Nutrients

13 pages, 1000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis: A Strategy for Mitigating Excessive Maternal Weight Gain—LINDA-Brasil Study

by Letícia Ribeiro Pavão da Silveira, Maria Inês Schmidt, Paula Bracco, Rita Mattiello and Michele Drehmer

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2600; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162600 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: While clinical guidelines recommend screening and treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) between 24 and 28 weeks, the benefits of earlier diagnosis are emerging. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the early diagnosis of GDM is associated with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: While clinical guidelines recommend screening and treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) between 24 and 28 weeks, the benefits of earlier diagnosis are emerging. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the early diagnosis of GDM is associated with reduced excessive gestational weight gain (GWG). Methods: Cohort study that analyzed 4694 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM attending high-risk prenatal care services within the Brazilian Unified Health System in six Brazilian capitals. GWG was classified according to Brazilian-specific pregnancy recommendations. ANCOVA tests were used to compare mean differences in total GWG across the timing of diagnosis. The timing of GDM diagnosis and excessive GWG was further evaluated using linear and logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the 4694 women with GDM (mean age 31.7 ± 6.3 years; mean pre-pregnancy BMI 30.4 ± 6.5 kg/m², with 47.6% classified with obesity), those diagnosed in the first trimester (n = 1315) gained 2.29 kg less (95% CI: −2.87 to −1.71 kg) total GWG compared to the third trimester, adjusting for risk factors including pregestational weight. First-trimester GDM diagnosis was associated with 22% lower odds of experiencing excessive GWG (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.72–0.86), compared to the third trimester. Diagnoses before 20 weeks and before 24 weeks had 18% (OR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.77–0.88) and 19% (OR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.76–0.87) lower odds of excessive GWG. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of GDM, particularly during the first trimester, is associated with reduced GWG. Integrating earlier GDM screening into routine prenatal care could mitigate excessive GWG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention to Prevent and Manage Gestational Diabetes)

13 pages, 573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Nutrient Deficiencies Following Bariatric Surgery—Long-Term, Prospective Observation

by Maria Humięcka, Ada Sawicka, Kinga Kędzierska, Artur Binda, Paweł Jaworski, Wiesław Tarnowski and Piotr Jankowski

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2599; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162599 (registering DOI) - 10 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To estimate the long-term prevalence of the most common nutrient deficiencies following bariatric surgery. Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent bariatric surgery were followed for 10 years. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests, and comorbidities were assessed at baseline and during follow-up visits. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: To estimate the long-term prevalence of the most common nutrient deficiencies following bariatric surgery. Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent bariatric surgery were followed for 10 years. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests, and comorbidities were assessed at baseline and during follow-up visits. Results: A total of 155 patients were included (74.2% women; mean age 43.6 ± 9.3 years; mean body mass index [BMI]: 41.9 kg/m²). Patients underwent either sleeve gastrectomy (SG, n = 112) or gastric bypass (GB, n = 43). Over a median follow-up period of 10 (10–12) years, BMI decreased by 7.4 ± 5.8 kg/m². In the GB group, serum iron levels decreased significantly, whereas in the SG group, a reduction was observed in total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Serum calcium, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels increased during follow-up. The prevalence of deficiencies in iron (9.0% vs. 18.7%, p < 0.05), folic acid (1.3% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001), and vitamin B12 (7.1% vs. 17.4%, p < 0.01) increased, while the prevalence of hypocalcemia and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 deficiency decreased. Conclusions: A significant increase in the prevalence of iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 deficiencies was observed over a 10-year follow-up after bariatric surgery. SG and GB appear to have different long-term effects on iron metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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Graphical abstract

30 pages, 6362 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Intestinal-Targeted Release of Phenolic Compounds

by Yunxuan Tang, Wenjing Liu, Jiayan Zhang, Bai Juan, Ying Zhu, Lin Zhu, Yansheng Zhao, Maria Daglia, Xiang Xiao and Yufeng He

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2598; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162598 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Phenols are natural compounds with considerable bioactivities. However, the low bioavailability and chemical instability of phenols limit their biological functions. This review summarizes recent progress in phenol delivery systems that account for the specific physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. It focuses on [...] Read more.

Phenols are natural compounds with considerable bioactivities. However, the low bioavailability and chemical instability of phenols limit their biological functions. This review summarizes recent progress in phenol delivery systems that account for the specific physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. It focuses on the delivery materials for intestinal targeting and the synergistic benefits of co-encapsulating phenols with other functional ingredients. To achieve targeted release of phenols in the digestive tract, factors such as pH, digestive enzymes, and gut microbiota should be fully considered in delivery system designing. Materials like chitosan, sodium alginate, pectin, and guar gum offer effective protection and targeted delivery of phenols due to their pH sensitivity and enzyme-degradable properties. Co-delivery systems that combine phenols with carotenoids or probiotics improve the functional properties of phenols, such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effect, and regulation of gut microbiota. Probiotics can enhance phenolic compound absorption and probiotic survival in a phenolic–probiotic co-encapsulation system through debonding, bioconversion, and synergistic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Functional Factors and Nutritional Health)

21 pages, 535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Health-Related Behaviors and Health Status and Hydration Status in Polish Adults

by Joanna Frąckiewicz and Kacper Szewczyk

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2597; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162597 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Objectives: The health of the adult population is the result of many interacting variables, with health behaviors and lifestyle playing a key role. This study aimed to identify associations among health-related behaviors and health and hydration status in Polish adults. Methods: The completion [...] Read more.

Objectives: The health of the adult population is the result of many interacting variables, with health behaviors and lifestyle playing a key role. This study aimed to identify associations among health-related behaviors and health and hydration status in Polish adults. Methods: The completion of a beverage frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was undertaken by a total of 337 participants. Blood pressure (BP), anthropometric parameters, and body composition were measured. Urine samples were analyzed for specific gravity (USG), osmolality (Uosm), and potential hydrogen value (pH). Health-related behaviors were assessed using the Health Index Score (HIS), classifying participants into two groups: unhealthy habits (0–2 HIS group) and healthy habits (3–5 HIS group). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Approximately 30% of participants (n = 115) exhibited unhealthy habits. Individuals in the 0–2 HIS group were more likely to be male, smoke, have low physical activity, be overweight or obese, sleep < 6 h, and/or consume alcohol ≥ 2 times/week. In contrast, higher HIS (3–5) was associated with female gender, non-smoking, moderate-to-high physical activity, normal body mass index (BMI), adequate sleep, and consuming alcohol < 2 times/week. Fatigue during the day (OR: 1.45), waist circumference (WC) (OR: 1.35), and Uosm (OR: 1.87) increased un-healthy habits. Conversely, greater consumption of non-carbonated mineral water (OR: 0.54) was linked to lower unhealthy habits. Conclusions: The HIS and hydration-related parameters can complement the assessment of the health status of the adult population and the identification of groups requiring special support in health promotion interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydration and Nutrition Status in Human Health)

32 pages, 1821 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Skin Aging and Carotenoids: A Systematic Review of Their Multifaceted Protective Mechanisms

by Cristina Stanescu, Iulia Chiscop, Daniela Mihalache, Florina Popa, Camelia Tamas and Gabriela Stoleriu

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2596; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162596 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Skin aging is a complex biological process influenced by intrinsic factorssuch as genetic predispositions and hormonal changes as well as extrinsic factors including ultraviolet radiation, environmental pollution, and lifestyle habits. This process culminates in a progressive decline in the structural and functional integrity [...] Read more.

Skin aging is a complex biological process influenced by intrinsic factorssuch as genetic predispositions and hormonal changes as well as extrinsic factors including ultraviolet radiation, environmental pollution, and lifestyle habits. This process culminates in a progressive decline in the structural and functional integrity of the skin. This review delves into the protective roles of carotenoids, highlighting their significant anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and photoprotective properties. We included studies that investigated the effects of dietary or topical carotenoids on skin aging markers in human and animal models. Eligible studies were identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library from January 2000 to March 2025. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB tool for randomized trials and animal studies. A total of 176 studies were included, and data were synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes. The findings indicate that carotenoids mitigate oxidative stress-induced cellular damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS), attenuating chronic inflammation, and enhancing dermal matrix integrity via collagen biosynthesis and modulation of matrix metalloproteinases. Additionally, they support skin hydration and elasticity by indirectly regulating aquaporins and promoting hyaluronic acid synthesis. This review further explores emerging strategies that incorporate carotenoid supplementation in lifestyle medicine and preventive dermatology. By elucidating the cellular pathways through which carotenoids exert their effects and modulate mitochondrial function, this review highlights their translational potential in anti-aging skincare. Ongoing research is essential to comprehend the complex connections between carotenoids, skin physiology, and overall health. This understanding will ultimately facilitate the creation of personalized nutritional and dermocosmetic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Importance of Carotenoids in Age-Related Disease—Current Data)

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27 pages, 12639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EGCG and Taurine Synergistically Ameliorate Lipid Metabolism Disorder by Modulating Gut Microbiota and PPARα/FAS Signaling Pathway

by Yang Xiao, Mingyue Yang, Meihong Cai, Haihui Zhang, Kai Hu and Yuqing Duan

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2595; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162595 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The synergistic effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and taurine in modulating lipid metabolism abnormalities in rats were investigated, and along with their potential mechanisms. Methods/Result: Compared to intervention with EGCG/taurine alone, EGCG combined with taurine (1:3) not only reduced triglyceride (TG) generation [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The synergistic effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and taurine in modulating lipid metabolism abnormalities in rats were investigated, and along with their potential mechanisms. Methods/Result: Compared to intervention with EGCG/taurine alone, EGCG combined with taurine (1:3) not only reduced triglyceride (TG) generation in HepG2 cells (46.2%, 75.2%, respectively), but also significantly decreased the total cholesterol (TC) (33.3%, 41.8%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (32.3%, 29.2%) in rats, while the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased by 12.7% and 33.5%. In addition, the combination of EGCG and taurine not only inhibited lipogenic enzyme activity, but also enhanced the levels of lipid catabolic enzymes and antioxidant enzymes, and alleviated hepatic injury. Furthermore, it significantly modulated gut microbiota composition by altering the abundances of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, improving intestinal flora balance. Metabolomic profiling showed that reducing N-linoleoyl proline, cortisol, and 3-isocholanolic acid, and increasing phospholipid metabolites are the main ways methods for normalizing lipid metabolism in rats. The combination also elevated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis, preserving intestinal barrier integrity; it also promoted lipid catabolism and energy expenditure via activating Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and suppressing hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS)- mediated lipogenesis. Conclusion: These findings indicated that EGCG and taurine can synergistically regulate lipid metabolism abnormalities, which may offer a strategy for regulating lipid metabolism anomalies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Gut Microbiota)

21 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumption of High-Energy Food and Sugar Shows a Strong Positive Association with Low Mood in Control Subjects and Depressed Patients

by Tabita Dobai, Daniel Baksa, Xenia Gonda, Gabriella Juhasz, Nora Eszlari and Gyorgy Bagdy

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2594; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162594 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Eating has been suggested to be one of the most important hedonic behaviors. Anhedonia, a symptom of depression, may be associated with decreased food intake, although increase of food intake could be a symptom of depression as well. Our aim was [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Eating has been suggested to be one of the most important hedonic behaviors. Anhedonia, a symptom of depression, may be associated with decreased food intake, although increase of food intake could be a symptom of depression as well. Our aim was to explore the association of mood-related symptoms and anhedonia with carbohydrate and sugar intake in never-depressed control persons and depressed patients. Methods: In a large UK Biobank sample (>100,000), two-way regression models were constructed: first, for two lifetime depression variables (ICD-10 and CIDI), two current depression scores (PHQ-9 and a four-item score), and two anhedonia items as outcomes with 14 nutrient predictors, and then in the opposite direction, with nutrients as outcomes. Results: Energy density, free sugar, lactose, other sugars, and sucrose intake were higher, while fructose and glucose intake were lower in depressed patients compared to control subjects. Strong positive associations were found among energy measures, carbohydrate, free sugar, lactose, maltose, other sugars, and sucrose intake and almost all depression measures, including anhedonia. These associations were similar in the total sample and in the never-depressed control subjects as well. In contrast, fructose and glucose intake showed negative associations with the majority of the above measures. Sex, age, BMI, and Townsend deprivation index as predictors failed to show major effects on these associations. Conclusions: Our results suggest that consumption of high-energy food and sugar may be generally employed to alleviate mood disturbances and anhedonia in high-income countries by depressed patients and by never-depressed subjects, although the effects of sugars on depression cannot be ruled out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Different Dietary Patterns on Anxiety and Depression)

14 pages, 1308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mineral Intake and Depression: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys in Korea and the United States

by Jiwoo Kim, Inho Kim, Junhui Lee, Kyungwhan Jeon, Juseong Kang, Dongchan Lee, Sera Choi, HyunSoo Kim and Minkook Son

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2593; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162593 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Depression is a major global health burden, and previous studies suggest that nutrient deficiencies may contribute to its development. However, research on mineral intake and depression, particularly sodium and potassium, is limited. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Depression is a major global health burden, and previous studies suggest that nutrient deficiencies may contribute to its development. However, research on mineral intake and depression, particularly sodium and potassium, is limited. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in Korea (KNHANES) and the United States (NHANES) to assess associations between various mineral intakes and depression in Korean and American adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the KNHANES and NHANES data. Seven minerals were analyzed: sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, and calcium. Depression was defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score of 10 or higher. Associations between mineral intakes and depression were examined using a multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis. Results: In KNHANES, 537 participants (4.1%) exhibited depression, whereas 588 participants (6.2%) in NHANES experienced similar conditions. In addition, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intake in KNHANES demonstrated inverse associations with depression, while in NHANES, potassium, iron, and zinc exhibited comparable trends. Subgroup analyses by sex, obesity status, and age revealed significant differences for several minerals. Conclusions: This study revealed significant associations between mineral intake and depression in both Korean and American adults. These findings suggest that adequate mineral intake may support mental health. Further research is needed to explore these relationships and underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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26 pages, 4290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Characterization and Ameliorative Effects of Mesona chinensis Benth Polysaccharide Against Deoxynivalenol-Induced Oxidative Stress in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

by Ai-Hua Zhong, Qiu-Yun Li, Hua Su, Li-Jun Huang, Quan Zhou, Xiao-Dan Wang, Jia Song, Yong-Ning Wu, Xing-Fen Yang and Wei-Liang Wu

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2592; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162592 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin detected in the environment and foodstuffs. DON exposure can lead to chronic intestinal inflammation. Therefore, intervention strategy needs to be established to prevent the intestinal inflammation caused by DON. Methods: The structure of Mesona [...] Read more.

Objectives: Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin detected in the environment and foodstuffs. DON exposure can lead to chronic intestinal inflammation. Therefore, intervention strategy needs to be established to prevent the intestinal inflammation caused by DON. Methods: The structure of Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide-3 (MCP-3), a major component isolated and purified from crude MCP, was analyzed using spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. In vitro assays were conducted on the potential antioxidant bioactivities of MCP-3 and its ameliorative effects on deoxynivalenol-induced oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial cells. Results: Saline-eluted MCP-3 was identified as an acidic heterogeneous polysaccharide with an average molecular weight of 16.014 kDa. Its major monosaccharide components were glucose (20.19%), galactose (11.82%), rhamnose (17.23%), galacturonic acid (29.72%), arabinose (7.11%), xylose (8.09%), mannose (2.79%), and glucuronic acid (3.04%). The main backbone of MCP-3 was composed of the following sequence: →4)-α-D-GalpA-6-(1→4)-α-GalpA-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA-6-(1→2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA-6-(1→2,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→. MCP-3 showed strong antioxidant ability in in vitro assays. It effectively prevented redox imbalance induced by the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in intestinal epithelial cell models based on Caco-2 and NCM460 cells. MCP-3 significantly increased (p < 0.05) the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, and significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the levels of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, thereby improving redox homeostasis. Conclusions: MCP-3 has potential as a natural antioxidant for use in functional food and nutraceutical industries to help regulate intestinal oxidative stress caused by mycotoxin DON. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Diet-Sourced Hazardous Factors)

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22 pages, 5063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Contraceptives Induce Time- and Intestinal Segment-Dependent Shifts in the Gut Microbiota

by Anna Clapp Organski, Anjali Reddivari, Lavanya Reddivari, Douglas K. Brubaker, Kelly N. Z. Fuller, John P. Thyfault and Tzu-Wen L. Cross

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2591; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162591 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Oral contraceptives (OCs) containing estrogen and/or progesterone are the second most common form of female contraception in the United States. While endogenously synthesized estrogen is known to provide protective effects against cardiometabolic diseases, exogenous forms such as OCs have been linked to increased [...] Read more.

Oral contraceptives (OCs) containing estrogen and/or progesterone are the second most common form of female contraception in the United States. While endogenously synthesized estrogen is known to provide protective effects against cardiometabolic diseases, exogenous forms such as OCs have been linked to increased susceptibility to cardiometabolic diseases and an elevated risk of myocardial infarction. The gut microbiota is thought to be a critical regulator of cardiometabolic disease risk; however, its interactions with OC use remain understudied. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effects of OC use on the intestinal microbiota and investigate microbial associations with intestinal estradiol levels, energy homeostasis, and hepatic oxidative stress markers. METHODS: Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet with or without OCs from 7 to 8 weeks of age and maintained for either 12 or 20 weeks. Duodenal, jejunal, cecal, and colonic microbiota, cecal short- and branched-chain fatty acids, and intestinal estradiol levels were assessed. RESULTS: Both 12- and 20-week of OC treatments significantly elevated colonic estradiol levels. Twenty weeks of OC treatment significantly altered the composition of both cecal and colonic microbiota and increased cecal isobutyric acid concentrations, whereas 12 weeks of OC treatment resulted in only trending shifts in the cecal microbiota and did not alter colonic microbiota or fatty acid compositions assessed. In 12-week treated mice, cecal Lactococcus was positively associated with non-resting energy expenditure, whereas in 20-week treated mice, cecal Lachnoclostridium was positively associated with resting energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS: OC use induces time- and intestinal segment-dependent shifts in the gut microbiota and branched-chain fatty acid production. The OC-induced increase in colonic estradiol could further influence the gut microbiota and health when utilized long-term. These findings provide critical insight into how OC use may contribute to increased cardiometabolic risk through gut microbial alterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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23 pages, 884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal BMI and Diet Quality Modulate Pregnancy Oxidative and Inflammatory Homeostasis

by Chiara Mandò, Chiara Novielli, Anna Maria Nuzzo, Francesca Parisi, Laura Moretti, Fabrizia Lisso, Alberto Revelli, Valeria M. Savasi, Arianna Laoreti, Gaia M. Anelli, Alessandro Rolfo and Irene Cetin

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2590; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162590 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Maternal nutrition and pregestational BMI are critical determinants of pregnancy outcomes. This prospective multicenter observational study investigated the interplay between prepregnancy BMI, dietary patterns, and oxidative/inflammatory status in 153 Italian healthy pregnant women with normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), or obesity (OB). [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Maternal nutrition and pregestational BMI are critical determinants of pregnancy outcomes. This prospective multicenter observational study investigated the interplay between prepregnancy BMI, dietary patterns, and oxidative/inflammatory status in 153 Italian healthy pregnant women with normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), or obesity (OB). Methods: Detailed clinical, biochemical, placental, and neonatal data were measured at third trimester and delivery. Dietary intake was assessed via a validated questionnaire, and dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis. Results: OW and OB women had significantly higher levels of inflammatory (CRP, hepcidin) and oxidative stress biomarkers (DNA/RNA damage, catalase activity) than NW. Multivariate models confirmed independent associations between BMI and these biomarkers (CRP: β = 0.297, p = 0.000; hepcidin: β = 1.419, p = 0.006; DNA/RNA damage: β = 409.9, p = 0.000; catalase activity: β = 1.536, p = 0.000). Superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity were not associated with BMI. Nutritional intake across BMI groups was largely suboptimal relative to national recommendations, with insufficient levels of polyunsaturated fats and key micronutrients. Four dietary patterns were identified, with adherence varying by BMI. A “prudent-style” pattern (high plant, low animal) was positively associated with gestational age (β = 0.243, p = 0.033) and inversely with neonatal head circumference (β = −0.414, p = 0.050). A “Western-like” pattern (high sugars, snacks, animal fats) was linked to reduced maternal ferritin (β = −2.093, p = 0.036) and increased neonatal head circumference (β = 0.403, p = 0.036). However, not all deviations from the “prudent-style” pattern were metabolically equivalent: while Pattern 3 (high-protein, carbohydrate) may offer partial protective effects, Pattern 4 (moderate protein/plant/sugar) displayed elements of nutritional imbalance with signs of placental inefficiency (β = −0.384, p = 0.023). Conclusions: These findings underscore the dual impact of maternal BMI and diet quality on oxidative-inflammatory balance and perinatal outcomes, supporting the need for early, individualized nutritional strategies in pregnancy. This is further emphasized by the variability in dietary adherence across BMI categories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Maternal Nutrition and Lifestyle before and during Pregnancy on Short- and Long-Term Outcomes)

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23 pages, 2886 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessment of Sarcopenia in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis—A Literature Review

by Dorotea Bozic, Bisera Mamic, Iva Peric, Ivona Bozic, Ivan Zaja, Tomislav Ivanovic, Ana Gugic Ratkovic and Ivica Grgurevic

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2589; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162589 (registering DOI) - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Sarcopenia refers to a disorder involving the gradual and overall reduction in skeletal muscle mass and physical capability. It occurs in over one-third of individuals with liver cirrhosis and serves as an independent predictor of increased mortality risk. Assessment of sarcopenia is necessary [...] Read more.

Sarcopenia refers to a disorder involving the gradual and overall reduction in skeletal muscle mass and physical capability. It occurs in over one-third of individuals with liver cirrhosis and serves as an independent predictor of increased mortality risk. Assessment of sarcopenia is necessary in all patients with liver cirrhosis, as recommended by the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN). The evaluation of muscle mass can be performed using several validated methods such as the multislice computed tomography (MSCT), abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), or muscle ultrasound. Assessment of muscle function encompasses measurements of both muscle strength and physical performance. Sarcopenia has a significant negative impact on the course of the disease, quality of life and outcomes of patients with liver cirrhosis. Considering the global healthcare impact and the significant influence on the course of disease, characteristics of simplicity, swiftness, safety, availability, reproducibility, and diagnostic accuracy are certainly the key factors to consider when choosing the proper diagnostic method for nutritional assessment. The aim of this review is to analyze the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying muscle mass loss in patients with liver cirrhosis, as well as to assess strengths and limitations of the methods currently in use to diagnose sarcopenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addressing Muscle Mass and Strength Loss: Nutritional Insights and Strategies)

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18 pages, 1344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuroprotective Potential of Acmella oleracea Aerial Parts and Root Extracts: The Role of Phenols and Alkylamides Against Neuropathic Pain

by Valentina Ferrara, Beatrice Zonfrillo, Maria Bellumori, Marzia Innocenti, Laura Micheli, Valentina Maggini, Daniel Venturi, Eugenia Gallo, Patrizia Bogani, Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli, Carla Ghelardini, Nadia Mulinacci and Fabio Firenzuoli

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2588; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162588 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain is a major side effect of antineoplastic treatment. This study investigated the neuroprotective potential of Acmella oleracea L. extracts containing the N-alkylamide spilanthol, phenolic acids, and glycosylated flavonoids. Methods: Hydroalcoholic extracts of aerial parts (AP) and roots [...] Read more.

Background: Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain is a major side effect of antineoplastic treatment. This study investigated the neuroprotective potential of Acmella oleracea L. extracts containing the N-alkylamide spilanthol, phenolic acids, and glycosylated flavonoids. Methods: Hydroalcoholic extracts of aerial parts (AP) and roots (R) of in vitro seedlings were quali-quantitatively characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS and by ¹H-NMR. Different concentrations (15–150 µg/mL) of AP and R were tested in SH-SY5Y cells differentiated into neurons exposed to oxaliplatin (10 µM), assessing cell viability (MTT), cytotoxicity (LDH), SOD activity, and expression of ATF-3, Ire1α, and Nf-H genes. To evaluate the impact on neuropathic pain, CD-1 mice were treated intraperitoneally with oxaliplatin (2.4 mg/kg), the effect of AP and R extracts (200–1200 mg/kg) were measured by the cold plate test. Results: AP extract was rich in phenols and alkylamides, whereas R extract showed higher phenolic levels but lower alkylamides content. Both extracts significantly reduced mortality and cytotoxicity and counteracted oxidative imbalance by enhancing SOD activity. Gene expression analysis confirmed their neuroprotective effects. In vivo, oxaliplatin induced a 50% reduction in pain threshold, while acute treatment with AP and R extracts dose-dependently alleviated neuropathic pain. Despite the lower spilanthol content in R extract, its efficacy was comparable to AP, suggesting an important role of phenolic compounds. Conclusions: Extracts from both aerial parts and roots of A. oleracea show promise in alleviating chemotherapy-induced neuropathy through mechanisms not solely related to spilanthol. Further studies to elucidate the contribution of phenolic components are desirable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Diet for Pain Prevention and Treatment)

22 pages, 1838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Balancing the Cellular Inflammatory-Homeostatic Axis Through Natural Ingredient Supplementation

by Valentina Bordano, Chiara Gerbino, Valentina Boscaro, Patrizia Rubiolo, Arianna Marengo, Stefania Pizzimenti, Marie Angèle Cucci, Stefania Cannito, Jessica Nurcis, Margherita Gallicchio, Simona Federica Spampinato, Luigi Cangemi, Claudia Bocca, Chiara Dianzani, Arianna Carolina Rosa and Elisa Benetti

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162587 (registering DOI) - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dietary supplements are sources of nutrients or other substances that added to a healthy lifestyle help to preserve human homeostasis. Since inflammation is one of the major contributors to the alteration of homeostasis, this work investigated the effects of a multi-ingredient dietary [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dietary supplements are sources of nutrients or other substances that added to a healthy lifestyle help to preserve human homeostasis. Since inflammation is one of the major contributors to the alteration of homeostasis, this work investigated the effects of a multi-ingredient dietary supplement on human macrophages, cells involved in the inflammatory response. Methods: THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophage-like cells and polarized in M₁ or M₂ phenotypes. Cell migration was evaluated by Boyden chamber assay; phenotypic markers by qRT-PCR; cytokine release by ELISA and LPS/ATP-induced pyroptosis by LDH assay. The antioxidant properties of the supplement were evaluated in human and mouse fibroblasts by DCF-DA assay. After supplement treatment, cell extracts were analyzed by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and GC-MS to evaluate the presence of the ingredients. Results: Our results showed that the dietary supplement promoted M₂ migration and polarization and significantly reduced migration of M₁. In a model of LPS-induced inflammation in M₀, it significantly reduced NF-κB activation, COX-2 expression, and cytokine release. The supplement was not a specific inhibitor of NLRP-3, but it was able to modulate LPS priming. In addition, the supplement decreased granulocyte adhesion to HUVEC and reduced the oxidative stress in fibroblasts. The analysis of cell extracts showed the presence of the following ingredients of the formulation inside the cells: CoQ10, spermidine, resveratrol, 5-hydroxytryptophan from Griffonia simplicifolia (Vahl ex DC.) Baill., bacosides from Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst, vit B₂, B₅, E acetate. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate how a combination of natural active ingredients may contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in human cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Foods: Exploring the Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds)

16 pages, 543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Social Network-Based Intervention for Adolescents Undergoing Weight Loss Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Sofia Marques Ramalho, Pedro F. Saint-Maurice, Diana Silva, Helena Ferreira Mansilha and Eva Conceição

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2586; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162586 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Digital interventions can have a positive effect on the health-related behaviors of adolescents. However, it is unclear if social network-based interventions using Facebook can help to optimize medical treatment as usual (TAU) for adolescent obesity in public health care centers. We examined [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Digital interventions can have a positive effect on the health-related behaviors of adolescents. However, it is unclear if social network-based interventions using Facebook can help to optimize medical treatment as usual (TAU) for adolescent obesity in public health care centers. We examined the feasibility, usability, and effectiveness of APOLO-Teens, a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Facebook-based intervention as a supplement to TAU on changing eating habits/behaviors, physical activity levels, and psychological functioning of adolescents with overweight/obesity. Methods: This was a Randomized Controlled Trial (Trial registration number: NCT04642222). One-hundred and thirty-five adolescents aged 13 to 18 years (67.5% females) were randomly assigned to the TAU control group (n = 66) and the APOLO-Teens intervention group (n = 69). Intervention outcomes were measured at baseline and the end of the intervention (6 months later). Using per-protocol analysis, the sample size retained for final analysis included 77 participants (Control group = 39; Intervention group = 38). Two-way mixed ANOVAs were used to test within-and between-group changes. Results: The APOLO-Teens social network-based intervention was feasible (adherence rate: 85.5%) and the intervention group had a significant increase in fruit consumption (F (1,35) = 6.99, p = 0.012; significant group-by-time interaction). Both groups increased vegetables on the plate consumption and decreased pastries/cakes intake, depressive symptomatology, grazing eating pattern, and BMI z-score (p < 0.05; significant time interaction). Conclusions: The APOLO-Teens social network-based intervention was feasible, and the effectiveness results suggest that it can be a beneficial supplementary intervention to TAU in adolescent obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents)

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20 pages, 431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anaemia, Nutrition, and Caregiver Feeding Practices Among Infants Aged 6 to 8 Months in Maputo City, Mozambique (2024)

by Érica Manuel, Francisco Mbofana and Maria do Rosário O. Martins

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2585; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162585 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Anaemia and malnutrition remain global public health challenges, particularly affecting low-income countries such as Mozambique, especially during the complementary feeding period. This study aimed to assess caregivers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) regarding infant feeding and to explore associations with anaemia [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Anaemia and malnutrition remain global public health challenges, particularly affecting low-income countries such as Mozambique, especially during the complementary feeding period. This study aimed to assess caregivers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) regarding infant feeding and to explore associations with anaemia and nutritional status among infants aged 6 to 8 months in urban Maputo. Methods: A cross-sectional baseline survey was conducted in 2024 in two primary health centres. A total of 496 caregiver–child pairs participated. Children underwent anthropometric measurements and haemoglobin testing, and caregivers completed a structured KAP questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were generated, and chi-square tests were used to examine associations between KAP domains and child health outcomes. Results: Anaemia was detected in 77.0% of children, with moderate anaemia being most common (48.6%). Eutrophic nutritional status was observed in 73.1% of children, 7.0% had acute malnutrition, and 14.1% were overweight. While 97.3% of caregivers demonstrated positive attitudes, only 52.1% had adequate knowledge and practices. Adequate knowledge was significantly associated with both the absence of anaemia (p = 0.001) and eutrophic status (p = 0.001). No significant associations were found for attitudes or practices. Caregiver practices were significantly associated with household income, and anaemia was more frequent among children from low-income households. Conclusions: Anaemia was highly frequent among 6–8-month-old infants, even among those with normal weight-for-length and knowledgeable caregivers. This paradox highlights the need for early, integrated interventions, such as nutrition education and home fortification with micronutrient powders, and supports the WHO’s recommendation to revisit haemoglobin thresholds in some contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

15 pages, 1244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Phenolics from Vinegar–Egg Accelerates Acute Wound Healing by Activation of Focal Adhesion and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling

by Taehoon Oh, Chan Hee Cho, Su Cheol Baek, Mun Seok Jo, Woo Bong Kang, Yun Seok Kang, Sung-Kyun Ko and Ki Hyun Kim

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2584; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162584 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vinegar–egg is a traditional health-promoting beverage prepared by soaking eggs in vinegar. While both eggs and vinegar are common dietary components with well-documented nutritional and pharmacological activities, eggs treated with vinegar have been rarely studied. This study aims to identify and characterize [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vinegar–egg is a traditional health-promoting beverage prepared by soaking eggs in vinegar. While both eggs and vinegar are common dietary components with well-documented nutritional and pharmacological activities, eggs treated with vinegar have been rarely studied. This study aims to identify and characterize bioactive compounds in vinegar–egg and investigate their potential wound-healing activities. Methods: The vinegar–egg extract was analyzed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and column chromatography, including HPLC purification, which led to the isolation of four phenolic compounds. Results: These compounds were identified as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1), vanillic acid (2), methyl syringate (3), and leptosperin (4) using ESI-MS, UV, and NMR spectroscopic data. Among the isolates, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1) and vanillic acid (2) demonstrated wound-healing properties in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. None of the compounds, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1), vanillic acid (2), methyl syringate (3), or leptosperin (4), exhibited cytotoxicity in PC12, AGS, MEF, or MDA-MB-231 cells. Notably, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1) enhanced cell motility by 2.59-fold and cell invasion by 1.20-fold, while vanillic acid (2) increased cell motility by 2.69-fold and cell invasion by 1.23-fold. Western blot analysis revealed that treatment with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1) and vanillic acid (2) increased the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). Furthermore, both compounds elevated the phosphorylation of p38, a key regulator in wound-healing pathways. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1) and vanillic acid (2) accelerate wound healing through the activation of focal adhesion and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. These results highlight vinegar–egg as a promising therapeutic candidate for wound healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant Extracts on Human Health—2nd Edition)

17 pages, 3034 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Associations of Birth Size with Physical and Cognitive Function in Men and Women 60 Years and Older—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Vilborg Kolbrun Vilmundardottir, Birna Thorisdottir, Alfons Ramel and Ólöf Guðný Geirsdóttir

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2583; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162583 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This systematic review aimed to investigate the relationship between birth size, a marker of prenatal undernutrition, and both physical and cognitive function in individuals aged 60 years and older. Methods: We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases up to November 2024 for [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This systematic review aimed to investigate the relationship between birth size, a marker of prenatal undernutrition, and both physical and cognitive function in individuals aged 60 years and older. Methods: We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases up to November 2024 for prospective cohort studies that included data on birth size and physical or cognitive function in individuals aged 60 or older, excluding studies focused on preterm individuals. The Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies—of Exposure (ROBINS-E) tool was used to evaluate the bias of each included study. Fixed-effects meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42023360823. Results: Twenty-four articles met the eligibility criteria, with participant numbers ranging from 52 to 4000 (about 50% women) and an average age range of 60.9 to 78.4 years. Eight articles had a high risk of bias, while the remaining 16 presented some concerns. Three meta-analyses were conducted: two for grip strength and one for word fluency. Grip strength was positively associated with birth weight, both in an unadjusted analysis, which showed an increase of 1.88 kg (95% CI 1.19, 2.56), and in an analysis adjusted for age, sex, and height/body mass index, which showed an increase of 1.15 kg (95% CI 0.71, 1.59). Word fluency also displayed a positive association with birth weight, with an increase of 0.62 words per minute (95% CI 0.15, 1.10). Conclusions: Smaller birth size, indicative of prenatal undernutrition, is associated with diminished physical and cognitive function in later life. These results highlight the importance of identifying individuals born small as a vulnerable group and implementing lifelong strategies to promote healthy aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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26 pages, 1234 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vitamin D and Atopic Dermatitis—A Mere Correlation or a Real Supportive Treatment Option?

by Kamil Przechowski, Marta Natalia Krawczyk, Rafał Krasowski, Rafał Pawliczak and Paulina Kleniewska

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2582; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162582 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD), a common chronic inflammatory disease in children and adults, is often studied to find the best way to prevent or reduce its severity. One of the substances tested so far is vitamin D. The main aim of this paper was [...] Read more.

Atopic dermatitis (AD), a common chronic inflammatory disease in children and adults, is often studied to find the best way to prevent or reduce its severity. One of the substances tested so far is vitamin D. The main aim of this paper was to determine whether vitamin D truly brings benefits to people with AD or whether its action is too insignificant to have clinical significance. The review covered articles—observational studies, several animal studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs)—available in the PubMed database and published after 2019. Full-text manuscripts in English were used. Observational studies presented both therapeutic effects of vitamin D and its lack of influence on AD. They also determined that vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphism may indeed affect the occurrence and severity of this disease. Similarly, the results of vitamin D’s effect on AD are inconclusive in RCTs. Meanwhile, animal studies showed only the attenuation of disease symptoms in mice. The still-growing number of studies on vitamin D and its association with AD, due to many internal and external distorting factors, has not been able to provide us with definitive results. It is necessary to conduct further appropriately designed large-scale studies, including long-term observation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Vitamin D in Inflammatory Diseases)

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