Agriculture

20 pages, 3985 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Cooperative Agricultural Machinery Scheduling with Continuous Workload Allocation: A Hybrid PSO Approach with Sparsity Repair

by Weimin Wang, Yiliu Tu, Yunxia Wang and Qinghai Jiang

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010136 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 731

Abstract

Scheduling agricultural machinery across multiple cooperatives is often inefficient because existing rigid, discrete assignment models fail to flexibly coordinate shared resources under tight time windows. To address this limitation, we develop a simulation-based framework for the Multi-cooperative Agricultural Machinery Scheduling Problem (MAMSP) underpinned [...] Read more.

Scheduling agricultural machinery across multiple cooperatives is often inefficient because existing rigid, discrete assignment models fail to flexibly coordinate shared resources under tight time windows. To address this limitation, we develop a simulation-based framework for the Multi-cooperative Agricultural Machinery Scheduling Problem (MAMSP) underpinned by a Continuous Collaborative Workload Sharing (CWS) formulation. To mitigate the solution fragmentation inherent in continuous optimization, we propose a Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization with Sparsity Repair (HPSO-SR). The algorithm integrates a stochastic initialization strategy to enhance global exploration, a mutation injection mechanism to avoid swarm stagnation, and a sparsity repair operator that prunes uneconomical fractional assignments, yielding operationally feasible sparse schedules. A real-world case study from Liyang, China, augmented by synthetic instances of varying scales (small, medium, and large), was conducted to benchmark the proposed approach against a rule-based heuristic, a Genetic Algorithm (GA-CWS), and Simulated Annealing (SA-CWS) under a unified decoding scheme. The results show that HPSO-SR consistently achieves the lowest objective values, reducing the total cost by 74.43% relative to GA-CWS and 59.20% relative to SA-CWS in the medium-scale case. By deliberately trading off minimal additional transfer cost against improved timeliness, the obtained schedules nearly eliminate delay penalties. Sensitivity analysis and mechanism ablation studies further confirm that the sparse solutions exhibit structural resilience and that the proposed repair strategy is essential for algorithmic convergence, supporting the reliability of the proposed approach for time-critical, high-stakes agricultural operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 1653 KB

Open AccessReview

Applications and Challenges of Visible-Near-Infrared and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy in Soil Analysis: Chemometric Approaches and Data Fusion

by Govind Dnyandev Vyavahare, Jin-Ju Yun, Jae-Hyuk Park, Jae-Hong Shim, Seong Heon Kim, Kyeongyeong Kim, Ahnsung Roh, So Hui Kim, Ho Jun Jang, Wartini Ng and Sangho Jeon

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010135 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1203

Abstract

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has emerged as a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable alternative to traditional methods, enabling real-time, indirect monitoring of nutrients. Most reviews have discussed visible-near-infrared (Vis-NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy individually for soil analysis. This review highlights the application of IR spectroscopy, [...] Read more.

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has emerged as a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable alternative to traditional methods, enabling real-time, indirect monitoring of nutrients. Most reviews have discussed visible-near-infrared (Vis-NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy individually for soil analysis. This review highlights the application of IR spectroscopy, particularly Vis-NIR, MIR spectroscopy, and their data fusion, coupled with chemometrics and spectral preprocessing for estimating soil attributes. Additionally, the crucial functions of assessing model accuracy and validating model estimates of soil properties are discussed. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used in more than 100 studies in 2022. Based on the literature published from 2020 to 2025, the data fusion method predicts soil properties more accurately. This review also sheds light on recent advances in spectroscopic methods, including improvements in speed (e.g., MIR spectroscopy is up to 12 times faster than traditional methods), instrument miniaturization, and integration with portable devices, which can make field analysis more affordable. However, the sensitivity of IR spectroscopy to soil moisture, sample heterogeneity, vegetation cover, and calibration transfer issues remains a significant challenge in certain studies. Therefore, a discussion on the challenges in implementing this technique is included in this review, and future perspectives, such as integration of various sensors and portable devices for real-time soil assessment, are successively discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Smart Technologies in Orchard Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 2716 KB

Open AccessArticle

REGENA: Growth Function for Regenerative Farming

by Georgios Karakatsanis, Dimitrios Managoudis and Emmanouil Makronikolakis

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010134 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 835

Abstract

Our work develops the structural mathematical framework of the REGENerative Agriculture (REGENA) Production Function, contributing to the limited global literature of regenerative farming production functions with consistency to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics and the underlying biophysical processes for ecosystem services’ generation. [...] Read more.

Our work develops the structural mathematical framework of the REGENerative Agriculture (REGENA) Production Function, contributing to the limited global literature of regenerative farming production functions with consistency to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics and the underlying biophysical processes for ecosystem services’ generation. The accurate structural economic modeling of regenerative farming practices comprises a first vital step for the shift of global agriculture from conventional farming—utilizing petrochemical fertilizers, pesticides and intensive tillage—to regenerative farming—utilizing local agro-ecological capital forms, such as micro-organisms, organic biomasses, no-tillage and resistant varieties. In this context, we empirically test the REGENA structural change patterns with data from eight experimental plots in six Mediterranean countries in Southern Europe and Northern Africa for three crop compositions: (a) with exclusively conventional practices, (b) with exclusively regenerative practices and (c) with mixed conventional and regenerative practices. Finally, we discuss in detail the scientific, institutional, economic and financial engineering challenges for the market uptake of regenerative farming and the contribution of REGENA for the achievement of this goal. In addition, as regenerative farming is knowledge-intensive, we review the vital aspect of Open Innovation (OI) and protected Intellectual Property (IP) business models as essential parts of regenerative farming knowledge-sharing clusters and trading alliances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1342 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial and Metabolite Profiling Reveal the Composition of Beejamrit: A Bioformulation for Seed Treatment in Sustainable Agriculture

by Devarsh Panchal, Kartik Gajjar, Mahendra Chaudhary, Doongar Chaudhary, C. K. Patel, Nitin Shukla, Ishan Raval, Snehal Bagatharia, Chaitanya Joshi, Amrutlal Patel and Darshan Dharajiya

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010133 - 4 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1257

Abstract

Overuse of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers has increased concerns regarding environmental and human health. Indian natural farming practices, which are mainly based on different bioformulations, provide sustainable alternatives to conventional farming. Among other bioformulations, Beejamrit is a cow-based biostimulant that is used for [...] Read more.

Overuse of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers has increased concerns regarding environmental and human health. Indian natural farming practices, which are mainly based on different bioformulations, provide sustainable alternatives to conventional farming. Among other bioformulations, Beejamrit is a cow-based biostimulant that is used for seed treatment to promote seed germination, seed vigor, and tolerance to pathogens. In this study, 16S rRNA amplicon metagenomics and untargeted metabolomics (GC-MS and LC-MS) approaches were employed to evaluate microbial and metabolic profiles of Beejamrit samples, respectively. Metagenomic analysis indicated that Beejamrit consisted of different plant-growth-promoting bacteria, such as Advenella, Comamonas, Lysinibacillus, Acinetobacter, and Arcobacter. GC-MS analysis discovered organoheterocyclics (23%) to be the most prevalent metabolite group in Beejamrit, followed by organic acids (18%) and benzenoids (15%). In LC-MS analysis, lipids (26%) were most abundant, followed by organoheterocyclics (18%) and organic acids (18%). Furthermore, GC-MS and LC-MS analyses identified a wide range of metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids, phenolics, and fatty acids. These findings confirm that Beejamrit contains a wide array of beneficial bacteria and bioactive compounds, thereby elucidating the potential mechanisms behind its efficacy as an effective seed treatment agent. The study offers an initial framework for further standardization and wider application in sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Seed Science and Technology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

33 pages, 14779 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Vision-Based Robot System with Grasping-Cutting Strategy for Mango Harvesting

by Qianling Liu and Zhiheng Lu

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010132 - 4 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1588

Abstract

Mango is the second most widely cultivated tropical fruit in the world. Its harvesting mainly relies on manual labor. During the harvest season, the hot weather leads to low working efficiency and high labor costs. Current research on automatic mango harvesting mainly focuses [...] Read more.

Mango is the second most widely cultivated tropical fruit in the world. Its harvesting mainly relies on manual labor. During the harvest season, the hot weather leads to low working efficiency and high labor costs. Current research on automatic mango harvesting mainly focuses on locating the fruit stem harvesting point, followed by stem clamping and cutting. However, these methods are less effective when the stem is occluded. To address these issues, this study first acquires images of four mango varieties in a mixed cultivation orchard and builds a dataset. Mango detection and occlusion-state classification models are then established based on YOLOv11m and YOLOv8l-cls, respectively. The detection model achieves an AP_0.5–0.95 (average precision at IoU = 0.50:0.05:0.95) of 90.21%, and the accuracy of the classification model is 96.9%. Second, based on the mango growth characteristics, detected mango bounding boxes and binocular vision, we propose a spatial localization method for the mango grasping point. Building on this, a mango-grasping and stem-cutting end-effector is designed. Finally, a mango harvesting robot system is developed, and verification experiments are carried out. The experimental results show that the harvesting method and procedure are well-suited for situations where the fruit stem is occluded, as well as for fruits with no occlusion or partial occlusion. The mango grasping success rate reaches 96.74%, the stem cutting success rate is 91.30%, and the fruit injury rate is less than 5%. The average image processing time is 119.4 ms. The results prove the feasibility of the proposed methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Powered Agricultural Robots: From Field Sensing to Autonomous Operation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 9439 KB

Open AccessArticle

EffiFormer-CGS: Deep Learning Framework for Automated Quantification of Fusarium Spore Germination

by Ziheng Wang, Xuehui Bai, Tao Cheng, Ziyu Ding, Dong Han, Dongyan Zhang, Shiying Xie, Tianyi Guo, Xue Yang and Chunyan Gu

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010131 - 4 Jan 2026

Viewed by 547

Abstract

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by the Fusarium graminearum species complex, is a devastating cereal disease associated with yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Early infection is closely linked to spore germination and germ tube elongation, yet conventional monitoring methods are labor-intensive and [...] Read more.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by the Fusarium graminearum species complex, is a devastating cereal disease associated with yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Early infection is closely linked to spore germination and germ tube elongation, yet conventional monitoring methods are labor-intensive and poorly suited for dynamic phenotypic quantification. We present EffiFormer-CGS, a three-module deep learning framework integrating object detection, key point localization, and phenotypic quantification for microscopic images of FHB spores. A dataset of 2381 images was generated from systematic experiments with triazole fungicides (Prochloraz, Prothioconazole, and Tebuconazole) across multiple concentrations and time points. Spores were annotated with bounding boxes and fine-grained geometric key points, enabling calculation of germination degree as the ratio of germ tube length to body length. EffiFormer-CGS achieved 90.8% mAP@0.5:0.95 in object detection and 91.4% mAP@0.5 in key point localization. All fungicides significantly inhibited germination, with Prochloraz showing the strongest effect. Predictions closely matched manual counts, with germination rate errors ≤ 5.18%. EffiFormer-CGS provides an efficient, automated, and high-precision approach for spore germination analysis, supporting high-throughput fungicide screening, resistance monitoring, and sustainable FHB management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 9106 KB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Fertility Assessment Through the Integration of Satellite Imagery and Spatial Analysis: Application to Arabica Coffee Cultivation in Lonya Grande, Peruvian Amazon

by Hector Aroquipa, Alvaro Hurtado, Yesenia Pariguana, Eduardo Castro and Shelsen Cubas

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010130 - 4 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1154

Abstract

Soil fertility assessment is fundamental for improving agricultural productivity and promoting sustainable land management. This study proposes an integrated methodological framework that combines Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, spatial analysis techniques, and field-based soil data to evaluate soil fertility in Arabica coffee plantations in the [...] Read more.

Soil fertility assessment is fundamental for improving agricultural productivity and promoting sustainable land management. This study proposes an integrated methodological framework that combines Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, spatial analysis techniques, and field-based soil data to evaluate soil fertility in Arabica coffee plantations in the Lonya Grande district, Peruvian Amazon. The framework involves three analytical phases: (i) spatial interpolation of soil macronutrients using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), (ii) local modeling through Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), and (iii) spectral correlation analysis between field-measured soil properties and Sentinel-2 reflectance bands. The SWIR2 (Band 12) data were identified as the most sensitive predictor of soil moisture-related properties, with the strongest relationship observed for soil saturation (R² = 0.40). Field validation revealed pronounced spatial heterogeneity, particularly for macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The study also found that soils exhibited moderately acidic pH values (5.1–6.8), favorable for coffee cultivation. Despite adequate water retention, nutrient deficiencies highlight the need for site-specific soil management strategies. Overall, spatial analysis confirmed consistent relationships between remote sensing data and soil parameters, demonstrating the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of this approach under data-limited tropical conditions. The proposed framework offers a scalable basis for regional soil fertility monitoring, and future research should incorporate machine learning and expanded sampling networks to further enhance predictive performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 912 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Economic Analysis of Rice Cultivation Pattern Selection

by Weiguang Wu, Li Zhou and MengLing Zhang

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010129 - 4 Jan 2026

Viewed by 796

Abstract

As the fundamental operational units of agricultural production, farmers make production decisions based on the principle of household income maximization. This study draws on data from a micro-level survey of rice farmers conducted in Jiangxi Province from November 2022 to August 2023, which [...] Read more.

As the fundamental operational units of agricultural production, farmers make production decisions based on the principle of household income maximization. This study draws on data from a micro-level survey of rice farmers conducted in Jiangxi Province from November 2022 to August 2023, which yielded 1014 valid observations to examine two rice cultivation patterns—double-cropping rice (DCR) and rice–rapeseed rotation (RRR)—in order to analyze the economic effects of farmers’ cultivation choices on rice production. Additionally, a heterogeneity analysis is performed, taking into account labor force size, intergenerational differences, and operational scale. The results indicate that (1) farmers adopting the RRR pattern experience a significant increase in per-unit-area profit, thereby enhancing household income, with gains ranging from 16.95% to 153.20%. (2) The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the economic effects of labor availability, generational differences, and operational scale are not uniform. Ample labor resources strongly support rice production; older-generation farmers’ intensive farming methods are more suitable for RRR, and land expansion is constrained by scale thresholds. Based on these findings, it is recommended to optimize the allocation of production factors such as land and labor, and to guide farmers in adapting their rice cultivation strategies accordingly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2068 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Organic Soil Amendments of Diverse Origins on Soil Properties, Nutrient Status, and Physiological Responses of Young Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Trees

by Petros Anargyrou Roussos, Maria Ligka, Petros D. Katsenos, Maria Zoti and Dionisios Gasparatos

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010128 - 4 Jan 2026

Viewed by 682

Abstract

Three organic soil amendments of different origins (chicken manure, fungal biomass obtained through biological fermentation, and a leonardite-based humic acid product) were applied to young chestnut trees, alongside mineral fertilizer, which when applied alone served as the control. During the second year, bud [...] Read more.

Three organic soil amendments of different origins (chicken manure, fungal biomass obtained through biological fermentation, and a leonardite-based humic acid product) were applied to young chestnut trees, alongside mineral fertilizer, which when applied alone served as the control. During the second year, bud break pattern, photosynthetic activity, leaf carbohydrate concentrations, soil properties, and leaf nutrient content were evaluated across multiple sampling events. Sampling time significantly influenced most measured parameters. The addition of organic amendments accelerated bud break, influenced plant nutrient uptake, and modified soil properties. Notably, soil organic matter increased following chicken manure and fungal biomass applications, available phosphorus decreased under fungal biomass and leonardite-based humic acids (to 14.5 and 12.4 ppm, respectively, compared to 17.5 ppm in the mineral fertilizer control), and soil iron concentrations tripled under leonardite-based humic acids relative to the control. However, no significant effects were observed on photosynthetic performance or leaf carbohydrate concentrations. Discriminant and hierarchical cluster analyses revealed clear differences among amendments, with the humic acid-based product exerting distinct effects. As there are not many data available in the literature on the efficacy of organic amendments in chestnut cultivation, the present results underscore the importance of the site-specific selection of organic amendments, tailored to soil characteristics (in the present trial, an acidic soil) and specific nutritional objectives to optimize tree physiological performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 9818 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Agriculture in Mountain Areas in Europe: Organisational and Economic Versus Environmental Aspects

by Marek Zieliński, Artur Łopatka, Piotr Koza, Jolanta Sobierajewska, Sławomir Juszczyk and Wojciech Józwiak

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010127 - 3 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1196

Abstract

The article analyses the direction and intensity of changes occurring in agriculture in mountain areas in Europe between 2000 and 2022. For the calculations, the ESA CCI Land Cover global land-use map set was used. This dataset was established by the European Space [...] Read more.

The article analyses the direction and intensity of changes occurring in agriculture in mountain areas in Europe between 2000 and 2022. For the calculations, the ESA CCI Land Cover global land-use map set was used. This dataset was established by the European Space Agency (ESA) through the classification of satellite images from sources (MERIS, AVHRR, SPOT, PROBA, and Sentinel-3). In the next step, the organisational features and economic performance of farms located in mountain areas of the European Union were determined for the period 2004–2022. For this purpose, data from the European Farms Accountancy Data Network (FADN-FSDN) were used. Subsequently, using Poland as a case study, the capacity of mountain agriculture to implement key environmental interventions under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2023–2027 was assessed. The results highlight the varying directions and intensity of organisational changes occurring in mountain agriculture across Europe. They also show that farms can operate successfully in these areas, although their economic situation varies between EU countries. The findings indicate the need for further adaptation of CAP instruments to better reflect the ecological and economic conditions of mountain areas. Strengthening support mechanisms for these regions within the current and future CAP is of crucial importance for protecting biodiversity, promoting sustainable land use, and maintaining the socio-environmental functions of rural mountain landscapes. Our study highlights that the CAP for mountain farms should be targeted, long-term, and compensatory, so as to compensate for the naturally unfavorable farming conditions and support their multifunctional role. The most important assumptions of CAP for mountain farms are a fair system of compensatory payments (LFA/ANCs), support for local and high-quality production, income diversification, and investments adapted to mountain conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Conservation and Management of Agro- and Forest Ecosystems in a Changing Climate)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2880 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ionic Composition and Deposition Loads of Rainwater According to Regional Characteristics of Agricultural Areas

by Byung Wook Oh, Jin Ho Kim, Young Eun Na and Il Hwan Seo

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010126 - 3 Jan 2026

Viewed by 739

Abstract

This study investigated the site-specific ionic composition and wet deposition loads of rainwater collected from eight actively cultivated agricultural regions across South Korea, with the aim of quantifying spatial and seasonal variability and interpreting how regional agricultural characteristics and surrounding site conditions influence [...] Read more.

This study investigated the site-specific ionic composition and wet deposition loads of rainwater collected from eight actively cultivated agricultural regions across South Korea, with the aim of quantifying spatial and seasonal variability and interpreting how regional agricultural characteristics and surrounding site conditions influence major ion concentrations and deposition patterns. Rainfall samples were obtained using automated samplers and analyzed via high-performance ion chromatography for major cations (Na⁺,

N H_{4}^{+}

, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) and anions (Cl⁻,

N O_{3}^{-}

,

S O_{4}^{2 -}

,

N O_{2}^{-}

). The results revealed significant seasonal fluctuations in ion loads, with

N H_{4}^{+}

(peak 1.13 kg/ha) and K⁺ (peak 0.25 kg/ha) reaching their highest levels during summer due to increased fertilizer use and crop activity. Conversely, Cl⁻ peaked in winter (2.11 kg/ha in December), particularly in coastal regions, likely influenced by de-icing salts and sea-salt aerosols. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive association among

N H_{4}^{+}

,

N O_{3}^{-}

, and

S O_{4}^{2 -}

(r = 0.89 and r = 0.84, respectively), indicating shared atmospheric transformation pathways from agricultural emissions. Ternary diagram analysis further revealed regional distinctions: coastal regions such as Gimhae and Muan exhibited Na⁺ and Cl⁻ dominance, while inland areas like Danyang and Hongcheon showed higher proportions of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, reflecting differences in aerosol sources, land use, and local meteorological conditions. These findings underscore the complex interactions between agricultural practices, atmospheric processes, and local geography in shaping rainwater chemistry. The study provides quantitative baseline data for evaluating non-point source pollution and developing region-specific nutrient and soil management strategies in agricultural ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecosystem, Environment and Climate Change in Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3247 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Photovoltaic-Integrated Tea Plantation on Tea Field Productivity and Tea Leaf Quality

by Xin-Qiang Zheng, Xue-Han Zhang, Jian-Gao Zhang, Rong-Jin Zheng, Jian-Liang Lu, Jian-Hui Ye and Yue-Rong Liang

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010125 - 3 Jan 2026

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1229

Abstract

Agrivoltaics integrates photovoltaic (PV) power generation with agricultural practices, enabling dual land-use and mitigating land-use competition between agriculture and energy production. China has 3.43 million hectares of tea fields, offering significant potential for PV-integrated tea plantations (PVtea) to address land scarcity in clean [...] Read more.

Agrivoltaics integrates photovoltaic (PV) power generation with agricultural practices, enabling dual land-use and mitigating land-use competition between agriculture and energy production. China has 3.43 million hectares of tea fields, offering significant potential for PV-integrated tea plantations (PVtea) to address land scarcity in clean energy development. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PV modules above tea bushes in PVtea on the yield and quality of tea, as well as tea plant resistance to environmental stresses. The PV system uses a single-axis tracking system with a horizontal north–south axis and ±45° tilt. It includes 70 UL-270P-60 polycrystalline solar panels (270 Wp each), arranged in 5 columns of 14 panels, spaced 4500 mm apart, covering 280 m². The panels are mounted 2400 mm above the ground, with a total capacity of 18.90 kWp (656 kWp/ha). Tea yield, quality-related components, leaf photosystem II (PSII) activity, and plant resistance to environmental stresses were investigated in comparison to an adjacent open-field tea plantation (control). The mean photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) reaching the plucking table of PVtea was 52.9% of the control, with 32.0% of the control on a sunny day and 49.0% on a cloudy day, accompanied by an increase in ambient relative humidity. These changes alleviated the midday depression of leaf PSII activity caused by high light, resulting in a 9.3–15.3% increase in leaf yield. Moreover, PVtea summer tea exhibited higher levels of amino acids and total catechins, resulting in tea quality improvement. Additionally, PVtea enhanced the resistance of tea plants to frost damage in spring and heat stress in summer. PVtea integrates photovoltaic power generation with tea cultivation practices, which not only facilitates clean energy production—an average annual generation of 697,878.5 kWh per hectare—but also increases tea productivity by 9.3–15.3% and the land-use equivalence ratio (LER) by 70%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Cultivation Technologies for Horticultural Crops Production)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

28 pages, 2185 KB

Open AccessReview

Four Agricultural GHG Emission Mitigation Pathways in Morocco: Roadmaps from 2024 CCPI High-Performers

by Asmaâ Hajib, Mustapha Naimi and Mohamed Chikhaoui

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010124 - 3 Jan 2026

Viewed by 881

Abstract

Morocco ranked 9th in the 2024 Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI), placing it among the world’s top 10 performers in climate action. Building on this leadership, our review outlines practical and real-world steps to strengthen Morocco’s agricultural efforts to curb greenhouse gases. We [...] Read more.

Morocco ranked 9th in the 2024 Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI), placing it among the world’s top 10 performers in climate action. Building on this leadership, our review outlines practical and real-world steps to strengthen Morocco’s agricultural efforts to curb greenhouse gases. We base our analysis on a comparison of national communications, updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and findings from peer-reviewed research. We identified four main areas where Morocco can boost its impact: advanced livestock methane reduction, systematic soil carbon monitoring, precision nitrogen management, and integrated renewable energy systems. To inform these levers, we studied best practices from other six high-performing countries in the 2024 CCPI—Denmark, Sweden, India, Estonia, the Netherlands, and the Philippines—and considered how their strategies could be adapted to Morocco’s semi-arid, smallholder-dominated farming context. This study delivers four concrete, multi-phase implementation roadmaps spanning 2025–2035. These roadmaps outline the technical steps, regulatory changes, and financial mechanisms. They also specified emissions reduction targets associated with each pillar: 15–30% for livestock methane, 0.3–0.8 tons of carbon per hectare per year for soil carbon sequestration, 18% for precision nitrogen management, and fossil fuel displacement through five renewable energy initiatives. The roadmaps are designed to inform the next update of Morocco’s Generation Green strategy and support the country’s 2030 NDC goal of a 45.5% emission reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture and Global Climate Change: Threats, Challenges and Adaptations)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 3393 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genotype–Environment Interaction in Shaping the Agronomic Performance of Silage Maize Varieties Cultivated in Organic Farming Systems

by Katarzyna Marcinkowska, Karolina Kolańska, Konrad Banaś, Agnieszka Łacka, Tomasz Lenartowicz, Piotr Szulc and Henryk Bujak

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010123 - 3 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 704

Abstract

Organic production systems impose strong environmental constraints on silage maize, yet the relative contributions of genotype, environment and their interaction (G × E) to key performance traits remain insufficiently resolved. This study evaluated six maize cultivars across 11 organically managed environments (location × [...] Read more.

Organic production systems impose strong environmental constraints on silage maize, yet the relative contributions of genotype, environment and their interaction (G × E) to key performance traits remain insufficiently resolved. This study evaluated six maize cultivars across 11 organically managed environments (location × year combinations) in Poland, assessing weed infestation, plant height, fresh matter yield, dry matter content and dry matter yield. Genotype × environment interaction was explicitly analyzed using AMMI-based models, and cultivar adaptability and stability were evaluated using complementary indices. Environmental effects consistently dominated all traits, explaining 78–91% of total variation, while G × E interactions, though smaller, were significant and altered cultivar rankings. Weed infestation ranged widely across environments, from below 10% to over 90%, and was almost entirely environment-driven. Yield-related traits followed a strong precipitation gradient, with Pawłowice and Śrem showing the highest biomass potential. SM Perseus produced the greatest dry matter yields (13.53 t·ha⁻¹), whereas SM Mieszko combined high dry matter content (37.73%) with outstanding stability. Mega-environment analysis identified distinct adaptive niches, confirming that no genotype performed consistently best across all conditions. These findings close a key knowledge gap regarding cultivar performance under organic management and demonstrate the necessity of multi-environment evaluation that integrates performance, stability and adaptability analyses to support site-specific cultivar recommendations that enhance biomass productivity and silage quality in ecologically managed maize systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Systems and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 435 KB

Open AccessArticle

Feeding Time Optimization Enhances Aquaponic Performance: Growth, Water Quality, and Nutrient Removal in Systems Integrating Cyprinus carpio and Lactuca sativa

by Ivaylo Sirakov, Snezhana Georgieva, Stefka Stoyanova, Katya Velichkova and Desislava Slavcheva-Sirakova

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010122 - 3 Jan 2026

Viewed by 662

Abstract

Feeding time is a critical but understudied factor influencing nutrient dynamics and overall productivity in aquaponic systems. This study examined the effects of two feeding schedules on growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), hydrochemical parameters, and the growth of lettuce [...] Read more.

Feeding time is a critical but understudied factor influencing nutrient dynamics and overall productivity in aquaponic systems. This study examined the effects of two feeding schedules on growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), hydrochemical parameters, and the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivated in an integrated aquaponic system. Two 60-day trials were conducted over consecutive years under identical greenhouse conditions. Carp were fed either in the morning and early afternoon (T1: 08:00, 11:00, 14:00) or later in the day (T2: 11:00, 14:00, 17:00). Hydrochemical indicators, including dissolved oxygen, turbidity, ammonium ions (NH₄⁺), and nitrates (NO₃⁻), were continuously monitored through online measurement. Carp reared under T2 displayed significantly higher specific growth rate, final body mass, and improved feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). The T2 variant also showed higher dissolved oxygen levels and lower turbidity compared to T1, indicating enhanced system stability. Although NH₄⁺ concentrations were higher and NO₃⁻ levels lower in T2, these differences did not compromise water quality due to efficient plant nutrient uptake. Lettuce grown under T2 exhibited greater stem and root development and higher biomass accumulation, suggesting improved nitrogen utilization linked to the NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻ ratio and enhanced root oxygenation. Overall, aligning feeding time with fish circadian rhythms improved fish performance, plant growth, and nutrient cycling efficiency. These findings demonstrate that feeding schedule is a key management factor capable of enhancing sustainability and productivity in aquaponic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Systems and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 6257 KB

Open AccessArticle

WGMG-Net: A Wavelet-Guided Real-Time Instance Segmentation Framework for Automated Post-Harvest Grape Quality Assessment

by Haoyuan Hao, Lvhan Zhuang, Yi Yang, Chongchong Yu, Xinting Yang and Jiangbo Li

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010121 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 588

Abstract

Grading of table grapes depends on reliable berry-level phenotyping, yet manual inspection is subjective and slow. A wavelet-guided instance segmentation network named WGMG-Net is introduced for automated assessment of post-harvest grape clusters. A multi-scale feature merging module based on discrete wavelet transform is [...] Read more.

Grading of table grapes depends on reliable berry-level phenotyping, yet manual inspection is subjective and slow. A wavelet-guided instance segmentation network named WGMG-Net is introduced for automated assessment of post-harvest grape clusters. A multi-scale feature merging module based on discrete wavelet transform is used to preserve edges under dense occlusion, and a bivariate fusion enhanced attention mechanism is used to strengthen channel and spatial cues. Instance masks are produced for all berries, a regression head estimates the total berry count, and a mask-derived compactness index assigns clusters to three tightness grades. On a Shine Muscat dataset with 252 cluster images acquired on a simulated sorting line, the WGMG-Net variant attains a mean average precision at Intersection over Union (IoU) 0.5 of 98.98 percent and at IoU 0.5 to 0.95 of 87.76 percent, outperforming Mask R-CNN, PointRend and YOLO models with fewer parameters. For berry counting, a mean absolute error of 1.10 berries, root mean square error of 1.48 berries, mean absolute percentage error of 2.82 percent, accuracy within two berries of 92.86 percent and Pearson correlation of 0.986 are achieved. Compactness grading reaches Top-1 accuracy of 98.04 percent and Top-2 accuracy of 100 percent, supporting the use of WGMG-Net for grape quality evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence and Digital Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 1008 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review on Equine Milk: Composition, Functional Properties, Technological Applications, and Future Perspectives

by Claudia Pânzaru, Mădălina Alexandra Davidescu, Cristina Simeanu, Constantin Pascal, Alexandru Usturoi and Marius Gheorghe Doliș

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010120 - 2 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1424

Abstract

Mare and donkey milk have attracted scientific and commercial interest due to their distinctive biochemical composition and functional potential as nutritional sources. Their compositional similarity to human milk—particularly regarding lactose content, protein profile, and mineral balance—makes them relevant alternatives for individuals with bovine [...] Read more.

Mare and donkey milk have attracted scientific and commercial interest due to their distinctive biochemical composition and functional potential as nutritional sources. Their compositional similarity to human milk—particularly regarding lactose content, protein profile, and mineral balance—makes them relevant alternatives for individuals with bovine milk intolerance and suitable candidates for nutraceutical and biomedical research. This systematic review provides an overview of the physicochemical properties of the milk of these species, examining the influence of breed, diet, and lactation stage on yield and composition. Particular attention is given to bioactive compounds, including lysozyme, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins, which have been associated with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. The review also discusses technological processing methods, such as fermentation, pasteurization, and lyophilization, and their effects on functional and therapeutic properties. Finally, current challenges in production and research are addressed, including the need for standardized protocols, sustainable management strategies, and further investigation into the health-related properties of mare and donkey milk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1551 KB

Open AccessArticle

Viscoelastic Compression Behavior and Model Characterization of Alfalfa Blocks Under Different Conditions

by Jiawen Hu, Qiankun Fu, Hongxu Xing, Xiucheng Yang, Yang Li and Jun Fu

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010119 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 755

Abstract

Alfalfa is a high-quality forage crop whose viscoelastic properties strongly influence the performance of baling, pickup, and stacking operations. In this study, small alfalfa block specimens were tested using a universal testing machine to investigate stress relaxation and creep behaviors under different moisture [...] Read more.

Alfalfa is a high-quality forage crop whose viscoelastic properties strongly influence the performance of baling, pickup, and stacking operations. In this study, small alfalfa block specimens were tested using a universal testing machine to investigate stress relaxation and creep behaviors under different moisture contents (12%, 15%, 18%), densities (100, 150, 200 kg/m³), and maximum compressive stresses (8, 12, 16 kPa). Experimental data were fitted using viscoelastic models for parameter analysis. Results indicated that the relaxation response consisted of a rapid attenuation followed by a slow stabilization phase. The five-element Maxwell model achieved a higher fitting accuracy (coefficient of determination, R² > 0.997) than the three-element model. The creep process exhibited three stages, including instantaneous elastic deformation, decelerated creep, and steady-state deformation, and it was accurately represented by the five-element Kelvin model (R² > 0.998). Increasing moisture content reduced stiffness, while moderate moisture improved viscosity and shape retention. Higher density enhanced blocks compactness, stiffness, and damping characteristics, resulting in smaller deformation. The viscoelastic response to compressive stress showed moderate enhancement followed by attenuation under overload, with the best recovery and deformation resistance observed at 12 kPa. These findings elucidate the viscoelastic behavior of alfalfa blocks and provide theoretical support and engineering guidance for evaluating bale stability and optimizing pickup–clamping parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 49192 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multidimensional Drought Relationships in the Yangtze River Basin: Causality, Propagation Thresholds, and Drought Resistance Capacity

by Tian Wang, Bo Shi, Linqi Li, Zhaoqiang Zhou and Yibo Ding

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010118 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 598

Abstract

A clear grasp of the interconnections among various drought types forms the foundation for effective drought mitigation policy-making. However, current research on the propagation of groundwater drought (GD) remains relatively limited. Therefore, this study employs a multi-source data approach, combining methods (such as [...] Read more.

A clear grasp of the interconnections among various drought types forms the foundation for effective drought mitigation policy-making. However, current research on the propagation of groundwater drought (GD) remains relatively limited. Therefore, this study employs a multi-source data approach, combining methods (such as Pearson correlation analysis, cross-convergence mapping systems, and Copula functions) to assess the characteristics and propagation patterns of meteorological (MD), agricultural (AD), and GD in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). Findings demonstrated that (1) drought severity (mainly ranging from 3.25 to 6.49) and duration (mainly ranging from 2.6 to 5.4 months) in the upstream region (UR) of the YRB are relatively large. (2) A total of 79.92% of the regions showed a mutual feedback relationship between agricultural drought and groundwater drought. (3) The duration propagation threshold from MD to AD was relatively high in the source region (SR) (mainly ranging from 5.95 to 8.36) and the midstream region (MR) (mainly ranging from 5.68 to 7.39) under extreme drought conditions. The severity propagation threshold from AD to GD was relatively high in the MR (mainly ranging from 11.8 to 16.5) and the downstream region (DR) (mainly ranging from 14.5 to 20.2) under extreme drought conditions. This study is significant for the rational allocation of regional water resources and drought prevention policy formulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture and Global Climate Change: Threats, Challenges and Adaptations)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1478 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Heavy Metal Soil Contamination and Remediation Strategies in Eastern Slovakia: A Case Study from Dargov

by Ivanna Betušová, Samer Khouri, Marian Šofranko, Andrea Šofranková and Miroslav Betuš

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010117 - 2 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1036

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils represents a critical environmental and agronomic challenge, particularly in regions exposed to intensive land use and transport-related emissions. This study presents a detailed assessment of soil contamination in the Dargov cadastral area (Eastern Slovakia), where elevated concentrations [...] Read more.

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils represents a critical environmental and agronomic challenge, particularly in regions exposed to intensive land use and transport-related emissions. This study presents a detailed assessment of soil contamination in the Dargov cadastral area (Eastern Slovakia), where elevated concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, As, Cd, and Cr were detected through multi-depth sampling near the I/19 first-class road. Analytical results confirmed exceedances of Slovak regulatory thresholds (Decree No. 59/2013), with persistent contamination observed even in the deepest sampling interval (20–40 cm), indicating vertical migration and long-term accumulation. Concentrations of Pb (85–210 mg·kg⁻¹), Cd (2.1–5.4 mg·kg⁻¹), Zn (120–340 mg·kg⁻¹), and Ni (45–95 mg·kg⁻¹) exceeded Slovak regulatory thresholds. The highest values were consistently detected in the 0–10 cm layer and within 3 m of the I/19 road, with a gradual decline at greater depths and distances. Nevertheless, Cd and Ni remained above permissible limits even in the deepest sampling interval (20–40 cm), confirming vertical migration and long-term persistence of contamination. The spatial distribution of contaminants suggests a dominant influence of road traffic, with implications for crop safety, soil fertility, and rural land management. Based on the findings, the study proposes context-sensitive remediation strategies, including phytoremediation and chemical immobilization, and emphasizes the need for integrated monitoring systems and land-use planning to mitigate risks. The case study contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable soil management in Central European agricultural landscapes affected by diffuse pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migration and Diffusion of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Agri-Soil Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2130 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Cutting Technique on the Degree of Damage to Fruit Tree Shoots

by Tomasz Nowakowski, Karol Tucki and Łukasz Gruz

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010115 - 2 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 867

Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of various fruit tree shoot cutting techniques and variable wood moisture content on the formation of damage on the cut surface, using fractal dimension analysis. The experiments were conducted on shoots of two [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of various fruit tree shoot cutting techniques and variable wood moisture content on the formation of damage on the cut surface, using fractal dimension analysis. The experiments were conducted on shoots of two cultivars of apple and pear trees, at four levels of moisture content and using three cutting units: a chainsaw, a circular saw, and bypass loppers. The obtained cross-sectional images were digitally processed, and the degree of damage was evaluated using the fractal dimension. Analysis of variance demonstrated a significant effect of shoot moisture content, plant species, and cutting tool type on the fractal dimension value, which represents the complexity of the cut edge. The best cutting quality was observed for shoots with the highest moisture content and those cut with a pair of loppers and a circular saw, whereas the greatest damage was caused by the chainsaw. Apple cultivars exhibited the lowest susceptibility to damage, while pear cultivars showed the highest. These findings confirm the crucial role of both cutting technique selection and material moisture in determining cutting quality, and the applied fractal analysis proved to be a useful tool for the objective assessment of damage. The obtained results contribute to the optimisation of tool selection and to the design of orchard machinery, especially in relation to the development of mechanical pruning systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1980 KB

Open AccessArticle

Legume-Based Rotations Enhance Ecosystem Sustainability in the North China Plain: Trade-Offs Between Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Soil Carbon Sequestration, and Economic Viability

by Feng Lin, Yinzhan Liu, Li Zhang and Yaojun Zhang

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010116 - 1 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 840

Abstract

Reconciling agricultural productivity with greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation remains a pivotal challenge for achieving climate-smart food systems. This study evaluates the capacity of legume-based crop rotations to balance economic viability, yield stability, and GHG reduction in the North China Plain. A two-year randomized [...] Read more.

Reconciling agricultural productivity with greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation remains a pivotal challenge for achieving climate-smart food systems. This study evaluates the capacity of legume-based crop rotations to balance economic viability, yield stability, and GHG reduction in the North China Plain. A two-year randomized complete block field experiment compared six cropping systems: conventional wheat–maize (WM) rotations and legume-integrated systems (wheat–soybean, WS; wheat–soybean–maize, WSM), under fertilized and unfertilized regimes. Results revealed that nitrogen fertilization increased cumulative N₂O emissions and global warming potential (GWP), with seasonal peaks occurring post-fertilization. Legume systems enhanced CH₄ uptake but showed no significant effect on N₂O emissions compared to conventional systems. N₂O fluxes correlated positively with soil moisture and soil temperature, while CH₄ uptake increased with soil moisture alone. Soybean phases reduced short-term yields by 32–52% relative to the maize yield of conventional systems, but boosted subsequent wheat/maize productivity by 2–47% through hydraulic redistribution and N priming. The wheat–soybean rotation with 200 kg N ha⁻¹ (WS200) achieved optimal sustainability, delivering the highest net profit (8061.56 USD ha⁻¹) alongside a 9% reduction in global warming potential (3980.21 kg CO_2-eq ha⁻¹) versus conventional systems. These findings provide actionable insights for sustainable intensification in global cereal systems, demonstrating that strategic legume integration can advance both food security and climate goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture and Global Climate Change: Threats, Challenges and Adaptations)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 29078 KB

Open AccessArticle

Field Performance and Wear Behavior of Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS) Coated Discs Used in Agricultural Disc Harrows

by Vlad Nicolae Arsenoaia, Corneliu Munteanu, Fabian Cezar Lupu, Bogdan Istrate, Marcelin Benchea and Iurie Melnic

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010114 - 1 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 514

Abstract

The wear performance of coated and uncoated harrow discs was evaluated under real agricultural field conditions in order to assess the long-term effectiveness of three atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) systems: a Cr₂O₃–SiO₂–TiO₂ ceramic coating, a WC/W [...] Read more.

The wear performance of coated and uncoated harrow discs was evaluated under real agricultural field conditions in order to assess the long-term effectiveness of three atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) systems: a Cr₂O₃–SiO₂–TiO₂ ceramic coating, a WC/W₂C–Co carbide coating, and a Co–Cr–Ni–W–C alloy coating. In contrast to most previous studies focused on laboratory testing or short-term trials, the present work provides a comparative long-term field evaluation over 50 ha per disc (1000 ha total) under identical operating conditions in quartz-rich Argic Luvisol soil. Disc wear was quantified through periodic mass-loss and diameter measurements, complemented by microstructural and SEM analyses. The uncoated disc exhibited the most severe degradation, with a total mass loss of approximately 700 g and rapid acceleration of wear after the first 5–10 ha. The ceramic-coated disc showed the highest durability, limiting mass loss to approximately 390 g, corresponding to a reduction of about 44%, and maintaining the largest residual diameter after field operation. The Co-based alloy provided intermediate performance (~16% mass-loss reduction), while the carbide coating showed limited improvement (~7% reduction) due to microcracking and weak carbide–binder interfaces. The results demonstrate that, under real field conditions, coating microstructural integrity is more critical than nominal hardness, and highlight the superior effectiveness of ceramic APS coatings for extending disc service life in abrasive agricultural soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil-Machine Systems and Its Related Digital Technologies Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 6158 KB

Open AccessArticle

Do Calf Hutches Provide Thermal Comfort for Animals in Winter?

by Sabina Angrecka and Anna Kochanek

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010113 - 1 Jan 2026

Viewed by 645

Abstract

In order to determine the heat and humidity conditions of Igloo-type calf hutches, both in open space and under verandas, an analysis was conducted of the impact of the location of the veranda within the premises of the farm and its orientation in [...] Read more.

In order to determine the heat and humidity conditions of Igloo-type calf hutches, both in open space and under verandas, an analysis was conducted of the impact of the location of the veranda within the premises of the farm and its orientation in relation to the cardinal compass points and prevailing wind speed, as well as temperature and relative atmospheric humidity. The analysis was conducted based on constant measurement (temperature, relative humidity, air velocity) for climate conditions under the veranda and in the areas between the farm buildings. The 432,432 data points obtained in this way were used for further calculations and analysis of WCT (Wind Chill Temperature) and WCI (Wind Chill Index). Studies have shown that placing the hutch under a shelter allows for more favorable thermal and humidity conditions by reducing wind speed, and consequently increasing the apparent temperature and limiting the rate of heat loss. The analysis has demonstrated that the selection of the location of the hutch or calf enclosure is crucial for calf welfare. It is recommended that environmental studies be conducted individually for farms raising calves, especially dairy cattle breeds. An optimal location and utilisation of existing infrastructure will reduce the financial outlays for implementing new solutions. This analysis, conducted in Eastern Europe, also provides a basis for inferring the impact of climate change on local microclimatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 4012 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Diversity in Trichoderma from Low-Anthropogenic Peruvian Soils Reveals Distinct Antagonistic Strategies Enhancing the Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea

by Naysha Rojas-Villa, Phillip Ormeño-Vásquez, Paula Pedrozo, Betza Oré-Asto, Jherimy Moriano-Camposano and Luis A. Álvarez

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010112 - 1 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1245

Abstract

This study aimed to isolate and characterize native Trichoderma species from soils with low anthropogenic activity in the central Peruvian rainforest and evaluate their antagonistic mechanisms against Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold and a model polyphagous pathogen. Twenty Trichoderma [...] Read more.

This study aimed to isolate and characterize native Trichoderma species from soils with low anthropogenic activity in the central Peruvian rainforest and evaluate their antagonistic mechanisms against Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold and a model polyphagous pathogen. Twenty Trichoderma isolates were evaluated using inhibition assays, a quantitative assessment of mycoparasitism, and endophytic colonization tests in Capsicum baccatum. Ten isolates with promising antifungal activity were identified at the molecular level, revealing T. azadirachtae and T. anisohamatum as the first reports for Peru. Several strains showed a remarkable capacity for root colonization, and in vitro antagonistic activity reached maximum values of approximately 65%. These findings highlight the functional and phylogenetic diversity of Trichoderma strains from Peruvian rainforest soils and support their potential as sustainable biocontrol agents against B. cinerea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 19122 KB

Open AccessArticle

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitophagy via the PPARG-UCP2 Pathway in Hu Sheep Mastitis

by Yuzhi Jin, Hui Zhang, Xiaochang Xie, Nana Ma and Xiangzhen Shen

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010099 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 566

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced mastitis poses a significant threat to animal husbandry. This condition triggers sustained mammary inflammation, oxidative stress, and disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, ultimately impairing mammary gland function and milk yield. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a long-chain fatty acid [...] Read more.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced mastitis poses a significant threat to animal husbandry. This condition triggers sustained mammary inflammation, oxidative stress, and disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, ultimately impairing mammary gland function and milk yield. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a long-chain fatty acid found in meat and dairy products derived from ruminants. It exhibits multiple biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative stress-alleviating effects. Thus, this study sought to determine whether CLA alleviates S. aureus-induced mastitis in Hu sheep through the PPARG-UCP2 axis. Fifteen lactating Hu sheep were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 5): control group, model group, and CLA group. The CLA group received 1 mg/mammary gland of CLA via intramammary infusion for seven days, followed by S. aureus challenge (5 × 10⁷ cells/mL, 2 mL/mammary gland) in the model and CLA groups, while the control group received saline. Venous blood and mammary tissue samples were collected at two days post-infection. The results demonstrated that S. aureus infection significantly upregulated the expression of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB) in the mammary tissue of Hu sheep, p < 0.01. Relative to the control, the model group showed increased ROS and MDA levels, a diminished NAD+/NADH ratio, and downregulated expression of the antioxidant factors SOD, Nrf2, HO-1, and SIRT3, p < 0.01. Furthermore, the expression of p-AMPK and mitophagy-related factors (PARKIN, PINK1, and LC3b) showed a statistically significant increase in the model group than in the control group, p < 0.01. S. aureus infection also suppressed the expression of PPARG and UCP2, p < 0.01. In contrast, the CLA group showed lower levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB), ROS and MDA, while the NAD+/NADH ratio and the expression of antioxidant factors (SOD, p-Nrf2, HO-1, and SIRT3) were elevated compared with the model group, p < 0.01. Moreover, the expression of p-AMPK and mitophagy-related factors (PARKIN, PINK1, and LC3b) was reduced in the CLA group relative to the model group, p < 0.05. Concurrently, the expression of PPARG and UCP2 was higher in the CLA group than in the model group, p < 0.001. These findings demonstrated that S. aureus infection induced mastitis in Hu sheep mammary tissue, whereas CLA alleviated the infection by upregulating the PPARG-UCP2 pathway, thereby reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitophagy levels. This study offers a novel perspective on mammary tissue repair during mastitis and expands the understanding of UCP2’s biological role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farm Animal Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 437 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Starch Level and Calcium Salts of Palm Fatty Acids on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Lambs

by Joyanne Mirelle Sousa Ferreira, Hérick Pachêco Rodrigues, Maria Izabel Batista Pereira, Lais Santos Trajano, Ligia Lins Souza, Henry Daniel Ruiz Alba, José Esler de Freitas Junior, Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho, Douglas dos Santos Pina, Stefanie Alvarenga Santos and José Augusto Gomes Azevêdo

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010098 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 714

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the interactive effects of dietary starch concentration (220 or 420 g/kg DM) and supplementation with calcium salts of palm fatty acids (CSPFAs; 0 or 30 g/kg DM) on carcass characteristics and meat quality in lambs. Thirty-two castrated Dorper [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the interactive effects of dietary starch concentration (220 or 420 g/kg DM) and supplementation with calcium salts of palm fatty acids (CSPFAs; 0 or 30 g/kg DM) on carcass characteristics and meat quality in lambs. Thirty-two castrated Dorper × Santa Inês male lambs (initial body weight 25.0 ± 2.85 kg) were randomly assigned to four experimental diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for 44 days. Although carcass yield remained unaffected (average 49.4%; p > 0.05), CSPFA supplementation significantly increased fat deposition, including perirenal fat mass (590 vs. 400 g; p = 0.005), renal fat score (2.90 vs. 2.66; p = 0.035), and subcutaneous fat thickness (3.8 vs. 1.9 mm; p = 0.017). A starch × CSPFA interaction (p = 0.014) was observed for carcass cooling, where high-starch diets reduced the 24 h temperature only in lambs not receiving CSPFA (7.45 vs. 8.48 °C; p = 0.028). CSPFA also altered the muscle fatty acid profile by increasing C16:0 and total saturated fatty acids (SFA) while reducing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In conclusion, palm-oil–derived CSPFA enhances carcass fatness but compromises the nutritional value of lamb meat by promoting an unfavorable fatty acid profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Muscle Biology and Meat Science—Improving Meat Safety and Nutritional Value)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 2276 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Diverse Pathways for Coordinated Development of Agroforestry Economy and Ecological Environment: The Case of China, 2012–2023

by Guoxing Huang, Shaozhi Chen, Xiao Guan and Rong Zhao

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010097 - 31 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 514

Abstract

The coordinated development of the agroforestry economy and the ecological environment is crucial for promoting the sustainable development and high-quality transformation of the agroforestry economy. Based on TOE theory and utilizing provincial-level panel data from China covering 2012–2023, this study comprehensively employs dynamic [...] Read more.

The coordinated development of the agroforestry economy and the ecological environment is crucial for promoting the sustainable development and high-quality transformation of the agroforestry economy. Based on TOE theory and utilizing provincial-level panel data from China covering 2012–2023, this study comprehensively employs dynamic QCA and NCA methods to explore the multi-faceted driving pathways and supporting factors for the coordinated development of the agroforestry economy and ecological environment across temporal and spatial dimensions. Key findings include: (1) Coordinated development requires synergistic contributions from multiple factors—technological, organizational, and environmental—rather than isolated effects of any single element. While no single factor alone constitutes a necessary condition for coordination, the importance of technological innovation, market demand, and industrial support is progressively increasing; (2) The coordinated development of the agroforestry economy and ecological environment involves multiple pathways and complex mechanisms. Specifically, it encompasses four distinct approaches: enterprise-driven and industry-supported model, technology-innovation-led model, market-driven factor integration model, and government-led multi-stakeholder collaboration model; (3) No significant temporal effects emerged across all pathways, but pronounced spatial heterogeneity was evident. The enterprise-driven and industry-supported model suits Northeast and Central China; the technology-innovation-led model is suitable for South China and Northeast China; the market-driven factor integration model is suitable for East China, Central China, and Southwest China; the government-led multi-stakeholder collaboration model is suitable for Southwest China and Central China. Therefore, to enhance the coordinated development of the agroforestry economy and ecological environment, each region should adopt a holistic perspective, leverage its unique resource and factor endowments, strengthen the integrated matching of technological, organizational, and environmental factors, and explore development pathways tailored to local conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1842 KB

Open AccessArticle

Field Comparison of Manual and Automated Trapping Systems for Monitoring Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Adults in Maize

by Diana Maria Purice and Ioana Grozea

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010096 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 704

Abstract

The western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) remains one of the most damaging pests of maize across Europe, including Romania. Reliable integrated pest management relies on monitoring systems capable of capturing adult flight activity under field conditions. This study presents a [...] Read more.

The western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) remains one of the most damaging pests of maize across Europe, including Romania. Reliable integrated pest management relies on monitoring systems capable of capturing adult flight activity under field conditions. This study presents a comparative field evaluation of three monitoring approaches: Virgiwit yellow sticky panels (YSP), pheromone-based CSALOMON^® KLP+ traps, and the automated iScout^® digital monitoring system. Monitoring was conducted at weekly intervals over an eight-week period (20 July–15 September 2025) in four maize fields in western Romania. Capture data were analyzed descriptively to assess relative trap performance and to explore associations with selected meteorological variables. KLP+ traps consistently recorded the highest numbers of adults, while YSP traps reproduced the main seasonal flight patterns. The iScout^® system captured fewer individuals but provided continuous temporal information on adult activity. Correlation analyses indicated generally weak and inconsistent relationships between trap captures and short-term weather variables, reflecting the limitations imposed by weekly manual sampling and site-specific variability. Overall, the results highlight the complementary strengths and limitations of manual and automated monitoring tools and support their exploratory use for characterizing seasonal flight activity and temporal population patterns of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera under field conditions. Further multi-year and device-specific validation is required before automated systems can be fully integrated into operational pest management frameworks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 751 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and UHPLC–MS/MS Methodology for the Pharmaceutical Multiresidue Extraction and Analysis of Agricultural Soil Samples

by Vanessa Mendoza-Grimón, Javier Pacheco-Juárez, Rayco Guedes-Alonso, Juan Ramón Fernández-Vera, Esmeralda Estevez, Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda, Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera and María del Pino Palacios-Díaz

Agriculture 2026, 16(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010095 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 619

Abstract

Using reclaimed water for irrigation is an effective strategy in semi-arid regions facing water scarcity. However, this water may contain pharmaceutical residues, posing potential environmental and health risks. To ensure sustainable reuse, it is essential to study how these substances accumulate in soil [...] Read more.

Using reclaimed water for irrigation is an effective strategy in semi-arid regions facing water scarcity. However, this water may contain pharmaceutical residues, posing potential environmental and health risks. To ensure sustainable reuse, it is essential to study how these substances accumulate in soil and transfer to crops. The aim of this research was to develop and optimise a rapid Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction method combined with Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–tandem Mass Spectrometry for quantifying 23 pharmaceuticals in non-cultivated soil. Following optimisation, 18 compounds were successfully extracted using a MeOH:H₂O ratio of 75:25. The detection and quantification limits were found to range from 0.52 to 0.5 ng·g⁻¹ and 1.75 to 35 ng·g⁻¹, respectively. The matrix effects and recoveries varied by compounds’ type and concentration, but most results were acceptable. The evidence suggested that some drugs underwent microbial degradation. Soil irrigated with reclaimed water via subsurface drip since 2012 occasionally contained four pharmaceuticals (caffeine, carbamazepine, tamoxifen, and venlafaxine) at low concentrations, while others were absent. This indicates the capacity of soil to act as a barrier, and highlights the importance of proper water management. The study concludes that reclaimed water reuse is safe if supported by efficient treatment and management, offering a promising approach for long-term sustainability in water-scarce regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Agriculture, Volume 16, Issue 1 (January-1 2026) – 136 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI