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2,267 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,893 Views
23 Pages

14 December 2024

Ferroptosis, a novel form of cell death discovered in recent years, is typically accompanied by significant iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation during the process. This article systematically elucidates how tumor metabolic reprogramming affects...

  • Review
  • Open Access
35 Citations
13,119 Views
11 Pages

PKM2: The Thread Linking Energy Metabolism Reprogramming with Epigenetics in Cancer

  • Ling Chen,
  • Ying Shi,
  • Shuang Liu,
  • Ya Cao,
  • Xiang Wang and
  • Yongguang Tao

26 June 2014

Cancer metabolism reprogramming or alterations in epigenetics are linked to an incidence of cancer. It is apparent that epigenetic changes have been found in tumors, therefore, the complete epigenome and entire pathways relevant to cell metabolism ar...

  • Review
  • Open Access
12 Citations
1,204 Views
24 Pages

Circadian Rhythms and Energy Metabolism Reprogramming in Parkinson's Disease

  • Alexandre Vallée,
  • Yves Lecarpentier and
  • Jean-Noël Vallée

Entropy rate is increased by several metabolic and thermodynamic abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Changes in Gibbs energy, heat production, ionic conductance or intracellular acidity are irreversible processes impelling modification...

  • Review
  • Open Access
41 Citations
6,813 Views
17 Pages

Reprogramming of Energy Metabolism in Response to Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio,
  • Imelda Martínez-Ramírez,
  • José Pedraza-Chaverri and
  • Marcela Lizano

5 February 2019

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the sixth cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Head and neck squamous cells carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most frequent subtype of HNC. The development of HNSCC is associated to alcohol consumption, smoking or infection b...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,520 Views
31 Pages

This review delves into the characteristics of lipid metabolism reprogramming in cancer cells and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME), discussing its role in tumorigenesis and development and analyzing the value of lipid metabolism-r...

  • Review
  • Open Access
17 Citations
3,226 Views
15 Pages

Cancer Cell Metabolism Reprogramming and Its Potential Implications on Therapy in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Review

  • Francesco Perri,
  • Giuseppina Della Vittoria Scarpati,
  • Monica Pontone,
  • Maria Luisa Marciano,
  • Alessandro Ottaiano,
  • Marco Cascella,
  • Francesco Sabbatino,
  • Agostino Guida,
  • Mariachiara Santorsola and
  • Piera Maiolino
  • + 4 authors

22 July 2022

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process that consists of the transformation of healthy cells into cancer cells. Such an alteration goes through various stages and is closely linked to random mutations of genes that have a key role in the neoplastic phe...

  • Review
  • Open Access
239 Views
30 Pages

11 December 2025

Background: Among primary malignant brain tumors in adults, glioblastoma is the most common and the most aggressive, characterized by profound metabolic reprogramming. This metabolic shift is essential for sustaining relentless proliferation and adap...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,081 Views
18 Pages

7 August 2025

Background/Objectives: The breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) is a tumor suppressor gene whose mutations are associated with increased susceptibility to develop breast or ovarian cancer. BRCA1 mainly exerts its protective effects through DNA...

  • Review
  • Open Access
33 Citations
7,525 Views
17 Pages

Interplay between Metabolism Reprogramming and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer Stem Cells

  • Yoann Daniel,
  • Elise Lelou,
  • Caroline Aninat,
  • Anne Corlu and
  • Florian Cabillic

20 April 2021

Tumor cells display important plasticity potential, which contributes to intratumoral heterogeneity. Notably, tumor cells have the ability to retrodifferentiate toward immature states under the influence of their microenvironment. Importantly, this p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,610 Views
21 Pages

Reprogramming of Energy Metabolism in Human PKD1 Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Systems Biology Analysis

  • Xuewen Song,
  • Lauren Pickel,
  • Hoon-Ki Sung,
  • James Scholey and
  • York Pei

Multiple alterations of cellular metabolism have been documented in experimental studies of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and are thought to contribute to its pathogenesis. To elucidate the molecular pathways and transcriptiona...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,903 Views
28 Pages

Glucose metabolism reprogramming as a defining hallmark of cancer has become a pivotal frontier in oncology research. Recent technological advances in single-cell sequencing, spatial omics, and metabolic imaging have transformed the field from static...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,347 Views
19 Pages

Levistilide A Exerts a Neuroprotective Effect by Suppressing Glucose Metabolism Reprogramming and Preventing Microglia Polarization Shift: Implications for Parkinson’s Disease

  • Mingjie Zhang,
  • Congyan Duan,
  • Weifang Lin,
  • Honghua Wu,
  • Lu Chen,
  • Hong Guo,
  • Minyu Yu,
  • Qi Liu,
  • Yaling Nie and
  • Hong Wang
  • + 1 author

19 February 2024

The microglia, displaying diverse phenotypes, play a significant regulatory role in the development, progression, and prognosis of Parkinson’s disease. Research has established that glycolytic reprogramming serves as a critical regulator of inf...

  • Review
  • Open Access
53 Citations
8,786 Views
27 Pages

Hallmarks of Metabolic Reprogramming and Their Role in Viral Pathogenesis

  • Charles N. S. Allen,
  • Sterling P. Arjona,
  • Maryline Santerre and
  • Bassel E. Sawaya

14 March 2022

Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer and has proven to be critical in viral infections. Metabolic reprogramming provides the cell with energy and biomass for large-scale biosynthesis. Based on studies of the cellular changes that contribut...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,541 Views
12 Pages

Exogenous L-Serine Alleviates Pasteurella multocida-Induced Inflammation by Reprogramming the Transcription and Metabolism of Macrophages

  • Fang He,
  • Zhengchun Lang,
  • Yanlan Huang,
  • Yangyang Qiu,
  • Pan Xiong,
  • Nengzhang Li,
  • Guangfu Zhao and
  • Yuanyi Peng

7 March 2025

P. multocida is notorious for inducing excessive inflammation with high lethality in multiple animals, such as cattle, pigs, and chickens. Our previous study revealed that L-serine was decreased in the lungs of mice infected with P. multocida capsula...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,243 Views
22 Pages

4 November 2023

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to play a key role in the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, little is known about lipid metabolism reprogramming in PDAC CSCs. Here, we assigned stemness indices,...

  • Review
  • Open Access
26 Citations
6,210 Views
24 Pages

MYCN and Metabolic Reprogramming in Neuroblastoma

  • Mohit Bansal,
  • Anamika Gupta and
  • Han-Fei Ding

25 August 2022

Neuroblastoma is a pediatric cancer responsible for approximately 15% of all childhood cancer deaths. Aberrant MYCN activation, as a result of genomic MYCN amplification, is a major driver of high-risk neuroblastoma, which has an overall survival rat...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
17 Citations
4,209 Views
7 Pages

7 February 2021

The expression “metabolic reprogramming” has been encountered more and more in the literature since the mid-1990s. It seems to encompass several notions depending on the author, but the lack of a clear definition allows it to be used as a “catch-all”...

  • Review
  • Open Access
139 Citations
12,096 Views
14 Pages

Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  • Hayato Nakagawa,
  • Yuki Hayata,
  • Satoshi Kawamura,
  • Tomoharu Yamada,
  • Naoto Fujiwara and
  • Kazuhiko Koike

15 November 2018

Metabolic reprogramming for adaptation to the local environment has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Although alterations in fatty acid (FA) metabolism in cancer cells have received less attention compared to other metabolic alterations such...

  • Review
  • Open Access
22 Citations
5,141 Views
21 Pages

YAP and TAZ Mediators at the Crossroad between Metabolic and Cellular Reprogramming

  • Giorgia Di Benedetto,
  • Silvia Parisi,
  • Tommaso Russo and
  • Fabiana Passaro

Cell reprogramming can either refer to a direct conversion of a specialized cell into another or to a reversal of a somatic cell into an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). It implies a peculiar modification of the epigenetic asset and gene regulat...

  • Review
  • Open Access
163 Citations
13,319 Views
23 Pages

2 January 2021

Cancer cells face various metabolic challenges during tumor progression, including growth in the nutrient-altered and oxygen-deficient microenvironment of the primary site, intravasation into vessels where anchorage-independent growth is required, an...

  • Review
  • Open Access
40 Citations
6,608 Views
25 Pages

Linking Metabolic Reprogramming, Plasticity and Tumor Progression

  • Oleg Shuvalov,
  • Alexandra Daks,
  • Olga Fedorova,
  • Alexey Petukhov and
  • Nickolai Barlev

12 February 2021

The specific molecular features of cancer cells that distinguish them from the normal ones are denoted as “hallmarks of cancer”. One of the critical hallmarks of cancer is an altered metabolism which provides tumor cells with energy and structural re...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,310 Views
23 Pages

Application of Metabolic Reprogramming to Cancer Imaging and Diagnosis

  • Yi-Fang Yang,
  • Chien-Hsiu Li,
  • Huei-Yu Cai,
  • Bo-Syuan Lin,
  • Cheorl-Ho Kim and
  • Yu-Chan Chang

13 December 2022

Cellular metabolism governs the signaling that supports physiological mechanisms and homeostasis in an individual, including neuronal transmission, wound healing, and circadian clock manipulation. Various factors have been linked to abnormal metaboli...

  • Review
  • Open Access
109 Citations
6,550 Views
15 Pages

Metabolic reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of tumors. Alterations of cellular metabolism not only contribute to tumor development, but also mediate the resistance of tumor cells to antitumor drugs. The metabolic response of tumor cells to variou...

  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,931 Views
24 Pages

14 January 2023

In recent years, diabetes-associated breast cancer has become a significant clinical challenge. Diabetes is not only a risk factor for breast cancer but also worsens its prognosis. Patients with diabetes usually show hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
260 Citations
20,787 Views
22 Pages

Metabolic Reprogramming in Chloroplasts under Heat Stress in Plants

  • Qing-Long Wang,
  • Juan-Hua Chen,
  • Ning-Yu He and
  • Fang-Qing Guo

Increases in ambient temperatures have been a severe threat to crop production in many countries around the world under climate change. Chloroplasts serve as metabolic centers and play a key role in physiological adaptive processes to heat stress. In...

  • Review
  • Open Access
190 Citations
19,931 Views
33 Pages

26 January 2019

Current standard-of-care (SOC) therapy for breast cancer includes targeted therapies such as endocrine therapy for estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) positive; anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-enriched; a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,588 Views
14 Pages

Regulation of Metabolic Reprogramming by Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer

  • Assunta Sellitto,
  • Giovanni Pecoraro,
  • Giorgio Giurato,
  • Giovanni Nassa,
  • Francesca Rizzo,
  • Pasquale Saggese,
  • Cesar A. Martinez,
  • Claudio Scafoglio and
  • Roberta Tarallo

12 July 2021

Metabolic reprogramming is a well described hallmark of cancer. Oncogenic stimuli and the microenvironment shape the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells, causing pathological modifications of carbohydrate, amino acid and lipid metabolism that support...

  • Review
  • Open Access
43 Citations
8,171 Views
18 Pages

Metabolic Reprogramming of Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment

  • Jing Wang,
  • Yuanli He,
  • Feiming Hu,
  • Chenchen Hu,
  • Yuanjie Sun,
  • Kun Yang and
  • Shuya Yang

14 November 2024

Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in shaping tumor progression and responses to therapy. The intricate interplay between tumor cells and immune cells within this ecosystem influences...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
21 Citations
4,755 Views
15 Pages

Cancer Metabostemness and Metabolic Reprogramming via P2X7 Receptor

  • Izadora Lorrany Alves Rabelo,
  • Vanessa Fernandes Arnaud-Sampaio,
  • Elena Adinolfi,
  • Henning Ulrich and
  • Claudiana Lameu

14 July 2021

The heterogeneity of tumor cell mass and the plasticity of cancer cell phenotypes in solid tumors allow for the insurgence of resistant and metastatic cells, responsible for cancer patients’ clinical management’s main challenges. Among several factor...

  • Review
  • Open Access
23 Citations
5,672 Views
12 Pages

Metabolic Reprogramming in Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Ovarian Tumor Microenvironment

  • Sudhir Kumar,
  • Sonam Mittal,
  • Prachi Gupta,
  • Mona Singh,
  • Pradeep Chaluvally-Raghavan and
  • Sunila Pradeep

25 October 2022

The interaction between tumor cells and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment plays an essential role in metabolic changes in macrophages and reprograms them towards a pro-tumorigenic phenotype. Increasing evidence indicates that macrophage metab...

  • Review
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,558 Views
27 Pages

Natural Products and Derivatives Targeting Metabolic Reprogramming in Colorectal Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

  • Mengyu Wang,
  • Liqun Qu,
  • Xinying Du,
  • Peng Song,
  • Jerome P. L. Ng,
  • Vincent Kam Wai Wong,
  • Betty Yuen Kwan Law and
  • Xianjun Fu

9 September 2024

Metabolic reprogramming is a critical pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC), referring to metabolic disorders that cancer cells make in response to the stimulating pressure. Metabolic reprogramming induces changes in genetic material and promotes C...

  • Review
  • Open Access
19 Citations
6,143 Views
18 Pages

Harnessing Metabolic Reprogramming to Improve Cancer Immunotherapy

  • Liang Yan,
  • Yanlian Tan,
  • Guo Chen,
  • Jun Fan and
  • Jun Zhang

24 September 2021

Immune escape is one of the hallmarks of cancer. While metabolic reprogramming provides survival advantage to tumor cancer cells, accumulating data also suggest such metabolic rewiring directly affects the activation, differentiation and function of...

  • Review
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,386 Views
22 Pages

Insights into Metabolic Reprogramming in Tumor Evolution and Therapy

  • Ching-Feng Chiu,
  • Jonathan Jaime G. Guerrero,
  • Ric Ryan H. Regalado,
  • Jiayan Zhou,
  • Kin Israel Notarte,
  • Yu-Wei Lu,
  • Paolo C. Encarnacion,
  • Cidne Danielle D. Carles,
  • Edrian M. Octavo and
  • Dan Christopher I. Limbaroc
  • + 2 authors

17 October 2024

Background: Cancer remains a global health challenge, characterized not just by uncontrolled cell proliferation but also by the complex metabolic reprogramming that underlies its development and progression. Objectives: This review delves into the in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,457 Views
15 Pages

Metabolic Reprogramming and Its Relationship to Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  • Qingqing Wang,
  • Yexiong Tan,
  • Tianyi Jiang,
  • Xiaolin Wang,
  • Qi Li,
  • Yanli Li,
  • Liwei Dong,
  • Xinyu Liu and
  • Guowang Xu

22 March 2022

Hepatocarcinogenesis is frequently accompanied by substantial metabolic reprogramming to maximize the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive study of metabolomics and lipidomics profiles combined with...

  • Review
  • Open Access
26 Citations
9,635 Views
22 Pages

Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer: Role of HPV 16 Variants

  • Adán Arizmendi-Izazaga,
  • Napoleón Navarro-Tito,
  • Hilda Jiménez-Wences,
  • Miguel A. Mendoza-Catalán,
  • Dinorah N. Martínez-Carrillo,
  • Ana E. Zacapala-Gómez,
  • Monserrat Olea-Flores,
  • Roberto Dircio-Maldonado,
  • Francisco I. Torres-Rojas and
  • Diana G. Soto-Flores
  • + 2 authors

Metabolic reprogramming is considered one of the hallmarks in cancer and is characterized by increased glycolysis and lactate production, even in the presence of oxygen, which leads the cancer cells to a process called “aerobic glycolysis” or “Warbur...

  • Review
  • Open Access
36 Citations
6,771 Views
17 Pages

Abnormal energy metabolism is a characteristic of tumor cells, and mitochondria are important components of tumor metabolic reprogramming. Mitochondria have gradually received the attention of scientists due to their important functions, such as prov...

  • Review
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,475 Views
13 Pages

T-Cell Metabolic Reprogramming in Atherosclerosis

  • Shuye Chang,
  • Zhaohui Wang and
  • Tianhui An

Atherosclerosis is a key pathological basis for cardiovascular diseases, significantly influenced by T-cell-mediated immune responses. T-cells differentiate into various subtypes, such as pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 and anti-inflammatory Th2/Treg cells...

  • Review
  • Open Access
25 Citations
6,532 Views
30 Pages

Metabolic Reprogramming in Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Review of Pathways and Therapeutic Targets

  • Ashley Irin Cortes Ballen,
  • Maryam Amosu,
  • Surya Ravinder,
  • Joey Chan,
  • Emre Derin,
  • Hasan Slika and
  • Betty Tyler

19 September 2024

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and highly malignant primary brain tumor characterized by rapid growth and a poor prognosis for patients. Despite advancements in treatment, the median survival time for GBM patients remains low. One of the crucial...

  • Review
  • Open Access
45 Citations
8,793 Views
19 Pages

Metabolic Reprogramming in Tumor Endothelial Cells

  • Melissa García-Caballero,
  • Liliana Sokol,
  • Anne Cuypers and
  • Peter Carmeliet

21 September 2022

The dynamic crosstalk between the different components of the tumor microenvironment is critical to determine cancer progression, metastatic dissemination, tumor immunity, and therapeutic responses. Angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth, and abno...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,800 Views
28 Pages

Commonalities in Metabolic Reprogramming between Tobacco Use and Oral Cancer

  • Blake R. Rushing,
  • Spencer Tilley,
  • Sabrina Molina,
  • Madison Schroder and
  • Susan Sumner

Tobacco use is a major public health concern and is linked to myriad diseases, including cancer. The link between tobacco use and oral cancer, specifically, is very strong, making tobacco use one of the primary risk factors for oral cancer. While thi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
41 Citations
5,582 Views
17 Pages

Fatty Acid Metabolism Reprogramming in Advanced Prostate Cancer

  • Huan Xu,
  • Yanbo Chen,
  • Meng Gu,
  • Chong Liu,
  • Qi Chen,
  • Ming Zhan and
  • Zhong Wang

9 November 2021

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a carcinoma in which fatty acids are abundant. Fatty acid metabolism is rewired during PCa development. Although PCa can be treated with hormone therapy, after prolonged treatment, castration-resistant prostate cancer can dev...

  • Review
  • Open Access
99 Citations
10,091 Views
28 Pages

Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer Cells: Emerging Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches

  • Carla Navarro,
  • Ángel Ortega,
  • Raquel Santeliz,
  • Bermary Garrido,
  • Maricarmen Chacín,
  • Néstor Galban,
  • Ivana Vera,
  • Juan Bautista De Sanctis and
  • Valmore Bermúdez

The constant changes in cancer cell bioenergetics are widely known as metabolic reprogramming. Reprogramming is a process mediated by multiple factors, including oncogenes, growth factors, hypoxia-induced factors, and the loss of suppressor gene func...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,978 Views
14 Pages

Metabolic Reprogramming Induced by Aging Modifies the Tumor Microenvironment

  • Xingyu Chen,
  • Zihan Wang,
  • Bo Zhu,
  • Min Deng,
  • Jiayue Qiu,
  • Yunwen Feng,
  • Ning Ding and
  • Chen Huang

17 October 2024

Aging is an important risk factor for tumorigenesis. Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of both aging and tumor initiation. However, the manner in which the crosstalk between aging and metabolic reprogramming affects the tumor microenvironment (TM...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,656 Views
19 Pages

23 July 2021

Aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) are characterized by aldosterone hypersecretion and deregulated adrenocortical cell growth. Increased energy consumption required to maintain cellular tumorigenic properties triggers metabolic alterations that sh...

  • Review
  • Open Access
19 Citations
7,833 Views
18 Pages

Aiding Cancer’s “Sweet Tooth”: Role of Hexokinases in Metabolic Reprogramming

  • Zeenat Farooq,
  • Hagar Ismail,
  • Sheraz Ahmad Bhat,
  • Brian T. Layden and
  • Md. Wasim Khan

4 April 2023

Hexokinases (HKs) convert hexose sugars to hexose-6-phosphate, thus trapping them inside cells to meet the synthetic and energetic demands. HKs participate in various standard and altered physiological processes, including cancer, primarily through t...

  • Review
  • Open Access
36 Citations
7,973 Views
19 Pages

11 May 2021

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and permanent disability worldwide. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an endogenous protective strategy, which has been reported to exhibit a significant neuroprotective effect in reducing the incidence of...

  • Review
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,753 Views
23 Pages

Metabolic Pathways in Breast Cancer Reprograming: An Insight to Non-Coding RNAs

  • Fereydoon Abedi-Gaballu,
  • Elham Kamal Kazemi,
  • Seyed Ahmad Salehzadeh,
  • Behnaz Mansoori,
  • Farhad Eslami,
  • Ali Emami,
  • Gholamreza Dehghan,
  • Behzad Baradaran,
  • Behzad Mansoori and
  • William C. Cho

23 September 2022

Cancer cells reprogram their metabolisms to achieve high energetic requirements and produce precursors that facilitate uncontrolled cell proliferation. Metabolic reprograming involves not only the dysregulation in glucose-metabolizing regulatory enzy...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,936 Views
36 Pages

Epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming alterations are two important features of tumors, and their reversible, spatial, and temporal regulation is a distinctive hallmark of carcinogenesis. Epigenetics, which focuses on gene regulatory mechanisms beyo...

  • Review
  • Open Access
52 Citations
9,951 Views
19 Pages

MicroRNA in Metabolic Re-Programming and Their Role in Tumorigenesis

  • Marco Tomasetti,
  • Monica Amati,
  • Lory Santarelli and
  • Jiri Neuzil

The process of metabolic re-programing is linked to the activation of oncogenes and/or suppression of tumour suppressor genes, which are regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). The interplay between oncogenic transformation-driven metabolic re-programming a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
49 Citations
7,324 Views
24 Pages

Metabolic Reprogramming of HCC: A New Microenvironment for Immune Responses

  • Beatrice Foglia,
  • Marc Beltrà,
  • Salvatore Sutti and
  • Stefania Cannito

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver cancer, ranking third among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide and whose incidence varies according to geographical area and ethnicity. Metabolic rewiring was recently in...

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