9 February 2026
The career anchor (CA) is a metaphor created by Edgar Schein to illustrate the role of patterns of self-perceived talents, motives, and values in guiding, stabilizing (i.e., anchoring), and integrating a person’s work career. With the early yea...
9 February 2026
The concept of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) was introduced by Shulman in 1986 as a distinctive form of teacher knowledge that transcends mere content expertise or general pedagogical skills. Shulman described PCK as “the amalgam of conte...
Value is the result of the combined, conscious, and creative actions of caring, which promote sustainable prosperity. Despite its centrality in marketing theory, value is treated in the literature as a self-evident, abstract term denoting concepts as...
Schrödinger’s path to the quantum mechanical wave equation was heuristic and guided more by physical intuition than formal deduction. Here we derive the Schrödinger equation for the particle’s wave function
The Sexual Intent Perceptions Questionnaire (SIP-Q) is a 25-item instrument designed to measure interpretations of women’s sexual willingness communicated via various behaviors. The instrument demonstrates high internal consistency using a 7-po...
Inclusive AI-mediated mathematics education for students with learning difficulties refers to a human-centered approach to mathematics teaching and learning that uses artificial intelligence (AI), adaptive technologies, and data-rich environments to...
The high costs and time-consuming nature of space exploration missions are among the major barriers to studying deep space. The lack of samples and limited information make such studies challenging, highlighting the need for innovative solutions, inc...
Therapeutic approaches using virtual reality (VR) have been effective in recovering function against various physical and cognitive disorders. Given its programmability and precise activity tracking, VR is a powerful tool for therapists to personaliz...
With the understanding that language variation, whether synchronic or diachronic, is, for the most part, not random but systematic and predictable, linguists and philologists have long engaged with the task of providing accounts and explanations for...
The digital labour economy is a system where work is mediated through digital technologies and online platforms. Work is often also called platform labour or gig work. China has brought out new labour protections to promote and support these new form...
The Philosophy of Education investigates the epistemological, anthropological, and ethical–normative foundations of education. It examines the meaning, purposes, and conditions of possibility of educational processes, bringing to light the impl...
In the present qualitative study, we first synthesize research to clarify the concept of error in science as developed by epistemologists, philosophers, and historians. We also examine the concept of error in educational science, drawing from studies...
Digital mental health resources have expanded rapidly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, offering new opportunities to improve access to mental healthcare through technologies such as AI chatbots, mobile apps, and online platforms. Despite this gr...
Auxology is the scientific discipline dedicated to the study of human growth and development, with particular emphasis on the patterns, timing, and biological regulation of physical growth from infancy through adolescence. It integrates medical, biol...
MMC has been globally recognised as a promising solution for the current global social housing crisis, although persistent challenges remain in relation to limited early-stage design coordination and chronic design inconsistencies, which often cause...
Extremes of the Edgeworth box concern corner allocations and their relationship to the contract curve in a two-good, two-agent exchange economy. In the standard pure-exchange setting with well-behaved preferences, the contract curve comprises all Par...
Digital transformation in port logistics represents a profound and systemic shift in the way maritime trade and supply chain operations are designed, coordinated, and governed through the pervasive integration of advanced digital technologies and dat...
Branding refers to the distinctiveness of an organization that differentiates it from its competitors and builds loyalty with customers. Brand trust is the confidence consumers have in a company to deliver consistently against their expectations of t...
Smart-city last-mile rail access, referred to in this entry simply as last-mile access, captures how travelers connect to and from rail stations during the first or last leg of a journey. It encompasses both the design of multimodal connections and t...
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to autonomous or semi-autonomous systems capable of interpreting data, generating inferences, and guiding decisions, thereby reshaping the foundations of work and organizational processes. Its rapid integration int...
This entry introduces an integrated model of reading that situates the Lexical Quality Hypothesis (LQH) within the Reading Systems Framework (RSF). The LQH posits that skilled reading depends on high-quality lexical representations—precise and...
Greece’s 2010–2018 adjustment programmes provide an insightful case of how timing of reforms, institutional frictions, and digital transformation jointly condition the outcomes of macroeconomic stabilization efforts. This review builds on...
This review critically examines the implementation of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in science education, providing an integrative overview of research, methodologies, and disciplinary applications. The first section explores UDL across educati...
This entry aims to enhance the legislative cost estimation system in South Korea by conducting a comparative analysis with the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) in the United States. The analysis reveals significant structural divergences between the...
Since the introduction of Carol Dweck’s landmark work in mindset, many scholars have studied the impact of a change in mindset on learning, behavior, and health. National and international large-scale studies have validated the consistent corre...
Financial markets are increasingly shaped by opaque price controls influenced by the rising prominence of algorithmic and AI-driven systems in price determination. While much of the current research on algorithmic trading and market microstructure ha...
Academic Development (AD) represents a fundamental strategy for improving the quality of university teaching in the digital era. This entry proposes a critical analysis of technologies supporting AD, examining theoretical models, emerging practices,...
This study conceptualizes gender inequality in leadership careers as the result of asymmetric forces embedded within organizational environments. The tailwind–headwind framework brings together cultural norms, organizational structures, and psy...
Social–emotional development in early childhood lays the groundwork for school readiness, healthy relationships, and long-term well-being. Parents play a pivotal role in this process, shaping children’s emotional awareness, regulation, an...
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are neurobiological conditions that arise in childhood and affect the personal, social, academic, and occupational development of those who exhibit them. The aim of this study is to analyze scientific research on n...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia due to a defect in the production of or cell insensitivity to insulin. If left untreated, it might result in severe side effects such retinal, nephropathy, neuropathy...
Modular construction is generally defined as a typical offsite construction approach that can improve environmental sustainability throughout the building project lifecycle. Based on this situation, identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunitie...
This entry, which identifies nine paradoxes particular to popular culture in a digital society, begins by distinguishing art and culture, since scholars have historically relied on these terms to differentiate popular culture, mass culture, and mass...
Information cascades refer to a type of learning behavior in social networks where individuals make decisions by observing the actions of others, rather than relying solely on their own private information. Network centrality, which measures the rela...
Stress in the workplace has been recognised by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global health epidemic. Research examining the most stressful industries to work in the UK consistently ranks education among the highest groups, encompassing ear...
This entry explores the implications of generative AI for the underlying foundational premises of copyright law and the potential threat it poses to human creativity. It identifies the gaps and inconsistencies in legal frameworks as regards authorshi...
Climate change education (CCE) is increasingly recognized as a key lever for responding to the climate crisis, yet its implementation in schools often remains fragmented and weakly transformative. This review synthesizes international research on CCE...
Green roofs have emerged as a key nature-based solution for improving environmental quality, strengthening urban resilience, and enhancing human wellbeing. In the hospitality sector—where sustainable design and guest experience increasingly int...
Fractured fairy tales are adaptive retellings of traditional stories that employ humor, irony, and narrative innovation to transform established meanings. As a distinctive literary genre, these works combine entertainment with subversion, reshaping f...
The present article reinterprets the history of polyglot lexicography and encyclopedic language projects in late imperial China from the Yuan and the Ming through the Qing periods by tracing a three-stage transformation. The Yuan period inaugurated a...
Bilingual education in the United States encompasses programs that use both English and students’ home languages to promote learning. It has been shaped by changing political priorities, policies, and debates over assimilation versus linguistic...
A data cooperative is a legally organized cooperative whose purpose is the collective collection, management, and use of data collected by its members. In contrast to other data pools, it can act as a democratic self-governing organization in which e...
Immersive methods and biometric tools provide a rigorous, context-rich way to study how people perceive and choose food. Immersive methods use extended reality, including virtual, augmented, mixed, and augmented virtual environments, to recreate sett...
Despite seven decades of international commitment—from the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights through SDG 3.8—universal health coverage remains stubbornly out of reach. Two billion people, predominantly informal sector workers, la...
NOOR is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s national Educational Management Information System (EMIS), developed by the Ministry of Education to digitize and streamline academic and administrative processes across public schools. Through its unified...
Virtual reality (VR) is a new technological advancement that has been at the forefront of a promising new era of technology-based psychoeducation, therapeutic practices, and interventions. VR offers the ability for individuals to enter an immersive v...
Adult learner dropout is adults’ withdrawal or stop-out from formal or non-formal educational programs before successful completion. For adult learners, withdrawal often manifests as stop-out or temporary disengagement rather than permanent att...
Kindness, from the perspective of positive psychology and character strengths, is a virtue that supports others’ emotional and practical needs, strengthens relationships, and fosters a positive, inclusive social environment. Kindness can be def...
This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesises 88 effect sizes from 88 peer-reviewed journal articles to evaluate the association between marketing capability and firm performance. Studies were identified in Scopus and Dimensions for the period...
Disinformation refers to false or misleading information created with the deliberate intention to deceive and cause individual or societal harm. It is typically distinguished from misinformation, which involves falsehoods shared without deceptive int...
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