Nanomaterials

12 pages, 3078 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting by SnO₂/CuO Thin Film Heterostructure-Based Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation

by Joun Ali Faraz, Tanvir Hussain, Muhammad Bilal, Khaleel Ahmad and Luminita-Ioana Cotirla

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221748 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 494

Abstract

The emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels creates devastating effects on Earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, a clean energy source is required to fulfill the energy demand. Hydrogen is considered an energy vector, and the production of green hydrogen is a promising approach. Photoelectrochemical [...] Read more.

The emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels creates devastating effects on Earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, a clean energy source is required to fulfill the energy demand. Hydrogen is considered an energy vector, and the production of green hydrogen is a promising approach. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is the best approach to produced green hydrogen, but the efficiency is low. To produce hydrogen by PEC splitting water, semiconductor photocatalysts have received an enormous amount of academic research in recent years. A new class of co-catalysts based on transition metals has emerged as a powerful tool for reducing charge transfer barriers and enhancing photoelectrochemical (PEC) efficiency. In this study, copper oxide (CuO) and tin oxide (

S n O_{2}

) multilayer thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation to create an energy gradient between

S n O_{2}

and CuO semiconductors for better charge transfer. To improve the crystallinity and reduce the defects, the prepared films were annealed in a tube furnace at 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C in an argon inert gas environment. XRD results showed that

S n O_{2}

/CuO-600 °C exhibited strong peaks, indicating the transformation from amorphous to polycrystalline. SEM images showed the transformation of smooth dense film to a granular structure by annealing, which is better for charge transfer from electrode to electrolyte. Optical properties showed that the bandgap was decreased by annealing, which might be diffusion of Cu and Sn atoms at the interface. PEC results showed that the

S n O_{2}

/CuO-600 °C heterostructure exhibits the solar light-to-hydrogen (STH%) conversion efficiency of 0.25%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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22 pages, 2916 KB

Open AccessArticle

Curcumin-Loaded Polysaccharide Nanoparticles Enhance Aqueous Dispersibility and In Vitro Cytotoxicity in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

by Yu-Chen Tsai, Hiroki Miyajima, Ming-Yang Chou and Satoshi Fujita

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1747; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221747 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 678

Abstract

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural compound with anticancer potential; however, its poor water solubility, instability, and rapid degradation limit its therapeutic use. To address these issues, we developed CUR-loaded nanoparticles (CUR-NPs) based on chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and alginate, the TEM-measured diameter of 29.3 [...] Read more.

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural compound with anticancer potential; however, its poor water solubility, instability, and rapid degradation limit its therapeutic use. To address these issues, we developed CUR-loaded nanoparticles (CUR-NPs) based on chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and alginate, the TEM-measured diameter of 29.3 ± 9.0 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis further confirmed good aqueous dispersibility, revealing hydrodynamic diameters of 39.8 ± 7.1 nm for UL-NPs and 46.1 ± 18.1 nm for CUR-NPs. Cytotoxicity assays revealed significant anticancer activity in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 17.5 ± 1.9 μg/mL and 39.9 ± 5.4 μg/mL after 72 h, respectively, indicating cell line-dependent sensitivity with MCF-7 cells being more susceptible to CUR-NP treatment. Time-dependent uptake was confirmed using fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry, which demonstrated faster and higher NP uptake by MCF-7 cells than by MDA-MB-231 cells. Collectively, these data support a cell line-dependent cell death response: MCF-7 cells displayed earlier and more pronounced changes consistent with apoptosis, whereas MDA-MB-231 cells showed slower uptake with delayed apoptosis and partial necrosis. Subcellular localization dynamics, particularly perinuclear aggregation, have emerged as determinants of NP-induced cytotoxicity, highlighting the potential for tailoring NP design to specific cellular contexts to improve therapeutic efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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15 pages, 16180 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gas–Solid Phase Separation of Active Brownian Particles Under Confinement of Hard Walls

by Hao Zhang, Shenghua Xu, Shuangyang Zou, Hongwei Zhou, Wenze Ouyang and Jun Zhong

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1746; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221746 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 502

Abstract

By means of computer simulations, we have investigated the gas–solid phase separation of active Brownian particles (ABPs) under the confinement of two hard walls, distinct from the gas–liquid phase separation typically seen in bulk systems. Our results show that the distance (D) between [...] Read more.

By means of computer simulations, we have investigated the gas–solid phase separation of active Brownian particles (ABPs) under the confinement of two hard walls, distinct from the gas–liquid phase separation typically seen in bulk systems. Our results show that the distance (D) between the hard walls plays a crucial role. Increasing D may facilitate the formation of gas–solid phase separation perpendicular to the hard walls, while decreasing D may suppress such phase separation. Interestingly, when D is decreased further and the lateral system size is increased accordingly to maintain a constant volume, a new reoriented phase separation pattern in the system emerges, i.e., the gas–solid phase coexistence can be found in those layers parallel to the inner surfaces of two hard walls. These intriguing findings illustrate how ABPs can achieve simultaneous localization and crystallization under imposed boundary confinement, thereby fundamentally altering the pathway of phase separation. Also, such understanding may provide a valuable pathway for optimizing the design of systems full of active matters such as micro-robotics or targeted delivery platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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11 pages, 8593 KB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Efficient Cellulose Nanofiber/Halloysite Nanotube Separators for Sodium-Ion Batteries

by Jiangwei Li, Qian Guan, Hualiang Wei, Mengju Zhang, Suxia Ren, Lili Dong, Zaifeng Li, Shuhua Yang and Xiuqiang Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221745 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 384

Abstract

As a fundamental component of sodium-ion batteries, separators are considered to isolate two electrodes and simultaneously allow for the transport of ions. Cellulose separators have attracted widespread interest for their remarkable properties. In this study, we prepared composite separators comprising cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) [...] Read more.

As a fundamental component of sodium-ion batteries, separators are considered to isolate two electrodes and simultaneously allow for the transport of ions. Cellulose separators have attracted widespread interest for their remarkable properties. In this study, we prepared composite separators comprising cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) for sodium-ion batteries. When the content of the HNT was up to 60%, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite separator (denoted as C/H-60) were 24.39 MPa and 2.22%, respectively. Importantly, the C/H-60 separator demonstrated a high porosity (69.08%), improved ionic conductivity (1.142 mS/cm), decent thermal stability, and good electrolyte retention (91.3% electrolyte uptake). The assembled sodium-ion battery containing the composite separators had an excellent rate capacity and cycling property. The proposed composite separators are expected to be applied in high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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Graphical abstract

66 pages, 9255 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Polymer-Coated Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: From Design to Promising Applications

by Refia Atik, Rafiqul Islam, Melissa Ariza Gonzalez, Pailinrut Chinwangso and T. Randall Lee

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221744 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1093

Abstract

The integration of polymer coatings with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles represents a significant advancement in nanotechnology, enhancing the stability, biocompatibility, and functional versatility of these materials. These enhanced properties make polymer-coated nanoparticles key components in a wide range of applications, including biomedicine, [...] Read more.

The integration of polymer coatings with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles represents a significant advancement in nanotechnology, enhancing the stability, biocompatibility, and functional versatility of these materials. These enhanced properties make polymer-coated nanoparticles key components in a wide range of applications, including biomedicine, catalysis, environmental remediation, electronics, and energy storage. The unique combination of polymeric materials with metal and metal oxide cores results in hybrid structures with superior performance characteristics, making them highly desirable for various technological innovations. Polymer-coated metal and metal oxide nanoparticles can be synthesized through various methods, such as grafting to, grafting from, grafting through, in situ techniques, and layer-by-layer assembly, each offering distinct control over nanoparticle size, shape, and surface functionality. The distinctive contribution of this review lies in its systematic comparison of polymer-coating synthesis approaches for different metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, revealing how variations in polymer architecture and surface chemistry govern their stability, functionality, and application performance. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on polymer-coated nanoparticles, including metals such as gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium, as well as metal oxides like iron oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and aluminum oxide. This review highlights their design strategies, synthesis methods, characterization approaches, and diverse emerging applications, including biomedicine (e.g., targeted drug delivery, gene delivery, bone tissue regeneration, imaging, antimicrobials, and therapeutic interventions), environmental remediation (e.g., antibacterials and sensors), catalysis, electronics, and energy conversion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Metallic and Metal Oxide Nanohybrids and Their Applications)

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34 pages, 2440 KB

Open AccessReview

Nano-Biotechnology in Soil Remediation: Use of Nanomaterials to Promote Plant Growth and Stress Tolerance

by Xunfeng Chen, Shuoqi Wang, Huijuan Lai, Linjing Deng, Qin Zhong, Charles Obinwanne Okoye, Qijian Niu, Yanping Jing, Juncai Wang and Jianxiong Jiang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1743; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221743 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1244

Abstract

Soil degradation and pollution pose significant threats to global agricultural sustainability and food security. Conventional remediation methods are often constrained by low efficiency, high cost, and potential secondary pollution. Nanobiotechnology, an emerging interdisciplinary field, offers innovative solutions by integrating functional nanomaterials with plant–microbe [...] Read more.

Soil degradation and pollution pose significant threats to global agricultural sustainability and food security. Conventional remediation methods are often constrained by low efficiency, high cost, and potential secondary pollution. Nanobiotechnology, an emerging interdisciplinary field, offers innovative solutions by integrating functional nanomaterials with plant–microbe interactions to advance soil remediation and sustainable agriculture. This review systematically elaborates on the mechanisms and applications of nanomaterials in soil remediation and enhanced plant stress resilience. For contaminant removal, nanomaterials such as nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) and carbon nanotubes effectively immobilize or degrade heavy metals and organic pollutants through adsorption, catalysis, and other reactive mechanisms. In agriculture, nanofertilizers facilitate the regulated release of nutrients, thereby markedly enhancing nutrient use efficiency. Concurrently, certain nanoparticles mitigate a range of abiotic stresses—such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity—through the regulation of phytohormone balance, augmentation of photosynthetic performance, and reinforcement of antioxidant defenses. However, concerns regarding the environmental behavior, ecotoxicity, and long-term safety of nanomaterials remain. Future research should prioritize the development of smart, responsive nanosystems, elucidate the complex interactions among nanomaterials, plants, and microbes, and establish comprehensive life-cycle assessment and standardized risk evaluation frameworks. These efforts are essential to ensuring the safe and scalable application of nanobiotechnology in environmental remediation and green agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nanomaterials in Soils and Plants)

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29 pages, 5615 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of a New TiO₂-Cu-Coated Titanium Surface for Biomedical Applications

by Mahalakshmi Pandian, Sacha Cavelier, Simone Guttau, Silvia Cometta, Joseph Fernando, Philipp Kobbe and Dietmar W. Hutmacher

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1742; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221742 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 661

Abstract

Despite advancements in surgical care, the management of surgical site infections (SSIs) associated with fracture-fixation devices is still a challenge after implant fixation, especially in open fractures. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogen of SSIs and contaminates by penetrating [...] Read more.

Despite advancements in surgical care, the management of surgical site infections (SSIs) associated with fracture-fixation devices is still a challenge after implant fixation, especially in open fractures. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogen of SSIs and contaminates by penetrating the trauma itself (preoperatively) or during insertion of the fixation device (intraoperatively). A unique technology was developed to address this issue, consisting of an antibacterial surface obtained after depositing copper on a porous titanium oxide surface. This study aims to characterise and evaluate the in vitro bactericidal effect of this surface against S. aureus. Furthermore, the topography, elemental composition and other physicochemical properties of the copper coating were determined. In vitro assays have demonstrated a reduction of up to 5 log₁₀ in the bacteria colonisation, and additional quantitative and qualitative methods further supported these observations. This study illustrates the antibacterial efficacy and killing mechanisms of the surface, therefore demonstrating its potential for minimising infection progression post-implantation in clinical scenarios and bringing important insights for the design of future in vivo evaluations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Applications)

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2 pages, 596 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Zhou et al. TiO₂ Nanosphere/MoSe₂ Nanosheet-Based Heterojunction Gas Sensor for High-Sensitivity Sulfur Dioxide Detection. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 25

by Lanjuan Zhou, Chang Niu, Tian Wang, Hao Zhang, Gongao Jiao and Dongzhi Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221741 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 236

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

16 pages, 3084 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nanostructured Silver Found in Ancient Dacian Bracelets from Cehei Hoard—Salaj, Romania

by Ioan Petean, Emanoil Pripon, Horea Pop, Codruta Sarosi, Gertrud Alexandra Paltinean, Simona Elena Avram, Nicoleta Ignat, Lucian Barbu Tudoran and Gheorghe Borodi

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221740 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 380

Abstract

Nanomaterials are usually associated with modern technologies and advanced processing methods. Three silver Dacian bracelets within Cehei hoard (Salaj County, Romania) are tougher than they should be according to the apparently higher silver content. The microstructural investigation reveals that all three bracelets have [...] Read more.

Nanomaterials are usually associated with modern technologies and advanced processing methods. Three silver Dacian bracelets within Cehei hoard (Salaj County, Romania) are tougher than they should be according to the apparently higher silver content. The microstructural investigation reveals that all three bracelets have silver content of about 90 wt.%. The metallographic inspection of a bracelet sample reveals a very refined microstructure of α grain while fewer eutectic grains are almost undetectable, indicating intensive plastic deformation. XRD patterns of the bracelets reveal relevant peaks for silver (without copper) having a much-broadened aspect indicating nanostructural level. The nano-grains were evidenced at high magnification of SEM imaging: 55 nm for bracelet 1, 95 nm for bracelet 2 and 75 nm for bracelet 3. Elemental maps reveal that the nanograins are basically formed by α phase; the finest eutectic traces are situated and uniformly dispersed within α phase, appearing as small red spots. Vickers µHV10 micro indentation was calibrated on a pure silver 999.9 ‰ in annealed state, resulting in 37 HV10. The nanostructured bracelets have about 56 µHV10 for bracelet 1; 50 µHV10 for bracelet 2 and 52 µHV10 for bracelet 3. Dyrrachium drachmas have Vickers microhardness of about 37 µHV10. The obtained results confirm the historian’s supposition that Dyrrachium drachmas could be the source for silver but also clearly indicate that the final steps of bracelets manufacturing were effectuated by cold deformation with intensive cold hardening. It results that cold deformation of the bracelets rods induces a nanostructural state that significantly increases their microhardness instead of their higher silver title. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization, Properties, Simulation, and Applications of Nanostructured Materials)

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25 pages, 5386 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Skin Rejuvenation Through Ultrasound-Enhanced Non-Invasive Delivery of Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles

by Leah Shimonov, Chen Benafsha, Shir Harel, Ksenia M. Yegodayev, Uzi Hadad, Riki Goldbart, Tamar Traitel, Yuval Krieger, Moshe Elkabets and Joseph Kost

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221739 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 698

Abstract

High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HMw-HA) is widely used for skin rejuvenation and anti-aging. However, its rapid degradation and <24 h cutaneous residence limit its therapeutic potential. Cross-linked HA fillers were developed to improve longevity, but their high viscosity and invasive administration may reduce biocompatibility [...] Read more.

High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HMw-HA) is widely used for skin rejuvenation and anti-aging. However, its rapid degradation and <24 h cutaneous residence limit its therapeutic potential. Cross-linked HA fillers were developed to improve longevity, but their high viscosity and invasive administration may reduce biocompatibility and patient comfort. To overcome these challenges, we developed a biocompatible nanocarrier based on quaternized starch (Q-starch) that encapsulates linear HMw-HA into nanoparticles (NPs) of ~100 nm with a ζ-potential of ~−35 mV. These NPs retained spherical morphology over seven days without aggregation. The resulting HMw-HA-NPs significantly improved HA stability and extended its skin residence time compared to commercially available HA, while preserving its biological function to stimulate collagen production in murine models. To enable non-invasive delivery, we applied low-frequency ultrasound (LFUS), which transiently enhanced skin permeability, facilitated deeper NPs penetration, and further elevated collagen at day 14. Altogether, this strategy offers a promising needle-free alternative to traditional HA treatments by improving stability, skin penetration, and therapeutic efficacy. The combination of HMw-HA-NPs with LFUS addresses key limitations of current dermo-esthetic therapies and supports the development of patient-friendly skin rejuvenation technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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15 pages, 4614 KB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Charge-Induced Scattering Enhancement of Diverse Dielectric Nanoscale Particles: A Simulation Study

by Siqi Zhang, Ang Li, Jiaan Wang, Linghao Wu, Siwen Gu and Xu Yang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221738 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 286

Abstract

At the nanoscale, the scattered light intensity of particles significantly decreases and is easily affected by surface charges. However, under certain conditions, surface charges can induce a scattering enhancement effect, providing a new solution for the precise measurement of nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the universality [...] Read more.

At the nanoscale, the scattered light intensity of particles significantly decreases and is easily affected by surface charges. However, under certain conditions, surface charges can induce a scattering enhancement effect, providing a new solution for the precise measurement of nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the universality of this effect in different material systems is still unclear. Therefore, we selected eight typical submicron dielectric particles encompassing oxides, polymers, semiconductors, and ceramics. Their optical responses under surface charging conditions were studied through numerical simulation. Results show that surface charges induce changes in the complex refractive index and significantly increase the scattering coefficient across all these particle types, compared to their neutral states. This enhancement effect is pronounced at the nanoscale particles, while at the submicron scale there is a clear critical size threshold, beyond which the enhancement effect significantly weakens. Surface charges also cause a spatial redistribution of scattered light intensity, enhancing the strength of forward, backward, and side scattering. These results confirm the cross-material universality of the surface charge-induced scattering enhancement effect. Our study provides a theoretical basis for extending optical measurement techniques for nanoscale particles and suggests considering surface charges in their detection and characterization to improve sensitivity and accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)

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24 pages, 4540 KB

Open AccessReview

From Field Effect Transistors to Spin Qubits: Focus on Group IV Materials, Architectures and Fabrications

by Nikolay Petkov and Giorgos Fagas

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221737 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 674

Abstract

In this review, we focus on group IV one-dimensional devices for quantum technology. We outline the foundational principles of quantum computing before delving into materials, architectures and fabrication routes, separately, by comparing the bottom-up and top-down approaches. We demonstrate that due to easily [...] Read more.

In this review, we focus on group IV one-dimensional devices for quantum technology. We outline the foundational principles of quantum computing before delving into materials, architectures and fabrication routes, separately, by comparing the bottom-up and top-down approaches. We demonstrate that due to easily tunable composition and crystal/interface quality and relatively less demanding fabrications, the study of grown nanowires such as core–shell Ge-Si and Ge hut wires has created a very fruitful field for studying unique and foundational quantum phenomena. We discuss in detail how these advancements have set the foundations and furthered realization of SETs and qubit devices with their specific operational characteristics. On the other hand, top-down processed devices, mainly as Si fin/nanowire field-effect transistor (FET) architectures, showed their potential for scaling up the number of qubits while providing ways for very large-scale integration (VLSI) and co-integration with conventional CMOS. In all cases we compare the fin/nanowire qubit architectures to other closely related approaches such as planar (2D) or III–V qubit platforms, aiming to highlight the cutting-edge benefits of using group IV one-dimensional morphologies for quantum computing. Another aim is to provide an informative pedagogical perspective on common fabrication challenges and links between common FET device processing and qubit device architectures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semiconductor Nanowires and Devices)

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26 pages, 6322 KB

Open AccessArticle

Silicon-on-Silica Microring Resonators for High-Quality, High-Contrast, High-Speed All-Optical Logic Gates

by Amer Kotb, Antonios Hatziefremidis and Kyriakos E. Zoiros

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221736 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 586

Abstract

With the increasing demand for ultrafast optical signal processing, silicon-on-silica (SoS) waveguides with ring resonators have emerged as a promising platform for integrated all-optical logic gates (AOLGs). In this work, we design and simulate a SoS-based waveguide structure, operating at the telecommunication wavelength [...] Read more.

With the increasing demand for ultrafast optical signal processing, silicon-on-silica (SoS) waveguides with ring resonators have emerged as a promising platform for integrated all-optical logic gates (AOLGs). In this work, we design and simulate a SoS-based waveguide structure, operating at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm, consisting of a circular ring resonator coupled to straight bus waveguides using Lumerical FDTD solutions. The design achieves a high Q-factor of 11,071, indicating low optical loss and strong light confinement. The evanescent coupling between the ring and waveguides, along with optimized waveguide dimensions, enables efficient interference, realizing a complete suite of AOLGs (XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XNOR). Numerical simulations demonstrate robust performance across all gates, with high contrast ratios between 11.40 dB and 13.72 dB and an ultra-compact footprint of 1.42 × 1.08 µm². The results confirm the device’s capability to manipulate optical signals at data rates up to 55 Gb/s, highlighting its potential for scalable, high-speed, and energy-efficient optical computing. These findings provide a solid foundation for the future experimental implementation and integration of SoS-based photonic logic circuits in next-generation optical communication systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Nano-Optics and Nano-Optoelectronics: Challenges and Future Trends)

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12 pages, 2025 KB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature Dependence of Conduction and Magnetoresistance Properties in Co-TiO₂ Non-Uniform Nanocomposite Films

by Zhifeng Zhang, Yiwen Zhang, Haoyu Chen, Zhong Wu, Zhenbo Qin, Huiming Ji, Xinjun Liu and Wenbin Hu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221735 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 314

Abstract

Co-TiO₂ materials have rich magnetic and electronic properties for advanced magnetoresistance (MR) sensing field. The non-uniform Co-TiO₂ nanocomposite films are prepared via magnetron sputtering. With substrate temperature increasing, the particles undergo agglomeration, and this non-uniform structure transits from the superparamagnetic-particle Co [...] Read more.

Co-TiO₂ materials have rich magnetic and electronic properties for advanced magnetoresistance (MR) sensing field. The non-uniform Co-TiO₂ nanocomposite films are prepared via magnetron sputtering. With substrate temperature increasing, the particles undergo agglomeration, and this non-uniform structure transits from the superparamagnetic-particle Co distribution to the particle-cluster Co distribution. Consequently, the MR decreases from 6% to 1%, owing to low resistivity. To investigate the electronic transport mechanism, the microstructural analysis and temperature-dependent fitting calculations of conduction and MR were investigated. In this study, non-uniform nanocomposite films with a broad particle size distribution were fabricated. With testing temperature decreasing, electron transport changes from higher order hopping to higher order cotunneling processes. The non-uniform films deposited at room temperature exhibited a negative MR up to 30% at 2 K, which was attributed to higher order cotunneling in the Coulomb blockade regime and explained by establishing a non-uniform multi-channel conduction model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Structure and Transport Properties of Two-Dimensional Materials)

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17 pages, 5630 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Analytic Compact Model for P-Type Quasi-Ballistic/Ballistic Nanowire GAA MOSFETs Incorporating DIBL Effect

by He Cheng, Zhijia Yang, Chao Zhang and Zhipeng Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1734; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221734 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 286

Abstract

We present an analytic compact model for p-type cylindrical gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFETs in the quasi-ballistic/ballistic regime, incorporating drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL). To describe the potential profile, an undetermined parameter is used to represent the channel potential, which is derived from the Laplace equation [...] Read more.

We present an analytic compact model for p-type cylindrical gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFETs in the quasi-ballistic/ballistic regime, incorporating drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL). To describe the potential profile, an undetermined parameter is used to represent the channel potential, which is derived from the Laplace equation in the subthreshold region and from Gauss’s law combined with quantum statistics in the inversion region. A smoothing function is applied to this parameter to ensure a continuous source—drain current across all operating regions. The current model is based on the Landauer approach and captures both quasi-ballistic/ballistic transport and quantum-confinement effects. It is validated against non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) simulation results and implemented in Verilog-A for SPICE circuit-level simulation of a CMOS inverter, demonstrating its applicability for nanoscale design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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48 pages, 3373 KB

Open AccessReview

Nanotechnology Driven Innovations in Modern Pharmaceutics: Therapeutics, Imaging, and Regeneration

by Nargish Parvin, Mohammad Aslam, Md Najib Alam and Tapas K. Mandal

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1733; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221733 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 833

Abstract

The integration of smart nanomaterials into pharmaceutics has transformed approaches to disease diagnosis, targeted therapy, and tissue regeneration. These nanoscale materials exhibit unique features such as controlled responsiveness, biocompatibility, and precise site-specific action, offering new possibilities for personalized healthcare. This review provides a [...] Read more.

The integration of smart nanomaterials into pharmaceutics has transformed approaches to disease diagnosis, targeted therapy, and tissue regeneration. These nanoscale materials exhibit unique features such as controlled responsiveness, biocompatibility, and precise site-specific action, offering new possibilities for personalized healthcare. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the design and application of functional nanomaterials, including nanoparticle-based drug carriers, responsive hydrogels, and nanostructured scaffolds. Special focus is placed on stimuli-triggered systems that achieve controlled drug release and localized therapeutic effects. In addition, the review explores how these materials enhance diagnostic imaging and support tissue regeneration through adaptive and multifunctional designs. Importantly, this work uniquely integrates stimuli-responsive nanomaterials across therapeutic, imaging, and regenerative domains, providing a unified view of their biomedical potential. The challenges of clinical translation, large-scale synthesis, and regulatory approval are critically analyzed to outline future directions for research and real-world implementation. Overall, this review highlights the pivotal role of smart nanomaterials in advancing modern pharmaceutics toward more effective and patient-centered therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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11 pages, 3272 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Cardiac Structural Changes Induced by Carbamazepine-Based Nanotherapeutics in an Experimental Epilepsy Model

by Adem Tokpınar, Hasan İlhan, Semih Tan, Selen Kazancı, Cemre Zeynep Harman Civek, Rabia Kurt Tokpınar, Emin Kaymak, Muhammet Değermenci and Orhan Baş

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221732 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 299

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the morphological impact of carbamazepine (CBZ) coated with carbon nanodots functionalised with silver nanoparticles (CNDs@AgNPs) and metal–organic framework (MOF-5) nanoparticles on the hearts of male rats with experimental epilepsy. Methods: Seventy male Wistar rats [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the morphological impact of carbamazepine (CBZ) coated with carbon nanodots functionalised with silver nanoparticles (CNDs@AgNPs) and metal–organic framework (MOF-5) nanoparticles on the hearts of male rats with experimental epilepsy. Methods: Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly selected for the study and divided into ten groups of seven animals each. Haematoxylin–eosin staining was performed on heart tissue, and the levels of interleu-kin-6 (IL-6) and catalase (CAT) and the oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined bio-chemically. In addition, we performed morphological measurements of the heart. Results: When the heart tissues were evaluated histopathologically in all groups, it was observed that cells with pyknotic nuclei and haemorrhagic areas increased in the heart images, especially in the PTZ group with epilepsy only. Histologically normal cardiac cells and cardiac tissue were observed in the other groups. The distance between the atria was below 10 mm only in PTZ + CBZ 50 mg/kg and PTZ + CNDs@MOF-5 25 mg/kg groups. The distance between the apex of the heart and the base of the heart was the lowest in CNDs@MOF-5 25 mg/kg and CNDs@MOF-5 50 mg/kg groups. Conclusions: PTZ-induced epilepsy causes significant histopathological changes, while cardiac tissue structure is largely preserved in the treatment groups. In our literature review, we did not find any previous studies examining the effects of carbamazepine coated with two different types of nanoparticles on the cardiac morphology in an experimental epilepsy model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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7 pages, 3245 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tapered Cladding Design for Monolithic Waveguide–Photodetector Coupling in Si-Based Integrated Photonics

by Alfredo A. Gonzalez-Fernandez, Jorge A. Vazquez-Hernandez, Felix Aguilar-Valdez and Neil Moffat

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221731 - 17 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Silicon photonics offers a powerful route to leverage existing microelectronics infrastructure to enhance performance and enable new applications in data processing and sensing. Among the available material platforms, silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) provides significant advantages due to its wide optical [...] Read more.

Silicon photonics offers a powerful route to leverage existing microelectronics infrastructure to enhance performance and enable new applications in data processing and sensing. Among the available material platforms, silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) provides significant advantages due to its wide optical transmission window. A key challenge, however, remains the monolithic integration of passive nitride-based photonic components with active electronic devices directly on silicon wafers. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a tapered bottom-cladding design that enables efficient coupling of visible light from Si₃N₄/SiO₂ core–cladding waveguides into planar p–n junction photodiodes fabricated on the silicon surface. Si₃N₄/SiO₂ waveguides were fabricated using fully CMOS-compatible processes and materials. Controlled reactive ion etching (RIE) of SiO₂ allowed the formation of vertically tapered claddings, and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations were carried out to analyze coupling efficiency across wavelengths from 509 nm to 740 nm. Simulations showed transmission efficiencies above 90% for taper angles below 30°, with near-total coupling at 10°. Experimental fabrication achieved angles as low as 8°. Responsivity simulations yielded values up to 311 mA W⁻¹ for photodiodes without internal gain. These results demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating monolithic Si-based waveguide–photodetector systems using simple, CMOS-compatible methods, opening a scalable path for integrated photonic–electronic devices operating in the visible range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Nano-Optics and Nano-Optoelectronics: Challenges and Future Trends)

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17 pages, 3411 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Stability of Cu/ZnO Catalysts in the CO₂ Hydrogenation to Methanol by the Addition of MoO₃ and ReO₃ Promoters

by Jose Soriano Rodríguez, José Manuel López Nieto, Enrique Rodriguez-Castellón, Antonia Infantes, Daviel Gómez and Patricia Concepción

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221730 - 17 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol represents a promising route for carbon recycling and hydrogen storage. However, the stability of current catalysts remains one of the main technological challenges. In this work, we investigate the promotional effect of MoO₃ and [...] Read more.

The catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol represents a promising route for carbon recycling and hydrogen storage. However, the stability of current catalysts remains one of the main technological challenges. In this work, we investigate the promotional effect of MoO₃ and ReO₃ on Cu/ZnO-based catalysts with metal loadings ranging from 0.06 to 3.5 wt%. Spectroscopic (XPS and in situ Raman) and kinetic studies reveal that the incorporation of ultra-low promoter amounts (0.06 wt%) enhances methanol productivity, whereas higher concentrations lead to partial blocking of the active copper sites. Rhenium promotes the stabilization of Cu⁺ species, while molybdenum establishes strong Cu-Mo interactions that modify the reducibility and surface composition of the catalyst. Remarkably, long-term stability tests (80 h, 240 °C, 20 bar and CO₂/H₂ = 3) demonstrate that Mo-promoted catalysts exhibit superior durability, reducing the deactivation constants by up to 82% compared to the un-promoted Cu/ZnO sample. This enhanced stability is attributed to the higher Cu-MoO₃ interaction, enhanced Cu dispersion and high water affinity of Mo species, which trap water as Mo-OH bonds, preventing copper sintering under reaction conditions. These findings highlight the dual role of Re and Mo in tuning both activity and stability, emphasizing the crucial influence of Mo on the long-term performance of Cu-based catalysts for CO₂ to methanol conversion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Understanding of Metal-Based Catalysts)

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2 pages, 310 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Firoznezhad et al. Formulation and In Vitro Efficacy Assessment of Teucrium marum Extract Loading Hyalurosomes Enriched with Tween 80 and Glycerol. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 1096

by Mohammad Firoznezhad, Ines Castangia, Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso, Filippo Cottiglia, Francesca Marongiu, Marco Porceddu, Iris Usach, Elvira Escribano-Ferrer, Maria Letizia Manca and Maria Manconi

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1729; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221729 - 17 Nov 2025

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Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

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11 pages, 4365 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spherical Trihedral Metallo-Borospherene with Asymmetric Triangles in Boron Framework

by Qin Xie, Weiyi Wang, Qiang Liu, Shufa Li and Lijuan Yan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1728; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221728 - 16 Nov 2025

Viewed by 377

Abstract

The recent discovery of spherical trihedral metallo-borospherenes Ln₃B₁₈⁻ (Ln = La, Tb) represents the onset of an unprecedented class of boron-metal binary nanomaterials, where heterogeneous La or Tb atoms, alongside B atoms, constitute integral components of the outer cage [...] Read more.

The recent discovery of spherical trihedral metallo-borospherenes Ln₃B₁₈⁻ (Ln = La, Tb) represents the onset of an unprecedented class of boron-metal binary nanomaterials, where heterogeneous La or Tb atoms, alongside B atoms, constitute integral components of the outer cage surface. Here, C_3v A₁-Sc₃B₁₆⁺ is theoretically predicted as the global minimum by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, and its B₁₆-framework comprises unequal B₆ and B₇ triangles, connected by three B atoms between the vertexes of the B₆ triangle and the interval edges of the B₇ triangle. This arrangement forms three equivalent η⁷-B₇ rings, each centered with a Sc atom. The cage surface of the second low-lying A₂ isomer features an asymmetric triangle of B₃ and B₇, along with three B₂-linked units. This configuration gives rise to three equivalent octacoordinated Sc atoms, each centered within η⁸-B₈ rings. These two cationic isomers have been proven to be very stable in kinetics and thermodynamics. Our findings regarding unequal boron triangles and smaller odd-coordinated rings in the B-framework enrich the geometric patterns of trihedral metallo-borospherenes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical Calculation Study of Nanomaterials: 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1762 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Thermoelectric Properties of the Type-I Clathrate Sn₃₈Sb₈I₈

by Nikolaos Moutzouris, Panagiotis Mangelis, Nikolaos Kelaidis, Nagia S. Tagiara, Emmanuel Klontzas, Ioannis Koutselas, Panagiotis Oikonomopoulos, Themistoklis Sfetsas, Theodora Kyratsi and Andreas Kaltzoglou

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1727; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221727 - 16 Nov 2025

Viewed by 479

Abstract

Semiconducting clathrates are a distinct class of inclusion compounds with considerable interest for thermoelectric applications. We report here the synthesis, crystal structure and thermoelectric properties of Sn₃₈Sb₈I₈. The compound was synthesized via planetary ball milling of the [...] Read more.

Semiconducting clathrates are a distinct class of inclusion compounds with considerable interest for thermoelectric applications. We report here the synthesis, crystal structure and thermoelectric properties of Sn₃₈Sb₈I₈. The compound was synthesized via planetary ball milling of the corresponding elements for 6 h and then sintering of amorphous mixture at 620 K for 3 days. The crystal structure of the polycrystalline product was determined via X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement as a type-I clathrate (a = 12.0390(2), space group Pm-3n, No. 223) with mixed-occupied Sn/Sb framework sites and fully occupied I guest sites. Further analysis on the chemical composition, nanomorphology and vibrational modes of the material was carried out via Induced-Coupled-Plasma–Mass Spectrometry, SEM/EDX microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Thermoelectric measurements were performed on hot-pressed samples with ca. 98% of the crystallographic density. The clathrate compound behaves as an n-type semiconductor with a band gap of 0.737 eV and exhibits a maximum ZT of 0.0016 at 473 K. Theoretical calculations on the formation enthalpy, electron density of states and transport properties provide insights into the experimentally observed physical behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Directions in Thermoelectric Materials: Development and Characterization Approaches in Nano-Scale)

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11 pages, 4247 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Fabrication of Large-Area Anti-Reflective Microholes Using MHz Burst Mode Femtosecond Laser Bessel Beams

by Yulong Ding, Cong Wang, Zheng Gao, Xiang Jiang, Shiyu Wang, Xianshi Jia, Linpeng Liu and Ji’an Duan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221726 - 15 Nov 2025

Viewed by 484

Abstract

Femtosecond laser has been widely utilized in functional microstructural surfaces for applications such as anti-reflection, radiative cooling, and self-cleaning. However, achieving high-efficiency manufacturing of high-consistency functional microstructures (with feature sizes ~1 μm) over large areas remains a challenge. Here, we report a femtosecond [...] Read more.

Femtosecond laser has been widely utilized in functional microstructural surfaces for applications such as anti-reflection, radiative cooling, and self-cleaning. However, achieving high-efficiency manufacturing of high-consistency functional microstructures (with feature sizes ~1 μm) over large areas remains a challenge. Here, we report a femtosecond laser temporal and spatial modulation technique for fabricating large-area anti-reflective microholes on magnesium fluoride (MgF₂) windows. The beam was transformed into a Bessel beam to extend the Rayleigh length, enabling the fabrication of microhole arrays with sub-micron precision and surface roughness variations within 10 nm over a 6 μm focal position shift range (5–11 μm). By modulating MHz burst pulses, the aspect ratio of the microholes was increased from 0.3 to 0.7 without compromising a processing speed of 10,000 holes per second. As a proof of concept, large-area anti-reflective microholes were fabricated on a 20 mm × 20 mm surface of the MgF₂ window, forming a nanoscale refractive index gradient layer and achieving a transmittance increase to over 98%. This method provides a feasible solution for the efficient and high-consistency manufacturing of functional microstructures over large areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Research of Laser Manufacturing Technology in Nanomaterials)

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14 pages, 2950 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influences of Initial Stresses on Formation of Shear Bands and Mechanical Properties in Binodal Decomposed Metallic Glass Composites

by Yongwei Wang, Guangping Zheng and Mo Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221725 - 15 Nov 2025

Viewed by 328

Abstract

Structural heterogeneity is useful for improving the plasticity of metallic glasses (MGs) by blocking the propagation of shear bands (SBs). The introduction of a heterogeneous structure often introduces residual stresses, which significantly influences the deformation behaviors of MGs; however, the quantitative impact of [...] Read more.

Structural heterogeneity is useful for improving the plasticity of metallic glasses (MGs) by blocking the propagation of shear bands (SBs). The introduction of a heterogeneous structure often introduces residual stresses, which significantly influences the deformation behaviors of MGs; however, the quantitative impact of residual/initial stresses on shear banding remains unclear. In this work, through finite element models, we demonstrate that residual/initial stresses can promote the initiation of SBs at the interfaces between droplet or particle reinforcements and the matrix in Binodal decomposed metallic glass composites (BDMGCs). These reinforcements do not effectively block the SBs when the fraction of particle reinforcement is very low. We demonstrate that a heterogeneous distribution of initial tensile stresses reduces the strength of BDMGCs, particularly in those containing a homogenous matrix. This profound understanding of the synergistic effects arising from a heterogeneous microstructure and initial stresses could effectively promote the design and optimization of MGs and their composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization, Properties, Simulation, and Applications of Nanostructured Materials)

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14 pages, 8770 KB

Open AccessArticle

BaTiO₃–(Na_0.5Bi_0.5)TiO₃ Ceramic Materials Prepared via Multiple Design Strategies with Improved Energy Storage

by Jianming Deng, Jingjing Guo, Ting Wang, Jingxiang Zhang, Xu Wu, Xuefeng Zhang, Surya Veerendra Prabhakar Vattikuti, Qing Ma, Pitcheri Rosaiah and Qingfeng Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221724 - 15 Nov 2025

Viewed by 389

Abstract

The investigation of environmentally friendly, Pb-free ceramic dielectric materials with excellent energy storage capability represents a fundamental yet challenging research direction for the development of next-generation high-power capacitors. In this study, linear dielectric Ca_0.7La_0.2(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ [...] Read more.

The investigation of environmentally friendly, Pb-free ceramic dielectric materials with excellent energy storage capability represents a fundamental yet challenging research direction for the development of next-generation high-power capacitors. In this study, linear dielectric Ca_0.7La_0.2(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ was added into [0.65BaTiO₃–0.35(Na_0.5Bi_0.5)TiO₃] to form a solid solution. The introduction of Ca_0.7La_0.2(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ modified the crystal structure, enhanced insulation performance and breakdown strength, and reduced hysteresis loss. These improvements collectively contributed to higher energy storage density and efficiency (η). The ceramic pellet with the optimal 10 mol% Ca_0.7La_0.2(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ demonstrated a higher retrievable energy density (~3.40 J cm⁻³) and efficiency (~81%) at a breakdown strength of 340 kV cm⁻¹ compared to BaTiO₃-based ferroelectric ceramics. The sample also exhibited good stability across a temperature range of 30–90 °C and a frequency range of 0.5–300 Hz. Thus, the as-prepared ceramics sample exhibited significant potential for pulsed power device applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives on Physics of Advanced Nanomaterials and Interfaces)

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14 pages, 91576 KB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering the Morphology and Properties of MoS₂ Films Through Gaseous Precursor-Induced Vacancy Defect Control

by James Abraham, Nigel D. Shepherd, Chris Littler, A. J. Syllaios and Usha Philipose

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221723 - 14 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The morphology, structure, and composition of CVD-grown molybdenum disulfide (

{MoS}_{2}

) films were investigated under varying precursor vapor pressures. Increasing sulfur vapor pressure transformed the film morphology from well-defined triangular domains to structures dominated by sulfur-terminated zigzag edges. These morphological changes [...] Read more.

The morphology, structure, and composition of CVD-grown molybdenum disulfide (

{MoS}_{2}

) films were investigated under varying precursor vapor pressures. Increasing sulfur vapor pressure transformed the film morphology from well-defined triangular domains to structures dominated by sulfur-terminated zigzag edges. These morphological changes were accompanied by notable variations in both structural and electrical properties. Non-uniform precursor vapor distribution promoted the formation of intrinsic point defects. To elucidate this behavior, a thermodynamic model was developed to link growth parameters to native defect formation. The analysis considered molybdenum and sulfur vacancies in both neutral and charged states, with equilibrium concentrations determined from the corresponding defect formation reactions. Sulfur vapor pressure emerged as the dominant factor controlling defect concentrations. The model validated experimental observations, with films grown under optimum and sulfur-rich conditions, yielding a carrier concentration of

9.6 \times 10^{11}

{cm}^{- 2}

and

7.5 \times 10^{11}

{cm}^{- 2}

, respectively. The major difference in the field-effect transistor (FET) performance of devices fabricated under these two conditions was the degradation of the field-effect mobility and the current switching ratio. The degradation observed is attributed to increased carrier scattering at charged vacancy defect sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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15 pages, 8690 KB

Open AccessArticle

Large-Area Pulsed Laser Deposition Growth of Transparent Conductive Al-Doped ZnO Thin Films

by Elena Isabela Bancu, Valentin Ion, Mihai Adrian Sopronyi, Stefan Antohe and Nicu Doinel Scarisoreanu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1722; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221722 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 350

Abstract

High-quality AZO thin films were produced on a 4-inch Si substrate using large-area PLD equipment at a substrate temperature of 330 °C, with a ZnO: Al (98:2 wt.%) target. This study aims to enhance the electrical, optical, morphological and structural properties of large-area [...] Read more.

High-quality AZO thin films were produced on a 4-inch Si substrate using large-area PLD equipment at a substrate temperature of 330 °C, with a ZnO: Al (98:2 wt.%) target. This study aims to enhance the electrical, optical, morphological and structural properties of large-area PLD-grown AZO thin films by tuning the deposition pressures. The samples were prepared under high-vacuum (HV) conditions, as well as in oxygen atmospheres of 0.005 mbar O₂, 0.01 mbar O₂, and 0.1 mbar O₂. Consequently, a bilayer AZO film was prepared in a combination of two deposition pressures (first layer prepared under HV, followed by the second layer prepared at 0.01 mbar O₂). Additionally, morphological and structural characterization revealed that high-quality columnar growth AZO thin films free of droplets, with a strong (002) orientation, were achieved on a 4-inch Si substrate. Moreover, Hall measurements in the Van der Pauw configuration were used to assess the electrical properties. A low electrical resistivity of 3.98 × 10⁻⁴ Ω cm, combined with a high carrier concentration (n) of 1.05 × 10²¹ cm⁻³ and a charge carrier mobility of 17.9 cm²/V s, was achieved at room temperature for the sample prepared under HV conditions. The optical characterization conducted through spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements showed that the large-area AZO sample exhibits an increased optical transparency in the visible (VIS) range with a near-zero extinction coefficient (k) and a wide bandgap of 3.75 eV, fulfilling the standards for materials classified as TCO. In addition, the increased thickness uniformity of the prepared AZO films over a large area represents a significant step in scaling the PLD technique for industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering of Advanced Functional Nanomaterials by Laser, Plasma and Radiation-Assisted Techniques)

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14 pages, 2524 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrazine Intercalation into 2D MoTe₂ Field Effect Transistor as Charge Trapping Sites for Nonvolatile Memory Applications

by Li Yuan, Yongyu Wu, Haohui Ou, Di Wu, Yuhan Ji, Dianyu Qi and Wenjing Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221721 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 347

Abstract

Driven by the demands of artificial intelligence, big data and the Internet of Things, non-volatile memory has become the cornerstone of modern computing. However, at present, most of the preparation processes are quite complex and have high requirements for the materials. Here, we [...] Read more.

Driven by the demands of artificial intelligence, big data and the Internet of Things, non-volatile memory has become the cornerstone of modern computing. However, at present, most of the preparation processes are quite complex and have high requirements for the materials. Here, we discovered that hydrazine (N₂H₄) molecules can be efficiently intercalated into the MoTe₂, acting as stable charge-trapping centers. This intercalation not only induces a controllable reversible polar conversion but also causes a huge hysteretic window (>60 V) lasting over one hour in air. Leveraging this giant hysteresis, we fabricated a simplified memory device. The device demonstrates a large erase/program current ratio of ~10⁴ and excellent retention characteristics. Our work pioneers the use of interlayer molecular intercalation for electronic modulation in 2D semiconductors, offering a new paradigm for developing memory devices with fabrication processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for High-Performance Transistors and Photodetectors)

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21 pages, 1789 KB

Open AccessArticle

On the Energy Contributions Driving Pyridine Adsorption on Silver and Gold Nanoparticles

by Tommaso Giovannini

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221720 - 13 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Understanding molecule–nanoparticle interactions is essential for theoretically describing the adsorption process. Here, we employ Kohn–Sham Fragment Energy Decomposition Analysis (KS–FEDA) to dissect the physical components driving pyridine adsorption on silver and gold nanoparticles. KS–FEDA is rooted in Density Functional Theory (DFT) and partitions [...] Read more.

Understanding molecule–nanoparticle interactions is essential for theoretically describing the adsorption process. Here, we employ Kohn–Sham Fragment Energy Decomposition Analysis (KS–FEDA) to dissect the physical components driving pyridine adsorption on silver and gold nanoparticles. KS–FEDA is rooted in Density Functional Theory (DFT) and partitions the total energy into fragment-localized contributions, providing a rigorous decomposition into electrostatics, exchange–repulsion, polarization, dispersion, and exchange–repulsion terms. This framework offers a chemically intuitive interpretation of molecule–metal bonding at the DFT level, and for analyzing and parameterizing interactions at metal–molecule interfaces. The results highlight the relevant role of electrostatics and induction at localized sites and of dispersion over extended facets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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14 pages, 1321 KB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Model for Ostwald Ripening of Nanoparticles with Size-Linear Capture Coefficients

by Vladimir G. Dubrovskii and Egor D. Leshchenko

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(22), 1719; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15221719 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 416

Abstract

The Ostwald ripening process in 3D and 2D systems has been studied in great detail over decades. In the application to surface nanoislands and nanodroplets, it is usually assumed that the capture coefficients of adatoms by supercritical nanoparticles of size

s

scale as [...] Read more.

The Ostwald ripening process in 3D and 2D systems has been studied in great detail over decades. In the application to surface nanoislands and nanodroplets, it is usually assumed that the capture coefficients of adatoms by supercritical nanoparticles of size

s

scale as

s^{α}

, where the growth index

α

is smaller than unity. Here, we study theoretically the Ostwald ripening of 3D and 2D nanoparticles whose capture coefficients scale linearly with

s

. This case includes submonolayer surface islands that compete for the flux of highly diffusive adatoms upon termination of the material influx. We obtain analytical solutions for the size distributions using the Lifshitz–Slezov scaled variables. The distributions over size

s

and radius

R

are monotonically decreasing, and satisfy the normalization condition for different values of the Lifshitz–Slezov constant

c

. The obtained size distributions satisfy the Family–Vicsek scaling hypothesis, although the material influx is switched off. The model is validated by fitting the monotonically decreasing size distributions of Au nanoparticles that serve as catalysts for the vapor–liquid–solid growth of III-V nanowires on silicon substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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