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Extreme rainfall events can trigger widespread landsliding and fluvial erosion, exerting a disproportionate influence on sediment production and landscape evolution in mountainous watersheds. However, hillslope–channel coupling during individual extreme events remains poorly quantified due to the scarcity of event-scale topographic observations. This study investigates event-scale hillslope–channel coupling by quantifying landslide-driven hillslope erosion and channel incision associated with Typhoon Morakot (2009) in the Sinwulu River watershed, southeastern Taiwan. High-resolution pre- and post-event digital surface models (DSMs) were reconstructed using an aerial structure-from-motion multi-view stereo (SfM–MVS) photogrammetry workflow and corrected for canopy height to derive meter-scale topographic changes. Hillslope and channel domains were delineated, and linked hillslope–channel units were used to examine spatial relationships between erosion processes and topographic and hydraulic factors. Results indicate that landslide erosion dominated sediment production during the event with watershed-average erosion of 544.35 mm, while channel responses exhibited strong spatial contrasts, with pronounced incision in upstream reaches and substantial deposition downstream of major knickpoints. Event-scale analysis provides evidence for a strong correspondence between channel incision and hillslope landslide erosion, whereas correlations with commonly used hydraulic proxies such as unit stream power are comparatively weaker. These findings highlight the value of event-scale topographic measurements for elucidating transient hillslope–channel coupling processes during extreme rainfall events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Erosion and Sediment Transport)

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28 pages, 2666 KB

Open AccessReview

Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Power Electronics: Comparative Properties, Applications, and Reliability of GaN and SiC Devices

by Nathaniel Viewegh, Harrison Holloway, Rainey Biggerstaff, Joseph Bruce Herzog and Christopher Martin Stanley

Hardware 2026, 4(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/hardware4010006 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2026

Abstract

Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors such as gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC) have revolutionized modern power electronics by enabling devices that operate at higher voltages, temperatures, and switching frequencies than their silicon counterparts. This paper reviews the material properties, device architectures, fabrication techniques, and thermal management strategies that underpin the performance of GaN and SiC technologies. We highlight key trade-offs between GaN and SiC in terms of voltage blocking capability, switching efficiency, and thermal robustness and discussed their application in electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and power converters. Market adoption trends and manufacturing challenges are also analyzed, with attention to cost-performance dynamics and packaging innovations. Finally, we address the critical role of thermal boundary resistance and emerging reliability solutions, providing a perspective on the future trajectory of WBG device research and commercialization. Full article

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17 pages, 3166 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multirod Side-Pumped Ce:Nd:YAG Architectures for Sustainable Solar Laser Power Generation

by Cláudia R. Vistas, Dawei Liang, Bruno D. Tibúrcio, Hugo Costa and Joana Almeida

Sustainability 2026, 18(6), 2972; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18062972 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2026

Abstract

A detailed numerical optimization of side-pumped cerium- and neodymium-codoped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce:Nd:YAG) solar laser architectures was performed using Zemax^® and LASCAD^TM, aiming for both high-power multimode and TEM₀₀-mode performances. Multiple rod configurations and laser resonator geometries were evaluated to maximize absorbed pump power, improve mode overlap, and ensure thermal stability. For multimode operation, the optimal design was a four-rod cross side-pumped configuration employing 4.0 mm diameter, 25 mm length rods, which numerically delivered a solar laser output power of 134 W (resulting in a collection efficiency of 49.1 W/m² and solar-to-laser conversion efficiency of 4.91%), representing a 1.50-times improvement over the best previously reported value of 89.29 W. For TEM₀₀-mode generation, the best performance was obtained with a three-rod horizontal side-pumped configuration using 2.5 mm diameter, 34 mm length rods, achieving a collection efficiency of 21.1 W/m² and solar-to-laser conversion efficiency of 2.11%, surpassing the record 16.49 W/m² reported in earlier literature. Thermal analyses revealed low peak temperatures, reduced thermally induced stress, and minimized refractive-index gradients in both architectures, confirming that multirod side pumping significantly improves the thermal environment and enables stable operation at high absorbed pump powers. These results demonstrate that carefully engineered multirod geometries can simultaneously enhance collection efficiency, beam quality, and thermal robustness, highlighting multirod side-pumped solar lasers as a promising pathway for further power scaling and next-generation high-performance solar laser systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar Energy Technology in Sustainable Development)

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17 pages, 4655 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Fast Prediction Method for Wide-Angle Bistatic Scattering and Reflection Coefficients of Acoustically Coated Plates

by Yanhua Zhang, Zilong Peng, Liwen Tan, Shihao Wu and Enze Lv

Sensors 2026, 26(6), 1899; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26061899 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2026

Abstract

Multistatic sonar provides enhanced target detection in complex underwater environments. The wide-angle bistatic scattering characteristics of targets, particularly the bistatic reflection coefficients, are important for evaluating system performance and designing acoustic absorbing coatings. However, obtaining full-angle experimental measurements is challenging, and conventional finite-element simulations become computationally prohibitive for large structures, high frequencies, or exhaustive angle sweeps. To overcome these challenges, a fast wide-angle scattering prediction method for acoustically coated plates is proposed. The method constructs a scattering transfer matrix from the surface mesh and retrieves the equivalent source density from a small subset of scattered-pressure samples, enabling reconstruction of the full-angle scattering field and rapid extraction of reflection coefficients. The approach is demonstrated on both rigid and coated plates, with predictions compared against finite-element calculations. The results demonstrate that the proposed method accurately reproduces the bistatic reflection coefficients, including non-linear dispersion effects and interference fringes, across a wide frequency band from 100 Hz to 5 kHz. Compared to traditional FEM sweeps, this method significantly reduces computational time while maintaining high accuracy, providing an efficient tool for the design of acoustic stealth materials and laying a foundation for rapid target strength prediction of complex targets using the Planar Element Method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

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19 pages, 1170 KB

Open AccessArticle

Brand Trust as Value Chain Governance: How Perceived Consumer Demand Reshapes Profit Distribution in Mongolia’s Cashmere Industry

by Baigalzaya Batsukh, Chen Fei and Dafia Chabi Simin Najib

Sustainability 2026, 18(6), 2970; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18062970 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2026

Abstract

This study examines brand trust as a governance mechanism within the Mongolian cashmere value chain and explores its impact on profit distribution and business relationships. Using a qualitative methodology involving key stakeholder interviews, document analysis and case studies, the study shows that brand trust acts as a powerful form of soft power. It institutionalises values such as ethical sourcing and sustainability, which simultaneously strengthen consumer loyalty and reconfigure power dynamics upstream. Transparency and traceability are the tools that enforce compliance with brand standards. These findings extend global value chain theory by incorporating intangible factors such as trust and reputation into models of value creation and distribution. Consequently, policies aimed at enhancing brand trust are presented as a viable strategy to promote sustainable and equitable outcomes in similar resource-based sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Research on Consumer Behavior and Digital Marketing Connection for Facilitating Sustainable Marketing Effectiveness)

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21 pages, 7254 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Substrate Manufacturing Route on HiPIMS TiAlSiN-Coated AISI 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

by Marek Kočiško, Patrik Petroušek, Róbert Kočiško, Lukáš Štafura, Dávid Medveď and Róbert Džunda

Materials 2026, 19(6), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061184 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2026

Abstract

Laser powder bed fusion has attracted increasing attention for the production of metallic substrates intended for surface functionalization by advanced physical vapor deposition coatings. This study investigates the influence of the substrate manufacturing route on the performance of titanium–aluminum–silicon nitride-coated AISI 316L stainless steel, with particular emphasis on substrates produced by laser powder bed fusion. Conventionally manufactured and additively manufactured AISI 316L substrates were coated with a titanium–aluminum–silicon nitride layer using high-power impulse magnetron sputtering. The substrates were characterized by tensile testing and microhardness measurements, while coating thickness and uniformity were evaluated using the crater ball method. The mechanical integrity of the coating–substrate system was assessed by progressive load scratch testing. The additively manufactured substrate exhibited a significantly higher yield strength (411 MPa) compared to the conventionally manufactured material (257 MPa), together with increased microhardness. The titanium–aluminum–silicon nitride coating showed a uniform thickness of 4.47 µm and a well-defined coating–substrate interface. Scratch tests revealed a delayed onset of coating damage on additively manufactured substrates, with the transition to severe adhesive failure occurring at higher normal loads compared to the conventionally manufactured substrate. These results demonstrate that AISI 316L stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion provides a mechanically robust substrate for titanium–aluminum–silicon nitride coatings deposited by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering, with favorable coating response under progressive loading conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials (3rd Edition))

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21 pages, 1568 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Eccentric vs. Concentric Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on Performance and Health Benefits Across Diverse Populations

by Carolina Oassé Paulafreitas Maia, Diego Ignácio Vanezuela Pérez, Rafael Pereira Azevedo Teixeira, Ciro José Brito, Esteban Aedo-Muñoz and Bianca Miarka

Sports 2026, 14(3), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14030119 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2026

Abstract

Eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) muscle training produce distinct physiological responses, with potential implications for musculoskeletal, metabolic, and cardiovascular health. Therefore, our objective is to synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of ECC and CON training on strength, hypertrophy, metabolic function, and cardiovascular health across diverse adult populations. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024627600). The review included eight randomized controlled trials, pooling data from a total of 441 participants. For strength-related outcomes, six studies (n = 322) were included; for hypertrophy, four studies (n = 210); and for cardiovascular measures, three studies (n = 154). Studies were assessed using the TESTEX scale. Standardized mean differences and random-effects models were applied (p ≤ 0.05). Results indicated that ECC training consistently produced moderate to large improvements in muscle strength (pooled ES = 0.95; I² = 78.6%) and hypertrophy (pooled ES = 0.60; I² = 62.3%), particularly in populations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and older adults. The rate of force development (RFD) showed large effect sizes for ECC (RFD50: ES = 0.97; RFD100: ES = 0.95) but minimal change for CON (RFD50: ES = 0.04; RFD100: ES = 0.10). Both ECC and CON showed minimal effects on cardiovascular outcomes (heart rate and blood pressure: pooled ES range = −0.16 to 0.00; I² = 41.8%) and limited tendon remodeling (ES = −0.18). In conclusion, ECC exercise demonstrates superior benefits for improving muscular strength, hypertrophy, and power across varied populations, particularly those with clinical conditions such as COPD. Its impact on cardiovascular health and tendon properties, however, appears limited. These findings support the integration of ECC modalities into targeted rehabilitation and performance programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Performance: Insights for Athletes and Beyond)

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20 pages, 2332 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pathways to Energy Adequacy: Integrating Storage Technologies and User Engagement in the Design of Energy-Aware Built Environments

by Gianluca Pozzi and Giulia Vignati

Energy Storage Appl. 2026, 3(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/esa3010006 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2026

Abstract

The global shift toward renewable energy systems raises major challenges related to the variability of solar and wind power and their poor alignment with electricity demand. This paper addresses energy adequacy, defined as the ability of an energy system to reliably meet demand by balancing generation, storage, transmission, and reserves for unforeseen events. Within this framework, energy storage systems are identified as strategic components, requiring a diversified and multi-scale set of solutions-from territorial to building scale-to respond to infrastructural constraints and user behaviour. The study adopts a multi-scalar and interdisciplinary methodology combining deductive and inductive approaches. The deductive analysis examines global, European, and Italian electricity systems, highlighting issues such as overcapacity and grid instability caused by the uncoordinated development of renewable generation and network infrastructures. The inductive approach focuses on existing storage technologies, with particular attention to two types of thermal energy storage selected for their simplicity, scalability, and replicability. Hydropower reservoirs are also considered due to their multifunctional role in energy balancing. Two case studies developed by the research group—a public building energy retrofit in Milan and a modular off-grid housing prototype—demonstrate how integrated storage solutions can enhance system flexibility. The results emphasize the necessity of a systemic design approach that combines storage technologies, adaptable energy use, and active user participation to ensure energy adequacy in scenarios with high renewable penetration. Full article

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25 pages, 1580 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Cloud-Edge-Terminal Framework for Large Computing Models in New Power Systems

by Hualiang Fang, Ziyi Feng and Weibo Li

Energies 2026, 19(6), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19061501 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2026

Abstract

With the rapid evolution of a new power system characterized by a high proportion of renewable energy, system operations have become increasingly random, variable, and uncertain. The system model exhibits features such as high dimensionality, multiple time scales, stochastic behavior, and nonlinearity. This paper proposes a large-scale computational power system model architecture based on cloud-edge-terminal collaboration. By defining functional roles within the cloud-edge-terminal structure and implementing a global model coordination mechanism, the approach enables an organic integration of global awareness, local adaptation, dynamic training, and online optimization for power system problem models. At the cloud level, various object models and the power grid topology are constructed. The edge generates typical problem models for the power system, while the terminal devices produce lightweight models adapted to local grids. This architecture supports collaborative modeling for key business scenarios such as power flow analysis, stability assessment, and reactive power optimization. The study focuses on the training methods of distilled parameters within the terminal models to enhance their adaptability for real-world deployment in power systems. Simulation results demonstrate that the cloud-edge-terminal model offers excellent scalability, adaptability, and real-time performance for computations in new power systems, effectively supporting localized, intelligent operations and decision-making within the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Techniques for Optimization and Energy Management in Smart Grids)

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12 pages, 1409 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Wood Density of Pure and Mixed Norway Spruce, Scots Pine, and Silver Birch Stands in Lithuania Using IML Resi

by Benas Šilinskas, Edgaras Linkevičius, Lina Beniušienė, Marius Aleinikovas, Inga Zeleniakienė, Mindaugas Škėma and Karol Tomczak

Forests 2026, 17(3), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17030376 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2026

Abstract

The transition from pure to mixed-species forest stands is increasingly promoted to enhance ecosystem stability and multifunctionality. The growth conditions may influence the physical and mechanical properties of wood. This study evaluated wood density in pure and mixed stands of silver birch, Norway spruce, and Scots pine in Lithuania and analyzed its relationships with tree allometric parameters. Nine study plots representing pure (100%) and mixed (70/30%) stands were established under comparable site conditions. Wood density at breast height was assessed using resistance drilling (IML Resi PD500), and the increment core samples were analyzed with the LIGNOSTATION™ system. The mean values of wood density for silver birch differed by 11%, depending on the wood density determination method used. Differences between pure and mixed stands were insignificant and generally did not exceed 6%–10%. No consistent trend that was attributable to species mixing was identified. The combined data from pure and mixed stands indicate that the mean wood density, converted from microdrilling measurements, was highest in silver birch (546 kg m⁻³ ± 1.87 kg m⁻³), followed by Scots pine (476 kg m⁻³ ± 1.85 kg m⁻³) and Norway spruce (437 kg m⁻³ ± 1.66 kg m⁻³). Resistance drilling showed a moderate relationship with the core samples’ wood density (R² = 0.59), supporting its suitability as a semi-nondestructive method. Diameter at breast height was the only tree parameter that was consistently significant across all predictive models. The combined model for all species explained up to 43% of wood density variation, while species-specific models had lower explanatory power. Overall, the results indicate that species mixing has a limited effect on wood density under the studied conditions and is unlikely to substantially alter wood quality in terms of wood density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)

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20 pages, 18819 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Aging-Induced Evolution of Surface Charge Dynamics in Al₂O₃-Doped Epoxy Resin Insulators for GIS/GIL

by Dongwei Sun, Nian Tang, Zehong Chen, Feng Wang, Kaibin Liang, Lipeng Zhong, Heng Yi and Zhi Li

Energies 2026, 19(6), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19061500 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2026

Abstract

Thermal stress is an important factor affecting the long-term performance of solid insulation in GIS/GIL, and the physicochemical properties of insulating materials play a crucial role in governing surface charge dynamics. This study investigates the influence of accelerated thermal aging on the surface charge behavior of Al₂O₃-doped epoxy resin insulators. Different aging severities were applied to simulate long-term service conditions, and charge accumulation and dissipation characteristics were correlated with physicochemical evolution revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicate that increasing aging severity reduces the charge accumulation rate while increasing the saturated surface charge density. Voltage polarity significantly influences surface charge behavior: a relatively uniform distribution is observed under positive polarity, whereas localized charge clusters are more likely to form under negative polarity. Thermal aging also accelerates the development of surface defects and increases polar functional groups, resulting in degraded insulating performance. These findings clarify the relationship between thermal aging, physicochemical evolution, and surface charge dynamics in epoxy-based insulation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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22 pages, 3191 KB

Open AccessArticle

SSA-BiLSTM Model-Based SOH Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Yizeng Wu, Bo Rao, Jie Tian, Jinqiao Du and Jiuchun Jiang

Energies 2026, 19(6), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19061499 (registering DOI) - 17 Mar 2026

Abstract

The State of Health (SOH) of a battery is an important indicator for measuring the performance degradation of batteries. In view of the deficiencies of existing SOH estimation methods in feature processing and model accuracy, this paper conducts research on high-precision SOH estimation methods for lithium-ion batteries. A BiLSTM model optimized by the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) is adopted for SOH estimation. The SSA-BiLSTM model is constructed, and the experiments are conducted on multiple types of battery datasets, such as NCM811 and LFP, and the cross-validation strategy is used to evaluate the model’s performance. The experimental results show that the SOH prediction system software developed based on this model has the functions of rapid estimation and three-dimensional trend visualization. The paper verifies the functions of the SOH prediction system software developed by the model, which has practical reference significance for the development and application of SOH estimation systems in energy storage scenarios. Full article

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29 pages, 12857 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Flow Evolution and Runner Force Characteristics of a Pump-Turbine Under Cavitation Effects

by Yanhao Li, Lei Chen, Jianwen Xu and An Yu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 2898; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16062898 - 17 Mar 2026

Abstract

Pump-turbines are critical for maintaining power grid stability, but they frequently suffer from flow instabilities induced by cavitation due to frequent operating condition changes. This study employs numerical simulations to systematically analyze the internal flow characteristics and changes in runner forces within a model pump-turbine under varying guide vane openings and cavitation coefficients. Results indicate that, under low opening conditions, a spiral vortex rope forms within the draft tube, inducing significant low-frequency pressure fluctuations. As cavitation intensifies, the vortex rope undergoes substantial expansion. At guide vane openings of 30.6 degrees and 37.3 degrees, the draft tube vortex rope exhibits a straight conical shape, with its dimensions increasing as flow rate rises. Additionally, the radial force on the runner is dominated by low-frequency fluctuations generated by the draft tube at low opening conditions, shifting to high-frequency characteristics caused by rotor–stator interaction at high opening conditions. Meanwhile, the expansion and contraction of the cavity volume induce low-frequency fluctuations in the axial force on the runner. These findings reveal the mechanism of vortex rope evolution on runner forces, emphasizing the impact of cavitation on the flow characteristics and force characteristics of the unit. Full article

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28 pages, 5762 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Technological Parameters of the Working Process of a Spring–Rotor Grinder Based on Mathematical Modeling

by Bekbolat Moldakhanov, Alina Kim, Aidos Baigunusov, Mikhail Doudkin, Vladimir Yakovlev, Piotr Stryczek and Tadeusz Lesniewski

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 2900; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16062900 - 17 Mar 2026

Abstract

This study addresses the problem of improving the efficiency of fine grinding of bulk materials in an original-design double spring–rotor grinder equipped with a separating diaphragm with a variable discharge orifice. The purpose of the work is to determine rational operating parameters that ensure a balanced trade-off between grinding quality, throughput, and energy consumption. The methodology is based on a full-factorial experimental design (Hartley plan) with five controllable parameters—rotational speed, material filling ratio, overlap of the working zones, grinding chamber clearance, and grinding duration—followed by response surface modeling and multi-objective optimization. The main responses included grinding fineness, throughput, drive power, specific energy consumption, and specific metal intensity. Adequate second-order regression models were obtained (R² > 0.93), and analysis of variance confirmed the statistical significance of the main effects and interactions. Multi-objective optimization enabled the identification of operating regimes that increase throughput by 15–20% while reducing specific energy consumption by 8–12% compared with empirical settings. The proposed approach provides a quantitative basis for selecting compromise operating conditions and can be applied to the tuning and control of spring–rotor grinding equipment in processing industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)

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26 pages, 12179 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Influencing Factors and Prediction of Provincial Energy Poverty in China Based on Explainable Deep Learning

by Zihao Fan, Pengying Fan and Yile Wang

Systems 2026, 14(3), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14030319 - 17 Mar 2026

Abstract

Energy poverty remains an important challenge for sustainable development in China, with pronounced regional disparities and evolving temporal dynamics that require accurate and interpretable prediction tools. This study develops a provincial panel-based framework that combines Energy Poverty Index (EPI) construction, SSA-LSTM prediction, SHAP-based model interpretation, and two-way fixed effects (TWFE) regression analysis. Using provincial data for China (2003–2022), we first construct a composite EPI with the entropy weight method, then apply a Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) to optimize LSTM hyperparameters for EPI forecasting. SHAP is used to interpret feature contributions to model-predicted EPI, and TWFE regression is used to provide complementary panel-data evidence on factor–EPI associations. The results show that the SSA-LSTM model outperforms benchmark machine learning and deep learning models in out-of-sample prediction performance. SHAP-based interpretation indicates that variables such as GDP, energy intensity, and power generation per capita contribute strongly to prediction variation, with notable regional heterogeneity. TWFE results are broadly consistent with several key patterns identified in the SHAP analysis. Overall, the proposed framework provides an accurate and interpretable provincial energy poverty prediction approach and offers a useful empirical reference for energy poverty monitoring and policy discussion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Open Innovation in the Age of AI and Digital Transformation)

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