Nutrients

14 pages, 536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Status and Feeding Difficulty of Older People Residing in Nursing Homes: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

by Hansen (Cindy) Tang, Kazem Razaghi, Wenpeng You, Yu (Carrie) Cheng, Lei (Tina) Sun, Ivy Wong and Hui-Chen (Rita) Chang

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2607; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162607 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

Aims: To investigate the nutritional status and feeding behaviours of nursing home residents and the impact of cognitive impairments and feeding difficulties on nutritional health. Design: A cross-sectional observational design was employed. Methods: The study assessed 51 nursing home residents using the Mini [...] Read more.

Aims: To investigate the nutritional status and feeding behaviours of nursing home residents and the impact of cognitive impairments and feeding difficulties on nutritional health. Design: A cross-sectional observational design was employed. Methods: The study assessed 51 nursing home residents using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF) for nutritional status, the Feeding Difficulty Index (FDI) for mealtime behaviours, and the MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment or The MoCA Test) for cognitive function. Results: The average age of participants was 87.8 years. Nearly half (47.1%) were at high risk of malnutrition, and 13.7% were classified as malnourished. The average MoCA score was 14, indicating moderate cognitive impairment, which was inversely associated with nutritional status. Feeding difficulties were common, as follows: 74.5% of residents paused feeding for over one minute, and 62.8% were distracted during meals. A longer duration of nursing home residency was associated with poorer nutritional outcomes. Overall, 65% of residents required mealtime assistance, with higher FDI scores correlating with greater support needs. Significant positive correlations were found between cognitive function and nutritional status (r = 0.401, p = 0.037) and between food intake and nutritional status (r = 0.392, p = 0.004). In contrast, residency duration (r = –0.292, p = 0.037) and feeding difficulties (r = –0.630, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with MNA-SF scores. FDI scores were strongly associated with the level of assistance required during meals (r = 0.763, p < 0.001). This study highlights the critical need for targeted nutritional assessments and interventions in nursing homes, especially for residents with dementia facing cognitive impairments and feeding difficulties. Enhancing staff training on recognising and addressing eating challenges and risk factors is essential for improving nutritional well-being. Conclusions: The study highlighted the profound impact of cognitive impairments and feeding difficulties on the nutritional health of nursing home residents, indicating a high prevalence of malnutrition and a need for comprehensive mealtime assistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Nursing and Rehabilitation in Hospital and Long-Term Care Settings)

14 pages, 628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Assessment of the Bioaccessibility and Hypoglycemic Properties of Essential Amino Acids Blend: Implication for Diabetes Management

by Lorenza d’Adduzio, Melissa Fanzaga, Maria Silvia Musco, Marta Sindaco, Paolo D’Incecco, Giovanna Boschin, Carlotta Bollati and Carmen Lammi

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2606; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162606 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation is often employed in sportive and clinical nutrition due to EAAs’ role in muscle mass maintenance and growth. EAAs are also involved in insulin and glucagone regulation in diabetes management, but only few reports investigate their possible [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation is often employed in sportive and clinical nutrition due to EAAs’ role in muscle mass maintenance and growth. EAAs are also involved in insulin and glucagone regulation in diabetes management, but only few reports investigate their possible implication as dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors and their effect on the stability and secretion of enteroendocrine hormones. A blend of EAAs (called GAF) available as a food supplement, in a specific qualitative and quantitative ratio, was investigated to address its in vitro bioaccessibility, its hypoglycemic properties in vitro and in situ on cellular models, and its safety on intestinal Caco-2 cells. Methods: GAF was subjected to the INFOGEST static digestion protocol, producing the iGAF sample. iGAf DPP-IV inhibitory properties were investigated both in vitro and in situ on Caco-2 cells. Then, STC-1 enteroendocrine cells were employed alone and in co-culture with Caco-2 cells to evaluate iGAF’s impact on glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) hormone secretion. Results: The study demonstrates that the present EAAs blend is stable and bioaccessible after simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and it is safe at the intestinal cellular level. It inhibits DPP-IV enzyme both in vitro and in situ and promotes GLP-1 secretion by enteroendocrine cells. Conclusions: The sample demonstrated safety at the intestinal level and showed hypoglycemic properties by acting on a dual synergic mechanism that involves DPP-IV enzyme inhibition and GLP-1 hormone stimulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

12 pages, 477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Descriptive Study of Caregivers’ Awareness, Practices, Challenges Faced, and Methods of Adherence to the Ketogenic Diet in Children with Refractory Epilepsy

by Nora Alafif, Fahdah AlShaikh, Monirah Albloushi, Nawaf W. Alruwaili, Waad Alfawaz, Fay Almutairi, Entisar Alhany, Jamilah Ghazwani, Nesreen Alduhaim, Shabana Tharkar and Khalid M. Almutairi

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2605; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162605 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Refractory epilepsy refers to a type of epilepsy in which anti-epileptic medications do not yield results, necessitating alternative medical interventions. The ketogenic diet (KD) is utilized as a non-pharmacologic treatment for refractory epilepsy. This study aims to assess details regarding caregivers’ [...] Read more.

Background: Refractory epilepsy refers to a type of epilepsy in which anti-epileptic medications do not yield results, necessitating alternative medical interventions. The ketogenic diet (KD) is utilized as a non-pharmacologic treatment for refractory epilepsy. This study aims to assess details regarding caregivers’ awareness and practices, challenges faced, and other details regarding the KD as a treatment option for children with refractory epilepsy. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 15 caregivers of children with refractory epilepsy who adhere to the KD. Data were collected using an online, self-administered questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics and descriptive aspects of KD on 15 caregivers. Results: Caregivers’ awareness scores varied, over half of the caregivers (53.3%) demonstrated low awareness levels, scoring below the midpoint on the awareness scale, while both caregivers’ adherence (t value = 31.5; p < 0.001) and patients’ adherence levels (t value = 26.1; p < 0.001) significantly exceeded the minimum expected thresholds, indicating effective implementation of the diet protocols. Challenges faced by caregivers were categorized as follow: logistical challenges (e.g., issues related to KD availability, cost, and weighing (15.6%)), behavioral challenges (e.g., avoiding prohibited foods (18.8%), feelings of hunger, the social environment, and never eating without caregivers), and medical challenges (e.g., frequent blood glucose monitoring (25%)). The most common side effects of the KD were gastrointestinal symptoms, including constipation (33.3%) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Physical symptoms such as dyslipidemia were also reported by 13.3% of participants. In terms of neurological and behavioral improvements, the three most reduced symptoms following KD adoption were hyperactive attention deficit (25%), tremors (20%), and insomnia (20%). Conclusions: This study reveals a significant gap between high adherence and low awareness of the KD among caregivers of children with refractory epilepsy. While adherence is crucial for the success of KD, this discrepancy highlights the need for comprehensive caregiver education that not only focuses on practical implementation but also on the underlying rationale of the diet. This study underscores the importance of multidisciplinary support, by including dietitians, to bridge the knowledge gap. These findings suggest that dietary education programs should aim to improve caregivers’ understanding, ultimately enhancing adherence and long-term outcomes. Future research should explore the psychosocial factors influencing adherence and the role of trust in healthcare professionals in shaping caregiver behaviors. The findings also call for further exploration into the impact of caregiver education on child health outcomes in the long term. The varied knowledge among caregivers indicates a need for further educational interventions or increased visits from dietitians. Strategies need to be framed to overcome the challenges faced and improve adherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Neuro Sciences)

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3 pages, 152 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Dietary and Behavioral Interventions for Diabetes: Current Evidence, Challenges, and Opportunities

by Noemí Lamonja-Vicente, David Lacasta Tintorer, Maria Palau-Antoja, Brenda Biaani León-Gómez and Pere Torán-Monserrat

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2604; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162604 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has emerged as one of the leading global health concerns due to its increasing prevalence and significant impact on healthcare systems [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary and Behavioral Interventions for Diabetes)

32 pages, 3256 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gut Microbiota and Metabolites: Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications

by Kai Yan, Xin Sun, Xin Wang, Jing Zheng and Hongsong Yu

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2603; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162603 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease characterized by significantly elevated blood glucose levels as a result of dysfunctional or impaired pancreatic β-cells, leading to insulin deficiency. This condition can result in severe complications, including cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure, vision impairment, and [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease characterized by significantly elevated blood glucose levels as a result of dysfunctional or impaired pancreatic β-cells, leading to insulin deficiency. This condition can result in severe complications, including cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure, vision impairment, and nerve damage. Currently available anti-diabetic drugs do not fully prevent the progression of these complications. Moreover, they often have significant side effects. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in influencing diet, energy metabolism, and blood glucose levels. Research shows a strong link between microbiota dysbiosis and DM, as well as the severity of its complications. Commensal bacteria can help manage blood glucose levels, reduce inflammation, regulate metabolism, and enhance the gut barrier. Conversely, opportunistic pathogens can worsen insulin resistance, promote metabolic disorders, disrupt gut integrity, and affect appetite and weight. This article describes the characteristics of gut microbiota in various types of DM and explores the role of the “gut microbiota–metabolite–signaling pathway” axis in DM and its complications. In addition, it highlights the therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine and dietary interventions through modulation of the gut microbiota and metabolites. The aim is to provide comprehensive evidence supporting the integration of TCM dietary therapy, targeted dietary strategies, and specific probiotics as alternative and complementary therapies for DM and its complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Nutrition, Gut Microbiome, Metabolic Syndrome and Related Comorbidities)

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16 pages, 395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sweetness Ratings of U.S. Infant Formulas

by Chelsea Olson, Rajesh Kumar, Martin J. Talavera, Christopher E. Anderson and Jennifer A. Hanson

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2602; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162602 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration sets nutritional standards for infant formulas. Yet, the carbohydrate components of these formulas can vary markedly in type as well as sweetness intensity. Despite evidence suggesting sweetness can influence intake, limited research exists on the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration sets nutritional standards for infant formulas. Yet, the carbohydrate components of these formulas can vary markedly in type as well as sweetness intensity. Despite evidence suggesting sweetness can influence intake, limited research exists on the sweetness properties of infant formulas. This study evaluated the sweetness of six commonly used infant formulas in the United States. Methods: A sensory panel (n = 15) was formed by selecting individuals who achieved a 100% accuracy on three distinct sensory acuity screening tests to assess their ability to detect, differentiate, and quantify various sucrose concentrations. Following training, the panel evaluated each formula during three separate sessions using a sweetness scale from zero to fifteen, where zero represented no sweetness (distilled water) and fifteen represented extreme sweetness (16 g sucrose/100 mL of water). Differences in sweetness were determined using 3-way ANOVA (infant formula, repetition, and panelists) followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons. Results: Individual sample sweetness ratings ranged from 0 to 4.5 with a mean rating for all samples of 1.9 (±1.3). Significant differences were detected among the formulas F(5, 264) = 96.1, p < 0.0001. One formula, a standard milk-based formula, which contains no added non-lactose sugars, was rated significantly sweeter than any of the other formulas while the sweetness ratings for three formulas which all include non-lactose added sugars were significantly lower than that of the other formulas. Conclusions: The potential implications of these noted sweetness differences make this an important topic for future sensory, behavior, and health research Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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15 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Dimensions of Sports Tourism: Runners’ Encounters with Polish Local Food Cultures

by Mateusz Rozmiarek

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2601; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162601 - 10 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Although nutrition is widely recognized as a key factor in post-event recovery in sports, little attention has been given to how its cultural and social dimensions—embodied in local cuisine—intersect with the needs of traveling athletes, for whom food often also serves as [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Although nutrition is widely recognized as a key factor in post-event recovery in sports, little attention has been given to how its cultural and social dimensions—embodied in local cuisine—intersect with the needs of traveling athletes, for whom food often also serves as a medium of cultural immersion and sensory exploration. Poland, with its rich regional culinary traditions and numerous international running events, offers a compelling context in which to explore these interactions. This study aims to understand the role of local cuisine in the experiences of foreign runners participating in the Poznan Half Marathon 2025, with particular attention on cultural engagement, tourist motivations, and post-exercise recovery processes. Methods: This study was based on a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with 12 international runners from the United Kingdom, Germany, and Ukraine. The participants possessed a minimum of two years’ experience in traveling for sports. Results: The findings identified three main areas of the significance of food: (1) food as an element of cultural exploration, (2) local cuisine as a motivator or barrier when choosing a race, (3) food as a symbolic reward and structured recovery practice supporting nutritional and psychological processes. Approaches varied by nationality—British participants preferred spontaneous taste discovery, Ukrainians valued culinary comfort similar to home, and Germans planned their culinary experiences with greater awareness. Conclusions: Local cuisine plays a multifaceted role in international running events, serving not only nutritional needs but also emotional and cultural functions that shape the overall participant experience. Both event organizers and local restaurants should consider offering diverse and culturally sensitive food options to enhance recovery, satisfaction, and the appeal of sports tourism destinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Literacy and Public Health Nutrition)

13 pages, 1121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis: A Strategy for Mitigating Excessive Maternal Weight Gain—LINDA-Brasil Study

by Letícia Ribeiro Pavão da Silveira, Maria Inês Schmidt, Paula Bracco, Rita Mattiello and Michele Drehmer

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2600; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162600 - 10 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: While clinical guidelines recommend screening and treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) between 24 and 28 weeks, the benefits of earlier diagnosis are emerging. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the early diagnosis of GDM is associated with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: While clinical guidelines recommend screening and treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) between 24 and 28 weeks, the benefits of earlier diagnosis are emerging. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the early diagnosis of GDM is associated with reduced excessive gestational weight gain (GWG). Methods: Cohort study that analyzed 4694 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM attending high-risk prenatal care services within the Brazilian Unified Health System in six Brazilian capitals. GWG was classified according to Brazilian-specific pregnancy recommendations. ANCOVA tests were used to compare mean differences in total GWG across the timing of diagnosis. The timing of GDM diagnosis and excessive GWG was further evaluated using linear and logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the 4694 women with GDM (mean age 31.7 ± 6.3 years; mean pre-pregnancy BMI 30.4 ± 6.5 kg/m², with 47.6% classified with obesity), those diagnosed in the first trimester (n = 1315) gained 2.29 kg less (95% CI: −2.87 to −1.71 kg) total GWG compared to the third trimester, adjusting for risk factors including pregestational weight. First-trimester GDM diagnosis was associated with 22% lower odds of experiencing excessive GWG (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.72–0.86), compared to the third trimester. Diagnoses before 20 weeks and before 24 weeks had 18% (OR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.77–0.88) and 19% (OR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.76–0.87) lower odds of excessive GWG. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of GDM, particularly during the first trimester, is associated with reduced GWG. Integrating earlier GDM screening into routine prenatal care could mitigate excessive GWG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention to Prevent and Manage Gestational Diabetes)

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13 pages, 573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Nutrient Deficiencies Following Bariatric Surgery—Long-Term, Prospective Observation

by Maria Humięcka, Ada Sawicka, Kinga Kędzierska, Artur Binda, Paweł Jaworski, Wiesław Tarnowski and Piotr Jankowski

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2599; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162599 - 10 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To estimate the long-term prevalence of the most common nutrient deficiencies following bariatric surgery. Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent bariatric surgery were followed for 10 years. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests, and comorbidities were assessed at baseline and during follow-up visits. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: To estimate the long-term prevalence of the most common nutrient deficiencies following bariatric surgery. Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent bariatric surgery were followed for 10 years. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests, and comorbidities were assessed at baseline and during follow-up visits. Results: A total of 155 patients were included (74.2% women; mean age 43.6 ± 9.3 years; mean body mass index [BMI]: 41.9 kg/m²). Patients underwent either sleeve gastrectomy (SG, n = 112) or gastric bypass (GB, n = 43). Over a median follow-up period of 10 (10–12) years, BMI decreased by 7.4 ± 5.8 kg/m². In the GB group, serum iron levels decreased significantly, whereas in the SG group, a reduction was observed in total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Serum calcium, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels increased during follow-up. The prevalence of deficiencies in iron (9.0% vs. 18.7%, p < 0.05), folic acid (1.3% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001), and vitamin B12 (7.1% vs. 17.4%, p < 0.01) increased, while the prevalence of hypocalcemia and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 deficiency decreased. Conclusions: A significant increase in the prevalence of iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 deficiencies was observed over a 10-year follow-up after bariatric surgery. SG and GB appear to have different long-term effects on iron metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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30 pages, 4141 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Intestinal-Targeted Release of Phenolic Compounds

by Yunxuan Tang, Wenjing Liu, Jiayan Zhang, Bai Juan, Ying Zhu, Lin Zhu, Yansheng Zhao, Maria Daglia, Xiang Xiao and Yufeng He

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2598; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162598 - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Phenols are natural compounds with considerable bioactivities. However, the low bioavailability and chemical instability of phenols limit their biological functions. This review summarizes recent progress in phenol delivery systems that account for the specific physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. It focuses on [...] Read more.

Phenols are natural compounds with considerable bioactivities. However, the low bioavailability and chemical instability of phenols limit their biological functions. This review summarizes recent progress in phenol delivery systems that account for the specific physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. It focuses on the delivery materials for intestinal targeting and the synergistic benefits of co-encapsulating phenols with other functional ingredients. To achieve targeted release of phenols in the digestive tract, factors such as pH, digestive enzymes, and gut microbiota should be fully considered in delivery system designing. Materials like chitosan, sodium alginate, pectin, and guar gum offer effective protection and targeted delivery of phenols due to their pH sensitivity and enzyme-degradable properties. Co-delivery systems that combine phenols with carotenoids or probiotics improve the functional properties of phenols, such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effect, and regulation of gut microbiota. Probiotics can enhance phenolic compound absorption and probiotic survival in a phenolic–probiotic co-encapsulation system through debonding, bioconversion, and synergistic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Functional Factors and Nutritional Health)

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21 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Health-Related Behaviors and Health Status and Hydration Status in Polish Adults

by Joanna Frąckiewicz and Kacper Szewczyk

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2597; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162597 - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Objectives: The health of the adult population is the result of many interacting variables, with health behaviors and lifestyle playing a key role. This study aimed to identify associations among health-related behaviors and health and hydration status in Polish adults. Methods: The completion [...] Read more.

Objectives: The health of the adult population is the result of many interacting variables, with health behaviors and lifestyle playing a key role. This study aimed to identify associations among health-related behaviors and health and hydration status in Polish adults. Methods: The completion of a beverage frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was undertaken by a total of 337 participants. Blood pressure (BP), anthropometric parameters, and body composition were measured. Urine samples were analyzed for specific gravity (USG), osmolality (Uosm), and potential hydrogen value (pH). Health-related behaviors were assessed using the Health Index Score (HIS), classifying participants into two groups: unhealthy habits (0–2 HIS group) and healthy habits (3–5 HIS group). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Approximately 30% of participants (n = 115) exhibited unhealthy habits. Individuals in the 0–2 HIS group were more likely to be male, smoke, have low physical activity, be overweight or obese, sleep < 6 h, and/or consume alcohol ≥ 2 times/week. In contrast, higher HIS (3–5) was associated with female gender, non-smoking, moderate-to-high physical activity, normal body mass index (BMI), adequate sleep, and consuming alcohol < 2 times/week. Fatigue during the day (OR: 1.45), waist circumference (WC) (OR: 1.35), and Uosm (OR: 1.87) increased un-healthy habits. Conversely, greater consumption of non-carbonated mineral water (OR: 0.54) was linked to lower unhealthy habits. Conclusions: The HIS and hydration-related parameters can complement the assessment of the health status of the adult population and the identification of groups requiring special support in health promotion interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydration and Nutrition Status in Human Health)

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32 pages, 1821 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Skin Aging and Carotenoids: A Systematic Review of Their Multifaceted Protective Mechanisms

by Cristina Stanescu, Iulia Chiscop, Daniela Mihalache, Florina Popa, Camelia Tamas and Gabriela Stoleriu

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2596; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162596 - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Skin aging is a complex biological process influenced by intrinsic factorssuch as genetic predispositions and hormonal changes as well as extrinsic factors including ultraviolet radiation, environmental pollution, and lifestyle habits. This process culminates in a progressive decline in the structural and functional integrity [...] Read more.

Skin aging is a complex biological process influenced by intrinsic factorssuch as genetic predispositions and hormonal changes as well as extrinsic factors including ultraviolet radiation, environmental pollution, and lifestyle habits. This process culminates in a progressive decline in the structural and functional integrity of the skin. This review delves into the protective roles of carotenoids, highlighting their significant anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and photoprotective properties. We included studies that investigated the effects of dietary or topical carotenoids on skin aging markers in human and animal models. Eligible studies were identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library from January 2000 to March 2025. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB tool for randomized trials and animal studies. A total of 176 studies were included, and data were synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes. The findings indicate that carotenoids mitigate oxidative stress-induced cellular damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS), attenuating chronic inflammation, and enhancing dermal matrix integrity via collagen biosynthesis and modulation of matrix metalloproteinases. Additionally, they support skin hydration and elasticity by indirectly regulating aquaporins and promoting hyaluronic acid synthesis. This review further explores emerging strategies that incorporate carotenoid supplementation in lifestyle medicine and preventive dermatology. By elucidating the cellular pathways through which carotenoids exert their effects and modulate mitochondrial function, this review highlights their translational potential in anti-aging skincare. Ongoing research is essential to comprehend the complex connections between carotenoids, skin physiology, and overall health. This understanding will ultimately facilitate the creation of personalized nutritional and dermocosmetic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Importance of Carotenoids in Age-Related Disease—Current Data)

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27 pages, 13273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EGCG and Taurine Synergistically Ameliorate Lipid Metabolism Disorder by Modulating Gut Microbiota and PPARα/FAS Signaling Pathway

by Yang Xiao, Mingyue Yang, Meihong Cai, Haihui Zhang, Kai Hu and Yuqing Duan

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2595; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162595 - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The synergistic effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and taurine in modulating lipid metabolism abnormalities in rats were investigated, and along with their potential mechanisms. Methods/Result: Compared to intervention with EGCG/taurine alone, EGCG combined with taurine (1:3) not only reduced triglyceride (TG) generation [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The synergistic effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and taurine in modulating lipid metabolism abnormalities in rats were investigated, and along with their potential mechanisms. Methods/Result: Compared to intervention with EGCG/taurine alone, EGCG combined with taurine (1:3) not only reduced triglyceride (TG) generation in HepG2 cells (46.2%, 75.2%, respectively), but also significantly decreased the total cholesterol (TC) (33.3%, 41.8%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (32.3%, 29.2%) in rats, while the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased by 12.7% and 33.5%. In addition, the combination of EGCG and taurine not only inhibited lipogenic enzyme activity, but also enhanced the levels of lipid catabolic enzymes and antioxidant enzymes, and alleviated hepatic injury. Furthermore, it significantly modulated gut microbiota composition by altering the abundances of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, improving intestinal flora balance. Metabolomic profiling showed that reducing N-linoleoyl proline, cortisol, and 3-isocholanolic acid, and increasing phospholipid metabolites are the main ways methods for normalizing lipid metabolism in rats. The combination also elevated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis, preserving intestinal barrier integrity; it also promoted lipid catabolism and energy expenditure via activating Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and suppressing hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS)- mediated lipogenesis. Conclusion: These findings indicated that EGCG and taurine can synergistically regulate lipid metabolism abnormalities, which may offer a strategy for regulating lipid metabolism anomalies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Gut Microbiota)

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21 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumption of High-Energy Food and Sugar Shows a Strong Positive Association with Low Mood in Control Subjects and Depressed Patients

by Tabita Dobai, Daniel Baksa, Xenia Gonda, Gabriella Juhasz, Nora Eszlari and Gyorgy Bagdy

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2594; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162594 - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Eating has been suggested to be one of the most important hedonic behaviors. Anhedonia, a symptom of depression, may be associated with decreased food intake, although increase of food intake could be a symptom of depression as well. Our aim was [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Eating has been suggested to be one of the most important hedonic behaviors. Anhedonia, a symptom of depression, may be associated with decreased food intake, although increase of food intake could be a symptom of depression as well. Our aim was to explore the association of mood-related symptoms and anhedonia with carbohydrate and sugar intake in never-depressed control persons and depressed patients. Methods: In a large UK Biobank sample (>100,000), two-way regression models were constructed: first, for two lifetime depression variables (ICD-10 and CIDI), two current depression scores (PHQ-9 and a four-item score), and two anhedonia items as outcomes with 14 nutrient predictors, and then in the opposite direction, with nutrients as outcomes. Results: Energy density, free sugar, lactose, other sugars, and sucrose intake were higher, while fructose and glucose intake were lower in depressed patients compared to control subjects. Strong positive associations were found among energy measures, carbohydrate, free sugar, lactose, maltose, other sugars, and sucrose intake and almost all depression measures, including anhedonia. These associations were similar in the total sample and in the never-depressed control subjects as well. In contrast, fructose and glucose intake showed negative associations with the majority of the above measures. Sex, age, BMI, and Townsend deprivation index as predictors failed to show major effects on these associations. Conclusions: Our results suggest that consumption of high-energy food and sugar may be generally employed to alleviate mood disturbances and anhedonia in high-income countries by depressed patients and by never-depressed subjects, although the effects of sugars on depression cannot be ruled out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Different Dietary Patterns on Anxiety and Depression)

14 pages, 1308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mineral Intake and Depression: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys in Korea and the United States

by Jiwoo Kim, Inho Kim, Junhui Lee, Kyungwhan Jeon, Juseong Kang, Dongchan Lee, Sera Choi, HyunSoo Kim and Minkook Son

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2593; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162593 - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Depression is a major global health burden, and previous studies suggest that nutrient deficiencies may contribute to its development. However, research on mineral intake and depression, particularly sodium and potassium, is limited. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Depression is a major global health burden, and previous studies suggest that nutrient deficiencies may contribute to its development. However, research on mineral intake and depression, particularly sodium and potassium, is limited. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in Korea (KNHANES) and the United States (NHANES) to assess associations between various mineral intakes and depression in Korean and American adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the KNHANES and NHANES data. Seven minerals were analyzed: sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, and calcium. Depression was defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score of 10 or higher. Associations between mineral intakes and depression were examined using a multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis. Results: In KNHANES, 537 participants (4.1%) exhibited depression, whereas 588 participants (6.2%) in NHANES experienced similar conditions. In addition, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intake in KNHANES demonstrated inverse associations with depression, while in NHANES, potassium, iron, and zinc exhibited comparable trends. Subgroup analyses by sex, obesity status, and age revealed significant differences for several minerals. Conclusions: This study revealed significant associations between mineral intake and depression in both Korean and American adults. These findings suggest that adequate mineral intake may support mental health. Further research is needed to explore these relationships and underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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26 pages, 4290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Characterization and Ameliorative Effects of Mesona chinensis Benth Polysaccharide Against Deoxynivalenol-Induced Oxidative Stress in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

by Ai-Hua Zhong, Qiu-Yun Li, Hua Su, Li-Jun Huang, Quan Zhou, Xiao-Dan Wang, Jia Song, Yong-Ning Wu, Xing-Fen Yang and Wei-Liang Wu

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2592; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162592 - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin detected in the environment and foodstuffs. DON exposure can lead to chronic intestinal inflammation. Therefore, intervention strategy needs to be established to prevent the intestinal inflammation caused by DON. Methods: The structure of Mesona [...] Read more.

Objectives: Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin detected in the environment and foodstuffs. DON exposure can lead to chronic intestinal inflammation. Therefore, intervention strategy needs to be established to prevent the intestinal inflammation caused by DON. Methods: The structure of Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide-3 (MCP-3), a major component isolated and purified from crude MCP, was analyzed using spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. In vitro assays were conducted on the potential antioxidant bioactivities of MCP-3 and its ameliorative effects on deoxynivalenol-induced oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial cells. Results: Saline-eluted MCP-3 was identified as an acidic heterogeneous polysaccharide with an average molecular weight of 16.014 kDa. Its major monosaccharide components were glucose (20.19%), galactose (11.82%), rhamnose (17.23%), galacturonic acid (29.72%), arabinose (7.11%), xylose (8.09%), mannose (2.79%), and glucuronic acid (3.04%). The main backbone of MCP-3 was composed of the following sequence: →4)-α-D-GalpA-6-(1→4)-α-GalpA-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA-6-(1→2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA-6-(1→2,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→. MCP-3 showed strong antioxidant ability in in vitro assays. It effectively prevented redox imbalance induced by the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in intestinal epithelial cell models based on Caco-2 and NCM460 cells. MCP-3 significantly increased (p < 0.05) the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, and significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the levels of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, thereby improving redox homeostasis. Conclusions: MCP-3 has potential as a natural antioxidant for use in functional food and nutraceutical industries to help regulate intestinal oxidative stress caused by mycotoxin DON. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Diet-Sourced Hazardous Factors)

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22 pages, 5063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Contraceptives Induce Time- and Intestinal Segment-Dependent Shifts in the Gut Microbiota

by Anna Clapp Organski, Anjali Reddivari, Lavanya Reddivari, Douglas K. Brubaker, Kelly N. Z. Fuller, John P. Thyfault and Tzu-Wen L. Cross

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2591; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162591 - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Oral contraceptives (OCs) containing estrogen and/or progesterone are the second most common form of female contraception in the United States. While endogenously synthesized estrogen is known to provide protective effects against cardiometabolic diseases, exogenous forms such as OCs have been linked to increased [...] Read more.

Oral contraceptives (OCs) containing estrogen and/or progesterone are the second most common form of female contraception in the United States. While endogenously synthesized estrogen is known to provide protective effects against cardiometabolic diseases, exogenous forms such as OCs have been linked to increased susceptibility to cardiometabolic diseases and an elevated risk of myocardial infarction. The gut microbiota is thought to be a critical regulator of cardiometabolic disease risk; however, its interactions with OC use remain understudied. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effects of OC use on the intestinal microbiota and investigate microbial associations with intestinal estradiol levels, energy homeostasis, and hepatic oxidative stress markers. METHODS: Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet with or without OCs from 7 to 8 weeks of age and maintained for either 12 or 20 weeks. Duodenal, jejunal, cecal, and colonic microbiota, cecal short- and branched-chain fatty acids, and intestinal estradiol levels were assessed. RESULTS: Both 12- and 20-week of OC treatments significantly elevated colonic estradiol levels. Twenty weeks of OC treatment significantly altered the composition of both cecal and colonic microbiota and increased cecal isobutyric acid concentrations, whereas 12 weeks of OC treatment resulted in only trending shifts in the cecal microbiota and did not alter colonic microbiota or fatty acid compositions assessed. In 12-week treated mice, cecal Lactococcus was positively associated with non-resting energy expenditure, whereas in 20-week treated mice, cecal Lachnoclostridium was positively associated with resting energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS: OC use induces time- and intestinal segment-dependent shifts in the gut microbiota and branched-chain fatty acid production. The OC-induced increase in colonic estradiol could further influence the gut microbiota and health when utilized long-term. These findings provide critical insight into how OC use may contribute to increased cardiometabolic risk through gut microbial alterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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23 pages, 884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal BMI and Diet Quality Modulate Pregnancy Oxidative and Inflammatory Homeostasis

by Chiara Mandò, Chiara Novielli, Anna Maria Nuzzo, Francesca Parisi, Laura Moretti, Fabrizia Lisso, Alberto Revelli, Valeria M. Savasi, Arianna Laoreti, Gaia M. Anelli, Alessandro Rolfo and Irene Cetin

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2590; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162590 - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Maternal nutrition and pregestational BMI are critical determinants of pregnancy outcomes. This prospective multicenter observational study investigated the interplay between prepregnancy BMI, dietary patterns, and oxidative/inflammatory status in 153 Italian healthy pregnant women with normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), or obesity (OB). [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Maternal nutrition and pregestational BMI are critical determinants of pregnancy outcomes. This prospective multicenter observational study investigated the interplay between prepregnancy BMI, dietary patterns, and oxidative/inflammatory status in 153 Italian healthy pregnant women with normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), or obesity (OB). Methods: Detailed clinical, biochemical, placental, and neonatal data were measured at third trimester and delivery. Dietary intake was assessed via a validated questionnaire, and dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis. Results: OW and OB women had significantly higher levels of inflammatory (CRP, hepcidin) and oxidative stress biomarkers (DNA/RNA damage, catalase activity) than NW. Multivariate models confirmed independent associations between BMI and these biomarkers (CRP: β = 0.297, p = 0.000; hepcidin: β = 1.419, p = 0.006; DNA/RNA damage: β = 409.9, p = 0.000; catalase activity: β = 1.536, p = 0.000). Superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity were not associated with BMI. Nutritional intake across BMI groups was largely suboptimal relative to national recommendations, with insufficient levels of polyunsaturated fats and key micronutrients. Four dietary patterns were identified, with adherence varying by BMI. A “prudent-style” pattern (high plant, low animal) was positively associated with gestational age (β = 0.243, p = 0.033) and inversely with neonatal head circumference (β = −0.414, p = 0.050). A “Western-like” pattern (high sugars, snacks, animal fats) was linked to reduced maternal ferritin (β = −2.093, p = 0.036) and increased neonatal head circumference (β = 0.403, p = 0.036). However, not all deviations from the “prudent-style” pattern were metabolically equivalent: while Pattern 3 (high-protein, carbohydrate) may offer partial protective effects, Pattern 4 (moderate protein/plant/sugar) displayed elements of nutritional imbalance with signs of placental inefficiency (β = −0.384, p = 0.023). Conclusions: These findings underscore the dual impact of maternal BMI and diet quality on oxidative-inflammatory balance and perinatal outcomes, supporting the need for early, individualized nutritional strategies in pregnancy. This is further emphasized by the variability in dietary adherence across BMI categories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Maternal Nutrition and Lifestyle before and during Pregnancy on Short- and Long-Term Outcomes)

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23 pages, 2886 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessment of Sarcopenia in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis—A Literature Review

by Dorotea Bozic, Bisera Mamic, Iva Peric, Ivona Bozic, Ivan Zaja, Tomislav Ivanovic, Ana Gugic Ratkovic and Ivica Grgurevic

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2589; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162589 - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Sarcopenia refers to a disorder involving the gradual and overall reduction in skeletal muscle mass and physical capability. It occurs in over one-third of individuals with liver cirrhosis and serves as an independent predictor of increased mortality risk. Assessment of sarcopenia is necessary [...] Read more.

Sarcopenia refers to a disorder involving the gradual and overall reduction in skeletal muscle mass and physical capability. It occurs in over one-third of individuals with liver cirrhosis and serves as an independent predictor of increased mortality risk. Assessment of sarcopenia is necessary in all patients with liver cirrhosis, as recommended by the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN). The evaluation of muscle mass can be performed using several validated methods such as the multislice computed tomography (MSCT), abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), or muscle ultrasound. Assessment of muscle function encompasses measurements of both muscle strength and physical performance. Sarcopenia has a significant negative impact on the course of the disease, quality of life and outcomes of patients with liver cirrhosis. Considering the global healthcare impact and the significant influence on the course of disease, characteristics of simplicity, swiftness, safety, availability, reproducibility, and diagnostic accuracy are certainly the key factors to consider when choosing the proper diagnostic method for nutritional assessment. The aim of this review is to analyze the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying muscle mass loss in patients with liver cirrhosis, as well as to assess strengths and limitations of the methods currently in use to diagnose sarcopenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addressing Muscle Mass and Strength Loss: Nutritional Insights and Strategies)

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