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Computers, Volume 14, Issue 11

2025 November - 53 articles

Cover Story: Analyzing passenger flow is vital for optimizing public transport operations and safety. This paper introduces a novel, cost-efficient system that leverages YOLO-based computer vision deployed on low-power NVIDIA Jetson Nano (Edge AI) devices. Unlike traditional cloud-dependent methods, our approach provides real-time, on-device analysis of passenger density in tram stations. This enables immediate decision-making, significantly enhancing operational efficiency, reducing hardware costs, and improving the safety and experience of urban mobility systems. View this paper
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Articles (53)

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,843 Views
24 Pages

Survey on Monocular Metric Depth Estimation

  • Jiuling Zhang,
  • Yurong Wu and
  • Huilong Jiang

20 November 2025

Monocular metric depth estimation (MMDE) aims to generate depth maps with an absolute metric scale from a single RGB image, which enables accurate spatial understanding, 3D reconstruction, and autonomous navigation. Unlike conventional monocular dept...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,152 Views
26 Pages

AutoQALLMs: Automating Web Application Testing Using Large Language Models (LLMs) and Selenium

  • Sindhupriya Mallipeddi,
  • Muhammad Yaqoob,
  • Javed Ali Khan,
  • Tahir Mehmood,
  • Alexios Mylonas and
  • Nikolaos Pitropakis

18 November 2025

Modern web applications change frequently in response to user and market needs, making their testing challenging. Manual testing and automation methods often struggle to keep up with these changes. We propose an automated testing framework, AutoQALLM...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,101 Views
17 Pages

Deep Learning-Based Citrus Canker and Huanglongbing Disease Detection Using Leaf Images

  • Maryjose Devora-Guadarrama,
  • Benjamín Luna-Benoso,
  • Antonio Alarcón-Paredes,
  • Jose Cruz Martínez-Perales and
  • Úrsula Samantha Morales-Rodríguez

17 November 2025

Early detection of plant diseases is key to ensuring food production, reducing economic losses, minimizing the use of agrochemicals, and maintaining the sustainability of the agricultural sector. Citrus plants, an important source of vitamin C, fiber...

  • Article
  • Open Access
950 Views
25 Pages

Machine Learning Models for Subsurface Pressure Prediction: A Data Mining Approach

  • Muhammad Raiees Amjad,
  • Rohan Benjamin Varghese and
  • Tehmina Amjad

17 November 2025

Precise pore pressure prediction is highly essential for safe and effective drilling; however, the nonlinear and heterogeneous nature of the subsurface strata makes it extremely challenging. Conventional physics-based methods are not capable of handl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
853 Views
22 Pages

An Embedded Convolutional Neural Network Model for Potato Plant Disease Classification

  • Laila Hammam,
  • Hany Ayad Bastawrous,
  • Hani Ghali and
  • Gamal A. Ebrahim

16 November 2025

Globally, potatoes are one of the major crops that significantly contribute to food security; hence, the field of machine learning has opened the gate for many advances in plant disease detection. For real-time agricultural applications, it has been...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
6,107 Views
32 Pages

15 November 2025

Arabic natural language processing (NLP) has garnered significant attention in recent years due to the growing demand for automated text and Arabic-based intelligent systems, in addition to digital transformation in the Arab world. However, the uniqu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
719 Views
18 Pages

Recognizing Cattle Behaviours by Spatio-Temporal Reasoning Between Key Body Parts and Environmental Context

  • Fangzheng Qi,
  • Zhenjie Hou,
  • En Lin,
  • Xing Li,
  • Jiuzhen Liang and
  • Wenguang Zhang

13 November 2025

The accurate recognition of cattle behaviours is crucial for improving animal welfare and production efficiency in precision livestock farming. However, existing methods pay limited attention to recognising behaviours under occlusion or those involvi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,142 Views
24 Pages

GrowMore: Adaptive Tablet-Based Intervention for Education and Cognitive Rehabilitation in Children with Mild-to-Moderate Intellectual Disabilities

  • Abdullah,
  • Nida Hafeez,
  • Kinza Sardar,
  • Fatima Uroosa,
  • Zulaikha Fatima,
  • Rolando Quintero Téllez and
  • José Luis Oropeza Rodríguez

13 November 2025

Providing equitable, high-quality education to all children, including those with intellectual disabilities (ID), remains a critical global challenge. Traditional learning environments often fail to address the unique cognitive needs of children with...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,583 Views
20 Pages

eXplainable AI Framework for Automated Lesson Plan Generation and Alignment with Bloom’s Taxonomy

  • Deborah Olaniyan,
  • Julius Olaniyan,
  • Ibidun C. Obagbuwa and
  • Anthony K. Tsetse

13 November 2025

This paper presents an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) framework for the automated generation of lesson plans aligned with Bloom’s Taxonomy. The proposed system addresses the dual challenges of accurate cognitive classification and pe...

  • Article
  • Open Access
883 Views
19 Pages

13 November 2025

Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 are increasingly integrated into research, industry, and enterprise workflows, yet little is known about how input file formats shape their outputs. While prior work has shown that formats can influence resp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,902 Views
20 Pages

An Augmented Reality Mobile App for Recognizing and Visualizing Museum Exhibits

  • Madina Ipalakova,
  • Zhiger Bolatov,
  • Yevgeniya Daineko,
  • Dana Tsoy,
  • Damir Khojayev and
  • Ekaterina Reznikova

13 November 2025

Augmented reality (AR) offers a novel way to enrich museum visits by deepening engagement and enhancing learning. This study presents the development of a mobile application for the Abylkhan Kasteyev State Museum of Arts (Almaty, Kazakhstan), designe...

  • Article
  • Open Access
687 Views
19 Pages

13 November 2025

Risk assessment is critical for securing and sustaining operational resilience in cloud computing. Traditional approaches often rely on single-objective or subjective weighting methods, limiting their accuracy and adaptability to dynamic cloud condit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,511 Views
19 Pages

9 November 2025

Comprehensive highway scene understanding and robust traffic risk inference are vital for advancing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and autonomous driving. Traditional approaches often struggle with scalability and generalization, particular...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,152 Views
15 Pages

Preliminary Study on Image-Finding Generation and Classification of Lung Nodules in Chest CT Images Using Vision–Language Models

  • Maiko Nagao,
  • Atsushi Teramoto,
  • Kaito Urata,
  • Kazuyoshi Imaizumi,
  • Masashi Kondo and
  • Hiroshi Fujita

9 November 2025

In the diagnosis of lung cancer, imaging findings of lung nodules are essential for benign and malignant classifications. Although numerous studies have investigated the classification of lung nodules, no method has been proposed for obtaining detail...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,887 Views
28 Pages

8 November 2025

Deepfake technology, driven by advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL), has become one of the foremost threats to digital trust and the authenticity of information. Despite the rapid development of deepfake detection methods,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3,490 Views
18 Pages

Artificial Intelligence in Stock Market Investment Through the RSI Indicator

  • Alberto Agudelo-Aguirre,
  • Néstor Duque-Méndez and
  • Alejandro Galvis-Flórez

7 November 2025

Investment in equity assets is characterized by high volatility, both in prices and returns, which poses a constant challenge for the efficient management of risk and profitability. In this context, investors continuously seek innovative strategies t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
769 Views
51 Pages

Ripple Evolution Optimizer: A Novel Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic

  • Hussam N. Fakhouri,
  • Hasan Rashaideh,
  • Riyad Alrousan,
  • Faten Hamad and
  • Zaid Khrisat

7 November 2025

This paper presents a novel Ripple Evolution Optimizer (REO) that incorporates adaptive and diversified movement—a population-based metaheuristic that turns a coastal-dynamics metaphor into principled search operators. REO augments a JADE-style...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,545 Views
32 Pages

NLP Models for Military Terminology Analysis and Detection of Information Operations on Social Media

  • Bayangali Abdygalym,
  • Madina Sambetbayeva,
  • Aigerim Yerimbetova,
  • Anargul Nekessova,
  • Nurbolat Tasbolatuly,
  • Nurzhigit Smailov and
  • Aksaule Nazymkhan

6 November 2025

This paper presents Multi_mil, a multilingual annotated corpus designed for the analysis of information operations in military discourse. The corpus consists of 1000 texts collected from social media and news platforms in Russian, Kazakh, and English...

  • Article
  • Open Access
709 Views
35 Pages

6 November 2025

In web-based services, users are often required to submit personal data, which may be shared with third parties. Although privacy regulations mandate the disclosure of intended recipients in privacy policies, this does not fully alleviate users&rsquo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,378 Views
22 Pages

trustSense: Measuring Human Oversight Maturity for Trustworthy AI

  • Kitty Kioskli,
  • Theofanis Fotis,
  • Eleni Seralidou,
  • Marios Passaris and
  • Nineta Polemi

6 November 2025

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems into critical decision-making processes necessitates robust mechanisms to ensure trustworthiness, ethical compliance, and human oversight. This paper introduces trustSense, a novel assessment fr...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,652 Views
26 Pages

Feature-Centric Approaches to Android Malware Analysis: A Survey

  • Shama Maganur,
  • Yili Jiang,
  • Jiaqi Huang and
  • Fangtian Zhong

5 November 2025

Sophisticated malware families exploit the openness of the Android platform to enable large-scale disruption, data exfiltration, and denial-of-service attacks, including the infiltration of IoT infrastructures. This systematic literature review exami...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,297 Views
17 Pages

An Adaptive Multi-Agent Framework for Semantic-Aware Process Mining

  • Xiaohan Su,
  • Bin Liang,
  • Zhidong Li,
  • Yifei Dong,
  • Justin Wang and
  • Fang Chen

5 November 2025

With rapid advancements in large language models for natural language processing, their role in semantic-aware process mining is growing. We study semantics-aware process mining, where decisions must reflect both event logs and textual rules. We prop...

  • Article
  • Open Access
617 Views
21 Pages

Re_MGFE: A Multi-Scale Global Feature Embedding Spectrum Sensing Method Based on Relation Network

  • Jiayi Wang,
  • Fan Zhou,
  • Jinyang Ren,
  • Lizhuang Tan,
  • Jian Wang,
  • Peiying Zhang and
  • Shaolin Liao

4 November 2025

Currently, the increasing number of Internet of Things devices makes spectrum resource shortage prominent. Spectrum sensing technology can effectively solve this problem by conducting real-time monitoring of the spectrum. However, in practical applic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
820 Views
16 Pages

A Mixed Reality-Based Training and Guidance System for Quality Control

  • Luzia Saraiva,
  • João Henriques,
  • José Silva,
  • André Barbosa and
  • Serafim M. Oliveira

3 November 2025

The increasing demand for customized products has raised the significant challenges of increasing performance and reducing costs in the industry. Facing that demand requires operators to enhance their capabilities to cope with complexity, demanding s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,317 Views
20 Pages

3 November 2025

Achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) requires a unified framework capable of modeling the full spectrum of intelligent behavior—from logical reasoning and sensory perception to emotional regulation and collective decision-making. Thi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,000 Views
25 Pages

Enhancing Cyberattack Prevention Through Anomaly Detection Ensembles and Diverse Training Sets

  • Faisal Saleem S Alraddadi,
  • Luis F. Lago-Fernández and
  • Francisco B. Rodríguez

3 November 2025

A surge in global connectivity has led to an increase in cyberattacks, creating a need for improved security. A promising area of research is using machine learning to detect these attacks. Traditional two-class machine learning models can be ineffec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,255 Views
23 Pages

3 November 2025

Efficient real-time computer vision-based passenger flow analysis is increasingly important for the management of intelligent transportation systems and smart cities. This paper presents the design and implementation of a system for real-time object...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,014 Views
26 Pages

Pulse-Driven Spin Paradigm for Noise-Aware Quantum Classification

  • Carlos Riascos-Moreno,
  • Andrés Marino Álvarez-Meza and
  • German Castellanos-Dominguez

1 November 2025

Quantum machine learning (QML) integrates quantum computing with classical machine learning. Within this domain, QML-CQ classification tasks, where classical data is processed by quantum circuits, have attracted particular interest for their potentia...

  • Editorial
  • Open Access
833 Views
5 Pages

Uncertainty-Aware Artificial Intelligence: Editorial

  • H. M. Dipu Kabir and
  • Subrota Kumar Mondal

1 November 2025

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the way we think, perceive, and interact, delivering remarkable advances across domains ranging from computer vision and natural language processing to healthcare, power, finance, autonomy, and philosop...

  • Article
  • Open Access
552 Views
14 Pages

Fair and Energy-Efficient Charging Resource Allocation for Heterogeneous UGV Fleets

  • Dimitris Ziouzios,
  • Nikolaos Baras,
  • Minas Dasygenis and
  • Constantinos Tsanaktsidis

1 November 2025

This paper addresses the critical challenge of energy management for autonomous robots in the context of large-scale photovoltaic parks. The dynamic and vast nature of these environments, characterized by dense, structured rows of solar panels, intro...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
573 Views
20 Pages

A Multi-Step PM2.5 Time Series Forecasting Approach for Mining Areas Using Last Day Observed, Correlation-Based Retrieval, and Interpolation

  • Anibal Flores,
  • Hugo Tito-Chura,
  • Jose Guzman-Valdivia,
  • Ruso Morales-Gonzales,
  • Eduardo Flores-Quispe and
  • Osmar Cuentas-Toledo

1 November 2025

Monitoring PM2.5 in mining areas is essential for air quality management; however, most studies focus on single-step forecasts, limiting timely decision making. This work addresses the need for accurate multi-step PM2.5 prediction to support proactiv...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,975 Views
33 Pages

1 November 2025

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks pose a serious risk to the operational stability of a network for companies, often leading to service disruptions and financial damage and a loss of trust and credibility. The increasing sophistication and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
520 Views
14 Pages

Detecting Visualized Malicious Code Through Low-Redundancy Convolution

  • Xiao Liu,
  • Jiawang Liu,
  • Yingying Ren and
  • Jining Chen

1 November 2025

The proliferation of sophisticated malware poses a persistent threat to cybersecurity. While visualizing malware as images enables the use of Convolutional Neural Networks, standard architectures are often inefficient and struggle with the high spati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,564 Views
21 Pages

Computer Vision-Driven Framework for IoT-Enabled Basketball Score Tracking

  • Ivan Ćirić,
  • Nikola Ivačko,
  • Miljana Milić,
  • Petar Ristić and
  • Dušan Krstić

1 November 2025

This paper presents the design and implementation of a vision-based score detection system tailored for smart IoT basketball applications. The proposed architecture leverages a compact, low-cost device comprising a high-resolution overhead camera and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,613 Views
20 Pages

1 November 2025

Irreducible polynomials are widely used in modern cryptography; however, algorithms for finding such polynomials remain quite complex and require significant computational resources. In this study, a new approach to finding irreducible equations over...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,768 Views
36 Pages

1 November 2025

Memory forensics is an essential cybersecurity tool that comprehensively examines volatile memory to detect the malicious activity of fileless malware that can bypass disk analysis. Image-based detection techniques provide a promising solution by vis...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,194 Views
31 Pages

Artificial Intelligence-Driven Mobile Platform for Thermographic Imaging to Support Maternal Health Care

  • Lucas Miguel Iturriago-Salas,
  • Jeison Andres Mesa-Sarmiento,
  • Paola Alexandra Castro-Cabrera,
  • Andrés Marino Álvarez-Meza and
  • German Castellanos-Dominguez

1 November 2025

Maternal health care during labor requires the continuous and reliable monitoring of analgesic procedures, yet conventional systems are often subjective, indirect, and operator-dependent. Infrared thermography (IRT) offers a promising non-invasive ap...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,364 Views
35 Pages

Teaching Machine Learning to Undergraduate Electrical Engineering Students

  • Gerald Fudge,
  • Anika Rimu,
  • William Zorn,
  • July Ringle and
  • Cody Barnett

28 October 2025

Proficiency in machine learning (ML) and the associated computational math foundations have become critical skills for engineers. Required areas of proficiency include the ability to use available ML tools and the ability to develop new tools to solv...

  • Article
  • Open Access
825 Views
21 Pages

SACW: Semi-Asynchronous Federated Learning with Client Selection and Adaptive Weighting

  • Shuaifeng Li,
  • Fangfang Shan,
  • Shiqi Mao,
  • Yanlong Lu,
  • Fengjun Miao and
  • Zhuo Chen

27 October 2025

Federated learning (FL), as a privacy-preserving distributed machine learning paradigm, demonstrates unique advantages in addressing data silo problems. However, the prevalent statistical heterogeneity (data distribution disparities) and system heter...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
1,834 Views
30 Pages

25 October 2025

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a transformative tool in Sustainable Design (SD), providing measurable benefits for efficiency, collaboration, and performance in architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) practices. Despite its growing...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,271 Views
30 Pages

Decision Support for Cargo Pickup and Delivery Under Uncertainty: A Combined Agent-Based Simulation and Optimization Approach

  • Renan Paula Ramos Moreno,
  • Rui Borges Lopes,
  • Ana Luísa Ramos,
  • José Vasconcelos Ferreira,
  • Diogo Correia and
  • Igor Eduardo Santos de Melo

25 October 2025

This article introduces an innovative hybrid methodology that integrates deterministic Mixed-Integer Linear Programming optimization with stochastic Agent-Based Simulation to address the PDP-TW. The approach is applied to real-world operational data...

  • Article
  • Open Access
843 Views
20 Pages

Approaching Challenges in Representations of Date–Time Ambiguities

  • Amer Harb,
  • Kamilla Klonowska and
  • Daniel Einarson

24 October 2025

Inconsistencies in Earth’s spinning, changes in calendar systems, etc., necessitate time being represented correspondingly. Date–time handling in programming involves specific challenges, including conflicts between calendars, time zone d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,951 Views
18 Pages

24 October 2025

Music plays an increasingly vital role in modern society, becoming a fundamental part of everyday life. Beyond entertainment, it contributes to emotional well-being by helping individuals express their feelings, process emotions, and find comfort dur...

  • Article
  • Open Access
940 Views
21 Pages

24 October 2025

Image restoration tasks such as deraining, deblurring, and dehazing are crucial for enhancing the environmental perception of autonomous vehicles and traffic systems, particularly for tasks like vehicle detection, pedestrian detection and lane line i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,049 Views
23 Pages

24 October 2025

The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) has significantly transformed higher education. As a linguistic assistant, GAI can promote equity and reduce barriers in academic writing. However, its widespread availability also raises ethi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
866 Views
16 Pages

Dealing with Class Overlap Through Cluster-Based Sample Weighting

  • Patrick Thiam,
  • Friedhelm Schwenker and
  • Hans Armin Kestler

24 October 2025

The classification performance of an inference model trained in a supervised manner depends substantially on the size and quality of the labeled training data. The characteristics of the underlying data distribution significantly impact the generaliz...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,757 Views
43 Pages

Investigation of Cybersecurity Bottlenecks of AI Agents in Industrial Automation

  • Sami Shrestha,
  • Chipiliro Banda,
  • Amit Kumar Mishra,
  • Fatiha Djebbar and
  • Deepak Puthal

23 October 2025

The growth of Agentic AI systems in Industrial Automation has brought forth new cybersecurity issues which in turn put at risk the reliability and integrity of these systems. In this study we look at the cybersecurity issues in industrial automation...

  • Article
  • Open Access
901 Views
26 Pages

Research on the Application of Federated Learning Based on CG-WGAN in Gout Staging Prediction

  • Junbo Wang,
  • Kaiqi Zhang,
  • Zhibo Guan,
  • Zi Ye,
  • Chao Ma and
  • Hai Huang

23 October 2025

Traditional federated learning frameworks face significant challenges posed by non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data in the healthcare domain, particularly in multi-institutional collaborative gout staging prediction. Differences...

  • Article
  • Open Access
466 Views
29 Pages

HRCD: A Hybrid Replica Method Based on Community Division Under Edge Computing

  • Shengyao Sun,
  • Ying Du,
  • Dong Wang,
  • Jiwei Zhang and
  • Shengbin Liang

22 October 2025

With the emergence of Industry 5.0 and explosive data growth, replica allocation has become a critical issue in edge computing systems. Current methods often focus on placing replicas on edge servers near terminals, yet this may lead to edge node ove...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,772 Views
29 Pages

Optimization of Emergency Notification Processes in University Campuses Through Multiplatform Mobile Applications: A Case Study

  • Steven Alejandro Salazar Cazco,
  • Christian Alejandro Dávila Fuentes,
  • Nelly Margarita Padilla Padilla,
  • Rosa Belén Ramos Jiménez and
  • Johanna Gabriela Del Pozo Naranjo

22 October 2025

Universities face continuous challenges in ensuring rapid and efficient communication during emergencies due to outdated, fragmented, and manual notification systems. This research presents the design, development, and implementation of a multiplatfo...

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Computers - ISSN 2073-431X