometry (GNSS-R) system, a set of delay-Doppler maps (DDMs) related to scattered GNSS signals is fo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,554 Views
22 Pages

Scattering Properties of Non-Gaussian Ocean Surface with the SSA Model Applied to GNSS-R

  • Weichen Sun,
  • Xiaochen Wang,
  • Bing Han,
  • Dadi Meng and
  • Wei Wan

13 July 2023

Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an emerging earth observation method for remote sensing of feature parameters using reflected signals from navigation satellites, and is a purely specular bistatic forward scattering observ...

  • Article
  • Open Access
79 Citations
9,389 Views
21 Pages

GLORI: A GNSS-R Dual Polarization Airborne Instrument for Land Surface Monitoring

  • Erwan Motte,
  • Mehrez Zribi,
  • Pascal Fanise,
  • Alejandro Egido,
  • José Darrozes,
  • Amen Al-Yaari,
  • Nicolas Baghdadi,
  • Frédéric Baup,
  • Sylvia Dayau and
  • Jean-Pierre Wigneron
  • + 3 authors

20 May 2016

Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) has emerged as a remote sensing tool, which is complementary to traditional monostatic radars, for the retrieval of geophysical parameters related to surface properties. In the present paper,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,991 Views
18 Pages

SNR-Based Water Height Retrieval in Rivers: Application to High Amplitude Asymmetric Tides in the Garonne River

  • Pierre Zeiger,
  • Frédéric Frappart,
  • José Darrozes,
  • Nicolas Roussel,
  • Philippe Bonneton,
  • Natalie Bonneton and
  • Guillaume Detandt

10 May 2021

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) time series acquired by a geodetic antenna were analyzed to retrieve water heights during asymmetric tides on a narrow river using the Interference Pattern Technique (IPT) from Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectome...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,747 Views
24 Pages

30 July 2024

Vegetation water content (VWC) is a crucial parameter for evaluating vegetation growth, climate change, natural disasters such as forest fires, and drought prediction. Spaceborne global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) has become a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,767 Views
20 Pages

22 June 2017

Spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) has been the research focus of Earth observation because of its unique advantages; however, there are still many challenges to be resolved. The reduction of the impact of the satell...

  • Review
  • Open Access
19 Citations
9,127 Views
28 Pages

Soil Moisture & Snow Properties Determination with GNSS in Alpine Environments: Challenges, Status, and Perspectives

  • Cyril Botteron,
  • Nicholas Dawes,
  • Jérôme Leclère,
  • Jan Skaloud,
  • Steven V. Weijs and
  • Pierre-André Farine

19 July 2013

Moisture content in the soil and snow in the alpine environment is an important factor, not only for environmentally oriented research, but also for decision making in agriculture and hazard management. Current observation techniques quantifying so...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
5,123 Views
27 Pages

The Use of SMAP-Reflectometry in Science Applications: Calibration and Capabilities

  • Nereida Rodriguez-Alvarez,
  • Sidharth Misra,
  • Erika Podest,
  • Mary Morris and
  • Xavier Bosch-Lluis

21 October 2019

The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission became one of the newest spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System–Reflectometry (GNSS-R) missions collecting Global Positioning System (GPS) bistatic radar measurements when the band-pass cen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,288 Views
29 Pages

25 May 2023

In this paper, a method for joint sea surface rainfall intensity (RI), wind speed, and wave height retrieval based on spaceborne global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) data is proposed, which especially considers the effects betwee...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
3,704 Views
22 Pages

Estimation of Swell Height Using Spaceborne GNSS-R Data from Eight CYGNSS Satellites

  • Jinwei Bu,
  • Kegen Yu,
  • Hyuk Park,
  • Weimin Huang,
  • Shuai Han,
  • Qingyun Yan,
  • Nijia Qian and
  • Yiruo Lin

16 September 2022

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technology has opened a new window for ocean remote sensing because of its unique advantages, including short revisit period, low observation cost, and high spatial-temporal resolution....

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,825 Views
20 Pages

Machine Learning-Aided Sea Ice Monitoring Using Feature Sequences Extracted from Spaceborne GNSS-Reflectometry Data

  • Yongchao Zhu,
  • Tingye Tao,
  • Kegen Yu,
  • Xiaochuan Qu,
  • Shuiping Li,
  • Jens Wickert and
  • Maximilian Semmling

14 November 2020

Two effective machine learning-aided sea ice monitoring methods are investigated using 42 months of spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) data collected by the TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1). The two-dimensional delay waveforms...

  • Letter
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,613 Views
11 Pages

The Impact of Inter-Modulation Components on Interferometric GNSS-Reflectometry

  • Weiqiang Li,
  • Antonio Rius,
  • Fran Fabra,
  • Manuel Martín-Neira,
  • Estel Cardellach,
  • Serni Ribó and
  • Dongkai Yang

11 December 2016

The interferometric Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (iGNSS-R) exploits the full spectrum of the transmitted GNSS signal to improve the ranging performance for sea surface height applications. The Inter-Modulation (IM) component of th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
546 Views
21 Pages

20 January 2026

Accurate estimation of soil moisture (SM) and vegetation optical depth (VOD) is essential for understanding land–atmosphere interactions, climate dynamics, and ecosystem processes. While passive microwave missions such as SMAP and SMOS provide...

  • Letter
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,674 Views
9 Pages

First Assessment of Geophysical Sensitivities from Spaceborne Galileo and BeiDou GNSS-Reflectometry Data Collected by the UK TechDemoSat-1 Mission

  • Matthew L. Hammond,
  • Giuseppe Foti,
  • Jonathan Rawlinson,
  • Christine Gommenginger,
  • Meric Srokosz,
  • Lucinda King,
  • Martin Unwin and
  • Josep Roselló

10 September 2020

The UK’s TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1), launched 2014, has demonstrated the use of global positioning system (GPS) signals for monitoring ocean winds and sea ice. Here it is shown, for the first time, that Galileo and BeiDou signals detected by TDS-1 s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,310 Views
20 Pages

28 November 2020

Snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) are two parameters for measuring snowfall. By exploiting the Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique and thousands of existing GNSS Continuous Operating Reference Stations (CORS)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,211 Views
17 Pages

Sea Ice Detection from GNSS-R Data Based on Residual Network

  • Yuan Hu,
  • Xifan Hua,
  • Wei Liu and
  • Jens Wickert

12 September 2023

Sea ice is an important component of the polar circle and influences atmospheric change. Global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) not only realizes time-continuous and wide-area sea ice detection, but also greatly reduces the cost of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
4,834 Views
16 Pages

21 January 2020

Mean sea surface height (MSSH) is an important parameter, which plays an important role in the analysis of the geoid gap and the prediction of ocean dynamics. Traditional measurement methods, such as the buoy and ship survey, have a small cover area,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,879 Views
18 Pages

An Illustration of FY-3E GNOS-R for Global Soil Moisture Monitoring

  • Guanglin Yang,
  • Xiaoyong Du,
  • Lingyong Huang,
  • Xuerui Wu,
  • Ling Sun,
  • Chengli Qi,
  • Xiaoxin Zhang,
  • Jinsong Wang and
  • Shaohui Song

22 June 2023

An effective soil moisture retrieval method for FY-3E (Fengyun-3E) GNOS-R (GNSS occultation sounder II-reflectometry) is developed in this paper. Here, the LAGRS model, which is totally oriented for GNOS-R, is employed to estimate vegetation and surf...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,185 Views
19 Pages

Low-Cost BDS Reflectometry for Real-Time Water Surface Retrieval

  • Ken Deng,
  • Peiyuan Zhou,
  • Lan Du,
  • Zhongkai Zhang and
  • Zejun Liu

12 June 2023

The official launch of the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System with global coverage (BDS-3) presents significant opportunities for various applications, including precision agriculture and autonomous driving, among others. With its global spat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
5,157 Views
24 Pages

16 November 2020

This paper focuses on sea surface wind speed estimation based on cyclone global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) data. In order to extract useful information from delay-Doppler map (DDM) data, three delay waveforms are presented for...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
872 Views
19 Pages

7 July 2025

Surface soil moisture (SM) is a critical factor in hydrological modeling, agricultural management, and numerical weather forecasting. This paper presents a highly effective soil moisture retrieval algorithm developed for the FY-3E (FengYun-3E) GNOS-R...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,659 Views
30 Pages

27 February 2019

This manuscript describes the Microwave Interferometric Reflectometer (MIR) instrument, a multi-beam dual-band GNSS-Reflectometer with beam-steering capabilities built to assess the performance of a PAssive Reflectrometry and Interferometry System—In...

  • Article
  • Open Access
921 Views
22 Pages

Comparison of a Semiempirical Algorithm and an Artificial Neural Network for Soil Moisture Retrieval Using CYGNSS Reflectometry Data

  • Hamed Izadgoshasb,
  • Emanuele Santi,
  • Flavio Cordari,
  • Leila Guerriero,
  • Leonardo Chiavini,
  • Veronica Ambrogioni and
  • Nazzareno Pierdicca

3 November 2025

This research, carried out within the framework of the European Space Agency’s second Scout mission (HydroGNSS), seeks to utilize CYGNSS Level 1B products over land for soil moisture estimation. The approach involves a novel physically based al...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,012 Views
19 Pages

25 June 2021

An improved method for retrieving Above-ground Biomass (AGB) and Canopy Height (CH) based on an observable from Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), soil moisture from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and location is proposed. The...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
8,564 Views
24 Pages

Normalized GNSS Interference Pattern Technique for Altimetry

  • Miguel Angel Ribot,
  • Jean-Christophe Kucwaj,
  • Cyril Botteron,
  • Serge Reboul,
  • Georges Stienne,
  • Jérôme Leclère,
  • Jean-Bernard Choquel,
  • Pierre-André Farine and
  • Mohammed Benjelloun

11 June 2014

It is well known that reflected signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) can be used for altimetry applications, such as monitoring of water levels and determining snow height. Due to the interference of these reflected signals and the...

  • Technical Note
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,079 Views
18 Pages

9 August 2019

This manuscript describes real-time on-orbit instrument compatible open loop signal tracking techniques for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) reflection observations. All GNSS-reflection (GNSS-R) satellite instruments require algorithms whic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
6,829 Views
20 Pages

A Software-Defined GNSS Reflectometry Recording Receiver with Wide-Bandwidth, Multi-Band Capability and Digital Beam-Forming

  • Serni Ribó,
  • Juan Carlos Arco-Fernández,
  • Estel Cardellach,
  • Fran Fabra,
  • Weiqiang Li,
  • Oleguer Nogués-Correig,
  • Antonio Rius and
  • Manuel Martín-Neira

In this paper, we present the Software PARIS Interferometric Receiver (SPIR), a high-speed GNSS reflectometry recording receiver which has been designed and implemented with the primary goal of demonstrating the synoptic capabilities of the interfero...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,386 Views
17 Pages

23 September 2020

The joint use of spaceborne microwave sensor data and Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) data to observe tropical cyclones (TCs) is presented in this paper. The Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) radiometer was taken as an examp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
6,408 Views
16 Pages

Wind Direction Signatures in GNSS-R Observables from Space

  • Dongliang Guan,
  • Hyuk Park,
  • Adriano Camps,
  • Yong Wang,
  • Raul Onrubia,
  • Jorge Querol and
  • Daniel Pascual

29 January 2018

Wind speed and direction are important essential climate variables (ECVs). GNSS-R is an emerging remote sensing technique that can be potentially used to retrieve wind speed from space. However, few studies have addressed the wind direction retrieval...

  • Technical Note
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,114 Views
17 Pages

Validation of NOAA CyGNSS Wind Speed Product with the CCMP Data

  • Xiaohui Li,
  • Dongkai Yang,
  • Jingsong Yang,
  • Guoqi Han,
  • Gang Zheng and
  • Weiqiang Li

7 May 2021

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CyGNSS) mission was launched in December 2016, which can remotely sense sea surface wind with a relatively high spatio-temporal resolution for tracki...

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