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37 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
816 Views
30 Pages

The rapid rise in Android applications has fueled a significant surge in the creation and distribution of malicious apps by cybercriminals. Numerous tools and applications are utilized to detect Android malware apps. However, they cannot effectively...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Emerging Applications of Machine Learning, Evolutionary and Swarm Intelligence in Cybersecurity)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,551 Views
20 Pages

Function Similarity Using Family Context

  • Paul Black,
  • Iqbal Gondal,
  • Peter Vamplew and
  • Arun Lakhotia

Finding changed and similar functions between a pair of binaries is an important problem in malware attribution and for the identification of new malware capabilities. This paper presents a new technique called Function Similarity using Family Contex...

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Science & Engineering)
  • Review
  • Open Access
17 Citations
28,750 Views
44 Pages

Evolution Cybercrime—Key Trends, Cybersecurity Threats, and Mitigation Strategies from Historical Data

  • Muhammad Abdullah,
  • Muhammad Munib Nawaz,
  • Bilal Saleem,
  • Maila Zahra and ,
  • Effa binte Ashfaq and
  • Zia Muhammad
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

18 September 2025

The landscape of cybercrime has undergone significant transformations over the past decade. Present-day threats include AI-generated attacks, deep fakes, 5G network vulnerabilities, cryptojacking, and supply chain attacks, among others. To remain res...

  • Review
  • Open Access
39 Citations
14,174 Views
38 Pages

A Survey and Evaluation of Android-Based Malware Evasion Techniques and Detection Frameworks

  • Parvez Faruki,
  • Rati Bhan,
  • Vinesh Jain,
  • Sajal Bhatia and ,
  • Nour El Madhoun and
  • Rajendra Pamula
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

30 June 2023

Android platform security is an active area of research where malware detection techniques continuously evolve to identify novel malware and improve the timely and accurate detection of existing malware. Adversaries are constantly in charge of employ...

(This article belongs to the Section Information Security and Privacy)
  • Review
  • Open Access
219 Citations
31,848 Views
29 Pages

Malware Detection Issues, Challenges, and Future Directions: A Survey

  • Faitouri A. Aboaoja,
  • Anazida Zainal,
  • Fuad A. Ghaleb,
  • Bander Ali Saleh Al-rimy and ,
  • Taiseer Abdalla Elfadil Eisa and
  • Asma Abbas Hassan Elnour
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

25 August 2022

The evolution of recent malicious software with the rising use of digital services has increased the probability of corrupting data, stealing information, or other cybercrimes by malware attacks. Therefore, malicious software must be detected before...

  • Article
  • Open Access
50 Citations
4,643 Views
19 Pages

Feature Subset Selection for Malware Detection in Smart IoT Platforms

  • Jemal Abawajy,
  • Abdulbasit Darem and
  • Asma A. Alhashmi

16 February 2021

Malicious software (“malware”) has become one of the serious cybersecurity issues in Android ecosystem. Given the fast evolution of Android malware releases, it is practically not feasible to manually detect malware apps in the Android ecosystem. As...

(This article belongs to the Section Internet of Things)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,216 Views
19 Pages

MalOSDF: An Opcode Slice-Based Malware Detection Framework Using Active and Ensemble Learning

  • Wenjie Guo,
  • Jingfeng Xue,
  • Wenheng Meng,
  • Weijie Han and ,
  • Zishu Liu,
  • Yong Wang and
  • Zhongjun Li
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

The evolution of malware poses significant challenges to the security of cyberspace. Machine learning-based approaches have demonstrated significant potential in the field of malware detection. However, such methods are partially limited, such as hav...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Network Security and Privacy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
13,061 Views
29 Pages

Improving the Robustness of AI-Based Malware Detection Using Adversarial Machine Learning

  • Shruti Patil,
  • Vijayakumar Varadarajan,
  • Devika Walimbe,
  • Siddharth Gulechha and ,
  • Sushant Shenoy,
  • Aditya Raina and
  • Ketan Kotecha
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

15 October 2021

Cyber security is used to protect and safeguard computers and various networks from ill-intended digital threats and attacks. It is getting more difficult in the information age due to the explosion of data and technology. There is a drastic rise in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
677 Views
44 Pages

26 May 2026

Detecting previously unseen malware remains a critical challenge for modern cybersecurity systems due to the rapid evolution of malicious software and the limitations of traditional supervised detection models. This paper proposes a Dual-Channel Mamb...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Threat Detection and Resilience in Cyber–Physical Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
3,688 Views
24 Pages

Dynamic Malware Mitigation Strategies for IoT Networks: A Mathematical Epidemiology Approach

  • Roberto Casado-Vara,
  • Marcos Severt,
  • Antonio Díaz-Longueira,
  • Ángel Martín del Rey and
  • Jose Luis Calvo-Rolle

12 January 2024

With the progress and evolution of the IoT, which has resulted in a rise in both the number of devices and their applications, there is a growing number of malware attacks with higher complexity. Countering the spread of malware in IoT networks is a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,822 Views
20 Pages

21 December 2023

The surge in malware threats propelled by the rapid evolution of the internet and smart device technology necessitates effective automatic malware classification for robust system security. While existing research has primarily relied on some feature...

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,010 Views
23 Pages

22 April 2026

The rapid evolution of malware families poses significant challenges for cybersecurity systems, particularly when newly emerging threats lack sufficient labeled data. Although image-based deep learning approaches have achieved strong performance unde...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Security, Privacy and Application in New Intelligence Techniques: 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,414 Views
14 Pages

Dynamic Malware Detection Using Parameter-Augmented Semantic Chain

  • Donghui Zhao,
  • Huadong Wang,
  • Liang Kou,
  • Zhannan Li and
  • Jilin Zhang

13 December 2023

Due to the rapid development and widespread presence of malware, deep-learning-based malware detection methods have become a pivotal approach used by researchers to protect private data. Behavior-based malware detection is effective, but changes in t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Methods Applied to Security and Privacy Problems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,521 Views
37 Pages

24 October 2021

Technologically speaking, humanity lives in an age of evolution, prosperity, and great development, as a new generation of the Internet has emerged; it is the Internet of Things (IoT) which controls all aspects of lives, from the different devices of...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Applications of Information Security Technology in Digital Environment)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
7,000 Views
39 Pages

30 November 2021

The evolution of mobile technology has increased correspondingly with the number of attacks on mobile devices. Malware attack on mobile devices is one of the top security challenges the mobile community faces daily. While malware classification and d...

(This article belongs to the Collection Intelligent Security and Privacy Approaches against Cyber Threats)
  • Article
  • Open Access
290 Views
36 Pages

Geometry-Aware Risk-Guided Active Learning for Malware Concept Drift Adaptation

  • Kailun Wang,
  • Kailun Cao,
  • Yujie Liu,
  • Yanshuai Yin and ,
  • Jing Shang,
  • Jiqiang Liu and
  • Jian Wang
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

10 October 2026

Mobile malware evolution induces concept drift, degrading the performance of static supervised detectors. Concept Drift Adaptation with Active Learning (CDA-AL) mitigates this problem by querying informative samples for model updating, but existing m...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Cybersecurity: Advancing Threat Detection and Defense)
  • Article
  • Open Access
65 Citations
14,964 Views
43 Pages

A Survey on Botnets: Incentives, Evolution, Detection and Current Trends

  • Simon Nam Thanh Vu,
  • Mads Stege,
  • Peter Issam El-Habr,
  • Jesper Bang and
  • Nicola Dragoni

Botnets, groups of malware-infected hosts controlled by malicious actors, have gained prominence in an era of pervasive computing and the Internet of Things. Botnets have shown a capacity to perform substantial damage through distributed denial-of-se...

(This article belongs to the Section Cybersecurity)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,418 Views
22 Pages

Novel Federated Graph Contrastive Learning for IoMT Security: Protecting Data Poisoning and Inference Attacks

  • Amarudin Daulay,
  • Kalamullah Ramli,
  • Ruki Harwahyu,
  • Taufik Hidayat and
  • Bernardi Pranggono

31 July 2025

Malware evolution presents growing security threats for resource-constrained Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices. Conventional federated learning (FL) often suffers from slow convergence, high communication overhead, and fairness issues in dyna...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,037 Views
19 Pages

23 November 2025

The rapid evolution of malware continues to pose severe challenges to cybersecurity, highlighting the need for accurate and efficient detection systems. Traditional signature- and heuristic-based methods are increasingly inadequate against sophistica...

(This article belongs to the Section E1: Mathematics and Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,055 Views
28 Pages

25 September 2025

We propose the Clustered Link-Prediction SEIRS model with Temporal Node Activation (CLP-SEIRS-T), a novel epidemiological framework that integrates community structure, link prediction, and temporal activation schedules to simulate malware propagatio...

  • Review
  • Open Access
110 Citations
18,368 Views
54 Pages

15 December 2020

This survey investigates the contributions of research into the detection of ransomware malware using machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The main motivations for this study are the destructive nature of ransomware, the difficulty of rever...

  • Article
  • Open Access
615 Views
23 Pages

LLM-SGCF: A Robust Malware Detection Framework with Spatially Guided Convolution

  • Lina Zhao,
  • Hua Huang,
  • Ning Li,
  • Yunxiao Wang and
  • Ming Li

With the rapid evolution of cyberattack techniques, identifying dynamic behavioral intents from Application Programming Interface call sequences has become a fundamental modality for ensuring reliable malware detection and information security. Howev...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Powered IoT (AIoT) Systems: Advancements in Security, Sustainability, and Intelligence)
  • Article
  • Open Access
48 Citations
14,082 Views
30 Pages

Comprehensive Analysis of Advanced Techniques and Vital Tools for Detecting Malware Intrusion

  • Vatsal Vasani,
  • Amit Kumar Bairwa,
  • Sandeep Joshi,
  • Anton Pljonkin and ,
  • Manjit Kaur and
  • Mohammed Amoon
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

17 October 2023

In this paper, we explore how incident handling procedures are currently being implemented to efficiently mitigate malicious software. Additionally, it aims to provide a contextual understanding of diverse malcodes and their operational processes. Th...

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Science & Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,824 Views
20 Pages

Will Zero Vulnerability Computing (ZVC) Ever Be Possible? Testing the Hypothesis

  • Fazal Raheman,
  • Tejas Bhagat,
  • Brecht Vermeulen and
  • Peter Van Daele

Life without computers is unimaginable. However, computers remain vulnerable to cybercrimes, a USD 6 trillion industry that the world has come to accept as a “necessary evil”. Third-party permissions resulting in an attack surface (AS) an...

(This article belongs to the Section Cybersecurity)
  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,416 Views
18 Pages

25 November 2025

The Aho-Corasick (AC) algorithm remains one of the most influential developments in deterministic multi-pattern matching due to its ability to recognize multiple strings in linear time within a single data stream. Originally conceived for bibliograph...

(This article belongs to the Section Algorithms for Multidisciplinary Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
930 Views
46 Pages

3 June 2026

The rapid evolution of Android malware and increasingly sophisticated obfuscation techniques challenge traditional detection systems. This study presents a rigorous, unified comparative evaluation of three methodological paradigms-classical machine l...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,477 Views
8 Pages

12 September 2019

Covert channel communications are of vital importance for the ill-motivated purposes of cyber-crooks. Through these channels, they are capable of communicating in a stealthy way, unnoticed by the defenders and bypassing the security mechanisms of pro...

(This article belongs to the Section Information Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
4,567 Views
19 Pages

27 December 2020

With the development of wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs ), security issues of WRSNs have attracted more attention from scholars around the world. In this paper, a novel epidemic model, SILS(Susceptible, Infected, Low-energy, Susceptible)...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Communication in Internet of Things)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,912 Views
19 Pages

This article analyzes how artificial intelligence (AI) is influencing the evolution of cybercrime in Ecuador. The use of AI tools to create new threats, such as intelligent malware, automated phishing, and financial fraud, is on the rise. The main pr...

(This article belongs to the Collection Intelligent Security and Privacy Approaches against Cyber Threats)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,222 Views
21 Pages

The extreme bandwidth and performance of 5G mobile networks changes the way we develop and utilize digital services. Within a few years, 5G will not only touch technology and applications, but dramatically change the economy, our society and individu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
11,358 Views
16 Pages

30 September 2013

Due to widespread adoption of mobile communications devices and increasingly high throughput capacity of cellular networks, Third-Generation (3G) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) are becoming ever more popular. Millions of smart phones with 3G capabilit...

  • Review
  • Open Access
166 Citations
36,226 Views
45 Pages

Ransomware Detection Using the Dynamic Analysis and Machine Learning: A Survey and Research Directions

  • Umara Urooj,
  • Bander Ali Saleh Al-rimy,
  • Anazida Zainal,
  • Fuad A. Ghaleb and
  • Murad A. Rassam

24 December 2021

Ransomware is an ill-famed malware that has received recognition because of its lethal and irrevocable effects on its victims. The irreparable loss caused due to ransomware requires the timely detection of these attacks. Several studies including sur...

  • Article
  • Open Access
87 Citations
24,034 Views
59 Pages

From Vulnerability to Defense: The Role of Large Language Models in Enhancing Cybersecurity

  • Wafaa Kasri,
  • Yassine Himeur,
  • Hamzah Ali Alkhazaleh,
  • Saed Tarapiah and ,
  • Shadi Atalla,
  • Wathiq Mansoor and
  • Hussain Al-Ahmad
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

The escalating complexity of cyber threats, coupled with the rapid evolution of digital landscapes, poses significant challenges to traditional cybersecurity mechanisms. This review explores the transformative role of LLMs in addressing critical chal...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,709 Views
27 Pages

A Wide and Weighted Deep Ensemble Model for Behavioral Drifting Ransomware Attacks

  • Umara Urooj,
  • Bander Ali Saleh Al-rimy,
  • Mazen Gazzan,
  • Anazida Zainal and ,
  • Eslam Amer,
  • Mohammed Almutairi,
  • Stavros Shiaeles and
  • Frederick Sheldon
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

22 March 2025

Ransomware is a type of malware that leverages encryption to execute its attacks. Its continuous evolution underscores its dynamic and ever-changing nature. The evolving variants use varying timelines to launch attacks and associate them with varying...

(This article belongs to the Section E1: Mathematics and Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
8,611 Views
28 Pages

21 November 2025

The convergence of ubiquitous connectivity, large-scale data generation, and rapid advancements in machine learning is transforming the field of cybersecurity. The widespread adoption of interconnected systems including Internet of Things devices, mo...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Methods Applied to Security and Privacy Problems in Future Networking Technologies, Volume II)
  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
5,169 Views
33 Pages

A Machine-Learning-Based Cyberattack Detector for a Cloud-Based SDN Controller

  • Alberto Mozo,
  • Amit Karamchandani,
  • Luis de la Cal,
  • Sandra Gómez-Canaval and ,
  • Antonio Pastor and
  • Lluis Gifre
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

13 April 2023

The rapid evolution of network infrastructure through the softwarization of network elements has led to an exponential increase in the attack surface, thereby increasing the complexity of threat protection. In light of this pressing concern, European...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning for Network Security)
  • Article
  • Open Access
213 Views
48 Pages

In this paper, the authors propose a complete multiclass traffic classification model with an unknown-traffic screening method based on anomaly detection using Isolation Forest and a topological awareness method for context-based risk analysis, a dyn...

(This article belongs to the Section Security Engineering & Applications)