Buildings

34 pages, 35649 KiB

Open AccessReview

Performance Degradation Law and Model Construction of Hydraulic Concrete Under Freeze-Thaw Cycles: A Comprehensive Review

by Xiangyi Zhu, Xiaohe Zhou, Yuxuan Xia and Xudong Chen

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101596 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Hydraulic concrete structures in cold regions often suffer from the combined action of freeze-thaw (FT) cycles and external loads, indicating that these structures often depend on the combined effects of two or more factors. In recent years, researchers around the world have made [...] Read more.

Hydraulic concrete structures in cold regions often suffer from the combined action of freeze-thaw (FT) cycles and external loads, indicating that these structures often depend on the combined effects of two or more factors. In recent years, researchers around the world have made considerable efforts and explorations to solve this challenge, achieving fruitful research results. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on performance degradation law and model construction of hydraulic concrete under FT cycles. Firstly, the theory and characterization method of FT damage for concrete are introduced. Given the inherent deficiencies of traditional detection methodologies and the constraints imposed by extant computed tomography (CT) technology, there is an urgent need to develop a high-precision segmentation technique for concrete. By capitalizing on the resultant microstructure, a more accurate predictive model can be established. Thereafter, an in-depth discussion is conducted on the damage mechanism of hydraulic structures when subjected to freeze-thaw (FT) cycles in conjunction with external loading scenarios, namely fracture, direct tension, triaxial stress, and hydraulic wear. As the combined effects of different factors cause more serious damage to hydraulic structures than a single factor, the evolution law is more complex. Although researchers have attempted to reveal the deterioration mechanism of multi-factor interaction by means of numerical methods, there are still many fundamental issues that require further exploration and more in-depth research due to the limitations of constitutive models. Finally, the existing research results are summarized, and novel insights are proposed for future research directions. This study promptly identifies the gaps that urgently need to be filled, especially the insufficient understanding of the complex stress state of hydraulic concrete structures and the inadequate research on the performance deterioration law under multi-factor combined action. This investigation aims to determine the future research focus in relation to hydraulic concrete in cold regions that could advance the revelation of the deterioration mechanism caused by multi-factor interaction. By providing a detailed overview of the current hydraulic concrete structures in terms of the combined action of FT cycles and external loads, highlighting the research limitations, and suggesting future research directions, this review seeks to contribute to the safe operation of hydraulic concrete structures in cold regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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19 pages, 4874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Rapid Testing Method of Influence Lines for Beam Bridges and Its Engineering Applications

by Xiaowei Tao, Haikuan Liu, Jie Li, Pinde Yu and Junfeng Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1595; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101595 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2025

Abstract

Bridges are critical nodes in transportation networks, and the evaluation of their service performance is of vital importance. Rapid assessment techniques based on the theory of influence lines have become a significant research topic. This study proposes a rapid testing method for the [...] Read more.

Bridges are critical nodes in transportation networks, and the evaluation of their service performance is of vital importance. Rapid assessment techniques based on the theory of influence lines have become a significant research topic. This study proposes a rapid testing method for the influence lines of beam-type bridges, with the synchronous monitoring of dynamic vehicle positions and a wireless network of multiple sensors. Field testing on a 30 m span T-beam bridge revealed that the measured vertical displacement during slow continuous driving corresponded with the static load test data within a deviation of ±6%, with the entire testing process completed in only 5 min, demonstrating efficiency and minimal traffic interference. Based on the measured influence lines, rapid bridge bearing capacity assessments and finite element model updating were researched. A case study of a simply supported T-beam bridge composed of prefabricated prestressed concrete showed that the calculated values using the proposed rapid assessment method deviated from traditional load test values between −5.68% and 4.69%, indicating a small error margin. After applying this method to the model updating of a (25 + 45 + 25) m continuous beam bridge on a highway, the inversion errors of the concrete elastic modulus and prestress were 1.40% and 1.20%, respectively, confirming the reliability of the precision. The rapid testing method for influence lines can be applied to bridge inspection, evaluation, and model updating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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26 pages, 17330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Automated On-Site Construction of Timber Structures: Mobile Construction Platform Guided by Real-Time Visual Positioning System

by Kang Bi, Xinyu Shi, Da Wan, Haining Zhou, Wenxuan Zhao, Chengpeng Sun, Peng Du and Hiroatsu Fukuda

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1594; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101594 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the AEC industry has increasingly sought sustainable solutions to enhance productivity and reduce environmental pollution, with wood emerging as a key renewable material due to its excellent carbon sequestration capability and low ecological footprint. Despite significant advances in digital fabrication [...] Read more.

In recent years, the AEC industry has increasingly sought sustainable solutions to enhance productivity and reduce environmental pollution, with wood emerging as a key renewable material due to its excellent carbon sequestration capability and low ecological footprint. Despite significant advances in digital fabrication technologies for timber construction, on-site assembly still predominantly relies on manual operations, thereby limiting efficiency and precision. To address this challenge, this study proposes an automated on-site timber construction process that integrates a mobile construction platform (MCP), a fiducial marker system (FMS) and a UWB/IMU integrated navigation system. By deconstructing traditional modular stacking methods and iteratively developing the process in a controlled laboratory environment, the authors formalize raw construction experience into an effective workflow, supplemented by a self-feedback error correction system to achieve precise, real-time end-effector positioning. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the system consistently achieves millimeter-level positioning accuracy across all test scenarios, with translational errors of approximately 1 mm and an average repeat positioning precision of up to 0.08 mm, thereby aligning with on-site timber construction requirements. These findings validate the method’s technical reliability, robustness and practical applicability, laying a solid foundation for a smooth transition from laboratory trials to large-scale on-site timber construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Technologies in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC)—2nd Edition)

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38 pages, 2697 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review on the Research and Development of Adaptive Buildings

by Yaolin Lin, Ling Xu, Wei Yang, Lin Tian and Melissa Chan

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1593; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101593 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to great changes to the climate, such as global warming, urban heat islands, and frequent fluctuations in ambient temperature, and also a large amount of building energy consumption. Adaptive building provides an appropriate solution to maintain low [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to great changes to the climate, such as global warming, urban heat islands, and frequent fluctuations in ambient temperature, and also a large amount of building energy consumption. Adaptive building provides an appropriate solution to maintain low energy consumption under various indoor and outdoor conditions and therefore has increasingly gained attention recently. Yet there is no clear definition on adaptive buildings and the current literature often focuses on the building envelope and overlooks buildings’ mechanical system, which is also an important part of the building system for responding to the indoor requirements and outdoor conditions. This article presents a systematic review on the research and development of adaptive buildings to address the identified research gaps. Firstly, it introduces and discusses the definition and evolution of the concept of adaptive building. Secondly, it reviews the adaptive building envelope technologies of roof, wall and window. Thirdly, it investigates the research progress on the adaptive mechanical system, especially lighting and air-conditioning systems. Lastly, it demonstrates practical applications of adaptive buildings and provides recommendations on future research directions on adaptive buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Energy-Saving Technology—3rd Edition)

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22 pages, 4099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Analytical Study on the Flexural Performance of Layered ECC–Concrete Composite Beams

by Chong Gui, Jinlong Ji, Chongfa Xu, Zhihua Li and Xuan Guo

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1592; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101592 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) has emerged as a promising solution with which to address the longstanding challenge of cracking in the tensile zone of reinforced concrete beams. This study conducts an experimental and analytical exploration of the flexural performance of ECC-concrete composite beams [...] Read more.

Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) has emerged as a promising solution with which to address the longstanding challenge of cracking in the tensile zone of reinforced concrete beams. This study conducts an experimental and analytical exploration of the flexural performance of ECC-concrete composite beams reinforced with hot-rolled ribbed steel bars. Sixteen beams, featuring diverse reinforcement ratios and ECC layer thicknesses, underwent rigorous testing through a four-point bending setup. The experimental findings underscore a substantial improvement in crack resistance and flexural bearing capacity of ECC-concrete composite beams reinforced with steel bars. Building on these results, a theoretical model was formulated to predict the moment-deflection responses of ECC-concrete composite beams incorporating steel bars. Furthermore, practical and simplified methods were introduced to predict flexural bearing capacity and effective moment of inertia, as well as anticipate failure modes, offering a user-friendly approach for engineering applications. Validation of the proposed approaches was achieved through simulation results, demonstrating a high degree of accuracy when compared with the experimental outcomes. Moreover, the average crack width at serviceability limit states of composite beams was sensitive to specimen size and the yield strength of steel bars, and a size effect was also observed for ductility expressed as deflection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue UHPC Materials: Structural and Mechanical Analysis in Buildings)

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19 pages, 8169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reimagining Kyokai: Layered Permeability in Yoshiji Takehara’s Modern Residences

by Luyang Li, Yan Chen and Houjun Li

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1591; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101591 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Traditional Japanese architecture is known for its open, ambiguous spatial boundaries (“kyokai”), which integrate nature and dwelling through Zen/Shinto philosophies. Yet modern urban housing, driven by high-density minimalism, flattens spatial hierarchies and erodes these rich boundary concepts. This study aims to explore how [...] Read more.

Traditional Japanese architecture is known for its open, ambiguous spatial boundaries (“kyokai”), which integrate nature and dwelling through Zen/Shinto philosophies. Yet modern urban housing, driven by high-density minimalism, flattens spatial hierarchies and erodes these rich boundary concepts. This study aims to explore how Japanese architect Yoshiji Takehara reinterprets traditional spatial principles to reconstruct the interior–exterior relationships in modern housing through a mixed-methods approach—including a literature review, case studies, and semi-structured interviews—verifying the hypothesis that he achieves the modern translation of traditional “kyokai” through strategies of boundary expansion and ambiguity. Analyzing 78 independent residential projects by Takehara and incorporating his interview texts, the research employs spatial typology and statistical methods to quantify the characteristics of boundary configurations, such as building contour morphology, opening orientations, and transitional space types, to reveal the internal logic of his design strategies. This study identifies two core strategies through which Takehara redefines spatial boundaries: firstly, clustered building layouts, multi-directional openings, and visual connections between courtyards and private functional spaces extend interface areas, enhancing interactions between nature and daily life; secondly, in-between spaces like corridors and doma (earthen-floored transitional zones), double-layered fixtures, and floor-level variations blur physical and psychological boundaries, creating multilayered permeability. Case studies demonstrate that his designs not only inherit traditional elements such as indented plans and semi-outdoor buffers but also revitalize the essence of “dwelling” through contemporary expressions, achieving dynamic visual experiences and poetic inhabitation within limited sites via complex boundary configurations and fluid thresholds. This research provides reusable boundary design strategies for high-density urban housing, such as multi-directional openings and buffer space typologies, and fills a research gap in the systematic translation of traditional “kyokai” theory into modern architecture, offering new insights for reconstructing the natural connection in residential spaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Centric Space Design: Occupant Comfort, Wellbeing, and Post-occupancy Evaluation of Multi-Scale Built Environment)

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26 pages, 7692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Prediction of Deformation of Shield Tunnel Under the Influence of Random Damages Based on Deep Learning

by Xiaokai Niu, Yuqiang Pan, Wei Li, Zhitian Xie, Wei Song and Chengping Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1590; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101590 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Shield tunnels in operation are often affected by complex geological conditions, environmental factors, and structural aging, leading to cumulative damage in the segments and, consequently, increased deformation that compromises structural safety. To investigate the deformation behavior of tunnel linings under random damage conditions, [...] Read more.

Shield tunnels in operation are often affected by complex geological conditions, environmental factors, and structural aging, leading to cumulative damage in the segments and, consequently, increased deformation that compromises structural safety. To investigate the deformation behavior of tunnel linings under random damage conditions, this study integrates finite element numerical simulation with deep learning techniques to analyze and predict the deformation of shield tunnel segments. First, a refined three-dimensional finite element model was established, and a random damage modeling method was developed to simulate the deformation evolution of tunnel segments under different damage ratios. Additionally, a statistical analysis was conducted to assess the uncertainty in deformation caused by random damage. Furthermore, this study introduces a convolutional neural network (CNN) surrogate model to enable the rapid prediction of shield tunnel deformation under random damage conditions. The results indicate that as the damage ratio increases, both the mean deformation and its variability progressively rise, leading to increased deformation instability, demonstrating the cumulative effect of damage on segment deformation. Moreover, the 1D-CNN surrogate model was trained using finite element computation results, and predictions on the test dataset showed excellent agreement with FEM calculations. The surrogate model achieved a correlation coefficient (R²) exceeding 0.95 and an RMSE below 0.016 mm, confirming its ability to accurately predict the deformation of tunnel segments across different damage conditions. To the best of our knowledge, the finite-element–deep-learning hybrid approach proposed in this study provides a valuable theoretical foundation for predicting the deformation of in-service shield tunnels and assessing structural safety, offering scientific guidance for tunnel safety evaluation and damage repair strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience of Urban Underground Space: Planning, Design, Assessment and Enhancement)

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28 pages, 4167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Solution for Rayleigh Wave-Induced Dynamic Response of Shallow Grouted Tunnels in Saturated Soil

by Haifeng Huang, Mingyu Chang, Pengfa Zhou, Yang Luo, Chao Wang, Yusheng Shen, Kaixiang Fan and Bo Gao

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101589 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

The dynamic interaction between shallow cylindrical tunnels with grouting reinforcement zones and saturated poroelastic medium under Rayleigh surface wave excitation is investigated. Employing the wave function expansion method within the framework of Biot theory, the analytical solution is derived in the frequency domain. [...] Read more.

The dynamic interaction between shallow cylindrical tunnels with grouting reinforcement zones and saturated poroelastic medium under Rayleigh surface wave excitation is investigated. Employing the wave function expansion method within the framework of Biot theory, the analytical solution is derived in the frequency domain. A comprehensive parametric analysis evaluates the influence of critical parameters—including input frequency, the stiffness and thickness ratios between the tunnel lining and grouting zone, as well as tunnel burial depth—on the dynamic behavior of the composite structure. The spatial distributions of dynamic stress concentration factors and pore pressure concentration factors obtained in this study may offer critical insights for optimizing seismic resilience design in tunnel engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges of Underground Structures in Earthquake Engineering)

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19 pages, 10657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Hexagonal Surface Model for Seismic Response Analysis of Multi-Story Structure

by Viliana Jainih and Jae-Hyouk Choi

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1588; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101588 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

The hexagonal plastic collapse surface model has been explored as an effective approach for seismic response analysis in multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) structures. This study establishes the theoretical background of hexagonal analysis for multistory structures, emphasizing the consistency between experimental and analytical results. A simplified [...] Read more.

The hexagonal plastic collapse surface model has been explored as an effective approach for seismic response analysis in multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) structures. This study establishes the theoretical background of hexagonal analysis for multistory structures, emphasizing the consistency between experimental and analytical results. A simplified nonlinear dynamic analysis (SNDA) is introduced, integrating limit analysis with static proportional loading and a hexagonal plastic collapse surface model to define the internal safety zone within the mode restoring force space. The approach considers multiple vibration modes, which significantly impact elastic–plastic behavior in seismic conditions. To validate its effectiveness, a comparative evaluation is conducted between experimental data and SAP2000 dynamic time history analysis, showing strong alignment in deformation response trends. The results confirm that the hexagonal model accurately predicts failure mechanisms while improving computational efficiency, providing a practical framework for collapse prediction in structural engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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30 pages, 6506 KiB

Open AccessReview

Three Decades of Innovation: A Critical Bibliometric Analysis of BIM, HBIM, Digital Twins, and IoT in the AEC Industry (1993–2024)

by Ahmad Baik

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1587; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101587 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Over the past 15 years, Building Information Modelling (BIM), Historic BIM (HBIM), Digital Twins, and Internet of Things (IoT) have gained prominence in architecture, construction, and building technology. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 5568 publications indexed in the Web of [...] Read more.

Over the past 15 years, Building Information Modelling (BIM), Historic BIM (HBIM), Digital Twins, and Internet of Things (IoT) have gained prominence in architecture, construction, and building technology. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 5568 publications indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection between 1993 and 2024, using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny. The analysis investigates publication trends, research hotspots, citation structures, and collaborative networks, revealing evolving patterns across countries, institutions, and disciplines. The peak year was 2023 (905 papers, 2226 citations), with Automation in Construction, Buildings, and Journal of Building Engineering as the leading journals. Cheng JCP emerged as the most cited author (2059 citations, 56 papers), while Hong Kong Polytechnic University ranked highest in institutional output. China, the USA, and the UK were the top publishing countries. This study uniquely integrates BIM, HBIM, Digital Twins, and IoT as interconnected technological domains, analysing their convergence in shaping intelligent, data-driven infrastructure within the AEC sector. Unlike previous bibliometric reviews that treat these domains in isolation, this paper offers a unified framework and highlights underexplored research intersections—such as the integration of IoT in heritage documentation. The results show clear thematic clusters, a strong shift toward sustainability and interoperability, and gaps in geographic and methodological diversity. This bibliometric mapping not only synthesizes the state of research but also formulates future research directions and proposes original research questions that can guide scholars and practitioners alike. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in AI, Digitization, Robotics, IoT, BIM, and Spatial Modeling in Building Sciences)

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26 pages, 12548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Utilization of Modified Electrolytic Manganese Residue as a Cement Retarder: Workability, Mechanical Properties, Hydration Mechanisms, Leaching Toxicity, and Environmental Benefits

by Liang Tang, Jan Fořt, Robert Černý and Zhaoyi He

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1586; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101586 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

This study aims to enhance the sustainable utilization of electrolytic manganese residue (EMR), an industrial solid waste rich in sulfates and pollutants, by modifying it with appropriate proportions of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and carbide slag (CS) and evaluating its potential as [...] Read more.

This study aims to enhance the sustainable utilization of electrolytic manganese residue (EMR), an industrial solid waste rich in sulfates and pollutants, by modifying it with appropriate proportions of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and carbide slag (CS) and evaluating its potential as a cement retarder. The influence of both the GBFS/CS ratio and the dosage of modified EMR on the performance of cement mortar was systematically investigated, focusing on workability, mechanical properties, hydration behavior, leaching toxicity, and carbon emissions. Results showed that GBFS and CS significantly reduced pollutant concentrations in EMR while improving gypsum crystallinity. Modified EMR exhibited retarding properties, extending the initial and final setting times of cement mortar from 98 min and 226 min to 169 min and 298 min. With an 8 wt.% dosage, the 28-day compressive strength reached 58.76 MPa, a 1.3-fold increase compared to cement mortar (45.21 MPa). The content of reactive SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Ca(OH)₂, and CaSO₄·2H₂O promoted secondary hydration of cement and generated significant ettringite (AFt) and calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gels, forming a dense microstructure. Pollutants in the modified EMR-cement mortar were reduced through precipitation, substitution, and encapsulation, meeting leaching toxicity standards. This study highlights the feasibility and environmental benefits of employing modified EMR as a cement retarder, demonstrating its potential in sustainable building materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Developments in Cement-Based and Alternative Materials—2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relational Governance and Project Performance: Unveiling the Mediating Role of Organizational Resilience

by Yan Liu, Shufei Mao, Beibei Zhang, Qianqian Xu and Qing Zhu

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101585 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Relational governance, as a flexible and informal mechanism, plays a critical role in addressing the challenges of construction projects in the VUCA environment. However, existing research has rarely examined relational governance mechanisms from a resilience perspective. Furthermore, current studies on organizational resilience often [...] Read more.

Relational governance, as a flexible and informal mechanism, plays a critical role in addressing the challenges of construction projects in the VUCA environment. However, existing research has rarely examined relational governance mechanisms from a resilience perspective. Furthermore, current studies on organizational resilience often overlook static characteristics, leaving the interplay between static and dynamic resilience underexplored. To address this gap, this study aims to explore how relational governance influences project performance through organizational resilience, with a focus on the mediating roles of static resilience and dynamic resilience. Empirical data were collected through 270 construction professionals, with questionnaire design refined through expert interviews and a pilot study to ensure validity and reliability. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to assess relationships. The findings indicate that relational governance positively influences addressing opportunistic behaviors of construction participants and improving project performance. Mutual trust and timely commitment among project participants in relational governance significantly impact both the static characteristics and dynamic capabilities of construction projects. Additionally, organizational resilience partially mediates the relationship between relational governance and project performance. This study advances the understanding of the mechanisms linking relational governance and project performance from a resilience perspective and provides actionable insights for fostering efficient governance practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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28 pages, 10712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Twin-Enabled Building Information Modeling–Internet of Things (BIM-IoT) Framework for Optimizing Indoor Thermal Comfort Using Machine Learning

by Fahad Iqbal and Shayan Mirzabeigi

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1584; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101584 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

As the world moves toward a low-carbon future, a key challenge is improving buildings’ energy performance while maintaining occupant thermal comfort. Emerging digital tools such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) offer significant potential, enabling precise monitoring and [...] Read more.

As the world moves toward a low-carbon future, a key challenge is improving buildings’ energy performance while maintaining occupant thermal comfort. Emerging digital tools such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) offer significant potential, enabling precise monitoring and control of building systems. However, integrating these technologies into a unified Digital Twin (DT) framework remains underexplored, particularly in relation to thermal comfort. Additionally, real-world case studies are limited. This paper presents a DT-based system that combines BIM and IoT sensors to monitor and control indoor comfort in real time through an easy-to-use web platform. By using BIM spatial and geometric data along with real-time data from sensors, the system visualizes thermal comfort using a simplified Predicted Mean Vote (sPMV) index. Furthermore, it also uses a hybrid machine learning model that combines Facebook Prophet and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to predict the future indoor environmental parameters. The framework enables Model Predictive Control (MPC) while providing building managers with a scalable tool to collect, analyze, visualize, and optimize thermal comfort data in real time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Consumption and Environmental Comfort in Buildings)

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25 pages, 8473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experiment in Wayfinding in a Subway Station Based on Eye Tracker Analytical Techniques for Universal and Age-Friendly Design

by Shuxiang Wei, Dayu Xu, Jingze Wu, Qi Shen and Tong Nie

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1583; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101583 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

The complexity of subway station space can impact the efficiency of passenger navigation. The subway spatial environment is a key factor affecting indoor wayfinding for pedestrians; however, the research framework that examines how various environment factors influence pedestrians during different stages of wayfinding [...] Read more.

The complexity of subway station space can impact the efficiency of passenger navigation. The subway spatial environment is a key factor affecting indoor wayfinding for pedestrians; however, the research framework that examines how various environment factors influence pedestrians during different stages of wayfinding remains ambiguous. This study examines how environmental elements may affect users to varying degrees at different stages of wayfinding, which in turn affects their wayfinding efficiency, recording and analyzing the wayfinding performance and eye-tracking data of 32 participants. The findings reveal that different environment factors exert varying degrees of influence on pedestrians at different stages of wayfinding. Significantly, signage (p = 0.000) proves to have the most substantial impact on wayfinding, followed by stairs/escalators (p < 0.05), but the participants walked to the wrong platform in the TD2 scenario because they were guided by the Line 2 signs in front of the stairs/escalators. Thus, the influence of signage is not entirely positive. This study contributes to an understanding of the differences in the influence of environmental elements on wayfinding during different wayfinding stages, and provides suggestions for the spatial environmental design of subway stations and the improvement of wayfinding efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Universal and Age-Friendly Design in Urban and Rural Built Environment Creation)

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15 pages, 4805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Interfacial Shear Behavior Between ECC and Foamed Concrete

by Runtao Li, Zude Ding, Shunguo Wang, Juan Huang and Caipeng Zhu

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1582; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101582 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

In tunnel structures that traverse active fault zones, a vibration isolation layer is often installed between the primary support and the secondary lining. As a result, a three-layer flexible support structure composed of the initial support, damping layer, and secondary lining is formed. [...] Read more.

In tunnel structures that traverse active fault zones, a vibration isolation layer is often installed between the primary support and the secondary lining. As a result, a three-layer flexible support structure composed of the initial support, damping layer, and secondary lining is formed. Currently, there is limited research on the mechanical behavior of interlayer interfaces. To address this, mechanical performance tests were conducted on composite specimens under compression-shear conditions, including foam concrete paired with C30 ordinary concrete (PC specimens) and foam concrete paired with Engineered Cementitious Composites (PE specimens). The interfacial shear mechanical properties under varying normal loads were analyzed. The results indicate that the shear mechanical properties of both PC and PE interfaces increase with rising normal stress. Under identical normal stress conditions, the PC interface exhibits higher shear strength, shear modulus, and shear-slip energy compared to the PE interface, but its failure displacement is smaller. When the normal stress increases from 0 MPa to 2 MPa, the interfacial shear strength of PC specimens increases by 1.6 times, while that of PE specimens increases by 2.7 times. The residual shear strength of the PC specimens and PE specimens increased by 6.1 times and 15.3 times, respectively. B Established the maximum shear strength formulas for PC specimens and PE specimens. These findings provide a scientific basis for the design of tunnel shock-absorbing layers and ductile linings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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21 pages, 8633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Vertical Connection Nodes of Prefabricated Concrete Channel

by Guangyao Zhang, Zhiqi Wang, Wenliang Ma, Zhihao Wang, Luming Li, Yanping Zhou, Yibo Li and Yuxia Suo

Buildings 2025, 15(10), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15101581 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

The prefabricated concrete channel, constructed by integrating factory-based prefabrication with on-site assembly, offers enhanced quality, reduced construction time, and minimized environmental impact. To promote its application in water conservancy projects, an innovative concrete joint combining semi-grouting sleeves and shear-resistant steel plates was proposed. [...] Read more.

The prefabricated concrete channel, constructed by integrating factory-based prefabrication with on-site assembly, offers enhanced quality, reduced construction time, and minimized environmental impact. To promote its application in water conservancy projects, an innovative concrete joint combining semi-grouting sleeves and shear-resistant steel plates was proposed. Its seismic performance was assessed through a 1:3 scale low-cycle reversed loading test, focusing on failure mode, hysteretic behavior, skeleton curves, stiffness degradation, ductility, and energy dissipation. Results show that the joint primarily exhibits bending–shear failure, with cracks initiating at the sidewall–base slab interface. Also, the sidewall and base slab are interconnected through semi-grouting sleeves, while the concrete bonding is achieved via grouting and surface chiseling at the joint interface. The results indicated that the innovative concrete joint connection exhibits satisfied seismic performance. The shear-resistant steel plate significantly improves shear strength and enhances water sealing. Compared with cast-in-place specimens, the prefabricated joint shows a 16.04% lower equivalent viscous damping coefficient during failure due to reinforcement slippage, while achieving 16.34% greater cumulative energy dissipation and 52.00% higher ductility. These findings provide theoretical and experimental support for the broader adoption of prefabricated channels in water conservancy engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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21 pages, 1799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fuzzy AHP Approach for Enhancing Excavation Support System Selection in Building Projects: Balancing Safety and Cost-Effectiveness

by Hossam Wefki, Emad Elbeltagi, Ahmed Elgamal, Mansour Alturki, Mohammed K. Alkharisi and Mohammed T. Elnabwy

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1580; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091580 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

Selecting the appropriate excavation support system (ESS) is critical for ensuring construction projects’ safety and cost-effectiveness. Several dynamic factors influence this decision-making process, such as the groundwater table, excavation depth, proximity to neighboring buildings, and soil characteristics. In practice, the selection often depends [...] Read more.

Selecting the appropriate excavation support system (ESS) is critical for ensuring construction projects’ safety and cost-effectiveness. Several dynamic factors influence this decision-making process, such as the groundwater table, excavation depth, proximity to neighboring buildings, and soil characteristics. In practice, the selection often depends heavily on the subjective judgment of experienced professionals in the construction industry. Although the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is frequently employed to evaluate alternatives using multiple criteria, it fails to adequately account for the subjectivity and uncertainty in converting the decision-maker’s intuition into exact numerical values. To overcome this challenge, this study proposes an enhanced method known as fuzzy AHP. This approach is designed to capture the subjective experiences of experts better and effectively incorporate the uncertainties present in the decision-making process, ultimately aiding in identifying the most suitable ESS. A case study of excavation projects is also included to demonstrate the practical application of the proposed model. By presenting this approach, the study aims to raise awareness within the construction industry about the critical factors to consider when selecting the best excavation support technique for specific projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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25 pages, 3798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stochastic Optimal Control for Uncertain Structural Systems Under Random Excitations Based on Bayes Optimal Estimation

by Hua Lei, Zhao-Zhong Ying and Zu-Guang Ying

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091579 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

Stochastic vibration control of uncertain structures under random loading is an important problem and its minimax optimal control strategy remains to be developed. In this paper, a stochastic optimal control strategy for uncertain structural systems under random excitations is proposed, based on the [...] Read more.

Stochastic vibration control of uncertain structures under random loading is an important problem and its minimax optimal control strategy remains to be developed. In this paper, a stochastic optimal control strategy for uncertain structural systems under random excitations is proposed, based on the minimax stochastic dynamical programming principle and the Bayes optimal estimation method with the combination of stochastic dynamics and Bayes inference. The general description of the stochastic optimal control problem is presented including optimal parameter estimation and optimal state control. For the estimation, the posterior probability density conditional on observation states is expressed using the likelihood function conditional on system parameters according to Bayes’ theorem. The likelihood is replaced by the geometrically averaged likelihood, and the posterior is converted into its logarithmic expression to avoid numerical singularity. The expressions of state statistics are derived based on stochastic dynamics. The statistics are further transformed into those conditional on observation states based on optimal state estimation. Then, the obtained posterior will be more reliable and accurate, and the optimal estimation will greatly reduce uncertain parameter domains. For the control, the minimax strategy is designed by minimizing the performance index for the worst-parameter system, which is obtained by maximizing the performance index based on game theory. The dynamical programming equation for the uncertain system is derived according to the minimax stochastic dynamical programming principle. The worst parameters are determined by the maximization of the equation, and the optimal control is determined by the minimization of the resulting equation. The minimax optimal control by combining the Bayes optimal estimation and minimax stochastic dynamical programming will be more effective and robust. Finally, numerical results for a five-story frame structure under random excitations show the control effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Vibration Control of Building Structures)

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20 pages, 6767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Control of Shield Tunnel Construction-Induced Ground Settlement Based on an Optimized Gap Parameter Theory and Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

by Hanzhang Guo, Guangcheng Zhang, Zhihong Wu and Jiaqi Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091578 - 7 May 2025

Abstract

The ground settlement induced by shield tunnel construction should be carefully monitored and controlled during construction as a compulsory measurement to ensure construction safety. In the existing literature, gap parameter theory is adopted to predict ground settlement; however, the influence of slurry grouting [...] Read more.

The ground settlement induced by shield tunnel construction should be carefully monitored and controlled during construction as a compulsory measurement to ensure construction safety. In the existing literature, gap parameter theory is adopted to predict ground settlement; however, the influence of slurry grouting on ground settlement during the construction process has been ignored. Regarding this drawback, a novel optimized gap parameter theory is proposed and combined with 3D finite element analysis to investigate ground settlement caused by shield tunnel excavation. Considering that construction technology plays an important role in ground settlement, numerical studies are carried out to investigate the sensitivities of the grouting filling ratio, pressure of the tunnel face, and the strata conditions in ground settlement. The practical engineering of Wuhan Metro Line 7 is introduced to verify the superiority of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can reflect ground settlement well, compared to the existing methods and the measured data. Then, 3D finite element analysis and orthogonal test are adopted to conduct sensitivity analyses of the grouting fill rate, support pressure ratio, and strata conditions. The results illustrate that the grouting filling rate has the most obvious impact on ground settlement, while the support pressure ratio and strata conditions also have a certain impact on ground settlement. Taking the binary structure stratum of the terrace geological environment of the Yangtze River in Wuhan as the research object, this study employs a three-dimensional numerical simulation approach to analyze six distinct binary structure stratum models. The parameter value ranges, considering formation conditions, are determined through integrated theoretical analysis. Finally, based on the deviation analysis results between the optimized gap parameter theory and numerical simulation, it is concluded that there is no significant difference in the surface settlement values obtained from the two methods. To summarize, the proposed optimized gap parameter theory, combined with the corresponding numerical simulation technology, provides a good tool for the control of ground settlement caused by shield tunnel excavation in complex strata, such as binary structure strata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Experiment and Simulation Techniques in Engineering)

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