Obesities

10 pages, 687 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Multicomponent-Type High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Vitamin D Status in Adults with Overweight/Obesity

by Maria Protopapa, Dimitrios Draganidis, Alexandra Avloniti, Ioannis G. Fatouros, Theodoros Stampoulis, Dimitrios Pantazis, Dimitrios Balampanos, Nikolaos Orestis Retzepis, Athanasios Poulios, Nikolaos Zaras, Maria Bampali, Ioannis Karakasiliotis, George Mastorakos, Theodore J. Angelopoulos, Maria Michalopoulou, Antonis Kambas, Athanasios Z. Jamurtas and Athanasios Chatzinikolaou

Obesities 2025, 5(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5030051 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in individuals with overweight/obesity and this can be largely attributed to the entrapment of VitD in adipose tissue due to impaired lipolytic stimulation. Considering the well-described role of exercise in stimulating lipolysis, the present study investigated the [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in individuals with overweight/obesity and this can be largely attributed to the entrapment of VitD in adipose tissue due to impaired lipolytic stimulation. Considering the well-described role of exercise in stimulating lipolysis, the present study investigated the efficacy of multicomponent-type high-intensity interval training (m-HIIT) in increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in males with overweight/obesity. Twenty middle-aged males (43.5 ± 5 years, BMI: 30.7 ± 3.3 kg/m²) participated in three weekly supervised m-HIIT sessions over a 12-week period and underwent assessments at baseline, 6, and 12 weeks. Primary outcomes were total body fat mass, android fat, hepatorenal index, and serum 25(OH)D. Participants’ daily physical activity and dietary intake habits remained unaltered throughout the 12-week training period. The m-HIIT intervention reduced fat mass (by 3% at 12 weeks), android fat (by 3.7% at 6 weeks and 4.4% at 12 weeks), and hepatorenal index (by 8% at 12 weeks). Serum 25(OH)D levels increased by ~14% (+3.21 ng/mL, p = 0.002) and ~31% (+7.24 ng/mL, p < 0.001) at 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. The elevation of 25(OH)D levels at 12 weeks was inversely related to fat mass loss (R = 0.53, p = 0.016). Plasma SGPT, SGOT, ALP, γ-GT, fetuin-A, and calcium levels remained unaltered after the 12-week training period. In conclusion, m-HIIT may be useful as a non-pharmacological intervention to increase circulating VitD levels in adults with overweight/obesity. Full article

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12 pages, 761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Environmental and Socioeconomic Contributors to Adult Obesity in the Rio Grande Valley

by John Nicholas Cauba, Jihoo Woo, Russell W. Wiggins and Shizue Mito

Obesities 2025, 5(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5030050 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Obesity in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) of Texas remains a critical public health concern, with rates (46.9%) significantly exceeding those of Texas (36%) and the U.S. (34%) (p < 0.001). This study used 2024 County Health Rankings data to analyze environmental [...] Read more.

Obesity in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) of Texas remains a critical public health concern, with rates (46.9%) significantly exceeding those of Texas (36%) and the U.S. (34%) (p < 0.001). This study used 2024 County Health Rankings data to analyze environmental and socioeconomic contributors to obesity across 240 Texas counties, with a population-weighted focus on Hidalgo, Cameron, Starr, and Willacy counties. The RGV exhibited markedly poorer access to exercise, higher rates of physical inactivity, lower Food Environment Index scores (FEI = 4.3 vs. 5.7 in Texas), higher rates of uninsurance, worse patient-to–primary care physician (PCP) ratios (2152:1 vs. Texas 1660:1), and increased preventable hospitalizations. Multiple linear regression identified physical inactivity (β = 0.6, p = 0.01) and access to exercise (β = −0.02, p = 0.02) as significant predictors of obesity. Notably, higher uninsured rates were associated with lower reported obesity, likely due to underdiagnosis in the absence of routine care. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions addressing food access, environmental and recreational infrastructure, along with healthcare infrastructure in the RGV, where socioeconomic disadvantage and structural barriers magnify the impact of national obesity trends on the regional level. Full article

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15 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“I Don’t Approve of a Fat Person…”: A Cross-Sectional Survey Exploring the Perceptions of Health, Weight and Obesity

by Jordan D. Beaumont, Tina Reimann, Rosie Wyld and Beverley O’Hara

Obesities 2025, 5(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5030049 - 20 Jun 2025

Abstract

Despite being acknowledged as a complex and multi-faceted condition, the prevailing view within society is that obesity is the result of individual choices and can be reversed simply by “eating less and moving more”. This is oversimplistic and leads to the view that [...] Read more.

Despite being acknowledged as a complex and multi-faceted condition, the prevailing view within society is that obesity is the result of individual choices and can be reversed simply by “eating less and moving more”. This is oversimplistic and leads to the view that obesity is the individual’s fault and is therefore their responsibility to remedy. These views are grounded in individuals’ beliefs around health and contribute to weight bias and stigma. In the present study, participants (n = 143) completed a cross-sectional survey which explored views around weight and health and whether weight bias or stigma differed based on demographic characteristics, weight status, and prior experience of weight stigma. Results indicate differences in the way individuals living with overweight and obesity are viewed in comparison with those of a healthy weight, with the former viewed in a more negative light. Interestingly, while women presented with higher weight bias scores (p = 0.036), men scored higher for externalised weight stigma (p = 0.001). Weight status was seen as an important factor contributing to overall health. These results demonstrate that weight bias and stigma are prevalent and highlight the need for further measures to reduce stigmatising views of people living with overweight and obesity. Full article

9 pages, 452 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Hunger-Related Hormones: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

by Delaney Gresser, Kelsey McLimans, Sheldon Lee and Maria Morgan-Bathke

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020048 - 19 Jun 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Short sleep duration has been implicated in an increased body mass index (BMI), potentially through disruptions in appetite-regulating hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on circulating levels of [...] Read more.

Introduction: Short sleep duration has been implicated in an increased body mass index (BMI), potentially through disruptions in appetite-regulating hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on circulating levels of these hunger hormones and their possible role in obesity. Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 141 participants were included in the analysis, with sleep deprivation typically manipulated through restricting sleep by 4–5 h or keeping participants awake for 24 h. Data on leptin and ghrelin levels were extracted from blood samples, and statistical analysis was conducted using a random-effects model. Results: The results revealed no significant changes in ghrelin (SMD: −0.27, 95% CI: −1.00, 0.46, p = 0.4712) or leptin (SMD: 0.10, 95% CI: −0.22, 0.42, p = 0.5266) levels following sleep deprivation, contrary to prior studies suggesting a link between sleep loss and altered appetite regulation. Significant heterogeneity was observed for ghrelin levels (I² = 83.83%, p < 0.001), but not for leptin (I² = 21.86%, p = 0.4049). Variations in study design, including differences in blood sampling timing and participant BMI, may explain this variability. Conclusions: These findings suggest that, at least in the short term, sleep deprivation does not consistently affect leptin and ghrelin levels. Given the complex relationship between sleep and appetite regulation, future research should focus on standardized study designs, participant characteristics, and more precise measurements to further explore these mechanisms. Full article

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4 pages, 148 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

A 10-Year Summary of Health Fair Data from Lakota, Powwows, and Red Shawl Events in the Rural Midwest

by Trina Aguirre

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020047 - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Objectives—Health screening data were collected from participants at Native American community and celebratory events to evaluate their health status and identify common health concerns. These results will form the basis for developing community-based health care interventions to address health inequalities. Design—A [...] Read more.

Objectives—Health screening data were collected from participants at Native American community and celebratory events to evaluate their health status and identify common health concerns. These results will form the basis for developing community-based health care interventions to address health inequalities. Design—A descriptive, observational design was used to gather data in line with STROBE guidelines. Results—The screening data revealed that this population was largely obese, had low bone mass, and were in various states of dehydration. These characteristics can lead to major health risks and morbidities including diabetes, hypertension, cancer, hormone and neurotransmitter imbalances, bone fractures, and psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. Conclusions—Professional and community efforts are essential to meet the health care needs of this population and avoid the repercussions of obesity, low bone mass, and dehydration. By incorporating collaborative input from the Native American community, we intend to develop partnerships for goals of promoting effective, culturally appropriate interventions to meet these health inequalities and promote good health and well-being. Full article

18 pages, 318 KiB

Open AccessReview

Weight Stigma in Physical and Occupational Therapy: A Scoping Review

by Jason Brumitt and Katherine Turner

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020046 - 12 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Weight stigma describes the negative attitudes held toward people with obesity. Weight bias stereotypes have been previously reported in physicians, physician assistants, nurses, registered dieticians, psychologists, and students enrolled in healthcare professional education programs. Physical and occupational therapists (PTs and OTs) are [...] Read more.

Background: Weight stigma describes the negative attitudes held toward people with obesity. Weight bias stereotypes have been previously reported in physicians, physician assistants, nurses, registered dieticians, psychologists, and students enrolled in healthcare professional education programs. Physical and occupational therapists (PTs and OTs) are healthcare providers who evaluate and treat individuals across their lifespan. A PT or an OT who harbors weight bias may create an environment where the patient may fail to optimize their rehabilitation recovery. The first purpose of this scoping review was to identify the prevalence of weight bias in PT and OT clinicians and students. The second purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions at reducing weight bias in these populations. Methods: The CINAHL, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched, and 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: In each study, PT and/or OT clinicians and/or students demonstrated weight bias. A minimum of approximately twenty percent of surveyed participants had weight bias, with one study reporting over eighty percent of subjects expressing negative attitudes. Three of the studies reported mixed results (i.e., improvement or worsening) regarding weight bias scores after intervention. Conclusions: PT and OT clinicians and students demonstrate weight bias similar to other healthcare professionals. Future research is warranted to identify educational interventions that reduce bias within these populations. Full article

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12 pages, 213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Associations Between the Diagnostic Specifiers for Binge-Eating Disorder, Other Clinical Features, and the Presence of a High Body Mass Index: A Population-Based Study

by Mohammed Mohsin, Malakeh Hamoui, Stella Kozmér, Stephen Touyz, David Currow and Phillipa Hay

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020045 - 10 Jun 2025

Abstract

Binge eating is the cardinal feature of Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) and is known to be associated with obesity with bidirectional causality. This study aimed to investigate the association of diagnostic specifiers of binge eating, as mandated in the DSM-5 definition of BED, i.e., [...] Read more.

Binge eating is the cardinal feature of Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) and is known to be associated with obesity with bidirectional causality. This study aimed to investigate the association of diagnostic specifiers of binge eating, as mandated in the DSM-5 definition of BED, i.e., Criteria B and C (presence of marked distress) and weight/shape overvaluation with body mass index (BMI); and to examine the associations of high BMI with distress, pain, anxiety, and physical and mental health-related quality of life (PHRQoL and MHRQoL). Data for a sub-sample of 255 adults with recurrent binge eating (Criterion A) and without anorexia or bulimia nervosa diagnoses were extracted from the 2017 South Australian Health Omnibus Survey. Bivariate analyses were used to explore the association of DSM-5 BED specifiers with BMI and other measures. This study found that specific BED diagnostic specifiers related to binge eating were associated with higher BMI and distress levels. Additionally, individuals with BED who experience weight/shape overvaluation and higher BMI levels were associated with heigh levels of pain and anxiety, and had poorer PHRQoL and MHRQoL. These findings in relation to the association of higher BMI with different BED specifiers support the clinical significance of the DSM-5 Criterion B and C for BED. Full article

14 pages, 349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hyper-Visible Yet Invisible: Exploring the Body Image Experiences of Overweight Women in Everyday Life

by Panagiota Tragantzopoulou

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020044 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Weight stigma remains a pervasive issue in contemporary society, impacting individuals’ psychological well-being, social inclusion, and access to opportunities. This study explored the lived experiences of overweight women, focusing on body image, stigma, and engagement with dominant health and beauty norms. Using a [...] Read more.

Weight stigma remains a pervasive issue in contemporary society, impacting individuals’ psychological well-being, social inclusion, and access to opportunities. This study explored the lived experiences of overweight women, focusing on body image, stigma, and engagement with dominant health and beauty norms. Using a qualitative, phenomenological approach, online in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 women aged 25 to 51, primarily residing in southern and eastern Europe (Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Romania, and Bulgaria), with three participants from the United Kingdom. Thematic analysis revealed four key themes: workplace discrimination, pressures during pregnancy and the postpartum period, ambivalence toward body positivity movements, and the emotional toll of stigma, including extreme coping strategies. Participants described being marginalized professionally, scrutinized publicly and within families, and caught between ideals of inclusivity and persistent societal rejection. The findings emphasize the psychological burden of weight-based discrimination and the superficial nature of many body acceptance campaigns. This study calls for structural changes in healthcare, media, and employment practices to support body diversity and dismantle entrenched biases. By centering the voices of overweight women, the research contributes to broader discussions on embodiment, social justice, and intersectionality within the field of body image scholarship. Full article

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13 pages, 482 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Narrative Review of the Mediterranean Lifestyle and Its Role in Obesity Prevention and Management

by Sotiria Laoutari, Efstratios Christodoulou and Antonios E. Koutelidakis

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020043 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

The Mediterranean lifestyle (ML), encompassing key elements such as the Mediterranean diet (MD), regular physical activity, social engagement, sleep-enhancing habits, sustainable food practices, including reducing food waste and opting for seasonal and local products, proximity to nature, and a focus on slow living, [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean lifestyle (ML), encompassing key elements such as the Mediterranean diet (MD), regular physical activity, social engagement, sleep-enhancing habits, sustainable food practices, including reducing food waste and opting for seasonal and local products, proximity to nature, and a focus on slow living, has garnered increasing interest for its potential in obesity prevention and management. This narrative review examines how these lifestyle characteristics may influence body weight regulation, metabolic health, and obesity-related outcomes. A thorough literature search was conducted to synthesize findings from epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and mechanistic research. Evidence suggests that adherence to the MD is linked to lower obesity rates, improved metabolic markers, and reduced risk of weight gain. Key components contributing to these effects include high fiber intake, healthy fatty acids from olive oil and nuts, and a balanced macronutrient profile that promotes satiety and reduces inflammation. Furthermore, lifestyle practices such as regular physical activity, strong social connections, and sleep-enhancing habits may further support weight management. Despite consistently favorable findings in observational studies, intervention trials reveal variability in individual responses, highlighting the need for personalized approaches. Future research should explore strategies to enhance adherence to the MD and investigate the interactions between diet, physical activity, and psychosocial factors in obesity prevention. Full article

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12 pages, 809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Whey Protein in Maintaining Fat-Free Mass and Promoting Fat Loss After 18 Months of Bariatric Surgery

by Hirla Karen Fialho Henriques, Fabiana Martins Kattah, Matheus Soares Piccolo, Elandia Aparecida dos Santos, Lucas Haniel de Araújo Ventura, Flávia Rodrigues Cerqueira, Claudia Maria Andrade Fernandes Vieira and Jacqueline Isaura Alvarez Leite

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020042 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Adequate protein intake is essential for maintaining lean body mass during weight loss, particularly for patients undergoing bariatric surgery (BS). Whey protein supplementation may help meet daily protein requirements. This study aimed to assess the effects of whey protein supplementation on weight [...] Read more.

Introduction: Adequate protein intake is essential for maintaining lean body mass during weight loss, particularly for patients undergoing bariatric surgery (BS). Whey protein supplementation may help meet daily protein requirements. This study aimed to assess the effects of whey protein supplementation on weight loss and body composition in women during the medium-term postoperative phase following BS. Methods: In a double-blind, controlled study over four weeks, 24 women received 30 g of whey protein (Whey group), while 19 received 30 g of maltodextrin (Malto group). Body composition, energy expenditure, muscle thickness, muscle strength, walking performance, and dietary intake were evaluated. Results: Compared to the Malto group, the Whey group showed greater reductions in body weight (median: −0.6 kg vs. −0.2 kg, respectively) and fat mass (median: −1.1 kg vs. −0.25 kg, respectively), along with an increase in fat-free mass (−0.7 kg vs. 0.6 kg, respectively). Muscle thickness improved in the Whey compared to the Malto group in the abdominal (0.07 mm vs. −0.04 mm, respectively) and thigh (0.4 mm vs. −0.15 mm, respectively) regions. Additionally, muscle mass reduction was less pronounced in the Whey group (−3 kg vs. −0.13 kg). No significant differences were observed in handgrip strength, gait speed, or nutrient intake. Conclusions: Whey protein supplementation may be beneficial, as it enhances weight loss and preserves fat-free and muscle mass more effectively than a diet without this supplementation in women during the stabilization phase or late postoperative period of BS. Full article

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14 pages, 1447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Fat Attitudes Towards Weight Gain Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic or by “Unhealthy” Lifestyle Choices

by Daniel Regan, Mackenzie Bjornerud, Mark J. Kiss, Melanie A. Morrison and Todd G. Morrison

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020041 - 3 Jun 2025

Abstract

Given the ubiquity of anti-fat prejudice, in this experimental study, we tested whether weight gain attributed to COVID-19 would influence evaluations of overweight male and female targets. Female participants (N = 160) were randomly assigned to read one of four mock medical [...] Read more.

Given the ubiquity of anti-fat prejudice, in this experimental study, we tested whether weight gain attributed to COVID-19 would influence evaluations of overweight male and female targets. Female participants (N = 160) were randomly assigned to read one of four mock medical forms that outlined distractor medical information (e.g., blood requisition results), the sex of the target (male vs. female) and stated reason for weight gain (unhealthy lifestyle choices vs. inactivity due to the COVID-19 lockdown). Participants evaluated the patient on a series of binary adjectives (e.g., lazy/industrious), and completed measures assessing anti-fat attitudes (i.e., fear of becoming fat and belief in the controllability of weight), internalization of ideal standards of appearance, and BMI (i.e., self-reported weight and height). Contrary to our predictions, we found that overweight male and female patients were evaluated similarly regardless of whether their weight gain was attributable to unhealthy lifestyle choices or inactivity due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, believing that one’s weight is controllable and internalizing general standards of attractiveness correlated positively with fat disparagement of the medical patients. Participants’ BMI and fear of fat, however, were negligibly related to fat disparagement. Possible explanations for our findings, implications for healthcare settings, and directions for future research are explored. Full article

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11 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feminism and Its Associations with Weight Stigma, Body Image, and Disordered Eating: A Risk or Protective Factor?

by Brooke L. Bennett, Allison F. Wagner, Rebecca M. Puhl, Alexis Lamere and Janet D. Latner

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020040 - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

The feminist perspective is relevant to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disturbances in eating and body image. However, limited empirical research has explored the relationship between feminist identity and weight stigma. The present study examined the associations between feminist beliefs, externalized weight [...] Read more.

The feminist perspective is relevant to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disturbances in eating and body image. However, limited empirical research has explored the relationship between feminist identity and weight stigma. The present study examined the associations between feminist beliefs, externalized weight bias, internalized weight bias, body image, and eating disturbances. Two hundred sixty-five racially and ethnically diverse young women were recruited from a university in the Pacific Rim. Participants completed questionnaires online and interrelationships were examined using a series of regressions. Externalized weight bias was significantly negatively associated with both feminist beliefs and identification as a feminist. However, stronger feminist beliefs and identity were significantly associated with higher internalized weight bias, worse body dissatisfaction, and greater incidence of eating disturbances. The results of the present study suggest that structural change driven by feminist values and principles may be effective for reducing weight bias and possibly other risk factors present in broader society but potentially less effective on an individual level. Longitudinal research is needed to confirm the direction of these relationships and to understand which components of feminist theory and feminist values can be most helpful in reducing weight bias on an individual level, while still addressing structural change. Full article

20 pages, 622 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Care Process in Hospitalized Patients with Obesity-Related Multimorbidity

by Tania Rivera-Carranza, Angélica León-Téllez Girón, Claudia Mimiaga-Hernádez and Adriana Aguilar-Vargas

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020039 - 23 May 2025

Abstract

Obesity-Related Multimorbidity (ORM) is understood as the group of secondary diseases caused by metabolic alterations that arise from obesity. Nowadays there is a growing incidence of people with ORM who seek health services. Since this condition substantially impacts nutritional status and therefore in [...] Read more.

Obesity-Related Multimorbidity (ORM) is understood as the group of secondary diseases caused by metabolic alterations that arise from obesity. Nowadays there is a growing incidence of people with ORM who seek health services. Since this condition substantially impacts nutritional status and therefore in the survival prognosis during the hospital stay, ORM represents a challenge for health professionals. This forces doctors to specify nutritional recommendations according to clinical characteristics in individuals with obesity and types of comorbidities. Therefore, the objective of this narrative review is to present the current evidence-based recommendations that support the hospital nutritional care process for individuals with ORM. It concludes that nutritional treatment is complex and gaps in the research regarding this population group still exist. Because there are no specific guidelines for nutritional screening tools, calculating total energy requirements (alternatives to indirect calorimetry), determining fluid, protein, and immunonutrient requirements, the use of parenteral nutrition in ORM with kidney, liver, and heart failure and sarcopenic obesity that should be addressed in the new literature. For now, the standard practice in these cases is to prioritize the problem to be treated according to the maximum clinical benefit. Despite this, it is established that the nutritional care process must be systematic to be clear and objective. This document is addressed to all healthcare professionals who make up the multidisciplinary nutritional support team. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity and Its Comorbidities: Prevention and Therapy)

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14 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postpartum Depression: The Role of Gestational Weight and Adiposity, Prenatal Cortisol, Socioeconomic Resources, and Breastfeeding

by Jasmin Kurien and Nicki L. Aubuchon-Endsley

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020038 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

This study examined the mediating role of prenatal cortisol on the relationship between gestational weight or adiposity and postpartum depression (PPD), while considering the moderating roles of breastfeeding (BF) or socioeconomic resources. We hypothesized that women with a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index [...] Read more.

This study examined the mediating role of prenatal cortisol on the relationship between gestational weight or adiposity and postpartum depression (PPD), while considering the moderating roles of breastfeeding (BF) or socioeconomic resources. We hypothesized that women with a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (PPBMI) or a larger abdominal circumference would have elevated diurnal cortisol levels in late pregnancy, which would predict more PPD symptoms. Additionally, we hypothesized that BF and access to more socioeconomic resources would buffer the positive relationship between prenatal diurnal cortisol and PPD symptoms. We used longitudinal data from the Infant Development and Health Outcomes in Mothers Study, in which women self-reported PPBMI, BF frequency at 6 months, familial education, occupation, and income and completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The abdominal circumference, cortisol area under the curve with respect to ground (AUC_G), and cortisol awakening response (CAR) were measured. Higher breastfeeding frequency and greater socioeconomic resources were associated with fewer PPD symptoms. There were main and interactive associations of AUC_G with BF frequency with PPD. Notably, higher cortisol levels were linked to more PPD symptoms among women with less frequent BF. Thus, BF may mitigate the relationship between prenatal stress and PPD, highlighting the importance of BF support in PPD prevention. Full article

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21 pages, 2929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Obesity: The Case of Italian Regions

by Elena Grimaccia and Luciano Rota

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020037 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

This study examines the spatial and temporal evolution of obesity among adults in Italian regions. In Italy, regional administrative areas are responsible for providing health services. Moreover, Italian regions present different socioeconomic conditions and health and nutritional habits. As a result, a regional [...] Read more.

This study examines the spatial and temporal evolution of obesity among adults in Italian regions. In Italy, regional administrative areas are responsible for providing health services. Moreover, Italian regions present different socioeconomic conditions and health and nutritional habits. As a result, a regional analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution of obesity allows the identification of key areas for prevention and control, enabling the design of more targeted and effective interventions. In this study, the geographic clustering of obesity in Italy was explored by analyzing the local spatial autocorrelation of regional-level prevalence rates of adulthood obesity between 2010 and 2022, updating and expanding the existing literature. Data from the Health For All repository are analyzed to determine distribution patterns and trends, employing choropleth maps, Moran’s Index and Welch’s t-test. Gender inequalities have been underlined both in the spatial and temporal distribution. Results show that obesity exhibits spatial clustering, with greater severity in the south. During the period under analysis, obesity prevalence rates in Italy show a tendency to grow, with a sharp increase during the COVID-19 lockdown. Full article

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15 pages, 421 KiB

Open AccessReview

Strategies to Reduce the Consumption of Foods and Drinks with High Sugar Content in the UK: A Rapid Review Approach

by Daniel Agboola Ogundijo and Ayten Aylin Tas

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020036 - 17 May 2025

Abstract

Excessive sugar consumption has been reported to be associated with various health issues such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and dental problems. In the UK, effective strategies have been implemented to reduce sugar intake, including the Change4Life Sugar Smart campaign, product reformulation, traffic [...] Read more.

Excessive sugar consumption has been reported to be associated with various health issues such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and dental problems. In the UK, effective strategies have been implemented to reduce sugar intake, including the Change4Life Sugar Smart campaign, product reformulation, traffic light labelling, portion control, and the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL). This review of empirical studies (n = 11) shows that product reformulation, especially in beverages and packaged foods, is effective, as consumers can prefer reduced-sugar alternatives when clearly labelled. The UK traffic light labelling scheme and portion control were also reported to help consumers make informed, healthier food choices. The SDIL, introduced in 2018, was also found to significantly lower sugary beverage consumption. While progress is evident, further nutrition education, public awareness, particularly for people with low socioeconomic status, and more comprehensive policies for long-term positive dietary behavioural shift are essential to limit diseases and conditions associated with high sugar consumption. Future research must evaluate the combined effects of these interventions and examine their long-term effectiveness across diverse population groups. Full article

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38 pages, 8560 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lycium barbarum for Health and Longevity: A Review of Its Biological Significance

by Tao Zhang, Elena-Alexandra Alexa, Gavin Liu, Alois Berisha, Rhys Walsh and Robbie Kelleher

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020035 - 16 May 2025

Abstract

Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum), commonly known as goji berry, is a functional food recognised for its diverse phytochemical composition and health benefits, particularly in metabolic health and disease prevention. This review explores its phytochemistry, focusing on polysaccharides, carotenoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids, [...] Read more.

Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum), commonly known as goji berry, is a functional food recognised for its diverse phytochemical composition and health benefits, particularly in metabolic health and disease prevention. This review explores its phytochemistry, focusing on polysaccharides, carotenoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids, which contribute to its extensive biological activities. L. barbarum polysaccharides, the primary bioactive components, exhibit antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and glycaemic-regulating properties, making them promising candidates for managing obesity-related metabolic disorders. Carotenoids, particularly zeaxanthin, play a key role in ocular health, while polyphenols and alkaloids enhance antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects. The biological properties of L. barbarum span metabolic health, cardiovascular function, and glycaemic control, alongside neuroprotection and cancer prevention. Its prebiotic effects on gut microbiota modulation offer additional benefits in managing obesity and associated complications. Furthermore, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities support its role in alleviating oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, common in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Despite robust preclinical evidence, further studies are needed to validate its safety, efficacy, and long-term potential in human populations. This review highlights L. barbarum’s promising applications as a nutraceutical and therapeutic agent, particularly for metabolic and obesity-related health challenges. Full article

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10 pages, 404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Body Mass Index for Obesity Diagnosis in the Mexican Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

by Jorge Alejandro Ayala San Pedro, Dylani Rosa Avila Salcedo, Livia Magdalena Martínez Borja and Elizabeth Castillo Montufar

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020034 - 13 May 2025

Abstract

The diagnosis of obesity is conventionally determined by the Body Mass Index (BMI), with a threshold of 30 being extensively accepted. However, the validity of this cutoff point is subject to variation due to ethnic differences, and its accuracy in the Mexican population [...] Read more.

The diagnosis of obesity is conventionally determined by the Body Mass Index (BMI), with a threshold of 30 being extensively accepted. However, the validity of this cutoff point is subject to variation due to ethnic differences, and its accuracy in the Mexican population remains unvalidated. This cross-sectional, observational, and analytical study endeavored to assess the diagnostic performance of BMIs ≥ 30 in comparison to body fat determination using bioimpedance. A total of 715 Mexican adults, aged over 18 years were analyzed. Anthropometric measurements, including weight, height, and BMI, were recorded, and body fat percentage was assessed. The results showed that BMIs ≥ 30 had a sensitivity of 62.4%, a specificity of 93.9%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 95.5%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 54%. In contrast, a BMI cut-off of ≥27 demonstrated superior diagnostic performance, with a sensitivity of 81.3%, specificity of 82.5%, PPV of 90.8%, and NPV of 67.3%. The chi-square test revealed a significant difference in obesity diagnosis between bioimpedance and BMIs ≥ 30 (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the current BMI cutoff of ≥30 underestimates obesity diagnosis, while a cutoff of ≥27 may provide a more accurate diagnostic threshold, emphasizing the necessity for population-specific adjustments. Full article

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15 pages, 2184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Analysis of Metabolic Equivalents of Task Among Females in Urban and Rural Ghana

by Sally Sonia Simmons

Obesities 2025, 5(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020033 - 3 May 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Spatial energy expenditure patterns, driven by physical activity, particularly among females, remain underexplored in Ghana. This study, therefore, investigates spatial energy expenditure clustering or dispersion patterns using metabolic equivalents of task (METs) values among Ghanaian females across rural and urban areas. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Spatial energy expenditure patterns, driven by physical activity, particularly among females, remain underexplored in Ghana. This study, therefore, investigates spatial energy expenditure clustering or dispersion patterns using metabolic equivalents of task (METs) values among Ghanaian females across rural and urban areas. (2) Methods: Using 13,799 data from the 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, METs values were assigned to self-reported occupation categories as proxies for physical activity. Global and local spatial autocorrelation metrics (Queen contiguity and Moran’s I) were employed to assess spatial clustering or dispersion of METs values across the 16 administrative regions. (3) Results: Rural females reported higher METs (mean = 3.35 ± 1.627) and lower BMI (23.476 ± 3.888) than urban females (METs: mean = 2.42 ± 1.208, BMI: 25.313 ± 4.854). There was a significant but weak global spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I = 0.003, p-value = 0.001), with stronger clustering observed in rural (Moran’s I = 0.004, p-value = 0.001) than in urban areas (Moran’s I = 0.002, p-value = 0.002). Also, High–High clusters were prevalent in the Northern, Savannah and Northeast regions particularly due to the lingering labour-intensive occupations as compared to Low–Low clusters in the Eastern and Greater Accra regions where jobs are often desk-based and sedentary. (4) Conclusions: Given the revealed geographic heterogeneity (High–High and Low–Low clustering) of female energy expenditure in Ghana, there is a need for regionally tailored health policies targeting physical inactivity and its associated risks. Full article

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