Molecules

22 pages, 1128 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aqueous Biphasic Systems Based on Tetrabutylammonium Bromide for Extraction and Determination of Azorubine, Allura Red, Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine and Fast Green in Food Samples

by Svetlana V. Smirnova, Anastasia V. Gorbovskaia, Yulia S. Vershinina, Vladimir V. Apyari and Mikhail A. Proskurnin

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4769; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244769 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2025

Abstract

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) based on tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) and potassium thiocyanate or citrate (K₃Cit) were proposed as “green” tools for liquid–liquid microextraction of Azorubine, Allura Red, Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine and Fast Green followed by spectrophotometric determination. The dye extraction into [...] Read more.

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) based on tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) and potassium thiocyanate or citrate (K₃Cit) were proposed as “green” tools for liquid–liquid microextraction of Azorubine, Allura Red, Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine and Fast Green followed by spectrophotometric determination. The dye extraction into the water-saturated tetrabutylammonium thiocyanate phase, which separates from water when mixing aqueous solutions of TBABr and KSCN, depends on the hydrophobicity of dyes. Only Azorubine is extracted quantitatively at HCl concentration ≥ 0.05 mol L⁻¹, with an equimolar TBABr/KSCN ratio and total concentration of 0.4 mol L⁻¹ in less than 1 min. To estimate the hydrophobicity and identify factors affecting the distribution of dyes in ABSs, the experimental 1-octanol-water distribution coefficients of the dyes were determined. In contrast, all the dyes studied are quantitatively extracted into the TBABr–K₃Cit–H₂O ABS regardless of their hydrophobicity. The effects of pH, concentration of phase-forming components, extraction/centrifugation time and other factors were investigated for both ABSs. The linearity ranges and detection limits were 0.05–2.60 mg L⁻¹ and 0.006–0.02 mg L⁻¹, respectively. The proposed procedures were applied for the determination of dyes in food samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Food Analytical Methods)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1661 KB

Open AccessArticle

Alteration in Photosynthetic and Yield Parameters, Content of Metabolites, and Antioxidant Activity of Pepper (Capsicum annuum): Effect of Bio-Organic Substrate and Depolymerized Chitosan

by Piotr Salachna, Agnieszka Zawadzińska, Rafał Piechocki, Małgorzata Mikiciuk, Julita Rabiza-Świder, Ewa Skutnik and Łukasz Łopusiewicz

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4768; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244768 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2025

Abstract

Peppers are of substantial economic importance and hold a prominent position among vegetables rich in health-promoting compounds, which drives continuous efforts to develop improved cultivation strategies. The study aimed to determine the effects of substrate type and depolymerized chitosan on the physiological parameters, [...] Read more.

Peppers are of substantial economic importance and hold a prominent position among vegetables rich in health-promoting compounds, which drives continuous efforts to develop improved cultivation strategies. The study aimed to determine the effects of substrate type and depolymerized chitosan on the physiological parameters, the chemical composition of leaves and fruits, and the yield of two bell pepper cultivars: ‘Marta Polka’ and ‘Oda’. The plants were grown in a 100% peat substrate and in a mixture of peat, wood fiber (Pinus sylvestris), and green compost (2:1:1 v/v/v), with or without drenching with a solution of depolymerized chitosan. Results indicated that the growing medium, chitosan application, cultivar type, and their interactions altered several physiological, morphological, and biochemical traits. The highest total fruit weight fresh (471.23 g plant⁻¹) was obtained for the ‘Marta Polka’ cultivar grown in peat drenched with chitosan, whereas the lowest (192.02 g plant⁻¹) was recorded for ‘Oda’ grown in a substrate mix without the biostimulant. Net CO₂ assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, fresh weight of fruit, and antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP assays) were improved in the ‘Oda’ cultivar grown in the substrate mix and treated with depolymerized chitosan compared with plants grown in 100% peat without chitosan. The ‘Marta Polka’ plants grown in the substrate mix and treated with chitosan had a higher net CO₂ assimilation rate, photosynthetic water-use efficiency, total free amino acid content, and antioxidant activity (FRAP assay) than those grown in peat alone and not treated with the biostimulant. The results demonstrate that both substrate composition and the response to depolymerized chitosan are cultivar-specific, and that wood fiber and compost can serve as ecological alternatives to peat, enhancing overall pepper fruit quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry and Molecular Tools in Agriculture)

22 pages, 1534 KB

Open AccessArticle

Neuroprotective Effect of Fresh Gac Fruit Parts Against β-Amyloid-Induced Toxicity and Its Influence on Synaptic Gene Expression in HT-22 Cell Model

by Asif Ali, Chih-Li Lin and Chin-Kun Wang

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4767; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244767 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2025

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have emerged as a significant global health crisis, disproportionately affecting the aging population. As longevity increases, the incidence, healthcare costs, and caregiver burden associated with NDs are escalating at an alarming rate. As of recent data, NDs such as Alzheimer’s [...] Read more.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have emerged as a significant global health crisis, disproportionately affecting the aging population. As longevity increases, the incidence, healthcare costs, and caregiver burden associated with NDs are escalating at an alarming rate. As of recent data, NDs such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are not only significant health burdens but also reflect a complex interplay between socio-economic factors and healthcare systems worldwide. Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis) is a rich source of bioactive compounds that has been used as food and traditional medicine. Gac fruit ameliorates memory deficits, enhances beta amyloid (Aβ)_1–42 clearance, and induces neurite outgrowth. In this study, we examined the anti-neurodegenerative and synaptic improvement effect of fresh gac fruit parts extracts (FGPEs) produced from different solvents. Results showed that the 80% ethanol extract of peel (PE-EtOH) and ethyl acetate extract of seed (SE-EtOAc) significantly protected HT-22 cells by attenuating Aβ-induced cell death, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial dysfunction, and synaptic dysfunction. PE-EtOH protected synaptic functions by significantly increasing the postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) and reducing the neurexin 2 mRNA expression. In contrast, SE-EtOAc increased the PSD-95 and neurexin 3 and reduced the neurexin 2 expressions. These findings indicate that PE-EtOH and SE-EtOAc could have great potential in ameliorating Aβ-induced toxicity in an HT-22 cell model. Full article

24 pages, 1024 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Updates on Molecular and Physical Therapies for Organ Fibrosis

by Michał Filipski, Natalia Libergal, Maksymilian Mikołajczyk, Daria Sznajderowicz, Vitalij Novickij, Augustinas Želvys, Paulina Malakauskaitė, Olga Michel, Julita Kulbacka and Anna Choromańska

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4766; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244766 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2025

Abstract

Organ fibrosis is a progressive and often irreversible pathological process characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, leading to tissue dysfunction and failure. Despite its significant impact on various organ systems, available antifibrotic therapies remain limited. This review focuses on novel therapeutic approaches [...] Read more.

Organ fibrosis is a progressive and often irreversible pathological process characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, leading to tissue dysfunction and failure. Despite its significant impact on various organ systems, available antifibrotic therapies remain limited. This review focuses on novel therapeutic approaches to inhibit fibrosis and improve clinical outcomes. Current strategies include small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies targeting fibrosis mediators, gene therapies, and cell-based approaches, including mesenchymal stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. In addition, the development of innovative drug delivery systems and combination therapies involving pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) opens new possibilities for increasing the precision and efficacy of treatment. In recent years, multiomic approaches have enabled a better understanding of fibrosis mechanisms, facilitating the personalization of therapy. The role of artificial intelligence in drug discovery has also increased, as exemplified by models that support the design of small-molecule inhibitors currently undergoing clinical evaluation. This review discusses key signaling pathways involved in fibrosis progression, such as TGF-β, p38 MAPK, and fibroblast activation, as well as novel therapeutic targets. Although clinical trial results indicate promising potential for new therapies, challenges remain in optimizing drug delivery, considering patient heterogeneity, and ensuring long-term safety. The future of fibrosis therapy relies on integrating precision medicine, combination therapies, and molecularly targeted strategies to inhibit or even reverse the fibrosis process. Further intensive interdisciplinary collaboration is required to successfully implement these innovative solutions in clinical practice. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2037 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wheat Pasta Enriched with Green Coffee Flour: Physicochemical, Antioxidant and Sensory Properties

by Dariusz Dziki, Grażyna Cacak-Pietrzak, Julia Kopyto-Krzepicka, Agata Marzec, Sylwia Stępniewska, Anna Krajewska, Wioleta Dołomisiewicz, Renata Nowak and Sebastian Kanak

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4765; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244765 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of green coffee flour (GCF) addition (2–8%) and drying method (convective versus microwave-vacuum drying) on the physicochemical, textural, and bioactive properties of pasta. Both factors were found to significantly influence the assessed parameters. Green coffee had [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of green coffee flour (GCF) addition (2–8%) and drying method (convective versus microwave-vacuum drying) on the physicochemical, textural, and bioactive properties of pasta. Both factors were found to significantly influence the assessed parameters. Green coffee had no observable effect on the microstructure of convectively dried pasta, whereas microwave-vacuum drying caused visible cracks and a heterogeneous starch-protein matrix even at a 2% supplementation level. Microwave-vacuum-dried pasta exhibited a shorter optimal cooking time and higher water absorption compared with convectively dried samples, while increasing the level of GCF prolonged cooking time and increased cooking losses. Texture analysis revealed that convectively dried pasta showed decreased elasticity and cohesiveness with increasing GCF content, whereas microwave -vacuum-dried pasta maintained a relatively uniform texture regardless of supplementation. The incorporation of GCF enhanced the antioxidant capacity of pasta, with the most pronounced effect at 2% addition, while higher levels showed reduced benefits. Similarly, fortification increased the content of phenolic acids, particularly chlorogenic acid and its isomers, with convectively dried samples exhibiting higher levels than microwave-vacuum-dried pasta. Consumer acceptance was highest for convectively dried pasta without GCF and for samples containing 2%, while pasta with higher GCF levels or microwave-vacuum-dried samples received lower scores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Properties, Sensory Profile and Bioactive Components of Food, 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Activation of Persulfate Using Corn Cob Biochar for Pesticide Degradation in Wastewater Treatment

by Tijana Marjanović Srebro, Nina Đukanović, Tajana Simetić, Tamara Apostolović, Jasmina Anojčić, Sanja Mutić and Jelena Beljin

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4764; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244764 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of corn cob-derived biochars produced at 400 °C (BC400) and 700 °C (BC700) as heterogeneous catalysts for the degradation of organochlorine pesticides, lindane and β-endosulfan, through persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). BC700 exhibited enhanced degradation performance compared to [...] Read more.

This study investigates the potential of corn cob-derived biochars produced at 400 °C (BC400) and 700 °C (BC700) as heterogeneous catalysts for the degradation of organochlorine pesticides, lindane and β-endosulfan, through persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). BC700 exhibited enhanced degradation performance compared to BC400, likely due to its greater surface area, higher aromaticity, and lower surface polarity. Under optimized conditions (3.0 mM persulfate, pH 7.02, 0.2 g/L biochar), BC700 enabled the removal of up to 94% of β-endosulfan and 82% of lindane within four hours. Quenching experiments suggested different dominant degradation pathways: singlet oxygen (¹O₂) appeared to play a key role in lindane degradation, while β-endosulfan degradation likely involved both radical (SO₄^•−, HO^•) and non-radical mechanisms. Reusability tests indicated that BC700 retained catalytic activity for β-endosulfan across multiple cycles, whereas lindane degradation efficiency decreased, possibly due to surface fouling or catalyst deactivation. Experiments conducted in real surface water highlighted the influence of matrix components, with partial inhibition observed for β-endosulfan and an unexpected improvement in lindane removal. These results point to the promise of high-temperature corn cob biochar as a selective and potentially reusable catalyst for AOPs in water treatment, warranting further investigation into regeneration strategies and matrix-specific effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Chemical Approaches for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Utilization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 634 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation, Total Synthesis and Anti-Diabetic Activity of Filiforidine from Cassytha filiformis

by Caiyun Zhang, Hong Zhu, Fang Zhang, Yuexia Jiang, Zibao Huang, Dong Lin, Niangen Chen, Xiaopo Zhang and Yanhui Fu

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4763; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244763 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Cassytha filiformis is a folkloric herbal medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, an oxidized aporphine alkaloid, designated as Filiforidine (3,10,11-trimethoxy-1,2-methylenedioxy-7-oxoaporphine), was isolated from C. filiformis, and its structure was elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Owing to [...] Read more.

Cassytha filiformis is a folkloric herbal medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, an oxidized aporphine alkaloid, designated as Filiforidine (3,10,11-trimethoxy-1,2-methylenedioxy-7-oxoaporphine), was isolated from C. filiformis, and its structure was elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Owing to its novel structure and significant glucose consumption activity, the total synthesis of Filiforidine was achieved for the first time. The key steps featured an electrophilic addition reaction, involving the reduction of a nitro group to an amino group with lithium tetrahydroaluminum, and a copper bromide-catalyzed oxidative aromatization reaction as well as a photocyclization reaction. Several experimental steps were optimized. Furthermore, a complex post-treatment method was developed, which reduced the column chromatography separation steps. Specifically, 2-(4-methoxybenzo[d][¹,³]dioxol -5-yl) ethan-1-amine is salted with dilute hydrochloric acid. Cytotoxicity assay and glucose oxidase assay showed that Filiforidine had significant glucose consumption-promoting effects on HL-7702 cells at 0.625 μM, 1.25 μM, and 2.5 μM but without cytotoxicity. Therefore, Filiforidine might be a promising drug candidate for the treatment of diabetes. Full article

42 pages, 9085 KB

Open AccessReview

In₂O₃: An Oxide Semiconductor for Thin-Film Transistors, a Short Review

by Christophe Avis and Jin Jang

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4762; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244762 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

With the discovery of amorphous oxide semiconductors, a new era of electronics opened. Indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) overcame the problems of amorphous and poly-silicon by reaching mobilities of ~10 cm²/Vs and demonstrating thin-film transistors (TFTs) are easy to manufacture on [...] Read more.

With the discovery of amorphous oxide semiconductors, a new era of electronics opened. Indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) overcame the problems of amorphous and poly-silicon by reaching mobilities of ~10 cm²/Vs and demonstrating thin-film transistors (TFTs) are easy to manufacture on transparent and flexible substrates. However, mobilities over 30 cm²/Vs have been difficult to reach and other materials have been introduced. Recently, polycrystalline In₂O₃ has demonstrated breakthroughs in the field. In₂O₃ TFTs have attracted attention because of their high mobility of over 100 cm²/Vs, which has been achieved multiple times, and because of their use in scaled devices with channel lengths down to 10 nm for high integration in back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) applications and others. The present review focuses first on the material properties with the understanding of the bandgap value, the importance of the position of the charge neutrality level (CNL), the doping effect of various atoms (Zr, Ge, Mo, Ti, Sn, or H) on the carrier concentration, the optical properties, the effective mass, and the mobility. We introduce the effects of the non-parabolicity of the conduction band and how to assess them. We also introduce ways to evaluate the CNL position (usually at ~E_C + 0.4 eV). Then, we describe TFTs’ general properties and parameters, like the field effect mobility, the subthreshold swing, the measurements necessary to assess the TFT stability through positive and negative bias temperature stress, and the negative bias illumination stress (NBIS), to finally introduce In₂O₃ TFTs. Then, we will introduce vacuum and non-vacuum processes like spin-coating and liquid metal printing. We will introduce the various dopants and their applications, from mobility and crystal size improvements with H to NBIS improvements with lanthanides. We will also discuss the importance of device engineering, introducing how to choose the passivation layer, the source and drain, the gate insulator, the substrate, but also the possibility of advanced engineering by introducing the use of dual gate and 2 DEG devices on the mobility improvement. Finally, we will introduce the recent breakthroughs where In₂O₃ TFTs are integrated in neuromorphic applications and 3D integration. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 12547 KB

Open AccessArticle

Orientational Structure and Electro-Optical Properties of Chiral Nematic Droplets with Conical Anchoring

by Kristina A. Feizer, Mikhail N. Krakhalev, Vladimir Yu. Rudyak and Victor Ya. Zyryanov

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4761; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244761 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

The polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) with conical boundary conditions are considered. PDLC films with different values of the relative chirality parameter

N_{0}

of chiral nematic droplets ranging from 0 to

1.32

are studied experimentally and theoretically. In flattened spheroid-shaped chiral nematic [...] Read more.

The polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) with conical boundary conditions are considered. PDLC films with different values of the relative chirality parameter

N_{0}

of chiral nematic droplets ranging from 0 to

1.32

are studied experimentally and theoretically. In flattened spheroid-shaped chiral nematic droplets, a twisted axial-bipolar structure is formed whose twist angle increases with rising

N_{0}

value. Two stable states of the structure are revealed: one with the bipolar axis oriented perpendicular to the short axis of the spheroid and another with the bipolar axis oriented parallel to it. Applying a small voltage causes the bipolar axes of the chiral nematic droplets to reorient parallel to the electric field. The structure is unwound in strong electric fields, and the droplet order parameter reaches a high value of nearly

0.95

. These features of the voltage-induced reorientation of the axial-bipolar structure explain the experimentally observed characteristic electro-optical properties of PDLC cells: high transmittance

T^{\max} ≅ 0.90

in the on-state and low control voltages of less than 35 V. The minimum transmittance of the PDLC cells decreases as the value of

N_{0}

increases; for samples with

N_{0} \geq 0.60

, the contrast ratio exceeds 145. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Crystals, 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

95 pages, 4456 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Synthetic Isoquinoline-Based Derivatives in Drug Design

by Łukasz Balewski and Anita Kornicka

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4760; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244760 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Compounds based on an isoquinoline scaffold (benzo[c]pyridine) display a broad spectrum of biological activities. In recent years, studies have focused mainly on their anticancer properties. Their antiproliferative effects are associated with diverse mechanisms that include targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways and reactive [...] Read more.

Compounds based on an isoquinoline scaffold (benzo[c]pyridine) display a broad spectrum of biological activities. In recent years, studies have focused mainly on their anticancer properties. Their antiproliferative effects are associated with diverse mechanisms that include targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways and reactive oxygen species or inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, isoquinolines may inhibit microtubule polymerization, topoisomerase, or tumor multidrug resistance. Recent studies have also shown that these compounds may act as effective antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiprotozoal agents. Moreover, it has also been demonstrated that isoquinoline derivatives exhibit potent anti-Alzheimer effects, alleviating central nervous system functions. Additionally, they possess anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties. Due to the presence of donor nitrogen, the isoquinoline core constitutes an appropriate ligand that may be employed for the development of metal complexes with improved pharmacological properties. A number of chelates containing copper, iridium, or platinum were found to exhibit prominent biological activity, which places them in a leading position for the development of effective medications. This review summarizes the recent development of synthetic isoquinoline-based compounds with proven pharmacological properties in the period of 2020–2025. Also, other biomedical applications for synthetic isoquinoline derivatives are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocycles: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation, 4th Edition)

14 pages, 3245 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antileukemic Potential of Sodium Caseinate in Cytarabine-Resistant HL60-CR50 Human Leukemia Cells

by Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio, Daniel Romero-Trejo, Víctor Manuel Macías-Zaragoza, Katia Michell Rodríguez-Terán, Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez, Edith Sierra-Mondragón, Ernesto Romero-López, Lorena Shira, David Hernández-Álvarez and Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4759; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244759 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Chemoresistance is the leading cause of mortality in cancer patients. The poor clinical prognosis and limited therapeutic options for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients demand the development of new therapeutic strategies capable of overcoming chemoresistance and avoiding toxic side effects in normal cells. [...] Read more.

Chemoresistance is the leading cause of mortality in cancer patients. The poor clinical prognosis and limited therapeutic options for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients demand the development of new therapeutic strategies capable of overcoming chemoresistance and avoiding toxic side effects in normal cells. Sodium caseinate (SC), a derivative of casein protein found in milk, has demonstrated a dual role: it inhibits the proliferation of several murine AML cell lines while promoting the proliferation of normal hematopoietic cells. Furthermore, we previously showed that SC can modulate the expression of genes associated with chemoresistance in mouse cells. However, its biological effects on cytarabine-resistant human leukemia cells remain unclear. Here, we developed the HL60-CR50 subline, resistant to cytarabine, and investigated the effects of SC. We demonstrated that SC significantly reduced cell proliferation, decreased SIRT1 levels, increased acetylated p53, activated cleaved caspase-3, and enhanced apoptosis in cytarabine-resistant cells. These findings suggest that SC might have potential as a therapeutic adjuvant for AML, providing efficacy in chemoresistant cases compared with cytarabine treatment alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antitumor Bioactive Compounds: Synthesis, Extraction and Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2079 KB

Open AccessArticle

Superior Oxidase-Mimetic Activity of Co-MOF Nanozyme for Smartphone-Based Visually Colorimetric Assay of Mancozeb

by Shuyue Pang, Lina Chen, Yangyuxin Liu, Xiuting Lu, Hongfei Liu, Yuting Shu, Helong Bai, Jing Wang and Dongfang Shi

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4758; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244758 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Mancozeb (MCZ), a widely used fungicide in agricultural production, has been reported as an environmental endocrine disruptor, posing serious risks to ecosystems and human health. In this work, multivalent Co-MOF nanozymes (MVCM) with excellent oxidase-like activity were synthesized, which can promote the oxidation [...] Read more.

Mancozeb (MCZ), a widely used fungicide in agricultural production, has been reported as an environmental endocrine disruptor, posing serious risks to ecosystems and human health. In this work, multivalent Co-MOF nanozymes (MVCM) with excellent oxidase-like activity were synthesized, which can promote the oxidation of 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) into a blue oxidative product (ABTS^•+), with an obvious absorption peak at 415 nm. With the addition of MCZ, the ABTS^•+ was reduced to colorless ABTS through the REDOX reactions between MCZ and ABTS^•+. Based on the unique reducing behavior of MCZ, a nanozyme-based colorimetric detection platform was proposed for the detection of MCZ, with a linear range of 3–27 μM and a detection limit (LOD) of 0.15 μM. Furthermore, the sensor was integrated with smartphones and test strips, establishing a portable smartphone-based platform for the real-time, on-site, and visual quantitative detection of MCZ. The detection concentration range was 15–90 μM, with LOD as low as 15 μM. The assay exhibited high adaptability in practical applications. In summary, this work provided a simple, accurate, and low-cost approach for visual determination of MCZ without complicated instruments and procedures. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5803 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Visible Light-Driven BiVO₄ Nanoparticles: Effects of Eu³⁺ Ions on the Luminescent, Structural, and Photocatalytic Properties

by Dragana Marinković, Bojana Vasiljević, Nataša Tot, Tanja Barudžija, Sudha Maria Lis Scaria, Stefano Varas, Rossana Dell’Anna, Alessandro Chiasera, Bernhard Fickl, Bernhard C. Bayer, Giancarlo C. Righini and Maurizio Ferrari

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4757; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244757 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

The optimization of BiVO₄-based structures significantly contributes to the development of a global system towards clean, renewable, and sustainable energies. Enhanced photocatalytic performance has been reported for numerous doped BiVO₄ materials. Bi³⁺-based compounds can be easily doped with [...] Read more.

The optimization of BiVO₄-based structures significantly contributes to the development of a global system towards clean, renewable, and sustainable energies. Enhanced photocatalytic performance has been reported for numerous doped BiVO₄ materials. Bi³⁺-based compounds can be easily doped with rare earth (RE³⁺) ions due to their equal valence and similar ionic radius. This means that RE³⁺ ions could be regarded as active co-catalysts and dopants to enhance the photocatalytic activity of BiVO₄. In this study, a simple microwave-assisted approach was used for preparing nanostructured Bi_1−xEu_xVO₄ (x = 0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, and 0.12) samples. Microwave heating at 170 °C yields a bright yellow powder after 10 min of radiation. The materials are characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis-NIR DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), and micro-Raman techniques. The effects of the different Eu³⁺ ion concentrations incorporated into the BiVO₄ matrix on the formation of the monoclinic scheelite (ms-) or tetragonal zircon-type (tz-) BiVO₄ structure, on the photoluminescent intensity, on the decay dynamics of europium emission, and on photocatalytic efficiency in the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) were studied in detail. Additionally, microwave chemistry proved to be beneficial in the synthesis of the tz-BiVO₄ nanostructure and Eu³⁺ ion doping, leading to an enhanced luminescent and photocatalytic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemiluminescence and Photoluminescence of Advanced Compounds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2591 KB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Adamantane–Sclareol Hybrids Exploit ROS Vulnerability to Overcome Multidrug-Resistance in Glioblastoma Cells

by Ema Lupšić, Pavle Stojković, Marija Grozdanić, Nataša Terzić-Jovanović, Milica Pajović, Fani Koutsougianni, Dimitra Alexopoulou, Igor M. Opsenica, Milica Pešić and Ana Podolski-Renić

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4756; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244756 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Multidrug resistance (MDR) presents a significant challenge in the treatment of glioblastoma. We evaluated six novel adamantane–sclareol hybrids that integrate a natural labdane diterpene scaffold with an adamantane moiety to address this issue. Compounds 2, 5, and 6 demonstrated the ability [...] Read more.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) presents a significant challenge in the treatment of glioblastoma. We evaluated six novel adamantane–sclareol hybrids that integrate a natural labdane diterpene scaffold with an adamantane moiety to address this issue. Compounds 2, 5, and 6 demonstrated the ability to bypass P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated resistance in resistant U87-TxR cells and induced collateral sensitivity, with compound 2 exhibiting the highest selectivity for glioblastoma compared to normal glial cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that compounds 2 and 5 selectively triggered early apoptosis in MDR cells, significantly elevated levels of H₂O₂ and peroxynitrite, and disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, these compounds altered the expression of key genes involved in glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin (Trx) antioxidant defense systems and increased ASK1 protein levels, indicating the activation of ROS-driven apoptotic signaling. Both compounds inhibited P-gp function, leading to enhanced intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 (Rho 123) and synergistically sensitized U87-TxR cells to paclitaxel (PTX). A preliminary Rag1 xenograft study demonstrated that compound 5 effectively suppressed tumor growth without causing significant weight loss. Collectively, these findings position adamantane–sclareol hybrids, particularly compounds 2 and 5, as promising strategies that exploit an MDR-associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) vulnerability, combining selective cytotoxicity, redox disruption, and P-gp modulation to eliminate resistant glioblastoma cells and enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Natural Bioactive Compounds as a Promising Approach to Mitigating Oxidative Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2246 KB

Open AccessArticle

Constructing High-Performance Solar Cells by Incorporating an A1-A2-Type Polymer Donor as a Guest Material

by Min Li, Guo Chen, Ai Lan, Sein Chung, Mingming Que, Yongjoon Cho and Bin Huang

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4755; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244755 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Owing to the intramolecular push-pull electron effect between the electron donor (D) unit and electron acceptor (A) unit, the D-A type based polymer donors display outstanding device performance. However, the imperfect energy levels lead to the D-A-type-based polymer device exhibiting high voltage loss. [...] Read more.

Owing to the intramolecular push-pull electron effect between the electron donor (D) unit and electron acceptor (A) unit, the D-A type based polymer donors display outstanding device performance. However, the imperfect energy levels lead to the D-A-type-based polymer device exhibiting high voltage loss. In this study, an A1-A2-type copolymer M1 was developed with 1,3-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-5,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c’]dithiophene-4,8-dione (BDD) as the A1 unit and dithieno[3′,2′:3,4;2″,3″:5,6]benzo[1,2-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (DTBT) as the A2 unit. Compared with D-A-type-based polymer donor PM6, the A1-A2 type based M1 possesses lower energy levels, broader absorption, and stronger crystallinity. After introducing M1 to the PM6:L8-BO-based system as the guest material, the ternary blend films exhibited exceptional face-on molecular orientation and favorable active-layer morphology, which promotes exciton dissociation and suppresses charge recombination. Consequently, the PM6:M1(5%):L8-BO-based ternary device exhibited an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.70% with simultaneously enhanced photostability, which is superior to the PM6:L8-BO-based binary system. Our work offers an efficient approach to developing high-performance ternary devices by introducing a novel A1-A2 type polymer donors as the guest material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Emerging Photovoltaic: From Materials and Devices to Modules)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 16313 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Extraction, Isolation, Purification, Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Two Species of Cistanche

by Jingya Ruan, Juan Zhang, Lequan Yu, Ping Zhang, Anxin Chen, Dongmei Wang, Yi Zhang and Tao Wang

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4754; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244754 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study focuses on polysaccharides from Cistanche deserticola and Cistanche tubulosa, medicinal plants renowned for their health benefits. The “water extraction and alcohol precipitation” method was used to obtain the crude polysaccharides of the wine-making residues of C. deserticola (CDP) and C. [...] Read more.

This study focuses on polysaccharides from Cistanche deserticola and Cistanche tubulosa, medicinal plants renowned for their health benefits. The “water extraction and alcohol precipitation” method was used to obtain the crude polysaccharides of the wine-making residues of C. deserticola (CDP) and C. tubulosa (CTP), respectively. Then, ultrafiltration membrane (UFM), DEAE-52, and Sephadex-G75 or Smartdex-G100 gel chromatography were used to separate and purify the crude polysaccharides, yielding the homogeneous fractions CDP1-5-1, CDP2-2-2, CDP2-3-2, CTP1-5-1, and CTP1-5-3. Structural analysis was conducted by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index detection (HPAEC-MALLS-RID), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), congo red, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CDP1-5-1 was found to be an arabinan, while CDP2-2-2 and CDP2-3-2 were agavin-like fructans with different molecular weights. CTP1-5-1 and CTP1-5-3 were identified as a heteropolysaccharide and a galacturonan, respectively. Immunological evaluation using RAW264.7 macrophages showed that they all significantly enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production, with CDP1-5-1 exhibiting the most potent activity. The structural–activity relationship is summarized as follows: the arabinose was a key active unit with NO stimulatory effects. This research provides foundational data on the structure and immune-enhancing potential of Cistanche polysaccharides, supporting their further development and application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6973 KB

Open AccessArticle

Catalytic Transformation of Ginsenoside Re over Mesoporous Silica-Supported Heteropoly Acids: Generation of Diverse Rare Ginsenosides in Aqueous Ethanol Revealed by HPLC-HRMSⁿ

by Qi Wang, Yanyan Chang, Bing Li, Zhenxuan Zhang, Mengya Zhao, Huanxi Zhao and Yang Xiu

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4753; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244753 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

The efficient generation of structurally diverse rare ginsenosides from abundant precursors remains a significant challenge. In this study, a heterogeneous catalyst, 12-tungstosilicic acid supported on mesoporous silica (HSiW@mSiO₂), was developed for the transformation of ginsenoside Re in aqueous ethanol solution. The [...] Read more.

The efficient generation of structurally diverse rare ginsenosides from abundant precursors remains a significant challenge. In this study, a heterogeneous catalyst, 12-tungstosilicic acid supported on mesoporous silica (HSiW@mSiO₂), was developed for the transformation of ginsenoside Re in aqueous ethanol solution. The reaction was conducted under mild conditions, and the products were systematically analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with multistage tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 24 transformation products were identified, arising from deglycosylation, epimerization, dehydration, cyclization, and nucleophilic addition reactions. Structural elucidation revealed the formation of deglycosylated, hydrated and dehydrated derivatives, C-20 epimers, and novel ethoxylated protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides resulting from solvent incorporation at the C-24(25) or C-20 position. Product distribution varied with reaction parameters, including solvent composition, reaction time, temperature, and catalyst dosage. The synthesized HSiW@mSiO₂ catalyst could be readily recovered by centrifugation and reused for five consecutive cycles, with complete conversion of ginsenoside Re maintained in the first two runs and a gradual decline in conversion to approximately 50% by the fifth cycle. This work demonstrates the efficacy of solid acid catalysts in enabling the structural diversification of ginsenosides through solvent-involved pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 762 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acetylenic Fatty Acids and Stilbene Glycosides Isolated from Santalum yasi Collected from the Fiji Islands

by Khalid Al Maqbali, Miriama Vuiyasawa, Mercy Ayinya Gube-Ibrahim, Shubham Sewariya, Clément Balat, Kirsti Helland, Tamar Garcia-Sorribes, Mercedes de la Cruz, Bastien Cautain, Jeanette Hammer Andersen, Fernando Reyes and Jioji N. Tabudravu

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4752; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244752 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

In our continuing search for new anticancer and/or antimicrobial compounds from natural products, we screened for these activities in bark and leaf extracts of sandalwood plants collected from the Fiji Islands and found Santalum yasi to be the most active. Resulting chemical workup [...] Read more.

In our continuing search for new anticancer and/or antimicrobial compounds from natural products, we screened for these activities in bark and leaf extracts of sandalwood plants collected from the Fiji Islands and found Santalum yasi to be the most active. Resulting chemical workup enabled the isolation and structural characterization of a new acetylenic acid, methyl (E)-octadec-6-en-8-ynoate (1), and an atropisomeric stilbene glycoside (4) (Yasibeneoside) together with six known compounds: 11,13-octadecadien-9-ynoic acid (2), methyl octadeca-9,11-diynoate (3), gaylussacin (5) chrysin-7-beta-monoglucoside (6), neoschaftoside (7), and chrysin-6-C-glucoside-8-C-arabinoside (8). Compound 1 (18:2 (6t, 8a) is an example of a Δ⁶, Δ⁸ acetylenic system containing the trans double bond at C-6 and the triple bond at C-8, which is reported here for the first time. All molecular structure elucidations and dereplications were performed using spectroscopic techniques, including 2D NMR and HRMS-MS/MS spectrometry. Methyl (E)-octadec-6-en-8-ynoate showed moderate activity activity with an IC₅₀ of 91.2 ug/mL against the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harnessing Nature’s Chemical Diversity: Innovations in Isolation, Identification, and Synthesis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2756 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acid Versus Amide—Facts and Fallacies: A Case Study in Glycomimetic Ligand Design

by Martin Smieško, Roman P. Jakob, Tobias Mühlethaler, Roland C. Preston, Timm Maier and Beat Ernst

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4751; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244751 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

The replacement of ionizable functional groups that are predominantly charged at physiological pH with neutral bioisosteres is a common strategy in medicinal chemistry; however, its impact on binding affinity is often context-dependent. Here, we investigated a series of amide derivatives of a glycomimetic [...] Read more.

The replacement of ionizable functional groups that are predominantly charged at physiological pH with neutral bioisosteres is a common strategy in medicinal chemistry; however, its impact on binding affinity is often context-dependent. Here, we investigated a series of amide derivatives of a glycomimetic E-selectin ligand, in which the carboxylate group of the lead compound is substituted with a range of amide and isosteric analogs. Despite the expected loss of the salt-bridge interaction with Arg97, several amides retained or even improved the binding affinity. Co-crystal structures revealed conserved binding poses across the series, with consistent interactions involving the carbonyl oxygen of the amide and the key residues Tyr48 and Arg97. High-level quantum chemical calculations ruled out a direct correlation between carbonyl partial charges and affinity. Instead, a moderate correlation was observed between ligand binding and the out-of-plane pyramidality of the amide nitrogen, suggesting a favorable steric adaptation within the binding site. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that high-affinity ligands exhibit enhanced solution-phase pre-organization toward the bioactive conformation, likely reducing the entropic penalty upon binding. Further analysis of protein–ligand complexes using Molecular mechanics/Generalized born surface area (MM-GB/SA) decomposition suggested minor lipophilic contributions from amide substituents. Taken together, this work underscores the importance of geometric and conformational descriptors, beyond classical electrostatics, in driving affinity in glycomimetic ligand design and provides new insights into the nuanced role of amides as carboxylate isosteres in protein–ligand recognition. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Description

Molecules

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI