1,799 Results Found

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and zoonotic agent causing sudden death, septic shock and meningitis. These pathologies are the consequence of an exacerbated inflammatory response composed of various mediators...

The innate immune response to viral pathogens is critical in order to mobilize protective immunity. Cells of the innate immune system detect viral infection largely through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present either on the c...

Inflammasomes are protein scaffolds required for the activation of caspase-1 and the subsequent release of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and danger signals, as well as the induction of pyroptotic cell death to restore homeostasis following infecti...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder molecularly characterized by the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and type 2 microtubule-associated protein (Tau) abnormalities. Multiple studies have shown that many of the...

Background: Neurotensin (NT) acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the central nervous system. It was shown previously that NT in the ventral pallidum (VP) has rewarding and anxiolytic effects. NT exerts its effect in interaction with dopa...

Filoviruses are a group of single-stranded negative sense RNA viruses. The most well-known filoviruses that affect humans are ebolaviruses and marburgviruses. During infection, they can cause life-threatening symptoms such as inflammation, tissue dam...

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide expressed in the trigeminal ganglia (TG). The TG conducts nociceptive signals in the head and may play roles in migraine. PACAP infusion provokes headaches in healthy individual...

Delta/Serrate/LAG-2 (DSL) proteins, which serve as ligands for Notch receptors, mediate direct cell–cell interactions involved in the determination of cell fate and functioning. The present study aimed to explore the role of androgens and estro...

Powassan virus is an emerging tick-borne flavivirus that poses a significant threat to human health. The outcome of Powassan virus infection is shaped by both viral factors and the host immune response. While this review aimed to examine the innate i...

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness, which remains difficult to treat. A high resistance to the available therapies, their insufficient efficacy, and numerous side effects are the reasons why there is an urgent need to develop new antipsychotic...

Chemerin belongs to the group of adipocyte-derived hormones known as adipokines, which are responsible mainly for the control of energy homeostasis. Adipokine exerts its influence through three receptors: Chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), G protein...

Memory impairments constitute a significant problem worldwide, and the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically increased the prevalence of cognitive deficits. Patients with cognitive deficits, specifically memory disturbances, have underlying comorbid conditi...

Depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia may coexist in psychiatric patients. Moreover, these disorders are very often associated with cognitive impairments. However, pharmacotherapy of these conditions remains challenging due to limited drug effective...

Neuroinflammation is a complex biological process that typically originates as a protective response in the brain. This inflammatory process is triggered by the release of pro-inflammatory substances like cytokines, prostaglandins, and reactive oxyge...

Tumor necrosis-factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand, also known as TRAIL or APO2L (Apo-2 ligand), is a cytokine of the TNF superfamily acknowledged for its ability to trigger selective apoptosis in tumor cells while being relatively safe towards...

Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) mediates maternal-fetal immune tolerance. It is also considered an immune checkpoint in cancer since it may mediate immune evasion and thus promote tumor growth. HLA-G is, therefore, a potential target for immunother...

Sex hormones and their receptors play a crucial role in human sexual dimorphism and have been traditionally associated with hormone-dependent cancers like breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer. However, recent research has broadened our understand...

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest class of drug targets. Approximately half of the members of the human GPCR superfamily are chemosensory receptors, including odorant receptors (ORs), trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs),...

The increasing number of patients reporting depressive symptoms requires the design of new antidepressants with higher efficacy and limited side effects. As our previous research showed, 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine derivatives are promising candidates...

Background: The aim of this study was to explore the estrogenic effects of the extracts from Chinese yam and its effective compounds. Methods: The activity of the yam was investigated by the uterine weight gain of mice and a proliferation assay of br...

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic lung disorder characterized by the presence of scarred and thickened lung tissues. Although the Food and Drug Administration approved two antifibrotic drugs, pirfenidone, and nintedanib, that are currently utilize...

Obesity is a multifactorial disease that can lead to other health issues. Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1), as one of the satiety signal, has been linked with appetite suppression and weight loss. Due to the limitations of GLP-1 and its analogues, alte...

The cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) and the hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (RHAMM), also known as CD168, are perhaps the most studied receptors for hyaluronic acid (HA); among their various functions, both are known to play a role in the...

Sense of smell is mediated by diverse families of olfactory sensing receptors, conveying important dietary information, fundamental for growth and survival. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the sensory olfactory pathways in the regu...

Angiotensin II receptor type 1 and 2 (AT1R and AT2R) are two G-protein coupled receptors that mediate most biological functions of the octapeptide Angiotensin II (Ang II). AT2R is upregulated upon tissue damage and its activation by selective AT2R ag...

Abnormalities in the peripheral immune system are involved in the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia, although their contribution to the painful symptoms remains unknown. Our previous study reported the ability of splenocytes to develop pain-like behavi...

TAM receptors (Tyro3, Axl and MerTK) are a family of tyrosine kinase receptors that are expressed in a variety of cell populations, including liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells. These receptors are vital for immune homeostasis, as they regul...

Different mechanisms were proposed as responsible for COVID-19 neurological symptoms but a clear one has not been established yet. In this work we aimed to study SARS-CoV-2 capacity to infect pediatric human cortical neuronal HCN-2 cells, studying th...

Preclinical data have shown that treatment with serotonin (5-HT)_2C receptor agonists inhibits the behavioral effects of nicotine, including self-administration, reinstatement, and locomotor responses to nicotine. Since the data on the effects of 5-HT...

Natural Killer (NK) cells are key effectors of the innate immune system which represent the first line of defense against viral infections. NK cell activation depends on the engagement of a complex receptor repertoire expressed on their surface, cons...

Chemerin (CHEM) may act as an important link integrating energy homeostasis and reproductive functions of females, and its actions are mediated by three receptors: chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1), and C-C motif...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-known family of pattern recognition receptors that play an important role in a host immune system. TLR triggering leads to the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, driving the activation of bot...

Frog virus 3 (FV3) is the type species of the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae). FV3 and FV3-like viruses are globally distributed infectious agents with the capacity to replicate in three vertebrate classes (teleosts, amphibians, and reptiles)....

Anxiety and depression are two conditions that had increased incidences in the context of COVID-19. The administration of current therapies based on anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs can result in adverse reactions and even potential dangers in the...

Mood disorders affect over 300 million individuals worldwide, often characterized by their chronic and refractory nature, posing significant threats to patient life. There has been a notable increase in mood disorders among American adolescents and y...

The insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A), a dual receptor for insulin and IGF2, plays a role in breast cancer (BC) progression and metabolic reprogramming. Notably, discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a collagen receptor often dysregulated in cancer, is...

Previously, we reported that intracerebroventricularly administered kisspeptin-13 (KP-13) induces anxiety-like behavior and activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in rats. In the present study, we aimed to shed light on the mediation...

Mycoplasma hominis can be isolated from the human urogenital tract. However, its interaction with the host remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of M. hominis infection on primary human keratinocytes (PHKs). Cells w...

Background and Objectives: Visceral obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation that predisposes to metabolic syndrome. Indeed, infiltration of adipose tissue with immune–inflammatory cells, including ‘classical’ infla...

Periodontal disease remains a significant global health concern, characterized by complex host–pathogen interactions leading to tissue destruction. This review explored the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the pathogenesis of per...

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of Sepia pharaonis ink on insulin resistance in PCOS-induced mice. Treatment with sepia ink in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS mice at various doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200&thins...

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has anxiolytic-like effects and facilitates the extinction of cued and contextual fear in rodents. We previously showed that intracerebroventricular administration of NPY reduces the expression of social fear in a mouse model of...

Correct immunological dialogue between the maternal uterus and conceptus is essential during implantation, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in maternal immune tolerance during pregnancy. This study aimed to analyze the effect of early pregn...

Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive interstitial lung disease that involves stimulated growth of fibroblasts, over-deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), and permanent damage of the lung structure. Among its various forms, idiopathic pulmonary fib...

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are major actors in multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon in both human and canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs). The aim of this study was to investigate an association between the intrin...

Fibrillar aggregates and soluble oligomers of both Amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) and hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins (p-Tau-es), as well as a chronic neuroinflammation are the main drivers causing progressive neuronal losses and dementia in Alz...

The crucial role that oestrogens play in male reproduction has been generally accepted; however, the exact mechanism of their action is not entirely clear and there is still much more to be clarified. The oestrogen response is mediated through oestro...

The lipid endocannabinoid system has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target for several inflammatory and tissue-damaging diseases, including those affecting the cardiovascular system. The primary targets of cannabinoids are cannabinoid type 1...

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a global public health problem and is frequently comorbid with mental disorders, including anxiety and depression. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death, which is involved in the pathological process of various dis...

The discovery of CTLA-4 and PD-1 checkpoints has prompted scientific researchers and the pharmaceutical industry to develop and conduct extensive research on tumor-specific inhibitors. As a result, the list of potential immune checkpoint molecules is...