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  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,073 Views
12 Pages

Application of GC–TOF/MS and GC×GC–TOF/MS to Discriminate Coffee Products in Three States (Bean, Powder, and Brew)

  • Xiaolei Fang,
  • Yanping Chen,
  • Jie Gao,
  • Zimu Run,
  • He Chen,
  • Ruoqi Shi,
  • Yingqiu Li,
  • Haihua Zhang and
  • Yuan Liu

20 August 2023

The volatiles in coffee play an important part in the overall flavor profile. In this study, GC–TOF/MS and GC×GC–TOF/MS were used to detect the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in coffee samples of three different brands at three s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,356 Views
16 Pages

Marker-Independent Food Identification Enabled by Combing Machine Learning Algorithms with Comprehensive GC × GC/TOF-MS

  • Bei Li,
  • Miao Liu,
  • Feng Lin,
  • Cui Tai,
  • Yanfei Xiong,
  • Ling Ao,
  • Yumin Liu,
  • Zhixin Lin,
  • Fei Tao and
  • Ping Xu

22 September 2022

Reliable methods are always greatly desired for the practice of food inspection. Currently, most food inspection techniques are mainly dependent on the identification of special components, which neglect the combination effects of different component...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
5,244 Views
15 Pages

Metabolomics for Age Discrimination of Ginseng Using a Multiplex Approach to HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy, UPLC–QTOF/MS, and GC × GC–TOF/MS

  • Dahye Yoon,
  • Bo-Ram Choi,
  • Seohee Ma,
  • Jae Won Lee,
  • Ick-Hyun Jo,
  • Young-Seob Lee,
  • Geum-Soog Kim,
  • Suhkmann Kim and
  • Dae Young Lee

27 June 2019

(1) Background: The ability to determine the age of ginseng is very important because the price of ginseng depends on the cultivation period. Since morphological observation is subjective, a new scientific and systematic method for determining the ag...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,691 Views
11 Pages

GC-TOF/MS-Based Metabolomics for Comparison of Volar and Non-Volar Skin Types

  • Ting Bu,
  • Ming Zhang,
  • Sun-Hee Lee,
  • Yu Eun Cheong,
  • Yukyung Park,
  • Kyoung Heon Kim,
  • Dongwon Kim and
  • Sooah Kim

3 August 2022

Skin has heterogenous identities on different body sites despite similar cellular compositions. There are two types of skin, volar (palmoplantar) and non-volar (dorsal), which are characterized by epidermal thickness, pigmentation, and presence of ha...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,153 Views
17 Pages

Exploring Volatile Organic Compounds in Rhizomes and Leaves of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker Using HS-SPME and GC–TOF/MS Combined with Multivariate Analysis

  • May San Thawtar,
  • Miyako Kusano,
  • Li Yingtao,
  • Wunna,
  • Min San Thein,
  • Keisuke Tanaka,
  • Marlon Rivera,
  • Miao Shi and
  • Kazuo N. Watanabe

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role in the biological activities of the medicinal Zingiberaceae species. In commercial preparations of VOCs from Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes, its leaves are wasted as by-products. The foliage co...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,905 Views
16 Pages

11 October 2021

Effective approaches to exploiting the biomass of the abundant invasive weed Mikania micrantha Kunth are limited. Termites have been a focus of significant attention as mediators of biomass-processing owing to their ability to digest lignocellulose....

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,523 Views
15 Pages

19 October 2022

Fermented kohlrabi is a very popular side dish in China. Chinese kohlrabies industrially fermented for 0 years (0Y), 5 years (5Y), and 10 years (10Y) were employed and analyzed by non-targeted metabolomics based on GC-TOF-MS, and the differential met...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,511 Views
25 Pages

Geoherbalism Metabolomic Analysis of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. by LC-Triple TOF-MS/MS and GC-MS

  • Hailong Qiu,
  • Chenxiao Shan,
  • Chenghao Fei,
  • Ping Xue,
  • Yongyi Zhou,
  • Jiahuan Yuan and
  • Xin Liu

9 August 2023

The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (AL), called Maocangzhu in Chinese, is a geoherbalism medical herb in Jiangsu Province that is often used in the prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), such as for the treatment of COVID-19...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,454 Views
26 Pages

17 June 2024

Despite the numerous benefits of intensive air transport development, many activities associated with the operation of airports contribute to environmental pollution. The purpose of this research was the development, optimization, and validation of a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
88 Citations
16,463 Views
17 Pages

Secondary Metabolite Profiling of Curcuma Species Grown at Different Locations Using GC/TOF and UPLC/Q-TOF MS

  • Jueun Lee,
  • Youngae Jung,
  • Jeoung-Hwa Shin,
  • Ho Kyoung Kim,
  • Byeong Cheol Moon,
  • Do Hyun Ryu and
  • Geum-Sook Hwang

4 July 2014

Curcuma, a genus of rhizomatous herbaceous species, has been used as a spice, traditional medicine, and natural dye. In this study, the metabolite profile of Curcuma extracts was determined using gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (G...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,576 Views
16 Pages

Volatile Flavor of Tricholoma matsutake from the Different Regions of China by Using GC×GC-TOF MS

  • Yunli Feng,
  • Shaoxiong Liu,
  • Yuan Fang,
  • Jianying Li,
  • Ming Ma,
  • Zhenfu Yang,
  • Lue Shang,
  • Xiang Guo,
  • Rong Hua and
  • Dafeng Sun

21 May 2025

Two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF MS) was employed to analyze the volatile flavor compounds (VOCs) of Tricholoma matsutake samples from six different geographical regions: CX (Chuxiong), DL (Dali),...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
8,097 Views
16 Pages

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Composition in Chinese Truffles via GC × GC/HR-TOF/MS and Electronic Nose

  • Ning Zhang,
  • Haitao Chen,
  • Baoguo Sun,
  • Xueying Mao,
  • Yuyu Zhang and
  • Ying Zhou

To compare the volatile compounds of Chinese black truffle and white truffle from Yunnan province, this study presents the application of a direct solvent extraction/solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (DSE-SAFE) coupled with a comprehensive two-dime...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
11,081 Views
20 Pages

Development of a Direct Headspace Collection Method from Arabidopsis Seedlings Using HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS Analysis

  • Miyako Kusano,
  • Yumiko Iizuka,
  • Makoto Kobayashi,
  • Atsushi Fukushima and
  • Kazuki Saito

9 April 2013

Plants produce various volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are thought to be a crucial factor in their interactions with harmful insects, plants and animals. Composition of VOCs may differ when plants are grown under different nutrient condition...

  • Article
  • Open Access
56 Citations
7,215 Views
17 Pages

Non-Invasive Detection and Staging of Colorectal Cancer Using a Portable Electronic Nose

  • Heena Tyagi,
  • Emma Daulton,
  • Ayman S. Bannaga,
  • Ramesh P. Arasaradnam and
  • James A. Covington

12 August 2021

Electronic noses (e-nose) offer potential for the detection of cancer in its early stages. The ability to analyse samples in real time, at a low cost, applying easy–to-use and portable equipment, gives e-noses advantages over other technologies, such...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,814 Views
13 Pages

Moringa oleifera leaves (MOLs) have gained significant attention due to their nutritional and biological activity. Therefore, this study aimed to examine its flavor characteristics and underlying compositions. In this study, we used ultra-performance...

  • Article
  • Open Access
74 Citations
6,922 Views
18 Pages

Chemical Profiles and Simultaneous Quantification of Aurantii fructus by Use of HPLC-Q-TOF-MS Combined with GC-MS and HPLC Methods

  • Yingjie He,
  • Zongkai Li,
  • Wei Wang,
  • Suren R. Sooranna,
  • Yiting Shi,
  • Yun Chen,
  • Changqiao Wu,
  • Jianguo Zeng,
  • Qi Tang and
  • Hongqi Xie

30 August 2018

Aurantii fructus (AF) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used to improve gastrointestinal motility disorders for over a thousand years, but there is no exhaustive identification of the basic chemical components and comprehensive quality...

  • Article
  • Open Access
39 Citations
4,597 Views
16 Pages

Urinary Volatiles and Chemical Characterisation for the Non-Invasive Detection of Prostate and Bladder Cancers

  • Heena Tyagi,
  • Emma Daulton,
  • Ayman S. Bannaga,
  • Ramesh P. Arasaradnam and
  • James A. Covington

3 November 2021

Bladder cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) are some of the most common cancers in the world. In both BCa and PCa, the diagnosis is often confirmed with an invasive technique that carries a risk to the patient. Consequently, a non-invasive diagnos...

  • Article
  • Open Access
122 Citations
15,577 Views
10 Pages

12 October 2010

The essential oil in leaves of Polygonum minus Huds., a local aromatic plant, were identified by a pipeline of gas chromatography (GC) techniques coupled with mass-spectrometry (MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and two dimensional gas chromatogra...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,519 Views
16 Pages

Effects of Different Fermentation Methods on Flavor Quality of Liupao Tea Using GC-Q-TOF-MS and Electronic Nose Analyses

  • Xiaohui Zhou,
  • Di Tian,
  • Hongjie Zhou,
  • Rui Dong,
  • Chenyang Ma,
  • Ling Ren,
  • Xueyi Yang,
  • Qingyi Wang,
  • Ning Chen and
  • Yali Li
  • + 6 authors

19 August 2024

To further develop Liupao tea products and enhance their flavor, this study investigated the effects of different fermentation methods on the aroma quality of Liupao tea. The aroma quality of Liupao tea was comprehensively analyzed using HS-SPME in c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,519 Views
11 Pages

5 August 2022

Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai is a Chinese traditional medicinal fern plant for heat-clearing and detoxifying, promoting blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis. Previous researches showed that many factors could influence the components of m...

  • Article
  • Open Access
64 Citations
10,646 Views
14 Pages

29 September 2014

Nine varieties of pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds that were black, red, or white were used to perform metabolite profiling by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and gas chr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,401 Views
15 Pages

6 April 2023

To evaluate the flavor characteristics of Chinese bayberry alcoholic beverages, fermented bayberry wine (FBW) and integrated bayberry wine (IBW) were investigated for their volatile and soluble profiles using HS-SPME GC–MS and UHPLC Q-TOF and w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,655 Views
12 Pages

18 June 2024

The study used headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS–SPME–GC–TOF–MS) to analyze volatile compounds in leaves and fruits of Amomum tsaoko, Amomum paratsaoko,...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,100 Views
17 Pages

6 May 2025

Vitamin E deficiency (VED) represents a common micronutrient deficiency in dairy cows (DCs), leading to severe degenerative diseases, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and various health issues, ultimately causing significant economic losses for...

  • Article
  • Open Access
48 Citations
8,313 Views
16 Pages

3 September 2015

Zingiber species are members of the Zingiberaceae family, and are widely used for medicinal and food purposes. In this study aboveground and root parts of Zingiber mioga and Zingiber officinale were subjected to metabolite profiling by ultra-performa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
3,405 Views
13 Pages

2 December 2022

The volatile compounds in Jinhua ham samples after different aging times were characterized using solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and needle trap (NT) extraction methods combined with gas chromatography...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,401 Views
14 Pages

Characterization of the Key Aroma Compounds in Dong Ding Oolong Tea by Application of the Sensomics Approach

  • Daoliang Wang,
  • Cainan Wang,
  • Weiying Su,
  • Chih-Cheng Lin,
  • Wei Liu,
  • Yuan Liu,
  • Li Ni and
  • Zhibin Liu

22 August 2023

The Dong Ding oolong tea (DDT), grown and produced in Taiwan, is widely appreciated for its unique flavor. Despite its popularity, research on the aroma components of DDT remains incomplete. To address this gap, this study employed a sensomics approa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
55 Citations
6,316 Views
15 Pages

16 August 2019

Key odorants of red wine made from the hybrid grapes of Marselan (Vitis vinifera L.) were isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and explored by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) analysis. Application of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,132 Views
11 Pages

28 February 2024

Cholesterol present in food of animal origin is a precursor of oxysterols (COPs), whose high intake through diet can be associated with health implications. Evaluation of the content of these contaminants in food is associated with many analytical pr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
5,630 Views
17 Pages

Antidiabetic Effect of Noodles Containing Fermented Lettuce Extracts

  • Soon Yeon Jeong,
  • Eunjin Kim,
  • Ming Zhang,
  • Yun-Seong Lee,
  • Byeongjun Ji,
  • Sun-Hee Lee,
  • Yu Eun Cheong,
  • Soon-Il Yun,
  • Young-Soo Kim and
  • Sooah Kim
  • + 3 authors

6 August 2021

The aim of the current study was to examine the antidiabetic effect of noodle containing fermented lettuce extract (FLE) on diabetic mice as a pre-clinical study. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content, antioxidant capacity, and total polyphenol cont...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,647 Views
13 Pages

Metabolomics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Treated by Atmospheric-Pressure Cold Plasma

  • Dehui Xu,
  • Xinying Zhang,
  • Jin Zhang,
  • Rui Feng,
  • Shuai Wang and
  • Yanjie Yang

9 November 2021

With increasing drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a new sterilization method is needed. Plasma has been shown to be an effective method of sterilization, but no researchers have studied the effect of plasma on bacterial metabolism. In this p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
997 Views
25 Pages

3 December 2025

Ziziphi Spinosae semen (ZSS) is renowned for its rich nutritional composition and is traditionally consumed in China, Japan, and Korea, where it is widely incorporated into both medicinal diets and daily cuisine. To address the lack of systematic res...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,525 Views
16 Pages

Proteomics Reveal the Profiles of Color Change in Brunfelsia acuminata Flowers

  • Min Li,
  • Yueting Sun,
  • Xiaocao Lu,
  • Biswojit Debnath,
  • Sangeeta Mitra and
  • Dongliang Qiu

Brunfelsia acuminata is a popular ornamental plant with different colors resulted from the rapid change of color after blooming. The petals at day one (purple), day three (white and purple) and day five (white) were used to analyze the reason of flow...

  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
7,891 Views
19 Pages

In the present work, Chlamydomonas nivalis, a model species of snow algae, was used to illustrate the metabolic regulation mechanism of microalgae under nutrient deprivation stress. The seed culture was inoculated into the medium without nitrate or p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,930 Views
15 Pages

8 March 2023

Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch is traditionally used in South African traditional medicine (SATM) to treat a variety of human infections. The antimicrobial activity of extracts from C. cornifolia was investigated in vitro against a plethora of path...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,227 Views
16 Pages

Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds in Wild Indigenous Medicinal Ginger (Zingiber barbatum Wall.) from Myanmar

  • Musavvara Kh. Shukurova,
  • Yonathan Asikin,
  • Yanhang Chen,
  • Miyako Kusano and
  • Kazuo N. Watanabe

The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) strongly depend on the plant species and are differently represented in specific taxa. VOCs have a degree of chemical diversity and also can serve as chemotaxonomic markers. Zingiber barbatum Wall. i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
431 Views
24 Pages

Exploring UVA1-Induced Metabolic Effects in Different In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Systems

  • Irina Ivanova,
  • Teodora Svilenska,
  • Tim Maisch,
  • Wolfram Gronwald,
  • Dennis Niebel,
  • Martin Lehmann,
  • Andreas Eigenberger,
  • Lukas Prantl,
  • Mark Berneburg and
  • Bernadett Kurz
  • + 1 author

29 January 2026

Background/Objectives: Studying the role of UV-induced metabolic changes in skin physiology, and especially skin diseases, has gained importance in both medicine and cosmetics. With the development of new technologies, a variety of approaches have be...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,037 Views
9 Pages

Fatty Acid Composition of Dried Fruits of Sclerocarya birrea, Diospyros blancoi and Landolphia kirkii

  • Athanasia O. Matemu,
  • Durotoye Adeyemi,
  • Hlengilizwe Nyoni,
  • Ladislaus Mdee,
  • Papiso Tshabalala,
  • Bhekie Mamba and
  • Titus A. M. Msagati

Wild fruits are commonly consumed in the rural communities of South Africa. The information on their nutritionally important fatty acids is, however, limited. Three wild fruit species, Diospyros blancoi, Landolphia kirkii and Sclerocarya birrea from...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
4,318 Views
15 Pages

Primary Metabolite Profile Changes in Coffea spp. Promoted by Single and Combined Exposure to Drought and Elevated CO2 Concentration

  • Ana M. Rodrigues,
  • Tiago Jorge,
  • Sonia Osorio,
  • Delphine M. Pott,
  • Fernando C. Lidon,
  • Fábio M. DaMatta,
  • Isabel Marques,
  • Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros,
  • José C. Ramalho and
  • Carla António

Climate change scenarios pose major threats to many crops worldwide, including coffee. We explored the primary metabolite responses in two Coffea genotypes, C. canephora cv. Conilon Clone 153 and C. arabica cv. Icatu, grown at normal (aCO2) or elevat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,860 Views
10 Pages

Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds in Mango Ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) from Myanmar

  • Yanhang Chen,
  • Musavvara Kh. Shukurova,
  • Yonathan Asikin,
  • Miyako Kusano and
  • Kazuo N. Watanabe

30 December 2020

Curcuma amada Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as mango ginger because its rhizome and foliar parts have a similar aroma to mango. The rhizome has been widely used in food industries and alternative medicines to treat a variety of internal disea...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,057 Views
18 Pages

Metabolomic Investigations Reveal Properties of Natural Low-Temperature Adaptation Strategies in Five Evergreen Trees

  • Bin Liu,
  • Tao Li,
  • Xuting Zhang,
  • Yanxia Zhang,
  • Zhenping He,
  • Xiaorui Shang,
  • Guojing Li and
  • Ruigang Wang

24 May 2025

In northern China’s arid and semi-arid regions, evergreen trees demonstrate significant cold tolerance to natural low-temperature stress during winter. However, the metabolic strategies and their associated properties underlying their overwinte...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,682 Views
14 Pages

Electroencephalogram (EEG) responses and serum metabolite levels were used to investigate the effects of horticultural activities (seed-sowing) on the psychophysiological aspects of adults based on the presence or absence of the soil microorganism St...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
7,847 Views
15 Pages

Urinary Metabolomic Profiling Reveals the Effect of Shenfu Decoction on Chronic Heart Failure in Rats

  • Dawei Yang,
  • Xiaoxing Wang,
  • Yaping Wu,
  • Bo Lu,
  • Aifeng Yuan,
  • Carlos Leon and
  • Na Guo

30 June 2015

Shenfu decoction (SFD) can be used to treat patients with sign of Yangqi decline or Yang exhaustion related to chronic heart failure (CHF). We conducted a gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC/TOF–MS)-based metabolomic study to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
56 Citations
8,727 Views
14 Pages

18 January 2020

Onion is widely used worldwide in various forms for both food and medicinal applications, thanks to its high content of phytonutrients, such as flavonoids and volatile sulfur compounds. Fresh onion is very perishable and drying is widely applied for...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,113 Views
18 Pages

12 September 2025

Objectives: This study systematically compared the differences in egg quality between the BIAN chicken, an indigenous breed of Shanxi Province, and the Hy-Line Brown, a commercial breed, through the integration of non-targeted metabolomics and volati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,696 Views
31 Pages

Fusion of 2DGC-MS, HPLC-MS and Sensory Data to Assist Decision-Making in the Marketing of International Monovarietal Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc Wines

  • Simone Poggesi,
  • Aakriti Darnal,
  • Adriana Teresa Ceci,
  • Edoardo Longo,
  • Leonardo Vanzo,
  • Tanja Mimmo and
  • Emanuele Boselli

31 October 2022

Monovarietal wines produced in different wine-growing areas may have completely different sensory profiles. As a result, they may be suitable for sale in different regions, depending on local preferences. Better insight into the sensory and chemical...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,541 Views
13 Pages

Changes in Metabolic Profile of Rice Leaves Induced by Humic Acids

  • Natália Aguiar Canellas,
  • Fábio Lopes Olivares,
  • Rakiely Martins da Silva and
  • Luciano Pasqualoto Canellas

27 November 2022

The use of humic substances in agriculture as a biostimulant emerged as one of the promising methods to promote sustainable production. Different molecular, biochemical, and physiological processes are triggered, resulting in nutrient efficiency use...

  • Article
  • Open Access
545 Views
14 Pages

19 December 2025

Geographical origin constitutes one of the key factors that exert an influence on chemical compounds of Lonicerae japonicae flos (LJF). The present research was designed to explore differences among volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and non-VOCs amon...

  • Article
  • Open Access
41 Citations
15,455 Views
21 Pages

Metabolic Changes of Amino Acids and Flavonoids in Tea Plants in Response to Inorganic Phosphate Limitation

  • Santosh KC,
  • Meiya Liu,
  • Qunfeng Zhang,
  • Kai Fan,
  • Yuanzhi Shi and
  • Jianyun Ruan

21 November 2018

The qualities of tea (Camellia sinensis) are not clearly understood in terms of integrated leading molecular regulatory network mechanisms behind inorganic phosphate (Pi) limitation. Thus, the present work aims to elucidate transcription factor-depen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,276 Views
11 Pages

Utilizing Cost-Effective Determination Techniques to Authenticate Cosmetics

  • Shaoming Jin,
  • Hongren Qu,
  • Xiao Ning,
  • Shenghui Cui and
  • Jin Cao

10 April 2024

(1) Background: The adulteration of cosmetics has become increasingly common, which seriously harms ordinary consumers. The counterfeit cosmetics pointed out in this study mainly refer to imitating genuine products in terms of ingredients and packagi...

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