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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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17 pages, 8218 KB  
Article
Emotional Design and Validation Study of Human–Landscape Visual Interaction
by Hongguo Ren, Lu Cheng, Jing Zhang, Qingqin Wang and Lujia Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1966; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071966 - 28 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3322
Abstract
The formal beauty of “objects” is the main focus of modern rural landscapes, ignoring human interaction with the environment and the emotional reflection in this behavioral process. It is unable to satisfy the emotional needs of younger people who aspire to a high-quality [...] Read more.
The formal beauty of “objects” is the main focus of modern rural landscapes, ignoring human interaction with the environment and the emotional reflection in this behavioral process. It is unable to satisfy the emotional needs of younger people who aspire to a high-quality life in the rural environment. The research idea of this paper is ‘first assessment—then design—then validation’. First, A 5-point Likert scale was used to investigate differences in contemporary young people’s emotional perceptions of the four rural natural landscapes in terms of instinct, behavior, and reflection. Then, using architectural design methods, a visual attraction element (viewing platform) was added by selecting samples that varied in all three dimensions (visual richness, behavioral attraction, and depth of thought). After that, a desktop eye tracker was used to record the eyeball characteristics of participants viewing the current images of natural landscapes and images of modified natural landscapes (pupil diameter, fixation duration, gaze point, etc.), and these data were combined with the subjective psychological perception scale score to determine whether or not the subjects’ positive emotions are evoked by the modified natural environment. The findings indicate that placing visually attractive elements between people and the natural world can cause subjects to feel good, think deeply, and feel more a part of the surroundings. Furthermore, we confirmed that subjects’ emotions can be evoked by 2D natural environment pictures and that the length of time subjects gaze at a picture is unaffected by the size of any individual element. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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23 pages, 38019 KB  
Article
Seismic Performance of Cross-Shaped Partially Encased Steel–Concrete Composite Columns: Experimental and Numerical Investigations
by Qiuyu Xu, Yong Liu and Jingfeng Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1932; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071932 - 25 Jun 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1848
Abstract
Special-shaped partially encased steel–concrete composite (PEC) columns could not only improve the aesthetic effect and room space use efficiency, but also exhibit good mechanical performance under static load when used in multi-story residential and office buildings. However, research on the seismic performance of [...] Read more.
Special-shaped partially encased steel–concrete composite (PEC) columns could not only improve the aesthetic effect and room space use efficiency, but also exhibit good mechanical performance under static load when used in multi-story residential and office buildings. However, research on the seismic performance of special-shaped PEC columns is insufficient and urgently needed. To investigate the seismic performance of cross-shaped partially encased steel–concrete composite (CPEC) columns, three CPEC columns were designed and tested under combined constant axial load and lateral cyclic load. The test results show that the CPEC columns had good load capacity and ductility, and that the columns failed because of concrete crushing and steel flange buckling after the yielding of the steel flange. The plump hysteresis loops indicated that the CPEC column also had good energy dissipation capacity. Due to the constraint of hydraulic jacks, increasing the load ratio would decrease the effective length, thereby increasing the load capacity of the CPEC column and decreasing the ductility. A finite element model was also established to simulate the response of the CPEC columns, and the simulated results agree well with the experimental results. Thereafter, an extensive parametric analysis was performed to study the influences of different parameters on the seismic performance of CPEC columns. For the CPEC column with an ideal hinged boundary condition at the top, its lateral load capacity gradually decreases with the growth of the load ratio and link spacing and increases with the rise of the steel yield strength, concrete compressive strength, flange and web thickness, and sectional aspect ratio. This research could provide a basis for future theoretical analyses and engineering application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Steel and Steel-Concrete Composite Structures)
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53 pages, 39715 KB  
Article
Artificial Intelligence for Routine Heritage Monitoring and Sustainable Planning of the Conservation of Historic Districts: A Case Study on Fujian Earthen Houses (Tulou)
by Jiayue Fan, Yile Chen and Liang Zheng
Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1915; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071915 - 22 Jun 2024
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4780
Abstract
With its advancements in relation to computer science, artificial intelligence has great potential for protecting and researching the world heritage Fujian earthen houses (Tulou) historical district. Wood is an important material used in the construction of Fujian earthen houses (Tulou); wood is used [...] Read more.
With its advancements in relation to computer science, artificial intelligence has great potential for protecting and researching the world heritage Fujian earthen houses (Tulou) historical district. Wood is an important material used in the construction of Fujian earthen houses (Tulou); wood is used in both the main structure of the buildings and for decoration. However, professionals must invest significant time and energy in evaluating any damage before repairing a building. In this context, this study proposes and optimizes a detection method based on the YOLOv8 model for detecting damage to the wooden structure of Fujian earthen houses. Through multiple experiments and adjustments, we gradually improved the detection performance of the model and verified its effectiveness and reliability in practical applications. The main results of this study are as follows: (1) This machine-learning-based object detection method can efficiently and accurately identify damaged contents, overcoming the limitations of traditional evaluation methods in terms of labor and time costs. This approach will aid in the daily protection monitoring of historical districts and serves as a preliminary method for their renewal and restoration. (2) Through multiple rounds of experiments, we optimized the YOLOv8 model and significantly improved its detection accuracy and stability by removing samples with complex backgrounds, improving label quality, and adjusting hyperparameters. In the final experiment, the model’s overall mAP was only 57.00% at most. However, during the field test, the model successfully identified nearly all damage points, including holes, stains, and cracks in the wooden structure of the analyzed earthen building, effectively fulfilling the requirements of the detection task. (3) In the KuiJu Lou field test in Fujian Tulou, the model also performed well in complex environments and was able to reliably detect damage types such as holes, stains, and cracks in the wooden structure. This test confirmed the model’s efficiency and stability in practical applications and provided reliable technical support for Fujian Tulou protection and restoration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Dimensional Organic Conservation of Historical Neighborhood Buildings in the Context of Sustainable Urban Renewal)
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15 pages, 4449 KB  
Article
Where Will Older Adults Reside: Understanding the Distribution of Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities in Australia
by Bodi Shu, Bo Xia, Jiaxuan E and Xuechun Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1909; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071909 - 22 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2088
Abstract
Most older individuals prefer to age in place during their later years; however, achieving this aspiration presents significant challenges. Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs) represent a potential option for promoting healthy aging, both from the perspective of meeting seniors’ real needs and cost-effectiveness. [...] Read more.
Most older individuals prefer to age in place during their later years; however, achieving this aspiration presents significant challenges. Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs) represent a potential option for promoting healthy aging, both from the perspective of meeting seniors’ real needs and cost-effectiveness. This article aims to analyze the distribution of NORCs in Australia and compares census data from 2011 to 2021 to understand the overall distribution patterns and changes across the nation, by providing a localized analysis of the hotspot distribution of NORCs in eight Greater Capital Cities. The study employs methods of geovisualization, Global Moran’s I, and Getis-Ord Gi* analysis to examine the spatial correlations and clustering effects of NORCs. The results indicate that NORCs are rapidly growing in Australia, with their distribution primarily influenced by sea change and urbanization. Understanding the trends in NORC distribution can assist the government in developing effective and localized policies and interventions to help older Australians to better age in place. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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14 pages, 5000 KB  
Article
Sustainable Architecture for Future Climates: Optimizing a Library Building through Multi-Objective Design
by Yijia Miao, Zebin Chen, Yiyong Chen and Yiqi Tao
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061877 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3187
Abstract
In the context of the escalating challenge of climate change, optimizing buildings’ energy performance has become a critical research area, yet studies specifically targeting library buildings are scarce. This study addresses this gap by investigating the impact of multi-objective optimization on energy efficiency [...] Read more.
In the context of the escalating challenge of climate change, optimizing buildings’ energy performance has become a critical research area, yet studies specifically targeting library buildings are scarce. This study addresses this gap by investigating the impact of multi-objective optimization on energy efficiency and occupant comfort in educational library buildings under future climate scenarios. Utilizing the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), this research optimizes a range of building parameters, including the cooling and heating setpoints, air change rates, shading device depths, window visible transmittance, and window gas types. The optimization aims to balance energy consumption and comfort, using simulations based on future weather data for the years 2020, 2050, and 2080. The results indicate that the optimized solutions can significantly reduce the heating energy by up to 95.34% and the cooling energy by up to 63.74% compared to the baseline models, while maintaining or improving the occupant comfort levels. This study highlights the necessity for dynamic, responsive architectural designs that can adapt to changing environmental conditions, ensuring both sustainability and occupant well-being. Furthermore, integrating these building-level optimizations into a City Information Model (CIM) framework can enhance urban planning and development, contributing to more resilient and energy-efficient cities. These findings underscore the importance of sustainable design practices in the context of climate change and the critical role of advanced optimization techniques in achieving energy-efficient, comfortable educational spaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Quality and Human Well-Being: Pathways Linking Green Spaces, Built Environments, and Mental Health)
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29 pages, 31020 KB  
Article
Vision-Based Construction Safety Monitoring Utilizing Temporal Analysis to Reduce False Alarms
by Syed Farhan Alam Zaidi, Jaehun Yang, Muhammad Sibtain Abbas, Rahat Hussain, Doyeop Lee and Chansik Park
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061878 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6192
Abstract
Construction safety requires real-time monitoring due to its hazardous nature. Existing vision-based monitoring systems classify each frame to identify safe or unsafe scenes, often triggering false alarms due to object misdetection or false detection, which reduces the overall monitoring system’s performance. To overcome [...] Read more.
Construction safety requires real-time monitoring due to its hazardous nature. Existing vision-based monitoring systems classify each frame to identify safe or unsafe scenes, often triggering false alarms due to object misdetection or false detection, which reduces the overall monitoring system’s performance. To overcome this problem, this research introduces a safety monitoring system that leverages a novel temporal-analysis-based algorithm to reduce false alarms. The proposed system comprises three main modules: object detection, rule compliance, and temporal analysis. The system employs a coordination correlation technique to verify personal protective equipment (PPE), even with partially visible workers, overcoming a common monitoring challenge on job sites. The temporal-analysis module is the key component that evaluates multiple frames within a time window, triggering alarms when the hazard threshold is exceeded, thus reducing false alarms. The experimental results demonstrate 95% accuracy and an F1-score in scene classification, with a notable 2.03% average decrease in false alarms during real-time monitoring across five test videos. This study advances knowledge in safety monitoring by introducing and validating a temporal-analysis-based algorithm. This approach not only improves the reliability of safety-rule-compliance checks but also addresses challenges of misdetection and false alarms, thereby enhancing safety management protocols in hazardous environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart and Proactive Construction Safety Combined with AI, IoT, and Big Data)
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19 pages, 9579 KB  
Article
Leveraging BIM for Enhanced Camera Allocation Planning at Construction Job Sites: A Voxel-Based Site Coverage and Overlapping Analysis
by Si Van-Tien Tran, Doyeop Lee, Hai Chien Pham, Long H. Dang, Chansik Park and Ung-Kyun Lee
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061880 - 20 Jun 2024
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2406
Abstract
In the construction industry, the imperative for visual surveillance mechanisms is underscored by the need for safety monitoring, resources, and progress tracking, especially with the adoption of vision intelligence technology. Traditional camera installation plans often move toward coverage and cost objectives without considering [...] Read more.
In the construction industry, the imperative for visual surveillance mechanisms is underscored by the need for safety monitoring, resources, and progress tracking, especially with the adoption of vision intelligence technology. Traditional camera installation plans often move toward coverage and cost objectives without considering substantial coverage overlap, inflating processing and storage requirements, and complicating subsequent analyses. To address these issues, this research proposes a voxel-based site coverage and overlapping analysis for camera allocation planning in parametric BIM environments, called the PBA approach. The first step is to collect information from the BIM model, which is the input for the parametric modeling step. After that, the PBA approach simulates the virtual devices and the construction layout by employing visual language programming and then generates a coverage area. Lastly, the performance simulation and evaluation of various placement scenarios against predefined criteria are conducted, including visual coverage and overlapping optimization for eliminating data redundancy purposes. The proposed approach is evaluated through its application to construction projects. The results from these various implementations indicate a marked decrease in data overlap and an overall enhancement in surveillance efficacy. This research contributes a novel, BIM-centric solution to visual information adoption in the construction industry, offering a scalable approach to optimize camera placement while mitigating overlapping areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue BIM Application in Construction Management)
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27 pages, 9230 KB  
Article
Immersive Technology and Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Sustainable Smart Cities
by Zhen Liu, Yunrui He, Peter Demian and Mohamed Osmani
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061765 - 12 Jun 2024
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6188
Abstract
Research currently focuses on immersive technologies like virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR). However, there is limited exploration of their application in sustainable smart cities with Building Information Modeling (BIM), and there remains a lack of interdisciplinary integration within [...] Read more.
Research currently focuses on immersive technologies like virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR). However, there is limited exploration of their application in sustainable smart cities with Building Information Modeling (BIM), and there remains a lack of interdisciplinary integration within this domain aimed at fostering sustainable smart city development. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the development status of immersive technology and BIM in sustainable smart cities, identifying trends and research hotspots by employing a triangulation research method mixed with a quantitative method via bibliometric analysis and a qualitative method via content analysis to investigate the relationship between immersive technologies and BIM in sustainable smart cities. The results reveal a fragmented nature in the research on immersive technology and BIM in sustainable smart cities, with rapidly changing hotspots and new technologies following a cyclical pattern every 3 to 5 years. Two distinct cycles of growth were observed in the field over the last 10 years (2014–2023). The first cycle, from 2014 to 2017, represented modest growth, while the second cycle, from 2018 to 2022, showed rapid expansion, with the keywords AR, VR, MR, BIM, smart city, and smart city concept indicating the research hotspots. Immersive technologies and BIM, developed since 2017, have contributed to sustainable smart city construction. The emerging keywords AR, MR, and 360-degree VR have become research hotspots since 2021, particularly in collaborative construction. Future research trends include artificial intelligence, digitalization, AR, and MR, while building sustainability and intelligent construction have emerged as real-world applications. Additionally, this paper employs software tools to generate multidimensional knowledge maps to form a knowledge universe map at a “macro-knowledge” level followed by a “micro-knowledge” level comprising a standard knowledge system, such as lifecycle analysis, enhancing the objectivity and organization of the results and providing innovative references for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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28 pages, 30608 KB  
Article
Cracking Methods for Testing of Self-Healing Concrete: An Experimental Approach
by João Miguel Peres Medeiros and Luigi Di Sarno
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061744 - 10 Jun 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6459
Abstract
With the advent of new sustainable construction materials, self-healing concrete has been used and tested in the last decade, raising the question of the efficacy of said mechanisms to prevent water permeation after crack formation. Thus, new novel mechanical methodologies have been introduced [...] Read more.
With the advent of new sustainable construction materials, self-healing concrete has been used and tested in the last decade, raising the question of the efficacy of said mechanisms to prevent water permeation after crack formation. Thus, new novel mechanical methodologies have been introduced to induce controlled cracks in concrete specimens to improve the standardisation and effectiveness of permeability tests. This research explores those new mechanical techniques to create consistent and reproducible crack patterns, crucial for assessing the efficacy of self-healing mechanisms in concrete. This study systematically evaluates how different crack configurations influence the self-healing ability of the material. Findings from this research are expected to aid in refining testing protocols and to contribute significantly to the field of material science within civil engineering by demonstrating the potential of self-healing concrete to revolutionise building practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Concrete Materials in Construction)
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22 pages, 17052 KB  
Article
Assessing the Impact of Street Visual Environment on the Emotional Well-Being of Young Adults through Physiological Feedback and Deep Learning Technologies
by Wei Zhao, Liang Tan, Shaofei Niu and Linbo Qing
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061730 - 9 Jun 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3048
Abstract
Investigating the impact of street visual environments on young adults’ emotions is crucial for the promotion of walkable and healthy streets. However, the applicability and accuracy of existing studies are limited by a lack of large-scale sample validation. Moreover, many studies have determined [...] Read more.
Investigating the impact of street visual environments on young adults’ emotions is crucial for the promotion of walkable and healthy streets. However, the applicability and accuracy of existing studies are limited by a lack of large-scale sample validation. Moreover, many studies have determined emotions through subjective evaluation methods or relied solely on a single physiological indicator to assess levels of emotional arousal, neglecting the significance of emotional valence. In response, this study aims to enhance our understanding of the emotional impact of street visual environments by employing a method that integrates physiological feedback technology and deep learning. We collected videos of 100 streets from five districts in Chengdu to serve as experimental stimuli, and utilizing physiological feedback technology, we gathered data on electrocardiograms (ECG), electrodermal activity (EDA), and respiratory responses (RESP) from 50 participants as they observed these street environments. Subsequently, we applied deep learning techniques to process the video and physiological data, ultimately obtaining 500 data entries on street visual environment elements and 25,000 data entries on emotional arousal and valence. Additionally, we established multiple linear regression and multinomial logistic regression models to explore the relationship between visual street environments and emotions. The results reveal that elements such as green view factor (GVF), sky view factor (Sky VF), and sidewalk view factor (SVF) not only reduce emotional arousal levels but also facilitate the shift from negative to positive emotions, positively affecting emotional regulation. In contrast, visual enclosure (VE), vehicle view factor (VVF), and person view factor (PVF) are associated with negative emotional arousal, adversely affecting emotional valence. Moreover, the impact of specific visual environmental elements on different emotional states may vary. This study introduces a novel, multidisciplinary approach to accurately quantify the relationship between the environment and emotions, providing significant theoretical and practical insights for the development of healthier cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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25 pages, 47329 KB  
Article
BIM-Based Digital Construction Strategies to Evaluate Carbon Emissions in Green Prefabricated Buildings
by Habib Ullah, Hong Zhang, Baolin Huang and Yinan Gong
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061689 - 6 Jun 2024
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5165
Abstract
In this paper, we explore the integration of building information modeling (BIM) technology to assess carbon emissions, emphasizing the unique contributions to smart and sustainable approaches in prefabricated buildings and focusing on the application of digital construction strategies facilitated by BIM to evaluate [...] Read more.
In this paper, we explore the integration of building information modeling (BIM) technology to assess carbon emissions, emphasizing the unique contributions to smart and sustainable approaches in prefabricated buildings and focusing on the application of digital construction strategies facilitated by BIM to evaluate carbon emissions in green prefabricated buildings, with a detailed case study on C-House at Southeast University, Nanjing, China. The research methodology involved creating a BIM model of C-House in Rhino and collecting data from the operationalization phase. This research work delves into analyzing the structural components, on-site assembling process, and evaluation of carbon emissions by using a BIM-based assessment, as well as the energy load and consumption of prefabricated components, including sustainable PV panels, to enhance building efficiency and sustainability. The findings uncover the life cycle of C-House, which spans seven stages, compared with the five stages of conventional builds. Currently in its third cycle, C-House exhibits significant reductions of 70.57% in carbon emissions during the second cycle and 43.53% in the first one. This highlights the pattern showing that the prolonged reuse of prefabricated buildings leads to decreasing emissions over time. Such results underscore the potential carbon emission reductions and environmental advantages of reusing green prefabricated buildings. Furthermore, this study provides insights into the entire life cycle of the building, from inception to occupation and post-phase performance evaluation. By employing BIM for modeling, simulation, and analysis, we offer practical insights into the application of smart technologies for sustainable construction practices, significantly contributing to the advancement of green and digital construction technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on BIM—Integrated Construction Operation Simulation)
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17 pages, 4222 KB  
Article
3D Printing of Fiber-Reinforced Calcined Clay-Limestone-Based Cementitious Materials: From Mixture Design to Printability Evaluation
by Haodao Li, Jingjie Wei and Kamal H. Khayat
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061666 - 5 Jun 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3015
Abstract
Sustainability and limitations in embedded reinforcement are the main obstacles in digital fabrication with concrete. This study proposed a 3D printable fiber-reinforced calcined clay-limestone-based cementitious material (FR-LC3). The binder systems incorporating calcined clay (CC) and limestone filler (LF) were optimized by [...] Read more.
Sustainability and limitations in embedded reinforcement are the main obstacles in digital fabrication with concrete. This study proposed a 3D printable fiber-reinforced calcined clay-limestone-based cementitious material (FR-LC3). The binder systems incorporating calcined clay (CC) and limestone filler (LF) were optimized by determining the flow characteristics and water retention ability of the paste. The effect of fiber volume on the key fresh and mechanical properties of the fiber-reinforced mortars made with the optimized binder was evaluated. A combination of offline assessments and inline printing were employed to investigate the printability of the FR-LC3 with various binder systems and viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA) dosages. The results revealed that the binary system with 20% CC and the ternary system containing 30% CC and 15% LF were highly advantageous, with enhanced packing density, robustness, and water retention ability. Incorporating 2% 6-mm steel fiber contributed to the highest 28-day compressive and flexural strengths and toughness without significantly compromising the fluidity. Finally, the developed FR-LC3 mixtures were successfully printed using an extrusion-based 3D printer. The LF addition in the ternary system decreased the maximum buildable height of a single-wall printed object while reducing the SP/VMA ratio significantly increased the height due to enhanced yield stress and thixotropy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing and Low-Carbon Technologies in Cementitious Composites)
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16 pages, 4130 KB  
Article
Crack Detection of Curved Surface Structure Based on Multi-Image Stitching Method
by Dashun Cui and Chunwei Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061657 - 4 Jun 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1762
Abstract
The crack detection method based on image processing has been a new achievement in the field of civil engineering inspection in recent years. Column piers are generally used in bridge structures. When a digital camera collects cracks on the pier surface, the loss [...] Read more.
The crack detection method based on image processing has been a new achievement in the field of civil engineering inspection in recent years. Column piers are generally used in bridge structures. When a digital camera collects cracks on the pier surface, the loss of crack dimension information leads to errors in crack detection results. In this paper, an image stitching method based on Speed-Up Robust Features (SURFs) is adopted to stitch the surface crack images captured from different angles into a complete crack image to improve the accuracy of the crack detection method based on image processing in curved structures. Based on the proposed method, simulated crack tests of vertical, inclined, and transverse cracks on five different structural surfaces were conducted. The results showed that the influence of structural curvature on the measurement results of vertical cracks is very small and can be ignored. Nevertheless, the loss of depth information at both ends of curved cracks will lead to errors in crack measurement outcomes, and the factors that affect the precision of crack detection include the curvature of the surface and the length of the crack. Compared with inclined cracks, the structural curvature significantly influences the measurement results of transverse cracks, especially the length measurement results of transverse cracks. The image stitching method can effectively reduce the errors caused by the structural curved surface, and the stitching effect of three images is better than that of two images. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Performance and Damage Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures Exposed to High Strain Rate Loads)
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31 pages, 17867 KB  
Article
Hysteresis Behavior of RC Beam–Column Joints of Existing Substandard RC Structures Subjected to Seismic Loading–Experimental and Analytical Investigation
by George Kalogeropoulos, Alexander-Dimitrios Tsonos and Pantelis Iakovidis
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061609 - 1 Jun 2024
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3056
Abstract
Four exterior reinforced concrete beam–column joint subassemblages with poor reinforcement details and low-quality materials were constructed and subjected to cyclic lateral deformations under constant axial loading of the columns. The longitudinal rebars at the top of the beams were well-anchored in the joint [...] Read more.
Four exterior reinforced concrete beam–column joint subassemblages with poor reinforcement details and low-quality materials were constructed and subjected to cyclic lateral deformations under constant axial loading of the columns. The longitudinal rebars at the top of the beams were well-anchored in the joint region with a 90° hook and transversely welded to prevent premature slippage. The same was true for the longitudinal rebars at the bottom of the beam of the first specimen. Contrarily, the anchorage of the rebars at the bottom of the beam of the other three subassemblages was straight and of insufficient length. One of these specimens (the second) also had deficient lap splices of the column reinforcement, while the other three specimens had continuous column rebars. The third and the fourth subassemblage were designed with different joint aspect ratio and beam shear span/depth ratio values. The overall seismic performance of the specimens was evaluated and compared. The failure mode of the subassemblages was accurately predicted by the proposed analytical model. It was clearly demonstrated that the anchorage of the rebars, the length of the lap splices, the joint aspect ratio and the shear span/depth of the beam ratio value crucially affect the cyclic response of beam–column joints and, hence, may cause a severe detrimental impact to the overall structural integrity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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28 pages, 776 KB  
Review
Structural Vibration Comfort: A Review of Recent Developments
by Weiping Xie and Yumeng Hua
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1592; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061592 - 31 May 2024
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6023
Abstract
With continuous improvements in the social economy and living standards of individuals, the vibration comfort of building structures has gradually been emphasized by academic and engineering communities, such as vehicle-induced vibrations in buildings near traffic, human-induced vibrations in large-span structures, wind-induced vibrations in [...] Read more.
With continuous improvements in the social economy and living standards of individuals, the vibration comfort of building structures has gradually been emphasized by academic and engineering communities, such as vehicle-induced vibrations in buildings near traffic, human-induced vibrations in large-span structures, wind-induced vibrations in super-high-rise buildings, and machinery-induced structural vibrations. Comfort-based structural analysis is distinct from traditional safety-based structural analysis, and its theoretical systems and unified guidelines have not yet been established. This paper reviews recent research on structural vibration comfort, including major load categories and their impacts, comfort-based structural analysis, evaluation methods, and vibration-mitigation measures. By presenting the shortcomings of the existing research, potential topics for future study are suggested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications in Structural Vibration Control)
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31 pages, 2186 KB  
Article
Assessing the Impact of Recycled Building Materials on Environmental Sustainability and Energy Efficiency: A Comprehensive Framework for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
by Amjad Almusaed, Ibrahim Yitmen, Jonn Are Myhren and Asaad Almssad
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1566; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061566 - 28 May 2024
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 24020
Abstract
In this study, we critically examine the potential of recycled construction materials, focusing on how these materials can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy usage in the construction sector. By adopting an integrated approach that combines Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and [...] Read more.
In this study, we critically examine the potential of recycled construction materials, focusing on how these materials can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy usage in the construction sector. By adopting an integrated approach that combines Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Material Flow Analysis (MFA) within the circular economy framework, we thoroughly examine the lifecycle environmental performance of these materials. Our findings reveal a promising future where incorporating recycled materials in construction can significantly lower GHG emissions and conserve energy. This underscores their crucial role in advancing sustainable construction practices. Moreover, our study emphasizes the need for robust regulatory frameworks and technological innovations to enhance the adoption of environmentally responsible practices. We encourage policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the academic community to collaborate and promote the adoption of a circular economy strategy in the building sector. Our research contributes to the ongoing discussion on sustainable construction, offering evidence-based insights that can inform future policies and initiatives to improve environmental stewardship in the construction industry. This study aligns with the European Union’s objectives of achieving climate-neutral cities by 2030 and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals outlined for completion by 2030. Overall, this paper contributes to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable construction, providing a fact-driven basis for future policy and initiatives to enhance environmental stewardship in the industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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17 pages, 10610 KB  
Article
A New Approach to Interior Design: Generating Creative Interior Design Videos of Various Design Styles from Indoor Texture-Free 3D Models
by Zichun Shao, Junming Chen, Hui Zeng, Wenjie Hu, Qiuyi Xu and Yu Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061528 - 24 May 2024
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5945
Abstract
Interior design requires designer creativity and significant workforce investments. Meanwhile, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is crucial for enhancing the creativity and efficiency of interior design. Therefore, this study proposes an innovative method to generate multistyle interior design and videos with AI. First, this study [...] Read more.
Interior design requires designer creativity and significant workforce investments. Meanwhile, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is crucial for enhancing the creativity and efficiency of interior design. Therefore, this study proposes an innovative method to generate multistyle interior design and videos with AI. First, this study created a new indoor dataset to train an AI that can generate a specified design style. Subsequently, video generation and super-resolution modules are integrated to establish an end-to-end workflow that generates interior design videos from texture-free 3D models. The proposed method utilizes AI to produce diverse interior design videos directly, thus replacing the tedious tasks of texture selection, lighting arrangement, and video rendering in traditional design processes. The research results indicate that the proposed method can effectively provide diverse interior design videos, thereby enriching design presentation and improving design efficiency. Additionally, the proposed workflow is versatile and scalable, thus holding significant reference value for transforming traditional design toward intelligence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)
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22 pages, 5378 KB  
Article
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): Analysis of the Technological Transfer Process and Innovation Dynamics in the Swiss Building Sector
by Pierluigi Bonomo and Francesco Frontini
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061510 - 23 May 2024
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7628
Abstract
Solar has confirmed its dominance among all power generation technologies, and along with the demand for zero-emission buildings, Photovoltaics (PV) is contributing to transforming the building skin. More than 200 products for Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are commercialized nowadays in the EU market. [...] Read more.
Solar has confirmed its dominance among all power generation technologies, and along with the demand for zero-emission buildings, Photovoltaics (PV) is contributing to transforming the building skin. More than 200 products for Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are commercialized nowadays in the EU market. However, only 1–3% of all PV installations are BIPV due to the weak penetration in the construction sector. At the state of the art, the sector lacks a specific analysis from a construction technology perspective, describing the dynamics and the traits that BIPV innovation articulates on construction and architectural processes. The authors, elaborating a new model from the building technology sector to explore the relationship between PV technology and architectural innovation, aim to identify the main principles, forms, and approaches that describe the structural organization of the “integrability” concept of PV in buildings. This study applies the method to a database of 233 real buildings located in Switzerland, a unique country leading with a 10% BIPV rate on PV installations documented between the years 1997 and 2023. The novel findings of the research suggest the definition of the levels of innovation and the reference traits of the innovative process of BIPV in the Swiss construction sector, which can also be used in other practical applications and contexts. The results of the paper are expected to impact both the scientific academy and the key players from the construction sector, encouraging the adoption of an integrated research and design approach to revolutionize the energy role of building skins with PV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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18 pages, 7197 KB  
Article
Research on the Digital Preservation of Architectural Heritage Based on Virtual Reality Technology
by Haohua Zheng, Leyang Chen, Hui Hu, Yihan Wang and Yangyang Wei
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051436 - 16 May 2024
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6226
Abstract
As a representative of the scientific and technological achievements of the new era, the overall development of virtual reality (VR) technology is becoming increasingly refined, which provides new development ideas and technical support in the field of ancient building restoration and architectural heritage [...] Read more.
As a representative of the scientific and technological achievements of the new era, the overall development of virtual reality (VR) technology is becoming increasingly refined, which provides new development ideas and technical support in the field of ancient building restoration and architectural heritage preservation. In this context, digital conservation and the practice of architectural heritage have become important focuses of application in the industry. This paper starts from the core concept of VR technology, analyzes the value of the application of VR technology in the protection of ancient architecture, puts forward relevant suggestions and technical application methods, and takes Red Pagoda in Fuliang County as an example. In this sense, virtual reality technology is used to restore and protect the buildings, forming a digital heritage of ancient architecture. This study first utilizes a three-dimensional laser scanning instrument to collect point cloud data, and then the plane graph is drawn by measurement. Then, an Architectural Heritage Building Information Model is created, and comprehensive information on historical buildings is integrated. Finally, VR technology is used to show the effect of digital display and preservation. This study transforms architectural cultural heritage into a shareable and renewable digital form through restoration and reproduction, interpreting and utilizing it from a new perspective and providing new ideas and methods for architectural heritage conservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Strategic Replanning and Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage)
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26 pages, 35355 KB  
Article
Exploring the Impact of Urban Morphology on Building Energy Consumption and Outdoor Comfort: A Comparative Study in Hot-Humid Climates
by Shuyan Zhu, Chenlong Ma, Zhongping Wu, Yuqing Huang and Xiao Liu
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051381 - 11 May 2024
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4542
Abstract
Research simultaneously examining building energy consumption and outdoor thermal comfort within urban environments remains limited. Few studies have delved into the sensitivity of design parameters based on building energy consumption and outdoor thermal comfort. The purpose of this study is to investigate the [...] Read more.
Research simultaneously examining building energy consumption and outdoor thermal comfort within urban environments remains limited. Few studies have delved into the sensitivity of design parameters based on building energy consumption and outdoor thermal comfort. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlations between urban morphological design parameters and performance indicators, focusing on building energy consumption and outdoor thermal comfort (UTCI), across different urban block layouts in hot-humid regions, like Guangzhou. By establishing six fundamental morphological models—three individual unit layouts and three group layouts—the research explores both control and descriptive parameters through extensive simulation studies. Scatter plot visualizations provide insights into the impacts of various design parameters on energy consumption and UTCI, facilitating a comprehensive analysis of trends and quantitative relationships. Additionally, the study conducts sensitivity analyses on design parameters under different layout conditions to highlight their influences on target performance indicators. The findings reveal common trends, such as the significant impacts of plan dimensions and the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) on energy efficiency and outdoor comfort, as well as differential patterns, such as the varying sensitivities of the Shape Factor (S/V) and the Sky View Factor (SVF), across individual and collective layouts. Ultimately, this study offers a nuanced understanding of urban block morphology’s role in creating sustainable, comfortable, and energy-efficient urban environments, providing valuable guidelines for urban form design in hot-humid climates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Performance Simulation and Building Energy Consumption Analysis)
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19 pages, 8046 KB  
Article
Sensitivity Analysis of Modal Parameters of an RC Joint Subject to Progressive Damage under Cyclic Loads
by Amedeo Gregori, Lorenzo Bizzarri, Caterina D’Agostino, Angelo Aloisio, Riccardo Cirella and Rocco Alaggio
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051345 - 9 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1586
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental study that focused on the gradual modification of the modal parameters of reinforced concrete beam–column frames subjected to progressive damage under cyclic loading. As is commonly found in structures of the 1970s, the specimen was [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of an experimental study that focused on the gradual modification of the modal parameters of reinforced concrete beam–column frames subjected to progressive damage under cyclic loading. As is commonly found in structures of the 1970s, the specimen was characterized by the absence of specific shear reinforcement in the nodal panel. The frame modal parameters were investigated using the ambient vibrations test (AVT) as a modal identification technique. In particular, quasi-static cyclic tests with increasing amplitudes were performed on the reinforced concrete frame specimen and the modal parameters were assessed at various stages of frame degradation. By establishing a correlation between the changes in the modal parameters and the mechanical indicators of the structural damage in the frame, this study aimed to determine whether the ambient vibration tests could offer meaningful insights for evaluating the structural health of this type of structural component. As a result of the damage that occurred in the tested RC frame, the residual experimental value of the first natural frequency of the specimen was found to reduce at 52.7% of the original reference value (undamaged stage). Similarly, the residual value of the frame stiffness was found to be as low as 43.82% of the initial one. Both these results confirmed that changes when monitoring the modal frequencies may provide quantitative indexes to describe the structural health of RC frames. In combination with static tests for a direct measure of the structural stiffness variations, the AVT technique was shown to have interesting potential in detecting the type, level, and distribution of the progressive damage in civil structures. In particular, exponential and polynomial regression curves were defined to describe the decay of the first natural frequency as the structural damage increased in various parts of the frame, and it was shown that the variation in the first natural frequency was determined more by the damage on the beam than by the damage on the joint. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Structural Dynamics and Analysis of Civil Structures and Engineering Materials)
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28 pages, 2631 KB  
Review
Influence of Thermal Comfort on Energy Consumption for Building Occupants: The Current State of the Art
by Victor Adetunji Arowoiya, Adetayo Olugbenga Onososen, Robert Christian Moehler and Yihai Fang
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051310 - 7 May 2024
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 11695
Abstract
Thermal comfort is a complex issue in the built environment due to the physiological and psychological differences of each individual in a building. There is a growing worry over the environmental implications of energy use as a result of the warming of the [...] Read more.
Thermal comfort is a complex issue in the built environment due to the physiological and psychological differences of each individual in a building. There is a growing worry over the environmental implications of energy use as a result of the warming of the global climate and the growth in the number of instances of extreme weather events. Many review articles have been written, but these reviews have focused on a specific aspect of occupant behavior and thermal comfort. To research the trends of thermal comfort and energy, this research adopted mixed reviews, i.e., quantitative and qualitative, to understand the state-of-the-art factors affecting the thermal comfort of occupants concerning energy, different occupant modeling approaches, functions, and limitations. The in-depth qualitative discussion provides deeper insights into the impacts of occupant behaviors, factors affecting thermal comfort, and occupant behavior modeling approaches. This study classified occupant behaviors into five categories: occupant characteristics, perceptions of the occupant, realistic behaviors, heat gain, and occupant interactions with the system. It also went further to classify the factors affecting the thermal comfort of users based on past works of literature. These include structural, environmental, and human factors. It was concluded that factors that have the most significant impact on energy are human, structural, and environmental factors, respectively. In addition, most of the occupant behavior modeling approaches that have been used in past studies have pros and cons and cannot accurately predict human behaviors because they are stochastic. Future research should be conducted on thermal comfort for different building functions by examining the varied activity intensity levels of users, especially in educational or commercial buildings. Additionally, a proper investigation should be carried out on how thermal insulation of structural members influences thermal comfort. These should be compared in two similar buildings to understand occupant behavioral actions and energy consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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28 pages, 9301 KB  
Article
Exploring the Impact of Rice Husk Ash Masonry Blocks on Building Energy Performance
by Nwakaego C. Onyenokporo, Ahmad Taki, Luis Zapata Montalvo and Muyiwa A. Oyinlola
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051290 - 2 May 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5678
Abstract
Operational building energy consumption accounts for 55% of global energy consumption. Most of this is attributed to residential buildings, as they make up the largest building type when compared to the total building stock worldwide. As the building envelope is a major contributor [...] Read more.
Operational building energy consumption accounts for 55% of global energy consumption. Most of this is attributed to residential buildings, as they make up the largest building type when compared to the total building stock worldwide. As the building envelope is a major contributor to building energy performance, especially the external walls, its optimisation is therefore imperative to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. This study set out to assess the effects of waste material additions to external walls and their effect on building energy performance. This research aimed to critically investigate the effect of rice husk ash (RHA) masonry blocks on building energy performance when compared to conventional masonry blocks in tropical climates. A mix of methods, including experimental investigation and simulation studies, were employed for this study. Three variations of RHA block samples were created for this investigation: RHA 5%, RHA 10%, and RHA 15%. Using prototype buildings from the study context, the building simulation results helped quantify the impact on building energy performance from the reuse of rice waste. The largest improvement to the building fabric was recorded with the RHA15% blocks, which resulted in a 9.9% and 11.3% reduction in solar heat gains through the external walls for the selected bungalow and duplex/storey building, respectively. This resulted in a 6.55% and 4.2% reduction in cooling loads and a 4.1% and 2.8% reduction in carbon emissions, respectively, for the bungalow and duplex/storey building. The findings of this research will prove valuable to householders, researchers, architects, and policymakers in their decision-making processes. The findings will also be useful in introducing new methods that can be adopted for similar studies, bridging the knowledge gap while promoting a circular economy through the reuse of landfilled waste. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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14 pages, 4133 KB  
Article
Comparison of Embodied Carbon Footprint of a Mass Timber Building Structure with a Steel Equivalent
by Mahboobeh Hemmati, Tahar Messadi, Hongmei Gu, Jacob Seddelmeyer and Moein Hemmati
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051276 - 1 May 2024
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 14287
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to quantify and compare the embodied carbon (EC) from the materials used or designed to build the Adohi Hall, a residence building located on the University of Arkansas campus in Fayetteville, AR. It has been constructed [...] Read more.
The main purpose of this study is to quantify and compare the embodied carbon (EC) from the materials used or designed to build the Adohi Hall, a residence building located on the University of Arkansas campus in Fayetteville, AR. It has been constructed as a mass timber structure. It is compared to the same building design with a steel frame for this study. Based on the defined goal and scope of the project, all materials used in the building structure are compared for their global warming potential (GWP) impact by applying a life cycle assessment (LCA) using a cradle-to-construction site system boundary. This comparative building LCA comprises the product stage (including raw material extraction, processing, transporting, and manufacturing) plus transportation to the construction site (nodule A1–A4, according to standard EN 15804 definitions). In this study, GWP is primarily assessed with the exclusion of other environmental factors. Tally®, as one of the most popular LCA tools for buildings, is used in this comparative LCA analysis. In this study, the substitution of mass timber for a steel structure with a corrugated steel deck and concrete topping offers a promising opportunity to understand the GWP impact of each structure. Mass timber structures exhibit superior environmental attributes considering the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq). Emissions per square meter of gross floor area for mass timber stand at 198 kg, in stark contrast to the 243 kg CO2 eq recorded for steel structures. This means the mass timber building achieved a 19% reduction in carbon emissions compared to the functional equivalent steel structure within the building modules A1 to A4 studied. When considering carbon storage, about 2757 tonnes of CO2 eq are stored in the mass timber building, presenting further benefits of carbon emission delays for the life span of the structure. The substitution benefit from this construction case was studied through the displacement factor (DF) quantification following the standard process. A 0.28 DF was obtained when using mass timber over steel in the structure. This study provides insights into making more environmentally efficient decisions in buildings and helps in the move forward to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and address GWP mitigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Buildings in the Built Environment)
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21 pages, 10269 KB  
Article
Indoor Light Environment Factors That Affect the Psychological Satisfaction of Occupants in Office Facilities
by Kirim Kim and Kyungsun Lee
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1248; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051248 - 28 Apr 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6432
Abstract
Recently, human well-being has emerged as a pivotal concern that affects not only quality of life but also social and economic dimensions. Lighting in office spaces is crucial for the health and cognitive function of occupants, and various methods are used to assess [...] Read more.
Recently, human well-being has emerged as a pivotal concern that affects not only quality of life but also social and economic dimensions. Lighting in office spaces is crucial for the health and cognitive function of occupants, and various methods are used to assess it. However, there is still a lack of research investigating the relationship between lighting satisfaction and its key factors in diverse spaces. This study focused on the office light environment, using quantitative and qualitative data analysis to understand occupants’ satisfaction and the factors influenced by lighting characteristics. According to the results, occupant satisfaction was higher in light environments with illuminance levels exceeding the appropriate illuminance standard. Furthermore, the influx of daylight and its influencing factors, such as daylight exposure and window size, played a significant role in enhancing satisfaction. However, while daylight was a primary source of glare, its mitigation was not solely reliant on installations, such as blinds; architectural designs, including space arrangement, were also crucial in addressing it. Furthermore, the perception of the lighting environment varied based on work behaviors and spatial arrangements, influencing satisfaction with the lighting conditions. Therefore, a comprehensive approach that considers lighting elements, human behavior, and architectural design is essential in creating a lighting environment for office occupants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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19 pages, 4351 KB  
Article
Advancing Urban Building Energy Modeling: Building Energy Simulations for Three Commercial Building Stocks through Archetype Development
by Md. Uzzal Hossain, Isabella Cicco and Melissa M. Bilec
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051241 - 27 Apr 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4667
Abstract
Urban building energy models (UBEMs), developed to understand the energy performance of building stocks of a region, can aid in key decisions related to energy policy and climate change solutions. However, creating a city-scale UBEM is challenging due to the requirements of diverse [...] Read more.
Urban building energy models (UBEMs), developed to understand the energy performance of building stocks of a region, can aid in key decisions related to energy policy and climate change solutions. However, creating a city-scale UBEM is challenging due to the requirements of diverse geometric and non-geometric datasets. Thus, we aimed to further elucidate the process of creating a UBEM with disparate and scarce data based on a bottom-up, physics-based approach. We focused on three typically overlooked but functionally important commercial building stocks, which are sales and shopping, healthcare facilities, and food sales and services, in the region of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. We harvested relevant local building information and employed photogrammetry and image processing. We created archetypes for key building types, designed 3D buildings with SketchUp, and performed an energy analysis using EnergyPlus. The average annual simulated energy use intensities (EUIs) were 528 kWh/m2, 822 kWh/m2, and 2894 kWh/m2 for sales and shopping, healthcare facilities, and food sales and services, respectively. In addition to variations found in the simulated energy use pattern among the stocks, considerable variations were observed within buildings of the same stock. About 9% and 11% errors were observed for sales and shopping and healthcare facilities when validating the simulated results with the actual data. The suggested energy conservation measures could reduce the annual EUI by 10–26% depending on the building use type. The UBEM results can assist in finding energy-efficient retrofit solutions with respect to the energy and carbon reduction goal for commercial building stocks at the city scale. The limitations highlighted may be considered for higher accuracy, and the UBEM has a high potential to integrate with urban climate and energy models, circular economy, and life cycle assessment for sustainable urban planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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19 pages, 3081 KB  
Review
Shear Strength of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams without Stirrups—A Review Based on a Database
by Yuan Huang and Gaozhan Yao
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051212 - 24 Apr 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3589
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive study on ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) beams without stirrups, where the test data of 487 beams were collected, and an experimental database was established. Four distinct shear strength calculation models for UHPC beams were examined in the study. These [...] Read more.
This paper presents a comprehensive study on ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) beams without stirrups, where the test data of 487 beams were collected, and an experimental database was established. Four distinct shear strength calculation models for UHPC beams were examined in the study. These models were created from national specification guides. The results indicate that while the code equation is useful for predicting UHPC beam shear capacity, it consistently underestimates actual values, with a mean experimental-to-calculated ratio above 1.5. The database was also used to study the impacts of the compressive strength of UHPC, the shear span-to-depth ratio, the fiber volume fraction, and the reinforcement ratio on the shear strength of UHPC beams. The findings showed that the shear span-to-depth ratio significantly affected the shear load-bearing capacity of UHPC beams. The increase in the compressive strength of UHPC, fiber volume fraction, and reinforcement ratio positively affected the shear strength of UHPC beams to varying degrees. Additionally, there were size effects for beams with a shear span-to-depth ratio of less than 1.5 and an effective depth of more than 300. In addition, coefficients accounting for fiber influence and the shear span-to-depth ratio were incorporated to develop an enhanced formula for UHPC beams. The empirical data from the database tests revealed that the average ratio of the beams’ experimental shear capacity to the values predicted by the modified equation is 1.3, with a standard deviation of 0.74. These results suggest that the refined equation offers improved calculation precision and broader applicability. Eventually, a summary of the issues pertaining to the shear performance of UHPC beams and the key future research directions is provided to facilitate a clearer comprehension and awareness of emerging concepts for scholars within the discipline. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural and Computational Mechanics of Steel/Concrete Structures)
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28 pages, 2162 KB  
Article
Enhancing Drone Operator Competency within the Construction Industry: Assessing Training Needs and Roadmap for Skill Development
by Janet Mayowa Nwaogu, Yang Yang, Albert P. C. Chan and Xiaowei Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1153; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041153 - 19 Apr 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5637
Abstract
Industry 5.0 is expected to solve the issue of job insecurity and reluctance to adopt emerging technologies in Industry 4.0 through increased workforce participation. To achieve that, proactive training should be afforded to enable the workforce to co-work with new technologies. Drones are [...] Read more.
Industry 5.0 is expected to solve the issue of job insecurity and reluctance to adopt emerging technologies in Industry 4.0 through increased workforce participation. To achieve that, proactive training should be afforded to enable the workforce to co-work with new technologies. Drones are an emerging technology increasingly adopted in construction, which has enormous data collection and safety implications when operational skills are inadequate. Yet, current drone training programs appear to be generic, and their ability to equip operators for flying tasks is questioned. This study aims to answer this question by assessing the adequacy of existing drone training programs and proposing training needs and strategies for drone operators in the construction industry. Data collected using semi-structured interviews from 22 purposively selected respondents in Hong Kong and desk research of websites were subjected to inductive content and thematic analysis using MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2022 software and narrative review. It was deduced that drone training courses in Hong Kong were mostly generic (UAS Pilot Training—Level 1, FPV operation). Interviewees considered existing drone training/training courses as inadequate for four reasons, including “lack of context-fitting considerations”, “incompetence of drone operators”, and “lack of demand/interest”. Regarding the need for specialized drone training courses, two barriers and two training ecosystem themes emerged, with the high cost of specialized courses being a potential barrier to adoption since they could hamper enrolment. The training ecosystem themes were consistent with the “the training is inadequate” theme. This study proposes two drone operation training strategies: “competence-based training” and a “train-the-trainer” model. Drone training courses or programs under each training strategy should include (i) training content such as “safety training” and off-GPS training and (ii) knowledge and skill maintenance measures such as mandatory continuous professional development and retraining techniques. The proposed training strategies will equip operators to work efficiently and safely with drones. The study offers valuable references for training organizations and government authorities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workforce Development and Education in the Construction Industry: Challenges and Strategies)
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25 pages, 9755 KB  
Article
Rotational Stiffening Performance of Roof Folded Plates in Torsion Tests and the Stiffening Effect of Roof Folded Plates on the Lateral Buckling of H Beams in Steel Structures
by Yuki Yoshino and Yoshihiro Kimura
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041158 - 19 Apr 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2114
Abstract
Non-structural members, such as roofs and ceilings, become affixed to main beams that are known as structural members. When such main beams experience bending or compressive forces that lead to lateral buckling, non-structural members may act to restrain the resulting lateral buckling deformation. [...] Read more.
Non-structural members, such as roofs and ceilings, become affixed to main beams that are known as structural members. When such main beams experience bending or compressive forces that lead to lateral buckling, non-structural members may act to restrain the resulting lateral buckling deformation. Nevertheless, neither Japanese nor European guidelines advocate for the utilization of non-structural members as lateral buckling stiffeners for beams. Additionally, local buckling ensues near the bolt apertures in the beam–roof folded plate connection due to the torsional deformation induced by the lateral buckling of the H beam, thereby reducing the rotational stiffness of the roof folded plate to a percentage of its ideal stiffness. This paper conducts torsional experiments on roof folded plates, and with various connection methods between these plates and the beams, to comprehend the deformation mechanism of roof folded plates and the relationship between their rotational stiffness and the torsional moment. Then, the relationship between the demand values against restraining the lateral buckling of the main beam and the experimentally determined bearing capacity of the roof folded plate is elucidated. Results indicate the efficacy of utilizing the roof folded plate as a continuous brace. The lateral buckling design capacity of H beams that are continuously stiffened by roof folded plates is elucidated via application of a connection method that ensures joint stiffness between the roof folded plate and the beam while using Japanese and European design codes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural and Mechanical Performances of Structures and Materials)
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15 pages, 1701 KB  
Article
Proposal of Empirical Equations for Masonry Compressive Strength: Considering the Compressive Strength Difference between Bricks and Mortar
by Karishma Nazimi, Juan Jose Castro, Shogo Omi and Bimkubwa Seif Ali
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041138 - 18 Apr 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5414
Abstract
Solid brick masonry poses challenges in predicting compressive strength due to its non-homogeneous and anisotropic nature, compounded by variations in the properties of the constituent bricks and mortar. This research addresses this issue through secondary analysis and examining the interplay between brick-and-mortar compressive [...] Read more.
Solid brick masonry poses challenges in predicting compressive strength due to its non-homogeneous and anisotropic nature, compounded by variations in the properties of the constituent bricks and mortar. This research addresses this issue through secondary analysis and examining the interplay between brick-and-mortar compressive strengths. Contrary to existing empirical equations for predicting masonry compressive strength, regression analysis was conducted on test specimens categorized into two groups based on the relative strength of the constitutive materials: Group 1, masonry specimens with bricks stronger than mortar (fb > fj), and Group 2, specimens where the mortar has higher compressive strength than the bricks (fj > fb). Additionally, the calculated impact of factors like the slenderness ratio and mortar-to-brick joint thickness ratio on masonry compressive strength highlights the need for more precise compressive strength predictions. The results emphasize the importance of considering the individual contributions of bricks and mortar to the overall compressive strength, shedding light on how these components affect structural behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative and Sustainable Materials for Strengthening and Rehabilitation of Building Structures)
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16 pages, 1636 KB  
Article
Semantic Enrichment of BIM: The Role of Machine Learning-Based Image Recognition
by Claudio Mirarchi, Maryam Gholamzadehmir, Bruno Daniotti and Alberto Pavan
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041122 - 17 Apr 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3565
Abstract
Building Information Modelling (BIM) revolutionizes the construction industry by digitally simulating real-world entities through a defined and shared semantic structure. However, graphical information included in BIM models often contains more detailed data compared to the corresponding semantic or computable data. This inconsistency creates [...] Read more.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) revolutionizes the construction industry by digitally simulating real-world entities through a defined and shared semantic structure. However, graphical information included in BIM models often contains more detailed data compared to the corresponding semantic or computable data. This inconsistency creates an asymmetry, where valuable details present in the graphical renderings are absent from the semantic description of the model. Such an issue limits the accuracy and comprehensiveness of BIM models, constraining their full utilization for efficient decision-making and collaboration in the construction process. To tackle this challenge, this paper presents a novel approach that utilizes Machine Learning (ML) to mediate the disparity between graphical and semantic information. The proposed methodology operates by automatically extracting relevant details from graphical information and transforming them into semantically meaningful and computable data. A comprehensive empirical evaluation shows that the presented approach effectively bridges the gap between graphical and computable information with an accuracy of over 80% on average, unlocking the potential for a more accurate representation of information within BIM models and enhancing decision-making and collaboration/utility in construction processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Digital Construction Management)
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23 pages, 1774 KB  
Review
A Review of Digital Twin Technologies for Enhanced Sustainability in the Construction Industry
by Zichao Zhang, Zhuangkun Wei, Samuel Court, Lichao Yang, Shuozhi Wang, Arjun Thirunavukarasu and Yifan Zhao
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041113 - 16 Apr 2024
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 14867
Abstract
Carbon emissions present a pressing challenge to the traditional construction industry, urging a fundamental shift towards more sustainable practices and materials. Recent advances in sensors, data fusion techniques, and artificial intelligence have enabled integrated digital technologies (e.g., digital twins) as a promising trend [...] Read more.
Carbon emissions present a pressing challenge to the traditional construction industry, urging a fundamental shift towards more sustainable practices and materials. Recent advances in sensors, data fusion techniques, and artificial intelligence have enabled integrated digital technologies (e.g., digital twins) as a promising trend to achieve emission reduction and net-zero. While digital twins in the construction sector have shown rapid growth in recent years, most applications focus on the improvement of productivity, safety and management. There is a lack of critical review and discussion of state-of-the-art digital twins to improve sustainability in this sector, particularly in reducing carbon emissions. This paper reviews the existing research where digital twins have been directly used to enhance sustainability throughout the entire life cycle of a building (including design, construction, operation and maintenance, renovation, and demolition). Additionally, we introduce a conceptual framework for this industry, which involves the elements of the entire digital twin implementation process, and discuss the challenges faced during deployment, along with potential research opportunities. A proof-of-concept example is also presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed conceptual framework and potential of digital twins for enhanced sustainability. This study aims to inspire more forward-thinking research and innovation to fully exploit digital twin technologies and transform the traditional construction industry into a more sustainable sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Twin in the Construction Industry—Advances and Challenges)
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27 pages, 13455 KB  
Article
Integrating Drone Imagery and AI for Improved Construction Site Management through Building Information Modeling
by Wonjun Choi, Seunguk Na and Seokjae Heo
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041106 - 15 Apr 2024
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 9102
Abstract
In the rapidly advancing field of construction, digital site management and Building Information Modeling (BIM) are pivotal. This study explores the integration of drone imagery into the digital construction site management process, aiming to create BIM models with enhanced object recognition capabilities. Initially, [...] Read more.
In the rapidly advancing field of construction, digital site management and Building Information Modeling (BIM) are pivotal. This study explores the integration of drone imagery into the digital construction site management process, aiming to create BIM models with enhanced object recognition capabilities. Initially, the research sought to achieve photorealistic rendering of point cloud models (PCMs) using blur/sharpen filters and generative adversarial network (GAN) models. However, these techniques did not fully meet the desired outcomes for photorealistic rendering. The research then shifted to investigating additional methods, such as fine-tuning object recognition algorithms with real-world datasets, to improve object recognition accuracy. The study’s findings present a nuanced understanding of the limitations and potential pathways for achieving photorealistic rendering in PCM, underscoring the complexity of the task and laying the groundwork for future innovations in this area. Although the study faced challenges in attaining the original goal of photorealistic rendering for object detection, it contributes valuable insights that may inform future research and technological development in digital construction site management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Technologies in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC))
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20 pages, 4920 KB  
Article
Effect of Microwave Pretreatment on the Properties and Microstructure of Low-Concentration Carbon Dioxide Early Cured Cement-Based Materials
by Xiao Liang, Maosen Li, Lu Wang and Shuhua Liu
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041074 - 12 Apr 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1955
Abstract
The utilization of microwave drying technology has expanded across various sectors due to its rapid processing speed, reduced operation time, lower sample temperatures, and consistent heating. In this research, microwave pretreatment was implemented prior to carbonation curing with low concentrations, and an array [...] Read more.
The utilization of microwave drying technology has expanded across various sectors due to its rapid processing speed, reduced operation time, lower sample temperatures, and consistent heating. In this research, microwave pretreatment was implemented prior to carbonation curing with low concentrations, and an array of tests including moisture content, compressive strength, carbonation depth, CO2 absorptivity, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were utilized to investigate the effect of microwave pretreatment on the properties and microstructure of cementitious materials under early carbonation curing with low CO2 concentrations. The findings reveal that microwave pretreatment significantly decreases the moisture content within the test specimens, expediting the ingress of CO2 and improving the compressive strength of the specimens. At the same time, the effectiveness of microwave pretreatment in reducing moisture content diminishes as the pretreatment time increases. The absorption of CO2 is relatively rapid in the early stage of carbonation curing, with over 50% of the CO2 absorption occurring within the 0–6 h period of carbonation curing. The hydration products and microstructure of the uncarbonated part inside the specimens are generally consistent with the normal curing state. The formation of CaCO3 contributed to the densification of the specimen by infilling its internal voids, thereby enhancing its compressive strength. Although carbonation curing enlarges the average pore size of the samples, it also serves a filling function, making the samples more compact and reducing the porosity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Building Materials and Intelligent Construction Technology)
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21 pages, 17731 KB  
Article
Seismic Damage Probability Assessment of Existing Reinforced Concrete School Buildings in Afghanistan
by Sayed Qudratullah Sharafi and Taiki Saito
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041054 - 10 Apr 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3297
Abstract
Existing Reinforced Concrete School buildings with low earthquake resistance may suffer structural failure or severe damage in a catastrophic seismic event. Ascertaining earthquake resistance in existing school buildings is vital to confirming the safety of students, teachers, and all school members. Reinforced concrete [...] Read more.
Existing Reinforced Concrete School buildings with low earthquake resistance may suffer structural failure or severe damage in a catastrophic seismic event. Ascertaining earthquake resistance in existing school buildings is vital to confirming the safety of students, teachers, and all school members. Reinforced concrete (RC) has been used significantly for numerous years as the primary material due to its easy access and low cost-effectiveness in construction. The current research focused on analyzing the existing RC school buildings designed and constructed in various regions of Afghanistan over the last three decades. Seismic fragility curves, which are generated from incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), have been used to evaluate the damage probability of RC school buildings against earthquake ground motions. In this investigation, 34 RC school buildings were selected from an extensive database and subsequently classified as either A-type or B-type based on specific criteria, including design details and construction year. Following this classification, an assessment of the seismic damage probability for these buildings was conducted using probabilistic models based on IDA curves. The results indicate that A-type school buildings with newer construction are less prone to damage compared to B-type school buildings, showing improved resilience. Especially the B-type buildings in seismic Zone-I are found to be highly vulnerable under the maximum considered earthquake scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Structures)
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28 pages, 53716 KB  
Article
Evaluation of the New European Bauhaus in Urban Plans by Land Use Occurrence Indicators: A Case Study in Rijeka, Croatia
by Bojan Bilić and Krunoslav Šmit
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041058 - 10 Apr 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2786
Abstract
The aim of the research is to provide a numerical evaluation of the occurrence of New European Bauhaus (NEB) principles in urban plans, using four key indicators: GI (green infrastructure), POS (public open space), PSN (public and social needs), and UR (urban reconstruction). [...] Read more.
The aim of the research is to provide a numerical evaluation of the occurrence of New European Bauhaus (NEB) principles in urban plans, using four key indicators: GI (green infrastructure), POS (public open space), PSN (public and social needs), and UR (urban reconstruction). The initial step in the research involves determining numerical quantitative indicators with target reference values, which are then used as a measure of compliance with the vision of the NEB. Indicators are modeled based on elements embedded in urban plans and implemented in a framework for evaluating these plans. Through the analysis of collected data, a comparison is made with the set goals and values of the NEB, thus enabling the assignment of ratings for occurrence and identification of areas where improvements are needed. The research results for Rijeka point to the need for planning new green areas, maintaining and developing street networks, and increasing pedestrian and park areas. Additionally, there is a suggested need to increase content to meet public and social needs and expand areas planned for urban reconstruction. The research results emphasize the importance of monitoring and adjusting urban plans to the NEB platform to achieve sustainable and balanced urban development goals, highlighting the need for continuous improvement in the quality of urban planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New European Bauhaus (NEB) in Architecture, Construction and Urbanism)
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20 pages, 2493 KB  
Article
Healing Architecture in Mental Health Facilities in the New European Bauhaus Context
by Joanna Jablonska and Jozefina Furmanczyk
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041056 - 10 Apr 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 14278
Abstract
The processes of health building design issues overlap, like the complexity of architecture, technology, and protection of human well-being. It becomes necessary to use a holistic and empathized approach. They meet the concept of the New European Bauhaus (NEB) in terms of attention [...] Read more.
The processes of health building design issues overlap, like the complexity of architecture, technology, and protection of human well-being. It becomes necessary to use a holistic and empathized approach. They meet the concept of the New European Bauhaus (NEB) in terms of attention to the aspects of comprehensive design with a focus on humans and their environment. The investigation focused on psychiatric hospitals with an ever-growing demand for treatment places. Accordingly, this article shows the healing architecture’s examination and the environment in healthcare facilities. The POE method was used by investigating the examples. Research contained the technical, functional, spatial, and behavioral qualities of existing psychiatric hospitals. By presenting elements that positively affect the well-being of users, we indicate good practices that bring psycho-physical benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New European Bauhaus (NEB) in Architecture, Construction and Urbanism)
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18 pages, 296 KB  
Article
Power Dynamics in Collaborative Governance Processes: A Case Study of a Disadvantaged Neighbourhood in Southern Spain
by Antonio Delgado-Baena and Antonio Sianes
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041002 - 4 Apr 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4391
Abstract
This study focuses on assessing collaborative governance from the perspective of power dynamics in a disadvantaged neighbourhood in southern Spain: Las Palmeras. Increasing global urbanisation in recent decades has exacerbated problems of segregation within cities, posing a major challenge to achieving healthy urban [...] Read more.
This study focuses on assessing collaborative governance from the perspective of power dynamics in a disadvantaged neighbourhood in southern Spain: Las Palmeras. Increasing global urbanisation in recent decades has exacerbated problems of segregation within cities, posing a major challenge to achieving healthy urban environments for harmonious coexistence. Public policies have struggled to address this challenge, particularly following the adoption of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which have underlined the importance of fostering inclusiveness and sustainability in urban environments. In this context, collaborative governance has emerged as a prominent strategy for democratising the implementation of public policies in urban contexts. However, the efficacy of collaborative governance is hampered by the dynamics of power relations, which limits its effectiveness. The aim of this study is understanding how these dynamics mediate collaborative processes in urban regeneration contexts, an area little addressed so far. Through a case study and the systematisation of experiences, the study proposes strategic recommendations for managing these dynamics within collaborative governance. The insights drawn from this study can serve as a basis for better addressing urban challenges, thus fostering greater inclusiveness and sustainability in urban areas as well as offering valid lines for future research in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Urban and Regional Planning)
19 pages, 7068 KB  
Article
Rebound Characteristics of Wet-Shotcrete Particle Flow Jet from Wall Based on CFD-DEM
by Lianjun Chen, Yang Zhang, Pengcheng Li and Gang Pan
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040977 - 2 Apr 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2844
Abstract
This paper aims to reveal the motion law and collision behaviors of shotcrete particle flow jets. A physical model of the jet flow field composed of a nozzle structure and jet area was constructed and meshes with various sizes were used to mesh [...] Read more.
This paper aims to reveal the motion law and collision behaviors of shotcrete particle flow jets. A physical model of the jet flow field composed of a nozzle structure and jet area was constructed and meshes with various sizes were used to mesh the nozzle and jet area. With the basic contact parameters and contact model parameters of the particles set, the CFD-DEM-coupling simulation method was adopted to perform the numerical simulation of concrete-particle-flow-jet impingement. The variation laws of the continuous-phase velocity and pressure drop of the shotcrete, coarse-aggregate motion characteristics, and particle collision behavior under the interaction of the continuous and discrete phases were obtained. The results showed that the velocity field and pressure-drop field of the continuous phase had an ideal symmetry in the XY plane in the stable injection stage, the continuous-phase velocity gradually increased inside the nozzle and gradually decreased after entering the jet area, the continuous-phase pressure drop was the maximum at the nozzle inlet, and the pressure value at the nozzle outlet became atmospheric pressure. The central axis of the particle flow jet was displaced by 0.15 m in the negative direction of the Y-axis under the action of gravity, the diffusion angle of the small particles that exited the nozzle and entered the jet area was larger than that of the large particles, and the large-particle jets were more concentrated and easier to spray into the designated spraying areas. The particle flow reached a stable jet state about 0.3 s after the jet began, and the peak velocity of the 4 mm particles in the flow reached 25 m/s, while the peak velocity of the 12 mm particles was only 19 m/s. The acceleration time for particles of different sizes to reach the peak velocity also varied, and the large particles took longer to reach the maximum velocity: small particles reached their peak within 0.4 m–8 m of the jet area, and large particles reached their peak within 0.8 m–1.2 m of the jet area. The particle velocity peaked within 0.6 m–1 m of the jet area. Particle collision took three forms: particle collision with the inner wall of the nozzle, interparticle collision, and particle collision with the sprayed wall. The collision between the particles and the sprayed wall was the main form leading to the rebound of the wet shotcrete, and the rebound angle after particle collision was uncertain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Evaluation of Concrete Structures and/or High-Performance Concrete/Cement-Based Composite Structures)
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24 pages, 12091 KB  
Article
Numerical Evaluation of the Punching Shear Strength of Flat Slabs Subjected to Balanced and Unbalanced Moments
by Roberta Prado Mendes, Leonardo Carvalho Mesquita, Maurício Pina Ferreira, Leandro Mouta Trautwein, Markssuel Teixeira Marvila and Marília Gonçalves Marques
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040985 - 2 Apr 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3803
Abstract
In reinforced concrete flat slab buildings, the transference of unbalanced moments in the slab–column connections usually results from the asymmetry of spans, vertical loads, and horizontal forces from the wind. The punching strength of the slab–column connections can limit the load-carrying capacity of [...] Read more.
In reinforced concrete flat slab buildings, the transference of unbalanced moments in the slab–column connections usually results from the asymmetry of spans, vertical loads, and horizontal forces from the wind. The punching strength of the slab–column connections can limit the load-carrying capacity of the structure in these cases, leading to structural collapse. The design code provisions are still based on empirical or semi-empirical equations; as the punching shear failure mechanisms are complex, and the ultimate strength is affected by several parameters. In this context, this paper presents the results of the computational investigation of the mechanical behaviour of flat slabs subjected to balanced and unbalanced moments using numerical Finite Element models. The numerical models were calibrated and accurately reproduced the behaviour and the punching resistance for concentric and eccentric loading. Furthermore, a parametric study was conducted to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of flat slabs under different load eccentricities, confirming that the increase in the unbalanced moment negatively impacts the load-carrying capacity of the slab–column connection. Furthermore, it was observed that all computational results obtained from models with unbalanced bending moments were higher than those estimated by the design codes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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14 pages, 5204 KB  
Article
Application of Sustainable Wood-Plastic Composites in Energy-Efficient Construction
by Yeng-Fong Shih, Chun-Wei Chang, Teng-Hsiang Hsu and Wei-Yi Dai
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040958 - 1 Apr 2024
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3971
Abstract
Wood–plastic composites (WPCs), abbreviated as WPCs, are typically composite materials made by mixing wood flour and thermoplastic resins, and then shaped through processes such as extrusion or compression. They have emerged as a viable and advanced alternative to traditional wood and plastic materials, [...] Read more.
Wood–plastic composites (WPCs), abbreviated as WPCs, are typically composite materials made by mixing wood flour and thermoplastic resins, and then shaped through processes such as extrusion or compression. They have emerged as a viable and advanced alternative to traditional wood and plastic materials, offering an amalgamation of the best properties of both. This study utilized discarded milk bottles as the polymer matrix (mainly composed of high-density polyethylene, HDPE) and added wood flour, recycled protective clothing (Tyvek®), and diatomite recycled from brewery waste as reinforcement. Additionally, pre-treated aluminum hydroxide powder from waste artificial marble was added. The results indicated that the optimal processing temperature for the WPCs was 175 °C. The mechanical properties of the material increased with the addition of recycled protective clothing and pre-treated aluminum hydroxide powder. The increase in tensile strength can reach up to 28%. The thermal conductivity of the WPCs also significantly increased with the addition of pre-treated aluminum hydroxide powder. Furthermore, sunlight analysis showed that the surface temperature of the WPCs decreased by approximately 8.5 °C, which corresponds to a reduction of 13% after adding pre-treated aluminum hydroxide powder. Therefore, they can be applied to outdoor cool WPCs to reduce the risk of foot burns or used as roof heat-insulating layers to reduce indoor air conditioning usage, achieving energy-saving and carbon reduction. This study demonstrates that high-performance and high-value green plastics made from various recycled materials can contribute to the goals of a circular economy and sustainable carbon reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development: New Trends in Energy Saving, Carbon Reduction and Green Building Materials—2nd Edition)
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26 pages, 4954 KB  
Review
Recent Advances of Self-Healing Materials for Civil Engineering: Models and Simulations
by Cen-Ying Liao, Lin Zhang, Si-Yu Hu, Shuai-Jie Xia and D. M. Li
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040961 - 1 Apr 2024
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 12902
Abstract
Empowering materials with self-healing capabilities is an attractive approach for sustainable development. This strategy involves using different methods to automatically heal microcracks and damages that occur during the service life of materials or structures. Initially, this study begins with an in-depth exploration of [...] Read more.
Empowering materials with self-healing capabilities is an attractive approach for sustainable development. This strategy involves using different methods to automatically heal microcracks and damages that occur during the service life of materials or structures. Initially, this study begins with an in-depth exploration of self-healing characteristics found in materials such as concrete, asphalt, and polymers. The differences and comparative merits and demerits between autogenous (intrinsic) healing and autonomic (extrinsic) healing are discussed, and it is found that intrinsic healing is more promising. Subsequently, the study explores how models are applied to assess self-healing efficiency. The results indicate that time and temperature have significant impacts on the self-healing process. However, there is a scarcity of research exploring the effects of load factors during service life. Computational simulation methodologies for microcapsules and asphalt within self-healing materials are investigated. Multiscale characterization and machine learning can further elucidate the healing mechanisms and facilitate the establishment of computational models. This study endeavors to realize the maximum capabilities of self-healing materials, paving the way for the design of sustainable and more effective self-repairing materials for various applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Numerical and Computer Methods in Civil Engineering—2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 6775 KB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Effect of Steel Reinforcement Ration on the Cracking Behaviour of FRP-Strengthened RC Elements
by Andrea Armonico, Laurent Michel, Mohamed Saidi and Emmanuel Ferrier
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040950 - 30 Mar 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1944
Abstract
This paper examines the cracking behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer. The crack opening of RC structures is a key parameter for the durability of concrete structures. It is of vital importance for designers to be able to [...] Read more.
This paper examines the cracking behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer. The crack opening of RC structures is a key parameter for the durability of concrete structures. It is of vital importance for designers to be able to make correct estimations of the crack opening values of strengthened structures. FRP strengthening affects the cracking behaviour of RC beams with different steel percentages. Beams have been tested under four-point bending mechanical tests until failure with three steel ratios and two layers of externally bonded wet carbon fibers (CFRP). In order to measure the crack opening during loading, Digital Image Correlation is used to obtain the crack opening along the beam during load functioning. The results allow for a comparison of the RC beams with and without FRP and enhance the effect of FRP on crack opening. The crack width was compared with the theoretical values obtained based on the relation proposed by Eurocode 2 (EC2). The comparison enhanced the need to propose a modified relation. Subsequently, an empirical model was established as a modification of EC2, considering the presence of a CFRP system. The corresponding results were compared and discussed to validate the model. For the same level of loads, the crack opening can be reduced by 20 to 50% depending on the level of steel ratio. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber-Reinforced Polymers and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete in Civil Engineering)
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24 pages, 11999 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Consolidating Treatments in Pugliese Tuff (Gravina Calcarenite) Used in Italian Heritage Buildings
by Jose Antonio Huesca-Tortosa, Yolanda Spairani-Berrio, Cristiano Giuseppe Coviello, Maria Francesca Sabbà, Fabio Rizzo and Dora Foti
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040940 - 29 Mar 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1963
Abstract
This work evaluates the effectiveness of various consolidating treatments applied to Pugliese tuff (Gravina Calcarenite). This type of stone has been used in numerous historic buildings in the Puglia area (southeast of Italy), which presents durability problems due to high porosity, low cohesion [...] Read more.
This work evaluates the effectiveness of various consolidating treatments applied to Pugliese tuff (Gravina Calcarenite). This type of stone has been used in numerous historic buildings in the Puglia area (southeast of Italy), which presents durability problems due to high porosity, low cohesion between clasts, and low mechanical resistance. Eco-friendly treatments that generate CaCO3 have been selected, specifically bioconsolidant KBYO biological and lime water, which a priori are capable of consolidating without occluding the pores or reducing them excessively, thereby creating compounds similar to those contained in the stone and being respectful of the environment. Nano-sized treatments have also been tested, including nanosilica and nanolime, to compare results with eco-friendly treatments. The bioconsolidating treatment has been applied in two different ways, the usual way consisting of two applications a day for 7 days, as well as a double treatment that is applied in two batches of 7 days with a rest of 7 days between applications. Double treatment has shown a great improvement in consolidation compared to the usual 7-day application; this treatment has obtained the best results in both mechanical and petrophysical properties. This study not only demonstrates the effectiveness of the bioconsolidant but also expands eco-friendly conservation strategies to improve the preservation of historical structures built in calcarenite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Building Materials: Recycled Waste and Sustainable Design)
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20 pages, 9752 KB  
Article
Passivation of Steel Reinforcement in Low Carbon Concrete
by Rebecca Achenbach and Michael Raupach
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040895 - 26 Mar 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2150
Abstract
Both the high CO2 emissions associated with cement production and the increasing demand for concrete call for the use of binder types that can be produced in a more climate-friendly way than that of ordinary Portland cement. To ensure that these binders [...] Read more.
Both the high CO2 emissions associated with cement production and the increasing demand for concrete call for the use of binder types that can be produced in a more climate-friendly way than that of ordinary Portland cement. To ensure that these binders can also be used in reinforced concrete structures, their influence on the corrosion behavior of embedded steel reinforcement must be investigated. In the study presented here, the passivation behavior of steel in mortars made from various new types of binders is investigated. In addition to alkali-activated materials with high and low calcium contents, a calcium sulfoaluminate cement and a binder produced from calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) phases, synthesized in an autoclave, were investigated. While the steel clearly passivated in the alkali-activated slag and the C-S-H binder, the calcium sulfoaluminate cement showed the lowest open circuit potentials and polarization resistances, indicating a less effective level of passivation. The metakaolin geopolymer with a potassium-based activator showed an onset of passivation that was dependent on the environment of the specimens at an early age, whereas the alkali-activated fly ash with a sodium-based activator showed a delay in passivation that was not influenced by the environment of the specimens at an early age. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Corrosion Protection for Buildings and Structures)
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38 pages, 16629 KB  
Article
Beauty and Utility in Architecture, Interior Design and in the New European Bauhaus Concepts
by Przemyslaw Nowakowski
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040870 - 23 Mar 2024
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8989
Abstract
Appreciating beauty is a positive human feeling. In architecture and design, it is associated with the usefulness of products to meet needs. Those products are well received by users. The designer’s task is to achieve perfection in their work. The rational design of [...] Read more.
Appreciating beauty is a positive human feeling. In architecture and design, it is associated with the usefulness of products to meet needs. Those products are well received by users. The designer’s task is to achieve perfection in their work. The rational design of artificial living environments is also an expression of concern for a sustainable environment. The interdisciplinary New European Bauhaus is interested in these issues. This paper indicates the role of beauty and utility in the built environment. They are analyzed in the context of social and technical conditions and contemporary sustainable design. Its goal is to expand the knowledge of beauty and usefulness in architecture. They are increasingly important in the sustainable development of the built environment. This article uses research methods: interpretive research, analyses, comparisons, logical argumentation, etc. Innovative qualitative research in the form of a checklist is used. This survey can be used to rationally evaluate architecture and interior facilities. It can be helpful for various sustainable aesthetic and functional strategies dedicated to designers and users. It indicates possible directions for further assessment of architecture, e.g., in the context of management, environment and identity in the era of digitalization. It can be helpful in assessing the quality of the built environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New European Bauhaus (NEB) in Architecture, Construction and Urbanism)
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21 pages, 28581 KB  
Article
Head-Integrated Detecting Method for Workers under Complex Construction Scenarios
by Yongyue Liu, Zhenzong Zhou, Yaowu Wang and Chengshuang Sun
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040859 - 22 Mar 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1768
Abstract
Real-time detection of workers is crucial in construction safety management. Deep learning-based detecting methods are valuable, but always challenged by the possibility of target missing or identity errors under complex scenarios. To address these limitations, previous research depended on re-training for new models [...] Read more.
Real-time detection of workers is crucial in construction safety management. Deep learning-based detecting methods are valuable, but always challenged by the possibility of target missing or identity errors under complex scenarios. To address these limitations, previous research depended on re-training for new models or datasets, which are prohibitively time-consuming and incur high computing demands. However, we demonstrate that the better detecting model might not rely on more re-training of weights; instead, a training-free model can achieve even better performance by integrating head information. In this paper, a new head-detecting branch (55 MB) is added to the Keypoint Region-based Convolutional Network (Keypoint R-CNN, 226 MB) without altering its original weights, allowing for a less occluded head to aid in body detection. We also deployed motion information and anthropometric data through a post-processing module to calculate movement relationships. This study achieved an identity F1-score (IDF1) of 97.609%, recall (Rcll) of 98.173%, precision (Prcn) of 97.052%, and accuracy of 95.329% as a state-of-the-art (SOTA) method for worker detection. This exploration breaks the inertial attitudes of re-training dependency and accelerates the application of universal models, in addition to reducing the computational difficulty for most construction sites, especially in scenarios with an insufficient graphics processing unit (GPU). More importantly, this study can address occlusion challenges effectively in the worker detection field, making it of practical significance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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18 pages, 5187 KB  
Article
Strategic Design Approaches for Eliciting the Perception of ‘Prestige’ in Housing Consumers
by Antoni Montañana, María Luisa Nolé and Carmen Llinares
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030853 - 21 Mar 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2349
Abstract
In the current real estate landscape, there is a growing trend to focus on adding value to products to address the customer’s affective/emotional perspective, his/her perceptions of the ‘Prestige’ of properties being crucial for his/her final assessments of the products. This study delves [...] Read more.
In the current real estate landscape, there is a growing trend to focus on adding value to products to address the customer’s affective/emotional perspective, his/her perceptions of the ‘Prestige’ of properties being crucial for his/her final assessments of the products. This study delves into the design elements that shape perceptions of ‘Prestige’ using Kansei engineering in 235 participants who evaluated various real estate promotions through: (1) a set of 60 adjectives and (2) reason for purchase (residence or investment). A first factor analysis of the set of adjectives yielded 15 independent axes. A subsequent linear regression indicated that the ‘Prestige’ axis was among the four most important factors in/drivers of property purchase decisions. In the second phase, 62 design elements (and their respective categories) of real estate promotions were identified to establish 16 groups. A linear regression determined that Information presentation and Building were the groups of elements with the greatest impact on subjects’ perceptions of ‘Prestige’. A subsequent Univariate General Linear Model analysis identified the design elements significant for each group, such as Development type and Building shape, respectively. Finally, a Bonferroni post hoc test identified the important categories in each identified design element as Facing blocks and Stepped. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Centric Space Design: Occupant Comfort, Wellbeing, and Post-occupancy Evaluation of Multi-Scale Built Environment)
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16 pages, 7117 KB  
Article
Identifying Damage in Structures: Definition of Thresholds to Minimize False Alarms in SHM Systems
by Rocco Ditommaso and Felice Carlo Ponzo
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030821 - 18 Mar 2024
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3093
Abstract
In recent years, the development of quick and streamlined methods for the detection and localization of structural damage has been achieved by analysing key dynamic parameters before and after significant events or as a result of aging. Many Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems [...] Read more.
In recent years, the development of quick and streamlined methods for the detection and localization of structural damage has been achieved by analysing key dynamic parameters before and after significant events or as a result of aging. Many Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems rely on the relationship between occurred damage and variations in eigenfrequencies. While it is acknowledged that damage can affect eigenfrequencies, the reverse is not necessarily true, particularly for minor frequency variations. Thus, reducing false positives is essential for the effectiveness of SHM systems. The aim of this paper is to identify scenarios where observed changes in eigenfrequencies are not caused by structural damage, but rather by non-stationary combinations of input and system response (e.g., wind effects, traffic vibrations), or by stochastic variations in mass, damping, and stiffness (e.g., environmental variations). To achieve this, statistical variations of thresholds were established to separate linear non-stationary behaviour from nonlinear structural behaviour. The Duffing oscillator was employed in this study to perform various nonlinear analyses via Monte Carlo simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geophysics for Built Environment Characterization)
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29 pages, 2083 KB  
Article
Flawed Institutional Structures: Project Managers Underutilized in Nigeria’s Construction Industry
by Ebuka Valentine Iroha, Tsunemi Watanabe and Tsuchiya Satoshi
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030807 - 15 Mar 2024
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8000
Abstract
Many studies have been conducted on the poor performance of the construction industry. Nigeria’s construction industry has been linked to project delays and cost overruns, leading to many abandoned construction projects throughout the country. These issues are largely attributed to inadequate project management [...] Read more.
Many studies have been conducted on the poor performance of the construction industry. Nigeria’s construction industry has been linked to project delays and cost overruns, leading to many abandoned construction projects throughout the country. These issues are largely attributed to inadequate project management practices and the underutilization of project managers. To address these challenges, an institutional analysis was conducted to examine the factors, within the institutional framework of the Nigerian construction industry, that hinder the effective utilization of project managers and the implementation of project management practices. Data were collected from the previous literature and were supported by data collected through semi-structured interviews in Nigeria. The collected data were coded into a four-level framework for institutional analysis. This method was employed to analyze the interrelationships between the identified embedded factors, institutional laws and regulations, and construction organizations, and to understand how their influence results in the underutilization of project managers. Deviation analysis was conducted as an additional method to categorize the impacts of the embedded factors at each institutional level and to determine how these impacts contribute to the underutilization of project managers in the Nigerian construction industry (NCI). It was found that the system of the underutilization of project managers consists of two subsystems: underutilization and lowering commitment. For the former subsystem, corruption, political influence, religious and tribal discrimination, and organizational culture were found to adversely influence the institutional structure of the construction industry in Nigeria. These factors weaken the governance mechanisms within the industry, leading project managers to prioritize corrupt practices over project needs. The ineffectiveness of existing laws and regulations exacerbates the situation, supporting unfair working conditions and contributing to the underperformance of project managers. This result leads to development at the top of the latter subsystem, with minimal incentives and limited opportunities for career growth within construction organizations. The findings hold significant potential for addressing systemic issues in the Nigerian construction industry, particularly the underutilization of project managers and organizational support measures to improve project management practices and mitigate the adverse effects of corruption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Influencing Factors of Construction Management Sustainability)
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