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Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment

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A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 November 2025) | Viewed by 32129

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Lidia Badarnah

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Guest Editor

School of Architecture and Environment, College of Arts, Technology and Environment, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
Interests: adaptive architectural design; environmental building systems; biomimetics; responsive building envelopes; climate change adaptation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Francesco Sommese

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Guest Editor

Department of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P. le Vincenzo Tecchio, 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
Interests: nature-based solutions; adaptive building envelope; kinetic facade; daylighting; biomimetics; smart materials; bioclimatic and green building; rural architecture

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Our planet is undergoing constant change, with increasingly frequent and severe climate events. In response, the construction sector must undergo a significant transformation. Traditional construction methods, developed for a stable environment, are now facing limitations. Therefore, it is imperative to rethink how we design and construct buildings, seeking innovative solutions that can adapt to environmental fluctuations and reduce their impact on our ecosystem.

How can we create buildings that effectively address the challenges of climate change? How can we enhance the resilience of buildings against extreme events? What role can the construction industry play in combating climate change and reducing its carbon footprint? What are the latest innovations and future directions in the construction sector?

This Special Issue aims to offer a thorough exploration of current trends and future advancements in environmentally adaptive building design. Through the analysis of state-of-the-art practices, case studies, and innovative methodologies, it seeks to equip professionals and researchers in the construction sector with insights into solutions that address both present and future challenges, ultimately contributing to the development of sustainable cities and communities.

This Special Issue welcomes review articles, research papers, and case studies.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

Responsive architecture;
Biodesign and adaptive technologies;
Innovative and advanced design approaches;
Sustainable materials for carbon footprint reduction;
Adaptation and mitigation strategies for environmental hazards;
Physical analysis of buildings for energy efficiency.

Dr. Lidia Badarnah
Dr. Francesco Sommese
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

adaptive facade
bio-design
energy efficiency
climate change adaptation
built environment

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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39 pages, 10589 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developing a BIM-Integrated Framework for Embodied Carbon Assessment in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review and Expert Validation Study for Sri Lanka

by Ahmed Hagras, Talpe Pandithawattage Anuradha Lasantha Piyasena, Amalka Nawarathna, Marianthi Leon, Ana Karina Silverio and Abhinesh Prabhakaran

Buildings 2026, 16(4), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16040814 - 16 Feb 2026

Viewed by 512

Abstract

Construction is responsible for 40% of global carbon emissions, yet embodied carbon (EC) assessment is rarely integrated into standard building design workflows in developing countries. This research presents and validates a BIM-integrated EC assessment framework specifically adapted to Sri Lanka, utilising the government’s Building Standard Rates (BSR) as the foundation for material quantity and cost data. The streamlined workflow combines Revit, Dynamo, and Excel to automate EC calculations across lifecycle stages A1–C4, informed by a systematic review of 75 peer-reviewed articles (2017–2025) and validation through structured interviews with five experienced domain professionals. Results demonstrate that BSR, when supplemented with material densities and transport data, enables automated EC calculations for typical building materials and construction elements. Expert validation confirmed strong technical feasibility, economic viability, and scalability. The framework offers significant advantages over manual approaches by automating EC quantification and reducing software licensing requirements compared to proprietary LCA tools. The framework’s modular design and transparent methodology make it generalisable for other developing economies with similar government construction documentation systems, providing practitioners and policymakers with a practical, cost-effective pathway to embedding life cycle assessment into standard construction practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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23 pages, 7562 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Vernacular Building Spaces for Human Thermal Comfort in Hot Arid Climate of Egypt

by Amr Sayed Hassan Abdallah, Uthman Abdullah Alamri, Randa Mohamed Ahmed Mahmoud and Mohamed Hssan Hassan Abdelhafez

Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4450; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244450 - 9 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1129

Abstract

Inner courtyards have been traditionally used as passive strategy in vernacular buildings in desert climates. This paper presents a study conducted to investigate indoor and outdoor thermal comfort of two vernacular buildings in the hot arid climate of Upper Egypt and proposes an improved solution for courtyards to achieve sustainable development of current vernacular houses and apply the same in the arid climate zone of Egypt. The thermal comfort of vernacular building spaces was evaluated based on using field measurements during the hot season and improvement for courtyards based on ENVI-met V5.6.1 simulation model using three scenarios. Two vernacular buildings (Hassan Fathy and Nubian house) were selected to represent the traditional buildings south of Egypt. The study found that using adobe bricks with high thermal mass in vernacular buildings maintained lower indoor temperature with a range of 2.7 °C to 6.7 °C compared to outdoor temperature; this is considered effective thermal insulation. Meanwhile under extreme hot conditions, courtyard temperature inside the vernacular house was 0.3 K higher than the outdoor. This is not sufficient to maintain indoor thermal comfort without integrating passive solutions inside courtyards. In addition, applying the hybrid solution with big dense trees in the courtyards achieved a significant reduction in PET ranging from 4.2 °C and 5.7 °C; shading the widest area of courtyards and allowing for family activities. The study provided techniques and methodology for the middle courtyard of vernacular buildings, demonstrating how improvement achieves thermal comfort and sustainable development required in the 21st century in Upper Egypt, and can be applied to other vernacular houses in different desert cities in southern Egypt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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26 pages, 2228 KB

Open AccessArticle

Housing-Performance Atlas of Baltimore Row Homes: Archetype-Based Multi-Hazard Baseline of Energy, Heat, Survivability, and Durability

by Alex G. Nwosu, Bello Mahmud Zailani and James G. Hunter

Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4405; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244405 - 5 Dec 2025

Viewed by 763

Abstract

Baltimore’s historic row-home neighborhoods face escalating risks to energy, heat, and durability under intensifying climate stress. This study develops a Housing-Performance Atlas that quantifies multi-hazard performance for eight representative archetypes using DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus Version 7.3.1.003, under Baltimore TMY3 boundary conditions. Performance is evaluated across the following four adaptation domains: energy use intensity, passive survivability during 72 h outage events, roof overheating exposure (>150 °F exceedance hours), and material service life derived from ISO 15686 and synthesized into Lean and Full Deficit Indices for comparative resilience ranking. Results show that EUI ranged from 46.7 to 67.6 kBtu ft⁻²·yr⁻¹, survivability from 0 to 23 h, and roof temperatures exceeded 150 °F for 150–210 h, shortening roof service life by up to 10 years. Composite Lean and Full Deficit Indices ranged 7.8–92.4, ranking Model 5 (end-unit, flat roof, two-story with basement) as the most resilient configuration and Model 8 (end-unit, pitched roof, three-story above-grade) as the least resilient due to compounded overheating and energy losses. Heat-related domains accounted for nearly 70% of overall resilience deficits, confirming thermal safety and roof reflectivity as retrofit priorities. The Housing-Performance Atlas establishes a reproducible diagnostic framework linking simulation, service life, and resilience metrics to guide cost-effective, climate-responsive retrofits in Baltimore’s aging urban housing stock. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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27 pages, 19519 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient Retrofit Pilot: Construction Report

by Hamish Pope, Mark Carver and Jeff Armstrong

Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3666; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203666 - 11 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1255

Abstract

Deep retrofits are one of the few pathways to decarbonize the existing building stock while simultaneously improving climate resilience. These retrofits improve insulation, airtightness, and mechanical equipment efficiency. NRCan’s Prefabricated Exterior Energy Retrofit (PEER) project developed prefabricated building envelope retrofit solutions to enable net-zero performance. The PEER process was demonstrated on two different pilot projects completed between 2017 and 2023. In 2024, in partnership with industry partners, NRCan developed new low-carbon retrofit panel designs and completed a pilot project to evaluate their performance and better understand resiliency and occupant comfort post-retrofit. The Low-Carbon Climate-Resilient (LCCR) Living Lab pilot retrofit was completed in 2024 in Ottawa, Canada, using low-carbon PEER panels. This paper outlines the design and construction for the pilot, including panel designs, the retrofitting process, and post-retrofit building and envelope commissioning. The retrofitting process included the design and installation of new prefabricated exterior retrofitted panels for the walls and the roof. These panels were insulated with cellulose, wood fibre, hemp, and chopped straw. During construction, blower door testing and infrared imaging were conducted to identify air leakage paths and thermal bridges in the enclosure. The retrofit envelope thermal resistance is RSI 7.0 walls, RSI 10.5 roof, and an RSI 3.5 floor with 0.80 W/m²·K U-factor high-gain windows. The measured normalized leakage area @10Pa was 0.074 cm²/m². The net carbon stored during retrofitting was over 1480 kg CO₂. Monitoring equipment was placed within the LCCR to enable the validation of hygrothermal models for heat, air, and moisture transport, and energy, comfort, and climate resilience models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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26 pages, 3016 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards a Regenerative and Climate-Resilient Built Environment: Greening Lessons from European Cities

by Francesco Sommese, Lorenzo Diana, Simona Colajanni, Marco Bellomo, Gaetano Sciuto and Grazia Lombardo

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111878 - 29 May 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2536

Abstract

Nature-Based Solutions offer a concrete opportunity to integrate nature into cities and strengthen their resilience, in response to global challenges related to climate change, biodiversity loss, and water management, which are exacerbated by urban expansion and its impacts on the built environment. This study aims to analyze various European policies and urban greening practices, considering not only some European Union member states but also other cities geographically located in Europe. The main goal is to explore how these solutions are used in various European cities to address environmental challenges and improve urban quality of life. The study highlights the growing role of greening strategies in EU urban policies as key tools to tackle global challenges. It finds that green interventions—such as green roofs, façades, and green urban spaces—offer multifunctional benefits, but their effectiveness relies on integrated planning, strong public–private cooperation, and active community involvement. Key challenges include the limited scalability of these solutions in dense or economically constrained areas and the need for long-term financial and institutional support. Overall, the study highlights that greening is not merely aesthetic but central to building regenerative and climate-resilient cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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28 pages, 7741 KB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Evaluation of a Biomimetic Kinetic Façade Inspired by the Venus Flytrap for Daylight and Glare Performance

by Fataneh Farmani, Seyed Morteza Hosseini, Morteza Khalaji Assadi and Soroush Hassanzadeh

Buildings 2025, 15(11), 1853; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111853 - 28 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5204

Abstract

Centralized daylight control has been extensively studied for its ability to optimize useful daylight while mitigating glare in targeted areas. However, this approach lacks a comprehensive visual comfort framework, as it does not simultaneously address spatial glare distribution, uniform high useful daylight levels across all sensor points, and overheating prevention through regulated annual solar exposure. Nevertheless, decentralized control facilitates autonomous operation of the individual façade components, addressing all the objectives. This study integrates a biomimetic functional approach with building performance simulations by computational design to evaluate different kinetic façade configurations. Through the implementation of parametric modeling and daylight analysis, we have identified an optimal angular configuration (60° for the focal region, 50° for the non-focal region) that significantly increases building performance. The optimized design demonstrates substantial improvements, reducing excessive sunlight exposure by 45–55% and glare incidence by 65–72% compared to other dynamic solutions. The recommended steeper angles achieve superior performance, maintaining high useful daylight illuminance (UDI > 91.5%) while dramatically improving visual comfort. Sensitivity analysis indicates that even minor angular adjustments (5–10°) can induce a 10–15% variation in glare performance, emphasizing the necessity of precise control mechanisms in both focal and non-focal regions of the façade. These findings establish a framework for creating responsive building façades that balance daylight provision with occupant comfort in real-time operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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23 pages, 6747 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Analysis of Advanced Glazing Technologies for Energy-Efficient Buildings in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia

by Mohammed M. Gomaa, Amr Sayed Hassan Abdallah, Mohammed A. Aloshan and Ayman Ragab

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091477 - 26 Apr 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2861

Abstract

This study employs Design Builder software to evaluate advanced glazing technologies for enhancing the thermal performance of residential buildings in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Recognizing the energy inefficiencies caused by adopting Western architectural styles unsuited to local climatic conditions, and given that buildings consume 44% of national energy, we conducted a systematic parametric analysis to isolate the effects of key glazing parameters. The study examines six polycarbonate (PC) configurations and three critical comparative cases: (1) a selective double-glazed unit representing a new baseline glazing; (2) a low-U configuration to isolate thermal insulation effects; and (3) a low-SHGC configuration to evaluate solar heat gain mitigation independently. These controlled comparisons address a critical research gap by decoupling the traditionally confounded impacts of U-value and SHGC in hot climates. The simulations reveal that the 36 mm aerogel glazing (U = 0.9 W/m²·K, SHGC = 0.3) reduces cooling demand by 48.6% annually compared to single-pane glazing while maintaining indoor temperatures at 30.09 °C versus 38.43 °C at baseline. Notably, the findings demonstrate that 87% of these savings derive from SHGC reduction, with only 3.02 percentage points attributable to U-value improvements. The selective DGU benchmark delivers 85% of aerogel’s benefits at 40% lower cost, establishing it as a practical solution for most applications. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for Saudi Vision 2030’s sustainability goals, emphasizing that while aerogel glazing excels in extreme solar exposures, strategic SHGC optimization in conventional glazing can achieve the most energy savings in hot climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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28 pages, 14603 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation and Optimization of Outdoor Thermal Comfort of Block-Style Commercial Complex in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Regions of China

by Yeheng Zhou, Jiang Zhu, Eryu Ni and Yanzhe Hu

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060929 - 15 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 995

Abstract

In recent years, block-style commercial complexes have become a prominent form of commercial architecture in many Chinese cities. The thermal comfort of their outdoor spaces significantly influences people’s activities and the overall quality of these areas. This study explores the relationship between the morphological elements of outdoor spaces in such complexes and thermal comfort, using quantifiable methods to identify key control indicators. Enhancing thermal comfort is crucial for improving spatial quality, increasing dwell time, and boosting commercial vibrancy. Focusing on the hot summer and cold winter climate of Shanghai, this research analyzed two representative block-style commercial complexes. It employed computer simulations and sensory comfort surveys to demonstrate that block morphology significantly impacts outdoor thermal comfort. Three control variables—street density, number of street intersections, and street orientation—were selected to study their effects. Spatial prototypes were categorized, and their thermal comfort performance was evaluated using numerical simulations. Based on these findings, spatial morphology was iteratively optimized. This study concluded by proposing evaluation indicators for spatial morphology control elements to enhance outdoor thermal comfort. It also provided external spatial layout strategies for block-style commercial complexes in similar climates, offering architects and urban designers decision-making criteria to improve thermal comfort in outdoor spaces. This research contributes to creating more comfortable and vibrant urban environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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31 pages, 15498 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Vertical Greenery on Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Carbon Emission Reduction at the Urban Scale in Turin, Italy

by Amir Dehghan Lotfabad, Seyed Morteza Hosseini, Paolo Dabove, Milad Heiranipour and Francesco Sommese

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030450 - 31 Jan 2025

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4178

Abstract

Urban heat islands (UHIs) increase urban warming and reduce outdoor thermal comfort due to changing surface characteristics and climate change. This study investigates the role of green walls (GWs) in mitigating UHI, improving outdoor thermal comfort, and reducing carbon emissions under current and future (2050) scenarios. Focusing on Via della Consolata, Turin, Italy, the study combines remote sensing for UHI detection and numerical simulations for thermal analysis during seasonal extremes. The results show that GWs slightly reduce air temperatures, with a maximum decrease of 1.6 °C in winter (2050), and have cooling effects on mean radiant temperature (up to 2.27 °C) during peak summer solar radiation. GWs also improve outdoor comfort, reducing the Universal Thermal Climate Index by 0.55 °C in the summer of 2050. The energy analysis shows that summer carbon emission intensity is reduced by 31%, despite winter heating demand increasing emissions by 45%. The study highlights the potential of GWs in urban climate adaptation, particularly in dense urban environments with low sky view factors. Seasonal optimization is crucial to balance cooling and heating energy demand. As cities face rising temperatures and heat waves, the integration of GWs offers a sustainable strategy to improve microclimate, reduce carbon emissions, and mitigate the effects of UHI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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Review

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19 pages, 1442 KB

Open AccessReview

Is Sustainability Really Sustainable? A Critical Review

by Grazia Massimino and Gaetano Sciuto

Buildings 2025, 15(13), 2304; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132304 - 30 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1174

Abstract

In recent years, the research and development of sustainable materials have seen a growing interest. The driving force behind this is environmental policies that aim towards a transition to a circular economy. There are numerous investigations into the potential use of waste and/or by-products in building materials and components. Using such materials, called “secondary raw materials”, is to be favored due to their low environmental impact. Although research is numerous, most studies are limited to a purely performance assessment. There are still a few studies that also address environmental (or sometimes economic) aspects. Lacking such considerations, is it possible to say that the industrial product of research is truly sustainable? Is it enough to use secondary raw materials to define a product with a low environmental impact? By critically reviewing publications on this topic, this paper aims to highlight possible new developments for future research. Including environmental assessments among the criteria for evaluating the impact of research would provide a vision that is not limited only to the performance profile but can capture aspects that are currently underestimated. Overcoming this limitation would make it possible to obtain products capable of responding to the demands of sustainability regulations, avoiding the strategy of greenwashing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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36 pages, 4396 KB

Open AccessReview

Optimizing Energy Efficiency: Louver Systems for Sustainable Building Design

by Waseem Iqbal, Irfan Ullah, Asif Hussain, Meeryoung Cho, Jongbin Park, Keonwoo Lee and Seoyong Shin

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071183 - 3 Apr 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 9512

Abstract

As the global focus on sustainability intensifies, architects and engineers are increasingly seeking innovative passive strategies to improve building energy efficiency. Among these strategies, the strategic integration of louvers has garnered significant attention due to their potential to optimize building envelope performance and reduce energy consumption. Louvers effectively manage solar heat gain, mitigating the impact of extreme temperatures on indoor spaces. Consequently, louvers reduce the reliance on active HVAC systems, leading to notable energy savings and a decreased carbon footprint. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the role of louvers in enhancing building energy efficiency, highlighting their designs, efficiency, and improvement suggestions. Moreover, this review article addresses potential challenges related to louver design, such as balancing the trade-off between solar heat gain and daylighting and how to optimize louver configurations for specific building types. Approaches to overcome these challenges, including advanced modeling techniques and parametric design, are also explored to assist architects and designers in achieving the most energy-efficient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Climate-Responsive Building Design: Advancing Resilience and Sustainability in the Built Environment)

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