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Article

Interpretation of the Pile Static Load Test Using Artificial Neural Networks

by
Artur Sławomir Góral
1,* and
Marek Lefik
2
1
Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
2
Department of Concrete Structures, Division of Geotechnics and Engineering Structures, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4414; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244414 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 2 October 2025 / Revised: 14 November 2025 / Accepted: 25 November 2025 / Published: 6 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

Abstract

This study presents a novel approach for interpreting static load tests (SLT) of piles using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) integrated with the Meyer and Kowalow load-settlement mathematical model. Reliable estimation of pile bearing capacity and settlement behavior is critical for safe and economical geotechnical design, particularly given the nonlinear and heterogeneous nature of soils. Traditional SLT interpretation methods, such as Chin-Kondner, Decourt, and hyperbolic fitting approaches, provide useful extrapolation of the ultimate capacity but are sensitive to test termination levels and parameter estimation uncertainties. The Meyer and Kowalow function offers a robust mathematical representation of the load-settlement curve, allowing decomposition of the total pile resistance into the shaft and base components. In this work, ANN models were trained to solve both the direct and inverse forms of the Meyer and Kowalow problem, enabling rapid identification of constitutive parameters (initial stiffness, nonlinearity coefficient, and ultimate capacity) from measured SLT data. Numerical experiments demonstrated that networks with a single hidden layer achieved accurate predictions with low RMSE for both training and test sets. The proposed ANN-based framework facilitates improved parameter identification, supports partial-load SLT interpretation, and provides a practical tool for engineers seeking the reliable prediction of pile performance under service loads.
Keywords: static load test; test simulation; load–displacement response; pile shaft resistance; pile base resistance; artificial neural network; inverse problem static load test; test simulation; load–displacement response; pile shaft resistance; pile base resistance; artificial neural network; inverse problem

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Góral, A.S.; Lefik, M. Interpretation of the Pile Static Load Test Using Artificial Neural Networks. Buildings 2025, 15, 4414. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244414

AMA Style

Góral AS, Lefik M. Interpretation of the Pile Static Load Test Using Artificial Neural Networks. Buildings. 2025; 15(24):4414. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244414

Chicago/Turabian Style

Góral, Artur Sławomir, and Marek Lefik. 2025. "Interpretation of the Pile Static Load Test Using Artificial Neural Networks" Buildings 15, no. 24: 4414. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244414

APA Style

Góral, A. S., & Lefik, M. (2025). Interpretation of the Pile Static Load Test Using Artificial Neural Networks. Buildings, 15(24), 4414. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244414

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