Horticulturae

16 pages, 4389 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Organic Nitrogen Nutrition Does Not Increase Glucosinolate Concentrations in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica)

by Adam K. Willson, Mick T. Rose, Michael J. Reading, Priyakshee Borpatragohain and Terry J. Rose

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101122 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 954

Abstract

Concentrations of specific secondary metabolites can be higher in organically grown crops. This may be linked to organic nitrogen (N) nutrition that provides a gradual supply of N to crops over the growing season. This study examined whether organic N nutrition influenced the [...] Read more.

Concentrations of specific secondary metabolites can be higher in organically grown crops. This may be linked to organic nitrogen (N) nutrition that provides a gradual supply of N to crops over the growing season. This study examined whether organic N nutrition influenced the concentration of glucosinolates in broccoli crops. Nitrogen release patterns were determined from three synthetic (Rustica, 12% N; calcium nitrate, 15.5% N; urea, 46% N) and two organic fertilizers in an incubation experiment. Broccoli seedlings were then grown in two N dose response pot trials with different N source or application timing treatments to investigate growth and glucosinolate responses. Synthetic fertilizers released 84 to 89% of total N after 28 days, while chicken manure pellets and composted cow manure had only released 52% and 13% of total N, respectively, after 91 days. Broccoli yield and N content were generally higher in synthetic fertilizer treatments. Glucosinolate concentrations were generally higher in the synthetic fertilizer treatments, and only sinigrin and glucoiberin concentrations in the 800 kg ha⁻¹ N application rate of organic fertilizer matched those in the corresponding synthetic fertilizer treatment. Broccoli head weight was reduced when N was applied fortnightly compared to basal and weekly N applications, but glucosinolate concentrations were not significantly different. Overall, there was no evidence that organic (chicken manure) N nutrition, or the rate of N supply to broccoli plants, affect glucosinolate concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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19 pages, 1393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Generation Selection of Potato Breeding Lines

by Zagipa Sapakhova, Zhanar Abilda, Maxat Toishimanov, Dias Daurov, Ainash Daurova, Nurgul Raissova, Alexander Sidorik, Rakhim Kanat, Kabyl Zhambakin and Malika Shamekova

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101121 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1682

Abstract

Potato is the third most important food crop in the world in terms of adaptability, yield potential, and nutritional advantages. This study aimed to conduct potato breeding work for cultivation in Kazakhstan; potato breeding for further processing into chips with cultivation in the [...] Read more.

Potato is the third most important food crop in the world in terms of adaptability, yield potential, and nutritional advantages. This study aimed to conduct potato breeding work for cultivation in Kazakhstan; potato breeding for further processing into chips with cultivation in the northern regions; and the selection of potatoes for processing into frozen French fries with cultivation in the southern and south-eastern regions. Potato varieties (Fontane, Santana, and Punchy) were used as reference varieties to check molecular markers linked to maturity, tuber shape, and flesh color. A total of 42 potato breeding lines crossed from Yagodnyi 19 and CIP clone 397079-6 were used in this study to identify prospective breeding lines. The research was carried out between 2023 and 2024 and under greenhouse conditions. According to the results of molecular analysis and phenotypic data, 21 breeding lines were identified as prospective potato breeding lines. The majority of these potato breeding lines had a round tuber shape and were recommended for chip processing. Three breeding lines had a long oval tuber shape, making them suitable for French fries. Six breeding lines with short-oval and oval tuber shapes were found for consumer potato processing. It is recommended that the breeding process and studies of biochemical properties are continued in all of these identified potato breeding lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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15 pages, 6363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Acclimatization of Micropropagated Al-Taif Rose (Rosa damascena f. trigintipetala (Dieck) R. Keller) Plants Using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Rhizophagus fasciculatus

by Yaser Hassan Dewir, Ali Mohsen Al-Ali, Rashid Sultan Al-Obeed, Muhammad M. Habib, Jahangir A. Malik, Thobayet S. Alshahrani, Abdulaziz A. Al-Qarawi and Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101120 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1332

Abstract

Tissue culture is used to multiply Al-Taif rose (Rosa damascena f. trigintipetala (Dieck) R. Keller) plants in order to meet the demands of the fragrance, cosmetic, and floriculture industries. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) could potentially improve plant growth and [...] Read more.

Tissue culture is used to multiply Al-Taif rose (Rosa damascena f. trigintipetala (Dieck) R. Keller) plants in order to meet the demands of the fragrance, cosmetic, and floriculture industries. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) could potentially improve plant growth and acclimatization performance to ex vitro conditions. Thus, in the current study, we investigated how AMF Rhizophagus fasciculatus influences the growth, establishment, and physiological performance of micropropagated Al-Taif rose plants during the acclimatization stage. The growth and physiological parameters of the AMF-treated plants were evaluated after a 12 week growth period in the growth chambers. The plants treated with AMF exhibited greater height (25.53 cm) and biomass growth values for both shoot fresh weight (0.93 g/plant) and dry weight (0.030 g/plant), more leaves (11.3/plant), more leaf area (66.15 cm²), longer main roots (15.05 cm/plant), total root length (172.16 cm/plant), total root area (64.36 cm²/plant), and biomass from both fresh weight (383 mg/plant) and dry weight (80.00 mg/plant) of the plants. The plants treated with AMF also exhibited increased rates of net CO₂ assimilation, stomatal conductance, and transpiration compared to the control plants. The proline content in the leaves and roots was significantly lower in the AMF-treated plants than untreated plants. The Fv/Fm ratio, which serves as an indicator of the intrinsic or maximal efficacy of Photosystem II (PSII) demonstrated a notable decline in the untreated Al-Taif rose plants. These results elucidate the advantageous impact of AMF colonization on micropropagated Al-Taif rose plants, thereby enhancing their resilience against adverse ex vitro conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biotechnology: Applications in In Vitro Plant Conservation and Micropropagation)

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15 pages, 1124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphology and Allometry of Juvenile Açaí Palms Under Cultivation Conditions in Central Amazonia

by Jhon Paul Mathews Delgado, Raimundo Nonato Vieira da Cunha, Ronaldo Ribeiro de Morais, Maria Teresa Gomes Lopes, Santiago Linorio Ferreyra Ramos, Maria do Rosário Lobato Rodrigues, Nathalia Maíra Cabral de Medeiros, Carlos Henrique Salvino Gadelha Meneses, Edson Barcelos and Ricardo Lopes

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101119 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1278

Abstract

Two Amazonian species of açaí palm trees (Euterpe oleracea and Euterpe precatoria) are exploited in the commercial production of açaí pulp or juice. While E. oleracea benefits from developed cultivation technologies, E. precatoria lacks such advancements. Studies on the morphology and [...] Read more.

Two Amazonian species of açaí palm trees (Euterpe oleracea and Euterpe precatoria) are exploited in the commercial production of açaí pulp or juice. While E. oleracea benefits from developed cultivation technologies, E. precatoria lacks such advancements. Studies on the morphology and development of açaí palms under cultivation conditions can contribute to increasing the productivity of the species. The aim of this study was to carry out morphological characterization, assess growth and development in the juvenile phase of the plants, and obtain allometric models for E. precatoria and E. oleracea. Evaluations were conducted between 44 and 48 months post-planting. Allometric equations were formulated to accurately estimate leaf area. The results showed that E. oleracea begins reproduction earlier and exhibits greater growth in stem dimensions and leaf areas compared to E. precatoria, indicating that E. precatoria can be cultivated at higher planting densities. Allometric models, based on leaf length and width, effectively predicted individual leaf areas for both species, demonstrating their utility in optimizing cultivation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)

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24 pages, 4500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Silicon Iron and Silver Nanoparticles Improve Vegetative Development and Physiological Characteristics of Boysenberry Plants Grown under Salinity Stress In Vitro Cultivation Conditions

by Zehra Kurt and Sevinç Ateş

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101118 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1338

Abstract

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors that affect plant growth and limit agricultural productivity. In this study, the effects of iron (FeNP), silver (AgNP), and silicon dioxide (SiNP) nanoparticles on the morphological and physiological parameters of in vitro boysenberry [...] Read more.

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors that affect plant growth and limit agricultural productivity. In this study, the effects of iron (FeNP), silver (AgNP), and silicon dioxide (SiNP) nanoparticles on the morphological and physiological parameters of in vitro boysenberry plants grown under salinity stress (NaCl) were investigated. According to our study results, higher values were obtained from SiNP application in terms of shoot development parameters; FeNP application was found to be more successful for root development; AgNP application was effective in terms of SPAD, leaf relative water content (LRWC), and relative growth rate (RGR); and FeNP application increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities. Salt stress significantly affected root development, SPAD values, LRWC and RGR, and SOD and CAT enzyme activities. As a result, under salt stress conditions, SiNP, FeNP, and AgNP applications can significantly reduce the negative effects of stress and promote the vegetative development of the plant compared to control conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses to Abiotic Stresses in Horticultural Crops—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 2087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Cucumber Fruit Yield Cultivated Under Different Light Conditions in Greenhouses

by Inseo Hong, Jin Yu, Seung Jae Hwang and Yurina Kwack

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101117 - 21 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1799

Abstract

In recent years, an increase in the frequency of low-sunlight conditions due to climate change has resulted in a decline in the yield and quality of crops for greenhouse farmers, leading to significant challenges in maintaining optimal plant growth. The crop growth model [...] Read more.

In recent years, an increase in the frequency of low-sunlight conditions due to climate change has resulted in a decline in the yield and quality of crops for greenhouse farmers, leading to significant challenges in maintaining optimal plant growth. The crop growth model can be used to predict changes in cucumber yield in response to variations in sunlight, which can help efficiently address sunlight shortages. The objective of this study was to improve and validate the model for predicting cucumber yield under different light environment conditions, including shading and supplemental lighting. The model comprises three steps: LAI prediction, daily assimilate yield prediction, and fruit yield prediction, each of which involves modifying the coefficients applied to suit the cucumber cultivar and environment condition. The improved model demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in predicting cucumber yields in the control and low-sunlight treatments (10, 20, and 30% shading), with a coefficient of determination (R²) > 0.98. When supplemental lighting was incorporated into the control and shading treatments, the accuracy of the improved model in predicting cucumber yield was also high, with a coefficient of determination (R²) > 0.99. The model also accurately predicted the decrease in cucumber fruit yield under low-sunlight conditions (shading treatments) and the increase in yield due to supplemental lighting. The findings of this study indicate that the improved cucumber yield prediction model can be applied to assess the efficacy of yield reduction in low-sunlight conditions and the potential for yield enhancement through supplemental lighting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)

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15 pages, 9510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Volatile Constituents of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Grown in Greenhouse in Serbia: Chemical Analysis and Chemometrics

by Milica Aćimović, Biljana Lončar, Marina Todosijević, Stefan Lekić, Tamara Erceg, Milada Pezo and Lato Pezo

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101116 - 20 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1387

Abstract

The present study investigated the volatile constituents of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) grown in a greenhouse environment in Serbia, marking the first commercial cultivation of the plant for essential oil production in the region. The essential oils and hydrolates obtained through steam distillation were [...] Read more.

The present study investigated the volatile constituents of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) grown in a greenhouse environment in Serbia, marking the first commercial cultivation of the plant for essential oil production in the region. The essential oils and hydrolates obtained through steam distillation were analyzed via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the resulting chemical data were further processed using chemometric methods. This study applied quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) analysis, employing molecular descriptors (MDs) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the retention indices (RIs) of the compounds. A genetic algorithm (GA) was used to select the most relevant MDs for this predictive modeling. A total of 29 compounds were annotated in the essential oils, with geranial and neral being the dominant components, while 37 compounds were detected in the hydrolates. The ANN models effectively predicted the RIs of both essential oils and hydrolates, demonstrating high statistical accuracy and low prediction errors. This research offers valuable insights into the chemical profile of lemongrass cultivated in temperate conditions and advances QSRR modeling for essential oil analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volatile Composition and Sensory Qualities of Emerging Horticultural Plants)

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12 pages, 7237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CmSN Regulates Fruit Skin Netting Formation in Melon

by Xiaoxue Liang, Panqiao Wang, Chen Luo, Xiang Li, Wenwen Mao, Juan Hou, Junlong Fan, Yan Guo, Zhiqiang Cheng, Qiong Li and Jianbin Hu

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101115 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1452

Abstract

Melon (Cucumis melo) includes more than ten botanical groups, many of which feature netting ornamentation on the surface of mature fruit. Ripe melons display a netted skin that signifies their ripeness and readiness for consumption. Previously, we identified SKIN NETTING ( [...] Read more.

Melon (Cucumis melo) includes more than ten botanical groups, many of which feature netting ornamentation on the surface of mature fruit. Ripe melons display a netted skin that signifies their ripeness and readiness for consumption. Previously, we identified SKIN NETTING (CmSN), which encodes an EamA-like transporter family protein, as the candidate gene controlling fruit skin netting formation in melon, while its biological functions remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of the CmSN gene was considerably lower in netted melons compared to smooth-skinned melons, indicating a negative correlation between CmSN expression and netting formation. Subsequently, we employed transient overexpression and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments to explore the role of CmSN gene during fruit development. Overexpression of the CmSN gene inhibited netting development, whereas silencing it promoted netting formation. Using heterologous transformation in tomato, we further confirmed the effect of the CmSN gene on rind texture and toughness, as these tomatoes exhibited rougher and tougher skins. Analysis with near-isogenic lines (NILs) revealed that CmSN gene-bearing fruits (NIL_CmSN) possessed significantly harder rinds than the control smooth-skinned variety HB42, underscoring the role of CmSN in enhancing rind protection. Together, our research offers essential insights into the netting formation and genetic improvement of melon fruits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Regulation and Maintaining of Fruit Quality)

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14 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phytohormones and Mineral Nutrient Changes in Young Plants of Grapevine Genotypes at Different Growth Stages

by Antonio Urbano-Gálvez, María F. López-Climent, Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas and Jalel Mahouachi

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101114 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1199

Abstract

Climate change is considered a threat for viticulture by altering phenology, yield, and key physiological processes. The plant responses depend on the genotype characteristics and the microclimate of crop area. In this research, “Castellana Negra”, “Negramoll”, and “Tintilla” were cultivated for 102 days, [...] Read more.

Climate change is considered a threat for viticulture by altering phenology, yield, and key physiological processes. The plant responses depend on the genotype characteristics and the microclimate of crop area. In this research, “Castellana Negra”, “Negramoll”, and “Tintilla” were cultivated for 102 days, and physiological variables were assessed under natural conditions. Results indicated similar trends in growth between “Negramoll” and “Tintilla”, while ”Castellana Negra” grew slowly and possessed fewer leaves compared to the other genotypes. Stomatal conductance was constant among the genotypes, excepting “Negramoll”, which demonstrated lower values at d 76 compared to “Castellana Negra” and “Tintilla”, coinciding with the elevated leaf temperature. Regarding the hormonal changes, “Castellana Negra” accumulated the highest concentration of salicylic acid (SA) compared to “Negramoll” and “Tintilla”, which showed similar content. Furthermore, an antagonistic change between SA and jasmonic acid (JA) was observed in all genotypes, as well as between abscisic acid (ABA) and JA at the beginning and end of the trial. The variations in micronutrients did not show a clear tendency between cultivars. Therefore, to thoroughly elucidate the role of phytohormones and other physiological factors in the growth and development of these genotypes under varying environmental conditions, long-term experiments could be conducted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)

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14 pages, 1194 KiB

Open AccessReview

The GCN4 Transcription Factor: A Review of Its Functional Progress in Fungi

by Yanqiu Li, Yuzhen Yang, Bin Chen, Mingwen Zhao and Jing Zhu

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101113 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1783

Abstract

Nitrogen serves as a pivotal nutrient for the proliferation, maturation, and pathogenicity of fungi. Despite its importance, nitrogen starvation is a common challenge encountered during fungal development and host invasion. A key regulatory transcription factor, known as general control non-derepressible 4 (GCN4), has [...] Read more.

Nitrogen serves as a pivotal nutrient for the proliferation, maturation, and pathogenicity of fungi. Despite its importance, nitrogen starvation is a common challenge encountered during fungal development and host invasion. A key regulatory transcription factor, known as general control non-derepressible 4 (GCN4), has been characterized in various fungal groups, including model fungal, pathogens, and basidiomycetes. This factor is triggered by nitrogen limitation and subsequently stimulates the expression of a multitude of genes involved in amino acid synthesis, thereby countering the effects of nitrogen deficiency. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the activation mechanisms, the structural characteristics and stability of GCN4, and how GCN4 activates its downstream target genes to regulate the physiological processes of fungi. This study lays the theoretical groundwork for future research endeavors that seek to enhance nitrogen utilization, preserve the delicate balance of carbon–nitrogen metabolism, and stimulate growth, development, and secondary metabolism in fungi, especially under nitrogen-limited conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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17 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Fertilizing Products Impact on Productivity and Profitability of Organic Strawberry Cultivars

by Małgorzata Nakielska, Adam Kleofas Berbeć, Andrzej Madej and Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101112 - 18 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1271

Abstract

Poland is a major producer of various fruits, including strawberries. As growing consumer awareness of food quality, health, and wellbeing is increasing, farmers are receiving a new market opportunity for organic products of good quality. The integration of microbial solutions into agricultural practices [...] Read more.

Poland is a major producer of various fruits, including strawberries. As growing consumer awareness of food quality, health, and wellbeing is increasing, farmers are receiving a new market opportunity for organic products of good quality. The integration of microbial solutions into agricultural practices can foster the transition of agricultural farms towards more resilient and sustainable production of quality food. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of novel microbial biopreparations (microbial fertilizing products) containing Bacillus sp., humic acids, and other organic compounds on the economic viability of three strawberry cultivars (‘Honeoye’, ‘Vibrant’, and ‘Rumba’) under organic farming conditions. This study was conducted in 2021 as a field experiment. Irrigated and non-irrigated strawberries were treated with five microbial fertilizing products (K2–K6). The single plot area was 16 m², with a total of 144 plots. The adopted planting density of strawberries was 30,052 per hectare. K3 treatment was found to be the most universal microbial treatment in terms of positive impact on yields, with significant yield increase on both the non-irrigated (yield increase of 3.76 t·ha⁻¹) and irrigated experiments (yield increase of 5.78 t·ha⁻¹). The K4 treatment on the non-irrigated strawberries resulted in a yield increase of 4.96 t·ha⁻¹, which at the same time had no effect on the yield of the irrigated experiment. On average, application of the K2–K6 combinations on the non-irrigated strawberries resulted in a yield increase from 13.4% (K2) to 33.5% (K4). The irrigated strawberries showed a yield increase from 3.9% (K4—non-significant yield increase) to as much as 36.1% (K3). The highest direct surplus for the non-irrigated strawberries was recorded for the K4 treatment (38,603 PLN·ha⁻¹) and for K3 for the irrigated experiment (42,945 PLN·ha⁻¹). The direct surplus for ‘Rumba’ and ‘Vibrant’ was higher than for ‘Honeoye’ on both the irrigated (22% and 53%, respectively) and non-irrigated (19% and 18%, respectively) experiments. The average profitability index for all tested non-irrigated and irrigated varieties improved when treated with microbial fertilizer products, with profitability indexes of 143.3–168.8% on the non-irrigated plantation and 129.2–169.7% on the irrigated plantation. The tested microbial fertilizing products proved to be valuable products to improve the productivity and economic effectiveness of organic strawberry production. At the same time, their use needs to be adapted to local plantation conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection New Challenges in Productivity of Berry Fruits)

18 pages, 7226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Interplay of Bud Load and Pruning Type in Shaping ‘Xinomavro’ (Vitis vinifera L.) Vine Growth, Yield, and Berry Composition

by Serafeim Theocharis, Theodoros Gkrimpizis, Christina Karadimou, Kleopatra-Eleni Nikolaou, Stefanos Koundouras and Dimitrios Taskos

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101111 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1320

Abstract

‘Xinomavro’ (V. vinifera L.) is an important native red wine grape variety in Northern Greece, particularly in PDO (protected designation of origin) regions. Despite its significance, there is limited research on the effects of pruning type and severity on ‘Xinomavro’ vine physiology, [...] Read more.

‘Xinomavro’ (V. vinifera L.) is an important native red wine grape variety in Northern Greece, particularly in PDO (protected designation of origin) regions. Despite its significance, there is limited research on the effects of pruning type and severity on ‘Xinomavro’ vine physiology, yield, and berry quality across diverse environmental conditions. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap and provide growers with crucial information for optimizing vineyard management practices. The study was conducted over two consecutive years (2016 and 2017) in a vineyard in Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Four treatments (B12: 12 buds on 6 spurs, B24: 24 buds on 12 spurs, M12: 12 buds on 2 canes, and M24: 24 buds on 4 canes) combining two bud load levels (12 or 24 count nodes) and two pruning types (short spurs or long canes) were applied to ‘Xinomavro’ vines in a complete block randomized design. The vine water status, gas exchange, canopy characteristics, yield components, and berry composition were measured. Bud load and pruning type significantly influenced vine canopy development, microclimate, and yield components. Short pruning with high bud load (B24) resulted in denser canopies and higher yields, whereas cane pruning (M12 and M24) led to more open canopies and improved berry quality indicators. Treatment effects on berry composition were inconsistent across years but showed a tendency for higher anthocyanin and total phenol content in cane-pruned vines. This study demonstrates that pruning type (short or long fruiting units) may have a greater impact on vine growth, yield, and berry composition than bud load alone in ‘Xinomavro’ vines. Cane pruning appears to be a more effective strategy for achieving vine balance and potentially improving grape quality under given experimental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimizing Plants and Cultivation System for Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA))

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15 pages, 1124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Technical and Economic Assessment of Tomato Cultivation Through a Macro-Tunnel Production System with the Application of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus

by Nelson Ceballos-Aguirre, Alejandro Hurtado-Salazar, Gloria M. Restrepo, Óscar J. Sánchez, María C. Hernández and Mauricio Montoya

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101110 - 18 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1042

Abstract

Bacterial inoculants hold promise for enhancing the sustainability and profitability of tomato cultivation in macro-tunnel systems. This study aimed to evaluate the technical and economic viability of applying Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus to tomato production. The separate addition of native G. diazotrophicus GIBI025 and GIBI029 [...] Read more.

Bacterial inoculants hold promise for enhancing the sustainability and profitability of tomato cultivation in macro-tunnel systems. This study aimed to evaluate the technical and economic viability of applying Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus to tomato production. The separate addition of native G. diazotrophicus GIBI025 and GIBI029 isolates and a commercial inoculant containing Azotobacter chrococcum and Azospirillium sp. was evaluated at a rate of 1 × 10⁸ CFU·mL⁻¹ without nitrogen addition. Conventional fertilization treatment with no bacteria added and 100%-nitrogen fertilization relative to crop requirements (added as MAP and urea) was also assessed. The treatments were evaluated within the macro-tunnel production system. The experiment utilized a completely randomized block design with four replications per treatment, and each experimental unit consisted of 20 plants. The yield (kg·ha⁻¹) was calculated and economic assessment was performed. The results show that native G. diazotrophicus isolates in tomato cultivation under the macro-tunnel production system improved its economic viability, achieving yields up to 95,501 kg·ha⁻¹ without the addition of nitrogenous fertilizers. This research reveals benefit–cost ratios achieving 1.57 and net incomes reaching 16,707 US dollars per hectare. This work demonstrated that the native isolates assessed may be used in the pursuit of more integrated, sustainable, and competitive cultural practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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16 pages, 3639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Ethephon Manually or via Drone Enforces Bud Dormancy and Enhances Flowering Response to Chilling in Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)

by Bingyi Wen, Cailian Deng, Qi Tian, Jianzhong Ouyang, Renfang Zeng, Huicong Wang and Xuming Huang

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101109 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1038

Abstract

Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) is frequently used for flush management in order to maximize flowering in litchi. However, the optimal dosage of ethephon, which balances between flush control effect and the detrimental effect on leaves, is unknown. This study aimed to identify the optimal [...] Read more.

Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) is frequently used for flush management in order to maximize flowering in litchi. However, the optimal dosage of ethephon, which balances between flush control effect and the detrimental effect on leaves, is unknown. This study aimed to identify the optimal ethephon dosage and test more efficient ethephon application methods, using a drone for flush control and flowering promotion in litchi. The effects of a single manual full-tree spray of 250, 500 or 1000 mg/L of ethephon in early November on the bud break rate, leaf drop rate, net photosynthetic rate, LcFT1 expression and floral induction (panicle emergence rate and panicle number) in ‘Jingganghongnuo’ litchi were examined in the season of 2021–2022. In the season of 2022–2023, the effects of drone application of 1000 mg/L of ethephon in early November on bud growth and floral induction were observed. The results showed that the manual ethephon treatments were effective at enforcing bud dormancy and elongating the dormancy period and that the effects were positively dependent on dosage. One manual spray of 1000 mg/L of ethephon in late autumn enabled a dormancy period of 6 weeks. The treatments advanced seasonal abscission of old leaves in winter and caused short-term suppression on photosynthesis within 2 weeks after treatment. Ethephon treatments, especially at 1000 mg/L, enhanced the expression of LcFT1 in the mature leaves and promoted floral induction reflected by earlier panicle emergence and increased panicle emergence rate and number in the terminal shoot. The floral promotion effect was also positively dosage dependent. The cumulative chilling hours below 15 °C from the date of treatment to the occurrence of a 20% panicle emergence rate were lowered in ethephon treatments. A drone spray of 1000 mg/L of ethephon solution consumed a sixth of the manual spray solution volume and was two thirds less effective in suppressing bud break compared with manual spraying. However, it achieved a significant flowering promotion effect comparable to traditional manual spraying. The results suggest that ethephon application enhanced flowering responsiveness to chilling as well as enforced bud dormancy. The application of ethephon with a drone proved to be an efficient method for flush control and flower promotion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Intelligent Orchard)

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14 pages, 6235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Ripening Indices Improve the Assessment of Mechanical Harvesting Time for Olive Cultivars Resistant to Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca

by Simone Pietro Garofalo, Francesco Maldera, Francesco Nicolì, Gaetano Alessandro Vivaldi and Salvatore Camposeo

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101108 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 981

Abstract

Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp) is a significant threat to Mediterranean agriculture, particularly impacting olive trees in southern Italy, causing Olive Quick Decline Syndrome. Resistant olive cultivars, such as ‘Leccino’ and ‘Fs-17’, have been identified as alternatives to restore the oliviculture [...] Read more.

Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp) is a significant threat to Mediterranean agriculture, particularly impacting olive trees in southern Italy, causing Olive Quick Decline Syndrome. Resistant olive cultivars, such as ‘Leccino’ and ‘Fs-17’, have been identified as alternatives to restore the oliviculture within the infected areas. ‘Frantoio’ and ‘Cipressino’ are included in ongoing studies on genetic resistance to Xfp. The mechanization of olive harvesting is essential for reducing production costs in the olive oil sector. Two systems, trunk shakers and over-the-row machines, are used depending on the tree density and canopy structure, with super-high-density systems offering advantages in terms of cost and efficiency. This study investigates the feasibility of using simple and non-destructive indices to assess the optimal mechanical harvesting time. Different physical ripening indices, including detachment force, fresh weight, pigmentation, and firmness, were measured on four olive cultivars (‘Fs-17’, ‘Leccino’, ‘Frantoio’, ‘Cipressino’) in southern Italy over two years. The study found that the pigmentation index had a strong relationship with the detachment index, particularly for ‘Fs-17’, and ‘Leccino’, providing a reliable non-destructive measure for optimal harvesting time. The results indicate that the optimal harvesting times for mechanical harvesting are early September for ‘Cipressino’, early October for ‘Fs-17’, and mid-October for ‘Frantoio’ and ‘Leccino’. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of the Mechanization of Works for Horticultural Crops)

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15 pages, 2233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Fertilization in Companion Cropping Systems of Andean Fruit Trees in the Municipality of Ipiales

by Ovidio Javier Moran-Chamorro, Danita Andrade-Díaz, Juan Sebastian Chirivi-Salomon and Pedro Alexander Velasquez-Vasconez

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101107 - 18 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1154

Abstract

Companion cropping offers a potential solution to the challenges of sustainable agriculture, such as optimizing resource use and reducing reliance on chemical inputs. The problem of achieving higher yields while maintaining environmental health remains critical. This practice enhances natural resource conservation, improves fertilization, [...] Read more.

Companion cropping offers a potential solution to the challenges of sustainable agriculture, such as optimizing resource use and reducing reliance on chemical inputs. The problem of achieving higher yields while maintaining environmental health remains critical. This practice enhances natural resource conservation, improves fertilization, and optimizes nutrient cycling through the balanced use of chemical and organic sources. Studies, such as those involving tree tomato and Hass avocado, have demonstrated a significant yield increase compared to monocultures, underscoring the viability of this practice. In addition to their environmental benefits, companion crops provide economic advantages by allowing producers to harvest multiple products simultaneously, thereby strengthening food security and the rural economy. This study evaluated three levels of fertilization and interactions between fruit trees at different altitudes, observing differential behavior in the variables evaluated. The combination of cape gooseberry and blackberry showed significantly positive results, with more leaves and fewer pests, demonstrating the benefits of companion plants. A trend towards the combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers was observed, a potential strategy to reduce costs and improve crop growth. The results indicated that the UF system (P. peruviana and P. vulgaris) had the highest plant height, while TF (tree tomato and bean) showed the best stem perimeter development. The incidence of pests was also significant, with Trialeurodes vaporarioum being most prevalent in the P. peruviana companion. These findings support companion cropping as a viable and promising strategy for more efficient and sustainable agriculture, offering both environmental and economic benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Fertilizers in Horticulture)

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26 pages, 11624 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Daily Light Integral and Far-Red Radiation Influence Morphology and Quality of Liners and Subsequent Flowering and Development of Petunia in Controlled Greenhouses

by Jiaqi Xia and Neil Mattson

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101106 - 18 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1539

Abstract

Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S., and improved lighting control in greenhouses holds the potential to reduce crop production time and optimize crop quality. This study investigated the impact of four distinct daily light integral (DLI) conditions with and [...] Read more.

Petunia stands as the top-selling bedding plant in the U.S., and improved lighting control in greenhouses holds the potential to reduce crop production time and optimize crop quality. This study investigated the impact of four distinct daily light integral (DLI) conditions with and without supplemental far-red (FR) radiation on the growth of petunia liners and subsequent development of finish plants. Two experiments were conducted in spring (9 April to 18 June 2021) and winter (28 October 2021 to 6 January 2022). Petunia cuttings were rooted in a common environment and then transferred to four greenhouse sections with different DLI treatments: 6, 9, 12, and 15 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹ for four weeks. Within each DLI condition, half of the plants were exposed to 28 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ supplemental FR radiation for 16 h daily (equivalent to 1.61 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹ light integral). The number of flower buds and open flowers were tracked daily. Representative liners were destructively harvested and evaluated after four weeks of lighting treatments. The remaining plants were transplanted and moved to a common DLI condition of 15 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹ for an additional three weeks before being destructively harvested and evaluated as finish plants. The primary finding reveals the promoting effect of DLI on flowering, branching, morphology, and biomass accumulation of petunia liners, with many effects persisting into the finish stage. A threshold DLI of 9 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹ was identified, as lower DLI (6 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹) resulted in extensive stem elongation, rendering the plants unmarketable. Higher DLI levels were found to be optimal in terms of flowering and morphology. Supplemental FR accelerated flowering by up to three days in the summer experiment and up to 12 days in the winter experiment. However, FR had limited impact on the number of flower buds and open flowers, branching, and shoot and root weight of the finish plants. Interactions between DLI and FR were observed on some parameters, whereby FR effects were more pronounced under lower DLI. Overall, both higher DLI and supplemental FR exhibited beneficial effects, but DLI had a more pronounced effect. Thus, DLI during petunia liner production appears more important than adding FR. This study well simulated the commercial propagation and production of petunia plants, providing practical insights for decision-making regarding lighting strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Farming and Artificial Cultivation)

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20 pages, 1528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Lemon Balm (Melissa Officinalis L.) Cultivation: Effects of Different Manures on Plant Growth and Essential Oil Production During Consecutive Harvests

by Sina Fallah, Filippo Maggi, Askar Ghanbari-Odivi and Maryam Rostaei

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101105 - 18 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1481

Abstract

This study examined the impact of organic manures from different sources (poultry, sheep, and cattle) on lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae) during different harvests. Manure application increased the photosynthetic pigments levels (chlorophyll-a, 9–41%; chlorophyll-b, 24–60%), biomass (41–60%), and essential oil yield [...] Read more.

This study examined the impact of organic manures from different sources (poultry, sheep, and cattle) on lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae) during different harvests. Manure application increased the photosynthetic pigments levels (chlorophyll-a, 9–41%; chlorophyll-b, 24–60%), biomass (41–60%), and essential oil yield (60–71%). Sheep manure treatment exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity among all the manures tested. Through GC-MS and GC-FID analysis, 10 chemical constituents were identified in the essential oil, accounting together for 91–95% of the total composition. The primary chemical component was geranial (39–46%), followed by neral (28–35%), (E)-caryophyllene (4.7–11%), geranyl acetate (2.7–5.9%), and caryophyllene oxide (1.7–4.8%). The utilization of livestock manures significantly improved the quality of the essential oil in terms of neral and geranial percentages compared to the control. Notably, during mid-August and early October, there was a substantial rise in these valuable compounds. However, a decrease in geranyl acetate and oxygenated monoterpenes resulted in a decline of the antioxidant capacity to 3%. Consequently, it is recommended to utilize essential oils from the second and third harvests for industrial purposes. Overall, the use of livestock manures, especially sheep manure, as a nutrient source for lemon balm cultivation, proves to be a viable approach for producing high-quality essential oils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Cultivation of Horticultural Crops)

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13 pages, 4004 KiB

Open AccessEssay

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the PsTPS Gene Family in Pisum sativum

by Hao Yuan, Baoxia Liu, Guwen Zhang, Zhijuan Feng, Bin Wang, Yuanpeng Bu, Yu Xu, Zhihong Sun, Na Liu and Yaming Gong

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101104 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1355

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the role of the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene family in the adaptation of peas to environmental stress. A comprehensive analysis of the PsTPS gene family identified 20 genes with conserved domains and specific chromosomal locations. Phylogenetic [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore the role of the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene family in the adaptation of peas to environmental stress. A comprehensive analysis of the PsTPS gene family identified 20 genes with conserved domains and specific chromosomal locations. Phylogenetic analysis delineated evolutionary relationships, while gene structure analysis revealed compositional insights, and motif analysis provided functional insights. Cis-regulatory element identification predicted gene regulation patterns. Tissue-specific and stress-induced expression profiling highlighted eight genes with ubiquitous expression, with PsTPS15 and PsTPS18 displaying elevated expression levels in roots, nodules, and young stems, and PsTPS13 and PsTPS19 expression downregulated in seeds. Transcriptome analysis identified a differential expression of 20 PsTPS genes, highlighting the significance of 14 genes in response to drought and salinity stress. Notably, under drought conditions, the expression of PsTPS4 and PsTPS6 was initially upregulated and then downregulated, whereas that of PsTPS15 and PsTPS19 was downregulated. Salinity stress notably altered the expression of PsTPS4, PsTPS6, and PsTPS19. Taken together, these findings elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of the PsTPS gene family and their potential as genetic targets for enhancing crop stress tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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30 pages, 4274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Titanium Nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) as Catalysts for Enhancing Drought Tolerance in Grapevine Saplings

by Selda Daler, Ozkan Kaya, Nesrin Korkmaz, Tuğba Kılıç, Ahmet Karadağ and Harlene Hatterman-Valenti

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101103 - 17 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1519

Abstract

Drought is a major stress that hinders plant growth and causes water stress, posing a significant threat to global food security. While nanotechnology, particularly the use of nanoparticles such as TiO₂, offers a promising solution by enhancing plants’ resilience to drought [...] Read more.

Drought is a major stress that hinders plant growth and causes water stress, posing a significant threat to global food security. While nanotechnology, particularly the use of nanoparticles such as TiO₂, offers a promising solution by enhancing plants’ resilience to drought stress, improving nutrient absorption, and promoting growth under adverse conditions, its application in viticulture remains underexplored. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs; 100, 10, 1, and 0 ppm (control)) on various physiological, biochemical, and morphological parameters in grapevine saplings. Three different rootstock varieties, 41 B/Crimson Seedless (CS), 1103 P/CS, and 5 BB/CS, were included in the experiment to assess how rootstock variety influences the response of grapevine saplings to TiO₂-NPs under drought stress (40–50%) and well-irrigated (90–100%) conditions. Young vines grown in pots under greenhouse conditions were used in this study. Applications of 10 ppm TiO₂-NPs improved growth parameters and the SPAD index and enhanced stomatal conductance, relative water content, and protein content in grapevine saplings under both drought and well-irrigated conditions. Conversely, oxidative stress parameters, including the membrane damage index, hydrogen peroxide, drought index, and lipid peroxidation levels, were significantly reduced following 10 ppm TiO₂-NP applications under drought conditions. Furthermore, total phenolic content, proline content, and ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities, which increased significantly with drought stress, were reduced to lower levels, paralleling the alleviation of drought-induced oxidative stress. Our results suggest that the primary role of TiO₂ nanoparticles in enhancing drought tolerance is due to their beneficial effects in alleviating damage caused by drought stress. This finding applies not only to grapevines but may also be relevant for other agricultural crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rootstocks for Grape Production)

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15 pages, 3095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyses of Rhizosphere Soil Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Community Structure in Cerasus humilis Orchards with Different Planting Years

by Xiaopeng Mu, Jing Wang, Hao Qin, Jingqian Ding, Xiaoyan Mou, Shan Liu, Li Wang, Shuai Zhang, Jiancheng Zhang and Pengfei Wang

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101102 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1136

Abstract

Cerasus humilis has been widely used as a key ecological improvement plant species in barren lands in Northern China; however, the soil improvement effects of long-term C. humilis planting have rarely been reported. Our study aimed to determine the effects of planting C. [...] Read more.

Cerasus humilis has been widely used as a key ecological improvement plant species in barren lands in Northern China; however, the soil improvement effects of long-term C. humilis planting have rarely been reported. Our study aimed to determine the effects of planting C. humilis after 3, 6, and 10 years on the physicochemical properties and microbial community structures of the rhizosphere soil. pH decreased significantly with increasing time. Organic matter (OM), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), total potassium (TK), and available potassium (AK) increased gradually from 3 to 10 years. Alkaline and total nitrogen increased significantly and peaked at 6 years. Alkaline phosphatase, urease, sucrase, and hydrogen peroxide activities peaked at 6 years and decreased. Significant differences occurred in C. humilis rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community diversity and richness. Ace, Chaol, Shannon, and Simpson indices indicated diversity and richness of bacterial and fungal communities peaked at 3 and 10 years, respectively. Soil physicochemical properties, except pH, were positively significantly correlated with microbial community structure. AK and TK were the main factors for bacteria and fungi, respectively, with time. Increases in C. humilis rhizosphere soil microbial community relative abundance may be attributed to beneficial bacteria (Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria) and fungi (Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Basidiomycota). Physicochemical and soil and microbial community structure properties gradually improved; however, with time, adequate nutritional supplementation was needed to prevent decreased microbial community richness and diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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21 pages, 2111 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Research Progress on Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility in Rosaceae Species

by Daouda Coulibaly, Feng Gao, Yang Bai, Kenneth Omondi Ouma, Augustine Antwi-Boasiako, Pengyu Zhou, Shahid Iqbal, Amadou Apho Bah, Xiao Huang, Sabaké Tianégué Diarra, Silas Segbo, Faisal Hayat and Zhihong Gao

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101101 - 17 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2036

Abstract

Self-incompatibility (SI) is a complex mechanism that prevents plants from self-fertilizing to preserve and promote genetic variability. The angiosperm species have developed two different SI systems, the sporophytic (SSI) and the gametophytic (GSI) systems. SI is a significant impediment to steady fruit production [...] Read more.

Self-incompatibility (SI) is a complex mechanism that prevents plants from self-fertilizing to preserve and promote genetic variability. The angiosperm species have developed two different SI systems, the sporophytic (SSI) and the gametophytic (GSI) systems. SI is a significant impediment to steady fruit production in fruit tree species of the Rosaceae. In Rosaceae, GSI is genetically regulated via a single locus, named the ‘S-locus’, which includes a minimum of two polymorphic and relatively intercorrelated S genes: a pistil-expressed S-RNase gene and several pollen-expressed SFBB (S-locus F-Box Brothers) or SFB (S haplotype-specific F-box protein). This necessitates the interaction of S-RNases with the male determinants. Although genetic and molecular analyses of S genes have shown that mutations in both pistils and pollen-specific components induce self-compatibility in many species and cultivars, other genes or molecules outside the S-locus can co-participate in the male gamete rejection in GSI. However, we highlight and synthesize the most recent knowledge on different mechanisms of GSI in Rosaceae in this current review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fruit Quality and Genetic Improvement)

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22 pages, 3701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Role of the Antioxidant System and Jasmonic Acid (JA) Signal Transduction in Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Response to Flooding Stress

by Xuejiao Bai, He Huang, Dan Li, Fei Yang, Xinyao Cong, Siqi Wu, Wenxu Zhu, Shengjin Qin and Yibo Wen

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101100 - 16 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1508

Abstract

In recent decades, the frequency of flooding has increased as a result of global climate change. Flooding has become one of the major abiotic stresses that seriously affect the growth and development of plants. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is an important economic [...] Read more.

In recent decades, the frequency of flooding has increased as a result of global climate change. Flooding has become one of the major abiotic stresses that seriously affect the growth and development of plants. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is an important economic tree in China. Flooding stress is among the most severe abiotic stresses that affect the production of mulberry. However, the physiological and molecular biological mechanisms of mulberry responses to flooding stress are still unclear. In the present study, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, antioxidant mechanism, and plant hormones in mulberry associated with the response to flooding stress were investigated using physiological and transcriptomic analysis methods. The results showed significant increases in the production rate of superoxide anion (O₂^•−) and the content of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in leaves on the 5th day of flooding stress. This led to membrane lipid peroxidation and elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) exhibited enhanced activities initially, followed by fluctuations. The ascorbic acid–glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle played a crucial role in scavenging ROS, promoting the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH). Transcriptomic analysis revealed the up-regulation of the gene-encoding antioxidant enzymes (APX, MDHAR, GPX, GR, GST) involved in ROS scavenging and stress tolerance mechanisms. Jasmonic acid (JA) levels and the expression of JA synthesis-related genes increased significantly in mulberry leaves under flooding stress. This activation of the JA signaling pathway contributed to the plant’s adaptability to flooding conditions. Proline (Pro) and soluble sugar (SS) contents increased notably in response to flooding stress. Proline helped maintain cell turgor and protected enzymes and membranes from damage, while soluble sugars supported anaerobic respiration and energy supply. However, soluble protein (SP) content decreased, suggesting inhibition of protein synthesis. The study provides insights into mulberry’s flooding tolerance mechanisms, guiding future molecular breeding efforts. This summary captures the key findings and implications of the study on mulberry’s response to flooding stress, focusing on physiological and molecular mechanisms identified in the research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Abiotic Stress Response Mechanism of Horticultural Plants)

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20 pages, 11307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Melatonin as Pre- and Postharvest Application on Quality Attributes, Antioxidant Capacity, and Extension of Shelf Life of Papaya

by Priyaxee Borthakur, Kavitha Chinnasamy, Suresh Kumar Paramasivam, Sivakumar Venkatachalam, Senthil Alagarswamy, Johnson Iruthayasamy, Elaiyabarathi Thiyagarajan and Saraladevi Muthusamy

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101099 - 16 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1796

Abstract

Papaya is widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates due to its high yield potential and high returns. The vital hormone melatonin, regulating various biological processes in plants, is eco-friendly and less harmful to humans than other chemicals. This study aims to enhance [...] Read more.

Papaya is widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates due to its high yield potential and high returns. The vital hormone melatonin, regulating various biological processes in plants, is eco-friendly and less harmful to humans than other chemicals. This study aims to enhance the quality and antioxidant enzyme activities and lessen postharvest senescence in papaya cv. CO 8 fruits during both ambient (32 ± 2 °C and 55 ± 5% RH) and cold storage (10 ± 2 °C and 90–95% RH) as exogenous melatonin (EMT) is applied in varying concentrations. An optimum melatonin dose of 1.5 mM was applied as a pre-harvest spray 15 days before harvest and a postharvest dip proved effective in prolonging shelf life (under ambient it prolonged to day 9 and under cold storage up to 28 days) and delaying ripening and softening. Exogenous melatonin application enhanced antioxidant activity, reduced weight loss, maintained firmness, delayed ripening enzymes, and lowered ethylene and CO₂ levels. For instance, control fruits had weight losses between 7.42% and 10.09%, while fruits treated with 1.5 mM melatonin showed 5.74% and 9.06% weight loss under ambient and cold storage, respectively. In conclusion, applying EMT (1.5 mM) could be an economically viable and environmentally benign way to lessen senescence after harvest and preserve the qualities of the papaya fruit during ambient and cold storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pre and Postharvest Technologies with Eco-Friendly Compounds for Maintaining Quality of Fruits and Vegetables during Cold Storage)

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19 pages, 819 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Physical Preservation Technology of Fresh-Cut Fruits and Vegetables

by Dixin Chen, Yang Zhang, Jianshe Zhao, Li Liu and Long Zhao

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101098 - 16 Oct 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5199

Abstract

Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables have become more popular among consumers because of their nutritional value and convenience. However, the lower shelf life of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables due to processing and mechanical damage is a critical factor affecting their market expansion, and advances [...] Read more.

Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables have become more popular among consumers because of their nutritional value and convenience. However, the lower shelf life of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables due to processing and mechanical damage is a critical factor affecting their market expansion, and advances in preservation technology are needed to prolong their shelf life. Some traditional chemical preservatives are disliked by health-seeking consumers because of worries about toxicity. Chemical preservation is inexpensive and highly efficient, but sometimes it carries risks for human health. Biological preservation methods are safer and more appealing, but they are not applicable to large-scale production. Physical fresh-keeping methods have been used for the storage and transportation of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables due to the ease of application. This review discusses current research in fresh-keeping technology for the preservation of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. Preservation methods include low temperature, modified atmosphere packaging, cold plasma, pulsed light, ultrasonics, ultraviolet light, and ozonated water. As promising alternatives to chemical methods, these novel processes have been evaluated singly or combined with natural preservatives or other methods to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables and to provide references and assessments for further development and application of fresh-cut fruit and vegetable preservation technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Postharvest Fresh-Keeping Technology and Metabolomics of Horticultural Plants)

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13 pages, 2410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Growth Optimization Using Amber Light Supplemented with Different Blue Light Spectra

by Keli Trumpler, Bo-Sen Wu, Philip Wiredu Addo, Sarah MacPherson and Mark Lefsrud

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101097 - 16 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1491

Abstract

Blue (400–500 nm) and red (600–700 nm) light regions have been investigated for their effects on photosynthesis and plant growth, yet evidence for specific blue light wavelengths in plant research is lacking. Investigations into amber (595 nm) light are similarly limited. To ‘shed [...] Read more.

Blue (400–500 nm) and red (600–700 nm) light regions have been investigated for their effects on photosynthesis and plant growth, yet evidence for specific blue light wavelengths in plant research is lacking. Investigations into amber (595 nm) light are similarly limited. To ‘shed light’ on these two important wavelengths, this study investigated the combined effects of blue and amber light on plant growth and development in two model plants: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Beefsteak) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Breen). Plant growth responses were determined with four light treatments: B+BA (blue + broad amber, 455–602 nm), RB-NA (royal blue + narrow amber, 430–602 nm), RB-BA (royal blue + broad amber, 423–595 nm), and high-pressure sodium at a PPFD of 250 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹. After 21 days, the highest fresh and dry mass for both plant species was obtained under the RB-BA light treatment. Shifting the blue wavelength from 430 nm to 455 nm with broad amber lighting led to 40% less fresh mass for tomatoes, whereas only an approximate 5% reduction in fresh mass was observed for lettuce plants. Our findings demonstrate that an alternate and combined blue + amber light spectrum is effective for optimizing plant productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue LED Lighting Effects on the Growth and Development of Fruits and Vegetables)

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19 pages, 4843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conventional and Nano-Zinc Foliar Spray Strategies to Improve the Physico-Chemical Properties and Nutritional and Antioxidant Compounds of Timor Mango Fruits under Abiotic Stress

by Mahmoud Abdel-Sattar, Essa Makhasha and Rashid S. Al-Obeed

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101096 - 15 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1619

Abstract

Zinc deficiency is common under heat stress, and further research is needed to determine how to enhance the fruit quality of mango trees through the use of three forms of zinc, namely Zn-NPs, zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄), and chelated zinc (Zn-chelated), as [...] Read more.

Zinc deficiency is common under heat stress, and further research is needed to determine how to enhance the fruit quality of mango trees through the use of three forms of zinc, namely Zn-NPs, zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄), and chelated zinc (Zn-chelated), as a foliar spray. This research was carried out using ten treatments to investigate the effect of zinc forms on the fruit quality of Timor mango trees. With a few notable exceptions, every fruit quality measurement (physical characteristics, chemical properties, mineral contents, and antioxidant compounds) responded to every treatment looked into; however, the extent of the reaction differed depending on the fruiting measurement. Furthermore, the Zn-NPs created a larger difference in the fruiting measurements than the ZnSO₄ and Zn-chelated forms. ZnO NPs at 100 ppm ranked first, followed by ZnO NPs in the first spray and zinc EDTA in the second spray, followed by ZnO NPs in the first spray and ZnSO₄ in the second, for all mineral content and antioxidant compound measurements and most of the fruit physico-chemical characteristics. In contrast, the lowest levels of minerals and antioxidant compounds and most of the fruit physico-chemical characteristics were found in the controls. The outcomes of the other treatments after the three treatments lay somewhere between these two extremes, and this pattern was detected throughout two seasons. Spraying Timor mango trees with nano, chelated, and sulfate zinc can be considered a safe and environmentally friendly natural method for improving fruit quality in abiotic stress regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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19 pages, 11091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endophyte Bacillus vallismortis BL01 to Control Fungal and Bacterial Phytopathogens of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Plants

by Vladimir K. Chebotar, Maria S. Gancheva, Elena P. Chizhevskaya, Anastasia V. Erofeeva, Alexander V. Khiutti, Alexander M. Lazarev, Xiuhai Zhang, Jing Xue, Chunhong Yang and Igor A. Tikhonovich

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101095 - 14 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3691

Abstract

Some strains of Bacillus vallismortis have been reported to be efficient biocontrol agents against tomato pathogens. The aim of our study was to assess the biocontrol ability of the endophytic strain BL01 Bacillus vallismortis through in vitro and field trials, as well as [...] Read more.

Some strains of Bacillus vallismortis have been reported to be efficient biocontrol agents against tomato pathogens. The aim of our study was to assess the biocontrol ability of the endophytic strain BL01 Bacillus vallismortis through in vitro and field trials, as well as to verify its plant colonization ability and analyze the bacterial genome in order to find genes responsible for the biocontrol activity. We demonstrated in a gnotobiotic system and by confocal laser microscopy that the endophytic strain BL01 was able to colonize the endosphere and rhizosphere of tomato, winter wheat and oilseed rape. In vitro experiments demonstrated the inhibition activity of BL01 against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. BL01 showed biological efficacy in two-year field experiments with tomato plants against black bacterial spotting by 40–70.8% and against late blight by 47.1% and increased tomato harvest by 24.9% or 10.9 tons per hectare compared to the control. Genome analysis revealed the presence of genes that are responsible for the synthesis of biologically active secondary metabolites, which could be responsible for the biocontrol action. Strain BL01 B. vallismortis can be considered an effective biocontrol agent to control both fungal and bacterial diseases in tomato plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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16 pages, 5468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Patterns of the Auxin-Responsive PbGH3 Gene Family Reveal Its Crucial Role in Organ Development

by Baopeng Ding, Chaohui Hu, Qing Cheng, Muhammad Tanveer Akhtar, Maryam Noor and Xingyu Cui

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101094 - 14 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1334

Abstract

The regulation of vital plant activities by hormones is governed by a family of macromolecular peptides referred to as GH3 genes. This work analyzed the expression patterns of GH3 family genes in pear tissues using transcriptome data and bioinformatics analysis. In the Bai [...] Read more.

The regulation of vital plant activities by hormones is governed by a family of macromolecular peptides referred to as GH3 genes. This work analyzed the expression patterns of GH3 family genes in pear tissues using transcriptome data and bioinformatics analysis. In the Bai Li pear genome, a total of 18 PbGH3 genes were identified. Comparative evolutionary studies have shown a strong association between PbGH3 and AtGH3 class I and class II proteins. The role of PbGH3 genes in growth activities and hormone regulation was revealed using gene ontology (GO) and promoter region analysis. In addition, although certain PbGH3 genes exhibited tissue-specific expression in sepals, the majority had a ubiquitous expression across all tissues. Bioinformatics and expression studies suggest that the GH3 gene family in pears may have a role in controlling the abscission of the fruit’s sepals. This work sheds light on the pear fruit sepal shedding process and may inspire further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Tree Orchards: Disease Resistance Obtained by New Genetic Breeding Methods)

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17 pages, 2113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Weeding Methods on Soil Physicochemical Properties, Root Morphology, and Fruit Economic Traits in Camellia oleifera Abel. Plantations

by Xueyun Shi, Huaiyuan Wu, Shuangling Xie, Hongkui Li, Yan Wang, Yuman Wang, Huiyun Liu, Qinhua Cheng, Zongde Wang and Dongnan Hu

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101093 - 13 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Soil physicochemical properties, root characteristics, and fruit economic traits were determined in Camellia oleifera plantations under spontaneous vegetation + mowing (W1), spontaneous vegetation + glyphosate (W2), and no weeding (CK) treatments. Compared with CK, W1 reduced soil bulk density and increased total nitrogen, [...] Read more.

Soil physicochemical properties, root characteristics, and fruit economic traits were determined in Camellia oleifera plantations under spontaneous vegetation + mowing (W1), spontaneous vegetation + glyphosate (W2), and no weeding (CK) treatments. Compared with CK, W1 reduced soil bulk density and increased total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and effective potassium content. W2 treatment resulted in higher bulk density than W1 and lower water-holding capacity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and available potassium of the soil. Generally, both W1 and W2 inhibited weed morphological traits while favoring the C. oleifera root system, with the W1 treatment resulting in the greatest increase. Fruit transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, yield, and oil yield were higher in W1 than in CK and W2 treatments. Weed root systems and C. oleifera root systems ultimately affect oil production and yield by affecting bulk density, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, fruit transverse diameter, seed yield, and seed kernel oil content. In summary, W1 treatment improved the physicochemical properties, root growth, fruit growth, and soil quality in C. oleifera plantations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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Horticulturae, Volume 10, Issue 10 (October 2024) – 112 articles

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