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The Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine Intake in Sport

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Sports Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2026 | Viewed by 88

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
Interests: supplementation for health; wellness and performance; exercise performance; paediatric exercise science; workplace wellbeing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
Interests: cell physiology; skeletal muscle metabolism; hypertrophy; atrophy; exercise performance; ageing and disease; contractile function and whole body health

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Caffeine remains one of the most widely consumed ergogenic aids across all levels of sport, with up to 74% of elite athletes reportedly using it to enhance performance, especially in cardiorespiratory endurance disciplines. Its popularity stems from its accessibility, minimal side effects, and efficacy at low-to-moderate doses (1-6 mg·kg⁻1 body mass). Mechanistically, adenosine receptor antagonism is considered the primary driver of its performance-enhancing effects, although other pathways such as calcium and fatty acid mobilisation may also contribute. Despite consistent benefits in endurance contexts, results in high-intensity, short-duration sports are more variable. Time-trial protocols offer more sport-relevant insights than time-to-exhaustion tests, yet variability in outcomes persists. Emerging questions around genetic responsiveness, habitual use, youth sports, and individual variability remain unanswered. We invite researchers to contribute to this evolving field—particularly through robust, sport-specific trials and updated meta-analyses, systematic reviews and/or umbrella reviews—to better understand caffeine’s nuanced ergogenic profile and its implications for athletes and practitioners alike. What does the future hold for this ubiquitous pharmacological agent?

Prof. Dr. Ajmol Ali
Dr. Kaio Vitzel
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • time trial
  • muscle endurance
  • sprint
  • anaerobic
  • cardiorespiratory endurance
  • safety
  • optimum dose
  • side effects
  • genetic variability
  • habituation
  • youth
  • sex differences

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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17 pages, 2246 KB  
Systematic Review
Effects of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Repeated Sprint Ability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Yunteng Wang, Wantang Su, Shiyan Zhang, Li Zhao, Yuanyuan Lv, Boya Gu and Laikang Yu
Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3475; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213475 - 5 Nov 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Caffeine is widely recognized as an ergogenic aid, yet evidence regarding its acute effects on repeated sprint ability (RSA) remains inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of acute caffeine ingestion on RSA across different populations, exercise [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Caffeine is widely recognized as an ergogenic aid, yet evidence regarding its acute effects on repeated sprint ability (RSA) remains inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of acute caffeine ingestion on RSA across different populations, exercise modalities, and dosage levels. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, Web of science, and Scopus databases. Data were pooled using the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Acute caffeine ingestion significantly enhanced RSA peak power output (PPO) compared with placebo (WMD, 5.28; 95% CI, 2.49 to 8.07; p = 0.0002). Subgroup analyses revealed significant improvements in both males (WMD, 13.11; 95% CI, 5.63 to 20.59; p = 0.0006) and females (WMD, 4.03; 95% CI, 1.10 to 6.97; p = 0.007). A caffeine dose of ≥6 mg/kg body weight (BW) produced greater ergogenic benefits (WMD, 6.67; 95% CI, 3.32 to 10.02; p < 0.0001) than lower doses (WMD, 2.16; 95% CI, −2.87 to 7.19; p = 0.40). Moreover, a more pronounced enhancement was observed in cycling-based RSA (WMD, 8.77; 95% CI, 1.98 to 15.56; p = 0.01) compared with running-based protocols (WMD, 4.56; 95% CI, 1.58 to 7.55; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Acute caffeine ingestion significantly enhances RSA, particularly at doses ≥6 mg/kg BW. This effect is consistent across both male and female participants, with no statistically significant sex difference observed in the pooled analysis. These findings reinforce caffeine’s role as an effective ergogenic aid for optimizing high-intensity intermittent performance, with the strongest benefits evident in cycling exercise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine Intake in Sport)
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