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Open AccessArticle
Interpretation of the Pile Static Load Test Using Artificial Neural Networks
by
Artur Sławomir Góral
Artur Sławomir Góral 1,*
and
Marek Lefik
Marek Lefik 2
1
Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
2
Department of Concrete Structures, Division of Geotechnics and Engineering Structures, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4414; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244414 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 2 October 2025
/
Revised: 14 November 2025
/
Accepted: 25 November 2025
/
Published: 6 December 2025
Abstract
This study presents a novel approach for interpreting static load tests (SLT) of piles using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) integrated with the Meyer and Kowalow load-settlement mathematical model. Reliable estimation of pile bearing capacity and settlement behavior is critical for safe and economical geotechnical design, particularly given the nonlinear and heterogeneous nature of soils. Traditional SLT interpretation methods, such as Chin-Kondner, Decourt, and hyperbolic fitting approaches, provide useful extrapolation of the ultimate capacity but are sensitive to test termination levels and parameter estimation uncertainties. The Meyer and Kowalow function offers a robust mathematical representation of the load-settlement curve, allowing decomposition of the total pile resistance into the shaft and base components. In this work, ANN models were trained to solve both the direct and inverse forms of the Meyer and Kowalow problem, enabling rapid identification of constitutive parameters (initial stiffness, nonlinearity coefficient, and ultimate capacity) from measured SLT data. Numerical experiments demonstrated that networks with a single hidden layer achieved accurate predictions with low RMSE for both training and test sets. The proposed ANN-based framework facilitates improved parameter identification, supports partial-load SLT interpretation, and provides a practical tool for engineers seeking the reliable prediction of pile performance under service loads.
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Góral, A.S.; Lefik, M.
Interpretation of the Pile Static Load Test Using Artificial Neural Networks. Buildings 2025, 15, 4414.
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244414
AMA Style
Góral AS, Lefik M.
Interpretation of the Pile Static Load Test Using Artificial Neural Networks. Buildings. 2025; 15(24):4414.
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244414
Chicago/Turabian Style
Góral, Artur Sławomir, and Marek Lefik.
2025. "Interpretation of the Pile Static Load Test Using Artificial Neural Networks" Buildings 15, no. 24: 4414.
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244414
APA Style
Góral, A. S., & Lefik, M.
(2025). Interpretation of the Pile Static Load Test Using Artificial Neural Networks. Buildings, 15(24), 4414.
https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244414
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