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Horticulturae, Volume 10, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 111 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This study examined the impact of genotype and altitude on the seed germination of Campanula pelviformis and Petromarula pinnata (Campanulaceae), two threatened local endemic plants from Crete (Greece) that have agro-alimentary, medicinal, and ornamental value. Freshly collected seeds from five populations of C. pelviformis and seven populations of P. pinnata from lowlands (<500 m) and semi-mountainous (>500 m) areas were studied in terms of seed size and germination percentages at four temperatures (10, 15, 20, and 25 °C). Genotype, temperature, and their interaction significantly affected germination (highest germinability at 10 °C and 15 °C). Differences among genotypes were detected at all temperatures (especially at 20 °C) and between altitudes. These findings may aid conservation efforts and set a basis for introducing these species as unique crops. View this paper
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18 pages, 1915 KiB  
Article
Intergeneric Transfer of Simple Sequence Repeat Molecular Markers for the Study of Chaenomeles as Fruit Crop Breeding Material
by Gunārs Lācis, Katrīna Kārkliņa, Toms Bartulsons and Edīte Kaufmane
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1233; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111233 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 320
Abstract
The genus Chaenomeles, part of the subfamily Maloideae within the Rosaceae family, comprises five recognized species and has long been valued for its ornamental qualities. However, the use of Chaenomeles japonica as a fruit crop is relatively recent, with its introduction into [...] Read more.
The genus Chaenomeles, part of the subfamily Maloideae within the Rosaceae family, comprises five recognized species and has long been valued for its ornamental qualities. However, the use of Chaenomeles japonica as a fruit crop is relatively recent, with its introduction into targeted breeding activities only occurring in the 1950s. Due to this, genetic information on the genus remains limited, and the application of molecular markers in crop breeding and further development have been narrow, relying primarily on non-specific marker applications in germplasm analysis. One potential solution is the transfer of molecular markers between genera, specifically from the related Maloideae genera. This study aimed to test the transferability of SSR markers developed for Malus to Chaenomeles, and to analyze the structure of available Chaenomeles germplasm. By including 74 Chaenomeles genotypes, 95 SSR markers originally developed for Malus were tested, with 25 proving effective for characterizing Chaenomeles germplasm. These adapted SSR markers successfully differentiated among Chaenomeles species, including Chaenomeles japonica, Chaenomeles speciosa, Chaenomeles cathayensis, and hybrids like Chaenomeles × superba and Chaenomeles × californica. The markers demonstrated high stability and repeatability, indicating their suitability for large-scale genetic research, species composition assessment, and breeding material evaluation. Given the limited studies on SSR markers in Chaenomeles, this research lays the foundation for further exploration, potentially expanding into the genetic diversity assessment and trait screening for breeding. As genetic research on Chaenomeles is still in its early stages, the development of additional markers will be crucial for advancing this crop. Full article
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27 pages, 11181 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Food Production, Cooling Potential, and Gardener Perspectives in Urban Allotment Gardens of Valladolid, Spain
by Francisco Tomatis, Monika Egerer and Luis Manuel Navas-Gracia
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1232; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111232 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 510
Abstract
The renaissance in urban agriculture is driven by its contributions to fostering more sustainable, healthy, and renaturalized cities. While urban gardens are usually designed to improve food security or serve social purposes, they also offer additional benefits. The aim of this research is [...] Read more.
The renaissance in urban agriculture is driven by its contributions to fostering more sustainable, healthy, and renaturalized cities. While urban gardens are usually designed to improve food security or serve social purposes, they also offer additional benefits. The aim of this research is to study the urban allotment gardens in Valladolid, Spain, highlighting their capacity to support low-income populations and their potential contribution to urban cooling. As a result of research in twelve plots across four gardens, we found that crop selection in Valladolid aligns with broader urban gardening trends in the Global North, with production adapted to limited plot space and varying significantly by season. In addition, we observed that urban allotment gardens provide more stable and cooler temperatures compared to urban gray spaces, although not as significantly as urban parks. The cooling effect was most pronounced during the summer, a season with the highest number of crops and the warmest temperatures. The study identified that greater crop cover above soil had a more significant cooling effect at the plot level. Surprisingly, crop abundance and crop diversity showed a weak correlation with cooling benefits. As a complement, survey questionnaires conducted with gardeners revealed their awareness of climate change and its perceived direct threat to their crops, health, and city. The future concerns of gardeners regarding the availability of water for both crop growth and the development of urban allotment gardens are emphasized. The findings provide results on self-produced food, urban cooling, and the opinion of gardeners, underscoring the multifunctional contributions of urban gardens to cities. Full article
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16 pages, 3825 KiB  
Article
Effects of Humic Acids, Seaweed Extract and Equisetum arvense L. Extracts on Morphological, Histological and Physiological Parameters of the Ornamental Plant Ocimum basilicum Rokokó
by Szilvia Kisvarga, Katalin Horotán, Dóra Hamar-Farkas and László Orlóci
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1231; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111231 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 699
Abstract
Ocimum basilicum L. is a multipurpose plant species used in the horticultural sector as a medicinal, herbaceous and ornamental plant. In our experiment, the Hungarian cultivar O. basilicum Rokokó was treated with algae (Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenf.), horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) [...] Read more.
Ocimum basilicum L. is a multipurpose plant species used in the horticultural sector as a medicinal, herbaceous and ornamental plant. In our experiment, the Hungarian cultivar O. basilicum Rokokó was treated with algae (Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenf.), horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) extracts and humic extracts. The effect of the biostimulants on the groups was assessed by morphological (leaf number, leaf area, fresh green mass, fresh root mass), histological (number of volatile oil glands) and physiological (chlorophyll content, peroxidase enzyme activity, proline levels) measurements. Obtained results were evaluated and it was concluded that the plants treated with algae and E. arvense extracts showed remarkable results for all the parameters measured. It was concluded that these extracts can be used as biostimulants in the cultivation of basil seedlings as ornamental plants, as they have a beneficial effect on the development of the plant. The humic extracts were less effective during the time period studied, probably due to their high molecular weight, which would have resulted in a longer absorption time. For the humic extracts, foliar application was less effective than irrigation, probably due to rapid damping-off, which reduced the penetration of humic extracts into the leaves. Though morphological characteristics are especially important for basil used as an ornamental plant, the plant’s essential oil content can also be important in attracting attention in urban plantings. It was found that humic extracts applied (22.8 pcs/sampling area) with irrigation had a strong effect on essential oil glands, in contrast when used as a spray (13.1 pcs/sampling area). The lowest stress levels were obtained in the group treated with irrigated humus extracts (274.96 µg/mg), which may be related to the continuous supply of nutrients, and in the group treated with E. arvense extract, silicon (219.05 µg/mg) may be the result of hermetic effects. In conclusion, E. arvense and algae extracts can be effective biostimulants in the horticultural sector for the seedling production of ornamental basil, and after a longer growing period, humic extracts can be used effectively by irrigation after planting. The use of natural extracts can also give a green light to this segment for sustainable and environmentally friendly cultivation, which can also better resist the effects of climate change and urbanisation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Insights into Horticultural Crop Ecophysiology)
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14 pages, 1988 KiB  
Article
Integrating Soil, Leaf, Fruitlet, and Fruit Nutrients, Along with Fruit Quality, to Predict Post-Storage Quality of Staccato Sweet Cherries
by Mehdi Sharifi, William Wolk, Keyvan Asefpour Vakilian, Hao Xu, Stephanie Slamka and Karen Fong
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111230 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 455
Abstract
Predicting the post-storage quality of cherry fruits is crucial for determining their suitability for long-distance shipping or domestic distribution. This study aimed to forecast key quality attributes of Staccato sweet cherries after storage, simulating shipping conditions, by analyzing spring soil, leaf, fruitlet, and [...] Read more.
Predicting the post-storage quality of cherry fruits is crucial for determining their suitability for long-distance shipping or domestic distribution. This study aimed to forecast key quality attributes of Staccato sweet cherries after storage, simulating shipping conditions, by analyzing spring soil, leaf, fruitlet, and at-harvest data from thirty orchards in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada, over two years. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to predict post-storage variables, with pre-harvest and at-harvest data selected by a genetic algorithm. The SVM accurately predicted soluble solids (R2 = 0.88), firmness (R2 = 0.83), and acidity (R2 = 0.79) after four weeks of storage, as well as visual disorders like slip skin and stem browning. Spring soil properties (Ca, Mg), leaf (N, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, B), and fruitlet data (N, Ca, Mg, B) were key predictors. Leaf Ca was vital for firmness and total soluble solids (TSS) prediction, while N in leaves and fruitlets influenced firmness, acidity, and disorders. Leaf Zn helped predict weight and acidity/TSS ratio, and Mg impacted fruit color. Pre-harvest leaf nutrition measured 3–4 weeks before harvest, proved most effective in predicting post-storage quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management: Strategies for Yield and Quality)
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16 pages, 13614 KiB  
Article
Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Revealed Mechanism Underlying Anthocyanin Biosynthesis During Flower Color Formation in Lagerstroemia indica
by Zilong Gao, Zhuomei Chen, Jinfeng Wang and Weixin Liu
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111229 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 367
Abstract
Lagerstroemia indica is a widely used ornamental woody plant known for its summer flowering and significant ornamental and economic value. While L. indica boasts a variety of rich flower colors, the molecular mechanisms underlying this color formation remain unclear. In this study, we [...] Read more.
Lagerstroemia indica is a widely used ornamental woody plant known for its summer flowering and significant ornamental and economic value. While L. indica boasts a variety of rich flower colors, the molecular mechanisms underlying this color formation remain unclear. In this study, we selected three different flower colors of L. indica—white (W), red (R), and purple (P)—for transcriptome and metabolome analysis. The metabolome analysis identified 538 flavonoids, with 22 anthocyanins highly accumulated in the red and purple flowers. RNA-seq analysis annotated a total of 35,505 genes. Furthermore, we identified 42 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, with their expression levels aligning with anthocyanin content. Correlation analysis revealed that 19 MYB and 11 bHLH transcription factors are likely involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Additionally, we identified 59 auxin biosynthesis and signaling-related genes that are positively correlated with anthocyanin-related genes and metabolites, suggesting that auxin may play a role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in L. indica. This study provides valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying anthocyanin accumulation and color formation in L. indica petals and identifies several potential genes, laying the groundwork for further research on regulatory mechanisms and genetic improvement of L. indica. Full article
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24 pages, 6532 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Identification of AGO, DCL, and RDR Genes and Their Expression Analysis in Response to Drought Stress in Peach
by Mohammad Belal, Charmaine Ntini, Cherono Sylvia, Misganaw Wassie, Mahmoud Magdy, Collins Ogutu, Mohamed Ezzat, Md Dulal Ali Mollah, Yunpeng Cao, Weihan Zhang, Elsayed Nishawy and Yuepeng Han
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111228 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 807
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) control a wide range of development and physiological pathways in plants. To address the response of sRNA biogenesis to drought stress, we identified sRNA biogenesis genes, including 11 encoding argonautes (AGO), 8 encoding Dicer-like proteins (DCL), and 9 encoding RNA-dependent [...] Read more.
Small RNAs (sRNAs) control a wide range of development and physiological pathways in plants. To address the response of sRNA biogenesis to drought stress, we identified sRNA biogenesis genes, including 11 encoding argonautes (AGO), 8 encoding Dicer-like proteins (DCL), and 9 encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDR) in the peach genome. Notably, the largest numbers of sRNA biogenesis genes are located to chromosome 1. The PAZ, PIWI, and MID domains were identified in PpAGOs, while the ribonuclease IIIa and IIIb domains were characterized in PpDCLs. The RDRP domain was recognized in PpRDRs. Orthologous similarity and collinearity analyses between Arabidopsis and peach revealed 5, 1, and 2 collinear blocks in AGOs, DCLs, and RDRs, respectively. Moreover, 41, 40, and 42 cis-acting elements were located in the promoters of PpAGOs, PpDCLs, and PpRDRs, respectively, with the majority related to drought stress response. Analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data revealed that sRNA biogenesis genes were involved in drought stress response in different tissues. Furthermore, the expression of candidate genes was verified in two peach cultivars, Beijing 2-7 (BJ2-7) and Sinai (SN), which are tested as drought-tolerant and sensitive cultivars, respectively, based on the physiological and biochemical analyses, which revealed that the Chinese peach cultivar ‘BJ2-7’ exhibits greater drought resistance compared to the Egyptian peach cultivar ‘SN’. Interestingly, the expression of PpAGO2b, PpDCL2b, PpDCL4, and PpRDR4 genes was induced in ‘BJ2-7’ but inhibited in ‘SN’ under drought stress. Overall, this study provides insight into the roles of sRNA biogenesis genes in response to drought stress in peach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))
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12 pages, 5504 KiB  
Article
Effect of Nutrient Management During the Nursery Period on the Growth, Tissue Nutrient Content, and Flowering Characteristics of Hydroponic Strawberry in 2022
by Su-Hyun Choi, Dae-Young Kim, Sun Yi Lee and Kyoung Hee Lee
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111227 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 378
Abstract
The objective of a strawberry nursery is to produce numerous runners and improve the quality of the runner plants, ensuring their uniformity and health. About 80% of the strawberry nurseries in Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea, are cultivated by the growers themselves, which results [...] Read more.
The objective of a strawberry nursery is to produce numerous runners and improve the quality of the runner plants, ensuring their uniformity and health. About 80% of the strawberry nurseries in Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea, are cultivated by the growers themselves, which results in variations in the cultivation techniques. Different methods are employed to reduce the nitrogen levels to promote floral bud initiation in the later nursery stage, and these methods vary between farms. This study was conducted on the ‘Sulhyang’ cultivar (Fragaria × ananassa Dutch. cv. Sulhyang) to measure the nutrient content in runner plants obtained from eight growers using various cultivation methods, supply EC levels, nutrient solution termination times, etc., and to correlate the nutrient levels with floral bud initiation during the nursery period. Four investigations were conducted at 15-day intervals from Julian day 214 (2 August) to Julian day 259 (16 September) in 2022, focusing on nutrient management during the nursery period, runner plant growth, petiole nitrate nitrogen content (NO3-N), and soluble solid content (SSC). The NO3-N content decreased, and the SSC/NO3-N ratio increased near the transplanting period, as assessed using a rapid inorganic nutrient diagnostic device. The proportion of runner plants that had advanced to stage 3 or above in floral bud initiation was investigated using a stereomicroscope. As a result, differences in the percentage of floral bud initiation were confirmed based on the varying nutrient management among the farms. In this study, on Julian day 243 (31 August 2022), there was a strong negative correlation (r = −0.86, r2 = 0.73) between the NO3-N content in the runner plants and the percentage of floral bud initiation. These results emphasize the importance of nutrient management during the nursery period, especially for strawberry self-propagating growers, and demonstrate a strong correlation between nutrient content and floral bud initiation in strawberries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)
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23 pages, 17355 KiB  
Article
Development of a Machine Learning Natural Ventilation Rate Model by Studying the Wind Field Inside and Around Multiple-Row Chinese Solar Greenhouses
by Ran Liu, Yunyan Shi, Pierre-Emmanuel Bournet and Kaige Liu
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1226; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111226 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 472
Abstract
This paper experimented with a methodology of machine learning modelling using virtual samples generated by fast CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations in order to predict the greenhouse natural ventilation. However, the output natural ventilation rates using fast two-dimensional (2D) CFD models are not [...] Read more.
This paper experimented with a methodology of machine learning modelling using virtual samples generated by fast CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations in order to predict the greenhouse natural ventilation. However, the output natural ventilation rates using fast two-dimensional (2D) CFD models are not always consistent with the three-dimensional (3D) one for all the scenarios. The first contribution of this paper is a proposed comparative modelling methodology between two-dimensional and three-dimensional CFD studies, regarding its validity, especially when buildings are in rows. The results show that the error of the ventilation rate prediction could exceed 50%, if 2D models are not properly used. Subsequently, in those scenarios where the 2D and the 3D models had equal accuracy, nearly one thousand samples were generated using fast 2D CFD simulations to train a natural ventilation rate regression tree model. This model is efficient to deal with the combined effect of wind pressure and thermal gradients under various vent configurations, with only four necessary inputs. In addition, by analyzing the wind speed distribution contour of the outdoor wind field around the greenhouse rows, the optimal wind speed-measuring locations were determined to eliminate interference for predicting the natural ventilation rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation and Production of Greenhouse Horticulture)
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16 pages, 4479 KiB  
Article
Drought and Salinity Stresses Response in Three Korean Native Herbaceous Plants and Their Suitability as Garden Plants
by Saeng Geul Baek, Jung Won Shin, Jae Ik Nam, Jeong Min Seo, Jung Min Kim and Su Young Woo
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111225 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 512
Abstract
Native garden plants significantly contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem functions in urban environments. This study aimed to identify the physiochemical differences among native herbaceous plants subjected to drought or salinity stress and to assess their potential as garden plants adaptable [...] Read more.
Native garden plants significantly contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem functions in urban environments. This study aimed to identify the physiochemical differences among native herbaceous plants subjected to drought or salinity stress and to assess their potential as garden plants adaptable to outdoor conditions and global climate change. Physiological parameters, such as chlorophyll (SD; −86.7% and −61.5%, SS: −85% and −76.5%) and carotenoid (SD; −84.5% and −58.3%, SS; −80.5% and −76%), decreased in Melica grandiflora and Carex forficula in severe drought or salinity treatment. In contrast, Carex boottiana maintained high water-use efficiency (SD: +97.5%, SS: +262.9%) under severe drought or salinity conditions, with no significant changes observed in chlorophyll (SD: +9.5%, SS: −3.7%) or carotenoid levels (SD: +35.2%, SS: +0.3%) compared to the WW or UT conditions. Biochemical analyses indicated that C. boottiana exhibited lower or slightly higher levels of malondialdehyde in SS (−22.5%) and reactive oxygen species such as O2 (SD: +9.9%; SS: −9.4%) than those observed in the other species under severe stress conditions. Principal component analysis revealed clear differences in tolerance levels among the native species. C. boottiana demonstrated high adaptability to both drought and salinity stress, indicating its potential as a sustainable and resilient garden material for urban landscapes facing severe climatic challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)
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23 pages, 1327 KiB  
Article
Foliar Silicon Application in the Era of Climate Change as a Part of Strategy to Reduce Water Requirements in Mediterranean Viticulture
by Lia-Tânia Dinis, Natália Mota, Sandra Martins, António Castro Ribeiro, José Moutinho-Pereira and Sandra Pereira
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111224 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 547
Abstract
Rising temperatures and water scarcity due to climate change are significant challenges for Mediterranean viticulture, particularly in the Douro Valley, a prominent winemaking region. Silicon (Si) has gained attention as a potential solution for mitigating these environmental stresses, especially in areas with limited [...] Read more.
Rising temperatures and water scarcity due to climate change are significant challenges for Mediterranean viticulture, particularly in the Douro Valley, a prominent winemaking region. Silicon (Si) has gained attention as a potential solution for mitigating these environmental stresses, especially in areas with limited water resources. This study explores the foliar application of Si as a promising strategy to reduce water requirements in vineyards, specifically for the Touriga Franca variety, thereby supporting more sustainable water use. Four treatments were tested: non-irrigated control (C−), an irrigated control under a deficit irrigation regime (25% ETc; C+), and two Si concentrations (7% Si-Si1 and 20% Si-Si2) applied to non-irrigated plants. Results demonstrate that Si-treated plants improved physiological resilience, as evidenced by enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, greater water-use efficiency, and higher biochemical quality in both leaves and berries. Additionally, Si application increased leaf flavonoids and simultaneously improved must composition due to its overall influence on vine physiology, indicating its potential as a sustainable alternative to irrigation for reducing summer stress. This research suggests that foliar Si application could be a valuable, eco-friendly strategy to support sustainable viticulture under increasingly arid conditions, reducing the irrigation needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)
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8 pages, 269 KiB  
Communication
First Experience of Late Pruning on Kékfrankos Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in Eger Wine Region (Hungary)
by Szabolcs Villangó, András Szekeres, György Végvári, Gitta Ficzek, Gergely Simon and Zsolt Zsófi
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111223 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 594
Abstract
Traditional winter pruning in dormancy (BBCH-00) as control (C) and three late pruning treatments, LP1 (wool stage—BBCH-05), LP2 (two leaves folded—BBCH-12), and LP3 (four leaves folded—BBCH-14), were applied on Kékfrankos grapevines. The evolution of the phenological growth stages, grape juice, wine analytical parameters, [...] Read more.
Traditional winter pruning in dormancy (BBCH-00) as control (C) and three late pruning treatments, LP1 (wool stage—BBCH-05), LP2 (two leaves folded—BBCH-12), and LP3 (four leaves folded—BBCH-14), were applied on Kékfrankos grapevines. The evolution of the phenological growth stages, grape juice, wine analytical parameters, and phenolic composition were evaluated. The quantitative aspects of the grape berry, bunch, yield, and cane were also assessed. Our goal was to reach a decrease in sugar content and an increase in acidity. Delaying or postponing the phenological phases to bring technological and phenolic ripening closer together was also one of our objectives. These were accomplished, but the negative aspects of late pruning, which resulted in a reduction in the diameter and weight of the canes, should also be taken into account. We also found that, the later the late pruning, the more the yield was reduced. By postponing pruning, the phenological phases were also extended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Sustainable Viticulture)
18 pages, 2453 KiB  
Article
The Application of Conventional and Organic Fertilizers During Wild Edible Species Cultivation: A Case Study of Purslane and Common Sowthistle
by Efraimia Hajisolomou, Giannis Neofytou, Spyridon A. Petropoulos and Nikolaos Tzortzakis
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111222 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 449
Abstract
The introduction of alternative crops, including wild edible and medicinal plants, in organic cultivation systems presents an attractive approach to producing healthy and high-quality products due to their content in beneficial compounds and increased nutritional value. The current study evaluated the impact of [...] Read more.
The introduction of alternative crops, including wild edible and medicinal plants, in organic cultivation systems presents an attractive approach to producing healthy and high-quality products due to their content in beneficial compounds and increased nutritional value. The current study evaluated the impact of organic and conventional fertilization on the growth, quality, nutrient status and stress response of the two wild edible species, e.g., purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.), under field conditions. The fertilization treatments included the following: a control (NoFert) treatment with no fertilizers added, base dressing with conventional fertilization (CoFert), base dressing with organic fertilization (OrFert), base dressing and side dressing with conventional fertilization (OrFert + SCoFert) and base dressing and side dressing with organic fertilization (CoFert + SCoFert). Organic fertilization was carried out using a commercial vinasse-based organic fertilizer. In both purslane and common sowthistle, the application of organic fertilizers provided comparable or even enhanced plant growth traits, macronutrient content (i.e., P and K for purslane, and N for sowthistle) and quality (i.e., total soluble solids) compared to the application of conventional fertilizers. On the other hand, conventional fertilization with supplementary fertilization positively influenced the plant growth of purslane (i.e., plant height and stems biomass), as well as its physiological parameters (i.e., chlorophylls content), total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity (i.e., DPPH and FRAP). Similarly, conventional fertilization led to increased total phenolics and antioxidants in common sowthistle, while variable effects were observed regarding plant physiology, stress response and antioxidant capacity indices. In conclusion, the use of organic fertilization in both purslane and common sowthistle exhibited a performance similar to that of conventional fertilization, although further optimization of fertilization regimes is needed to improve the quality of the edible products. Full article
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19 pages, 1855 KiB  
Review
Plant Responses and Adaptations to Salt Stress: A Review
by Cuiyu Liu, Xibing Jiang and Zhaohe Yuan
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111221 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1260
Abstract
Salinity poses a significant environmental challenge, limiting plant growth and development. To cultivate salt-tolerant plants, it is crucial to understand the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses and adaptations to salt stress, as well as to explore natural genetic resources linked to salt tolerance. [...] Read more.
Salinity poses a significant environmental challenge, limiting plant growth and development. To cultivate salt-tolerant plants, it is crucial to understand the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses and adaptations to salt stress, as well as to explore natural genetic resources linked to salt tolerance. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the mechanisms behind morphological and physiological responses triggered by salt stress, including salt damage to plants, the disturbance of cell osmotic potentials and ion homeostasis, lipid peroxidation, and the suppression of photosynthesis and growth. We also describe the physiological mechanisms that confer salt tolerance in plants, such as osmotic adjustments, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, photosynthetic responses, phytohormone regulation, and ion regulation. Additionally, we summarize the salt-stress sensing and signaling pathways, gene regulatory networks, as well as salt-tolerance mechanisms in plants. The key pathways involved in salt-stress signal perception and transduction, including Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) cascades, the salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway, and the abscisic acid (ABA) pathway, are discussed, along with relevant salt-stress-responsive genes and transcription factors. In the end, the important issues and challenges related to salt tolerance for future research are addressed. Overall, this review aims to provide essential insights for the future cultivation and breeding of crops and fruits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)
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14 pages, 2175 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Basil Seed Vigor Evaluations: An Automatic Approach Using Computer Vision-Based Technique
by Júlio César Altizani-Júnior, Silvio Moure Cicero, Cristina Batista de Lima, Rafael Mateus Alves and Francisco Guilhien Gomes-Junior
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111220 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 580
Abstract
The short cultivation cycle and high essential oil content of basil plants render them a valuable raw material source for diverse industries. However, large-scale production is hindered by the lack of specific protocols to assess seed vigor; thus, a consistent supply of high-quality [...] Read more.
The short cultivation cycle and high essential oil content of basil plants render them a valuable raw material source for diverse industries. However, large-scale production is hindered by the lack of specific protocols to assess seed vigor; thus, a consistent supply of high-quality seeds that meet consumer demands cannot be ensured. This study investigated the effectiveness of an automated system for seedling analysis as a tool for evaluating basil seed vigor and compared it to traditional tests. For this purpose, seeds from eight commercial lots were evaluated in two separate trials spaced six months apart using the following tests: germination, first germination count, saturated salt accelerated aging, primary root emergence, mean germination time, seedling emergence, seedling emergence speed index, and computerized seedling image analysis. The parameters provided by the system allowed us to clearly and objectively classify the basil seed lots based on vigor, and the results were strongly and significantly correlated with the findings of traditional vigor tests, particularly between the vigor index and seedling length. Digital analysis of four-day-old seedlings proved to be a fast and efficient technique for evaluating basil seed vigor and has the potential for use in automating the data collection and analysis process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)
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22 pages, 8594 KiB  
Article
Identification of the NAC Family and a Functional Analysis of NoNAC36a Under Flooding Stress in Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.)
by Qiang Ding, Jiajun Ran, Xiaoshan Chen, Zhanyuan Gao, Xiaojun Qian, Chenyang Zhang, Suchong Deng, Yunlou Shen, Yaolong Wang, Ying Li and Xilin Hou
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1219; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111219 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 506
Abstract
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.) is a cruciferous aquatic vegetable that possesses significant nutritional value. The NAC family is a transcription factor family specific to plants that play an important role in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress. In order to investigate the [...] Read more.
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.) is a cruciferous aquatic vegetable that possesses significant nutritional value. The NAC family is a transcription factor family specific to plants that play an important role in regulating plant responses to abiotic stress. In order to investigate the response of NAC genes to flooding stress in watercress, we conducted a study on the NoNAC family. In this study, a total of 119 NoNAC genes were obtained through genome-wide identification. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the NoNAC family members can be categorized into ten subgroups. The results of gene structure analysis revealed that each branch within the subgroups exhibited similar motif composition and gene structure. The heatmap analysis showed that several NoNAC genes demonstrated tissue-specific expression patterns, suggesting their potential as regulators of associated tissue development. As an aquatic plant, watercress serves as a valuable material for investigating plant resistance to flooding stress. This study found that flooding can significantly increase the watercress plant height, which is a typical escape strategy under flooding. The analysis of the expression of NoNAC genes in the stem transcriptome after flooding indicated that only NoNAC36a consistently exhibited significant differential changes and down-regulated expression at the three time points of flooding treatment. This suggests that NoNAC36a may be involved in regulating watercress plant height increases under flooding stress. The utilization of a virus-induced gene silencing assay to investigate the biological function of NoNAC36a revealed that NoNAC36a silencing caused cell elongation and expansion, thus increasing watercress plant height. The yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assays demonstrated that NoNAC36a binds the promoter of NoXTH33 and inhibits its expression. Subsequently, the results of yeast two-hybrid, luciferase complementary, and pull-down assays revealed the interaction between NoMOB1A and NoNAC36a in vivo and in vitro. Sequence alignment indicated that NoMOB1A and AtMOB1A share an identical amino acid sequence. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that flooding prompted the expression of NoMOB1A in stems. Thus, it is speculated that NoMOB1A may exhibit functions similar to AtMOB1A and that the up-regulation of NoMOB1A expression in stems may facilitate an increase in plant height under flooding. In summary, the NoNAC family was analyzed, and revealed a regulatory network centered on NoNAC36a that facilitates watercress resistance to flooding stress. This study enhanced the understanding of the NoNAC genes and established a theoretical foundation for investigating plant flooding tolerance. Full article
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15 pages, 18347 KiB  
Article
Unified Assembly of Chloroplast Genomes: A Comparative Study of Grapes Representing Global Geographic Diversity
by Yue Song, Lujia Wang, Lipeng Zhang, Junpeng Li, Yuanxu Teng, Zhen Zhang, Yuanyuan Xu, Dongying Fan, Juan He and Chao Ma
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111218 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 514
Abstract
The genus Vitis, known for its economically important fruit—grape—is divided into three geographical groups, American, East Asian, and Eurasian, along with a hybrid group. However, previous studies on grape phylogeny using chloroplast genomes have been hindered by limited sample sizes and inconsistent [...] Read more.
The genus Vitis, known for its economically important fruit—grape—is divided into three geographical groups, American, East Asian, and Eurasian, along with a hybrid group. However, previous studies on grape phylogeny using chloroplast genomes have been hindered by limited sample sizes and inconsistent methodologies, resulting in inaccuracies. In this study, we employed the GetOrganelle software with consistent parameters to assemble the chloroplast genomes of 21 grape cultivars, ensuring comprehensive representation across four distinct groups. A comparative analysis of the 21 grape cultivars revealed structural variation, showing chloroplast genome sizes ranging from 160,813 bp to 161,275 bp. In 21 Vitis cultivars, genome annotation revealed 134 to 136 genes, comprising 89 to 91 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. Our observations have pinpointed specific occurrences of contraction and expansion phenomena at the interfaces between inverted repeat (IR) regions and single-copy (SC) regions, particularly in the vicinity of the rpl2, ycf1, ndhF, and trnN genes. Meanwhile, a total of 193 to 198 SSRs were identified in chloroplast genomes. The diversification pattern of chloroplast genomes exhibited strong concordance with the phylogenetic relationships of the Euvitis subgenera. Phylogenetic analysis based on conserved chloroplast genome strongly clustered the grape varieties according to their geographical origins. In conclusion, these findings enhance our understanding of chloroplast genome variation in Vitis populations and have important implications for cultivar selection, breeding, and conservation efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Molecular Breeding of Fruit Tree Species)
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13 pages, 1411 KiB  
Article
The Applications of Different Glycine Betaine Doses on Young Pear Trees Under Drought Stress Conditions
by Cenk Küçükyumuk, Zeliha Küçükyumuk, Burhanettin İmrak and Songül Çömlekçioğlu
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111217 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 432
Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the Fruit Research Institute, MAREM, Eğirdir-Isparta, Turkey, to detect the effects of different glycine betaine doses in drought stress conditions on young pear trees in 2019. The pear trees used in the study were one-year-old Deveci (Pyrus [...] Read more.
This experiment was conducted at the Fruit Research Institute, MAREM, Eğirdir-Isparta, Turkey, to detect the effects of different glycine betaine doses in drought stress conditions on young pear trees in 2019. The pear trees used in the study were one-year-old Deveci (Pyrus Comminus L.) variety grafted onto OHxF 333 rootstock. There were three different irrigation treatments in the experiment. Treatments were I100 treatment—available soil water reached field capacity for each irrigation, 100% (control); I50 treatment—irrigated with 50% of the water used in the I100 treatment (50% water deficit, moderate stress); I25 treatment—irrigated with 25% of the water used in the I100 treatment (75% water deficit, severe stress). Four different GB doses were used: GB0: 0, control; GB1: 1 mg L−1; GB5: 5 mg L−1; and GB10: 10 mg L−1. GB was not applied to pear trees in the I100 treatment. That is, there were nine different treatments in this study. GB applications provided a 19% increase in Pn of both the I25 and I50 treatments. According to the results of gsw, gsw increased between 18.0% and 27.8% for GB50 and GB25 treatments, respectively. In total, 10.9% and 14.8% increasing rates in shoot length were detected in GB10 applications in both the 50% and 75% water deficit treatments. The highest trunk diameter and fresh root weight results were determined in 10 mg L−1 GB dose applications under 50% water deficit conditions (I50GB10). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses to Abiotic Stresses in Horticultural Crops—2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 1989 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Five Asian Lily Cultivars in Chongqing Province China and Effects of Exogenous Substances on the Heat Resistance
by Ningyu Bai, Yangjing Song, Yu Li, Lijun Tan, Jing Li, Lan Luo, Shunzhao Sui and Daofeng Liu
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111216 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 527
Abstract
Lily is one of the world’s important ornamental flowers. Potted Asiatic lily is a further selected dwarf cultivar suitable for indoor or garden planting. However, there is a lack of relevant research on the cultivation adaptability of potted Asiatic lilies cultivars in the [...] Read more.
Lily is one of the world’s important ornamental flowers. Potted Asiatic lily is a further selected dwarf cultivar suitable for indoor or garden planting. However, there is a lack of relevant research on the cultivation adaptability of potted Asiatic lilies cultivars in the Chongqing region which in the southwest of China. This study selected five potted Asiatic lily cultivars, and the phenological period, stem and leaf characteristics, and flowering traits were assessed through statistical observation. The Asiatic lily ‘Tiny Ghost’ and ‘Tiny Double You’ are well-suited for both spring and autumn planting in Chongqing, while ‘Sugar Love’ and ‘Curitiba’ are best planted in the spring. The ‘Tiny Diamond’ is more appropriate for autumn planting due to its low tolerance to high temperature. The application of exogenous substances, including calcium chloride (CaCl2), potassium fulvic acid (PFA) and melatonin (MT), can mitigate the detrimental effects of high-temperature stress on ‘Tiny Diamond’ by regulating photosynthesis, antioxidant systems, and osmotic substance content. A comprehensive evaluation using the membership function showed that the effect of exogenous CaCl2 treatment is the best, followed by exogenous PFA treatment. CaCl2 acts as a positive regulator of heat stress tolerance in Asian lilies, with potential applications in Asian lily cultivation. This study provides reference for cultivation and application of Asian lily varieties in Chongqing region, and also laid the foundation for further research on the mechanism of exogenous substances alleviating heat stress in lilies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Insights into Horticultural Crop Ecophysiology)
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13 pages, 5222 KiB  
Article
Diversity of Colletotrichum spp. on Aristolochia grandiflora: A Case Study in an Italian Botanical Garden
by Federico Brugneti, Silvia Turco, Luca Rossini, Diana Martignoni and Angelo Mazzaglia
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111215 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 485
Abstract
During a survey conducted in autumn 2022 and spring 2023, extensive leaf spots were observed on Aristolochia grandiflora plants in the Botanical Garden “Angelo Rambelli” (Viterbo). To preserve the botanical garden collection and avoid disease spread, morphological and molecular identification of the causal [...] Read more.
During a survey conducted in autumn 2022 and spring 2023, extensive leaf spots were observed on Aristolochia grandiflora plants in the Botanical Garden “Angelo Rambelli” (Viterbo). To preserve the botanical garden collection and avoid disease spread, morphological and molecular identification of the causal agent were carried out. The results revealed three distinct Colletotrichum species belonging to the Colletotrichum boninense and Colletotrichum orchidearum species complexes, which have never been reported together within the same host and, for two of them, never in Italy. These findings may contribute to further extend the state of the art on leaf anthracnose, as well as provide new insights and molecular data for further phylogenetic studies. Full article
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19 pages, 3818 KiB  
Article
Morphological Trait Variations and Flower Color Differences in Wild Crocus Species
by Nataša Krstić, Goran Jaćimović, Branka Ljevnaić-Mašić, Sofija Petrović, Željana Prijić, Đorđe Krstić and Borislav Banjac
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111214 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 475
Abstract
This study investigates the phenotypic diversity of spring-flowering Crocus species native to Serbia by analyzing their morphological traits and flower color variations. Detailed phenotypic characterization was performed on seven species: C. alexandri, C. chrysanthus, C. heuffelianus, C. randjeloviciorum, C. [...] Read more.
This study investigates the phenotypic diversity of spring-flowering Crocus species native to Serbia by analyzing their morphological traits and flower color variations. Detailed phenotypic characterization was performed on seven species: C. alexandri, C. chrysanthus, C. heuffelianus, C. randjeloviciorum, C. rujanensis, C. variegatus, and C. weldenii. The study examines how morphological parameters of tested species diverged from average values during a hot and dry winter, resulting in smaller plants, earlier and shorter flowering periods, and reduced flower size, regardless of species. Hierarchical clustering based on morphological traits grouped the species into three clusters: the first cluster included C. alexandri, C. chrysanthus, C. rujanensis, and C. weldenii, characterized by the highest number of leaves and the lowest number of flowers; the second consisted of C. randjeloviciorum, distinguished by shorter plant height and the greatest number of flowers; and the third cluster comprised C. heuffelianus and C. variegatus, notable for the tallest plants, widest corms and leaves, and longest perigon segments. Grouping based on petal color components (L*, a*, b*, chroma, and hue) formed five distinct clusters, demonstrating differences in flower color. These findings are valuable for taxonomic classification, conservation measures, and breeding programs, which ultimately support the conservation of biodiversity and the promotion of ornamental plant cultivation. Flower color in particular has proven to be a reliable species indicator, as it remains constant despite the year and/or habitat. The use of a colorimeter can speed up the identification of species in the field and provides researchers and conservationists with a practical tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ornamental Plants under Abiotic Stresses)
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16 pages, 1612 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Practices for Arid Climates: Evaluating Combined Mulches with Biostimulant in Combating Soil Salinity and Cowpea Cultivation
by Esraa A. Saber, Mohssen Elbagory, Nasser I. Abdel-Kader, Mohamed E. Ahmed, Lamyaa A. Abd El-Rahman, Tamer H. Khalifa and Alaa El-Dein Omara
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111213 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 502
Abstract
Salinity and water security are significant challenges in arid climates, necessitating effective practices to enhance crop productivity in these stressful environments. To address this, a study was conducted during the summer seasons of 2022 and 2023 using a randomized, completely block setup with [...] Read more.
Salinity and water security are significant challenges in arid climates, necessitating effective practices to enhance crop productivity in these stressful environments. To address this, a study was conducted during the summer seasons of 2022 and 2023 using a randomized, completely block setup with three replications. The research assessed the effects of different mulch materials, unmulched (bare soil), white plastic, rice straw, and sawdust, combined with biostimulant foliar applications (control, bulk chitosan at 250 mg/L, and two concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles at 125 mg/L and 62.5 mg/L) on physiochemical and biological properties of salt-affected soil, as well as on the growth and yield of cowpeas. The findings of this study indicate that different mulch materials exert distinct effects based on their type. For instance, white plastic mulch with chitosan nanoparticles at a concentration of 62.5 mg/L markedly decreased soil salinity (by 10.80% and 14.64%) and ESP (by 6.93% and 6.80%). In contrast, white plastic mulch paired with a control foliar application significantly increased the soil moisture content (by 23.93% and 27.63%) compared to un-mulched soil. The combination of organic mulches and biostimulant foliar treatments significantly enhanced soil health by increasing the pH, organic carbon, nutrient content, and beneficial bacteria while reducing the bulk density and suppressing harmful fungi. Biostimulant foliar treatments have a modest affected soil property. Additionally, this study highlights that integrating specific mulching materials with biostimulant foliar treatments can significantly improve cowpea’s vegetative growth, yield, and nutrient content. This suggests that combining mulches and biostimulants may provide a sustainable solution for enhancing cowpea production in saline environments. Full article
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9 pages, 1510 KiB  
Article
Occurrence of Botrytis cinerea Causing Gray Mold on Pecan in China
by Xiang-Rong Zheng, Xiao-Xiao Huang, Jin-Feng Peng, Yusufjon Gafforov and Jia-Jia Chen
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111212 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 394
Abstract
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis), a globally economically significant dried fruit and woody oil tree, faces significant challenges in production and nut quality due to the rampant outbreak of severe fungal diseases. From 2020 to 2021, an extensive occurrence of a disease resembling [...] Read more.
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis), a globally economically significant dried fruit and woody oil tree, faces significant challenges in production and nut quality due to the rampant outbreak of severe fungal diseases. From 2020 to 2021, an extensive occurrence of a disease resembling gray mold was observed on the leaves and fruits of pecan trees in Jiangsu Province, China. Upon isolation from symptomatic samples, Botrytis cinerea was identified through morphological analysis and phylogenetic studies of the G3PDH, HSP60, and RPB2 gene sequences. Furthermore, pathogenicity tests conclusively attributed the gray mold disease observed on pecan leaves and fruits to B. cinerea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that B. cinerea has been reported on pecans. These findings thus provide a basis for further research on the management of pecan gray mold. Full article
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16 pages, 4649 KiB  
Article
Altered Photoprotective Mechanisms and Pigment Synthesis in Torreya grandis with Leaf Color Mutations: An Integrated Transcriptome and Photosynthesis Analysis
by Yujia Chen, Lei Wang, Jing Zhang, Yilu Chen and Songheng Jin
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111211 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 533
Abstract
Torreya grandis is a widely cultivated fruit species in China that is valued for its significant economic and agricultural importance. The molecular mechanisms underlying pigment formation and photosynthetic performance in Torreya leaf color mutants remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we [...] Read more.
Torreya grandis is a widely cultivated fruit species in China that is valued for its significant economic and agricultural importance. The molecular mechanisms underlying pigment formation and photosynthetic performance in Torreya leaf color mutants remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing and measured photosynthetic performance indicators to compare mutant and normal green leaves. The research results indicate that the identified Torreya mutant differs from previously reported mutants, exhibiting a weakened photoprotection mechanism and a significant reduction in carotenoid content of approximately 33%. Photosynthetic indicators, including the potential maximum photosynthetic capacity (Fv/Fm) and electron transport efficiency (Ψo, φEo), decreased significantly by 32%, 52%, and 49%, respectively. While the quantum yield for energy dissipation (φDo) increased by 31%, this increase was not statistically significant, which may further reduce PSII activity. A transcriptome analysis revealed that the up-regulation of chlorophyll degradation-related genes—HCAR and NOL—accelerates chlorophyll breakdown in the Torreya mutant. The down-regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis genes, such as LCY1 and ZEP, is strongly associated with compromised photoprotective mechanisms and the reduced stability of Photosystem II. Additionally, the reduced expression of the photoprotective gene psbS weakened the mutant’s tolerance to photoinhibition, increasing its susceptibility to photodamage. These changes in gene expression accelerate chlorophyll degradation and reduce carotenoid synthesis, which may be the primary cause of the yellowing in Torreya. Meanwhile, the weakening of photoprotective mechanisms further impairs photosynthetic efficiency, limiting the growth and adaptability of the mutants. This study emphasizes the crucial roles of photosynthetic pigments and photosystem structures in regulating the yellowing phenotype and the environmental adaptability of Torreya. It also provides important insights into the genetic regulation of leaf color in relation to photosynthesis and breeding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Developmental Biology in Tree Fruit and Nut Crops)
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32 pages, 4627 KiB  
Article
Simulating the Photosynthetic and Annual-Yield Enhancement of a Row-Planted Greenhouse Tomato Canopy Through Diffuse Covering, CO2 Enrichment, and High-Wire Techniques
by Koichi Nomura, Masahiko Saito, Ikunao Tada, Daisuke Yasutake, Kensuke Kimura and Masaharu Kitano
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111210 - 16 Nov 2024
Viewed by 595
Abstract
In greenhouse horticulture, the potential impacts of different technical interventions on the net canopy photosynthetic rate (Ac) and annual crop yields (FWyear) are often unclear. This study evaluated the impact of three modern greenhouse techniques—diffuse greenhouse coverings, CO [...] Read more.
In greenhouse horticulture, the potential impacts of different technical interventions on the net canopy photosynthetic rate (Ac) and annual crop yields (FWyear) are often unclear. This study evaluated the impact of three modern greenhouse techniques—diffuse greenhouse coverings, CO2 enrichment, and high-wire cultivation—on Ac using a canopy photosynthesis model that represents a vegetable canopy as rows of cuboid blocks. The model-estimated Ac was consistent with the chamber-measured Ac of a tomato canopy (mean absolute error ≤ 2.3 μmol m−2ground s−1 and the coefficient of determination ≥ 0.91), indicating the validity of the constructed model. Scenario analysis, which assumes typical tomato cultivation in a Japanese greenhouse and uses literature values for carbon-partitioning parameters, indicated that (1) changing greenhouse coverings from clear to diffuse can increase FWyear by 6% (+2.7 kg m−2), (2) doubling the CO2 concentration from 400 μmol mol−1 to 800 μmol mol−1 can increase FWyear by 30% (+12.6 kg m−2), and (3) doubling the canopy height from 1.8 m to 3.6 m can increase FWyear by 12% (+5.4 kg m−2). Combining all these techniques could achieve an FWyear of 59 kg m−2 in Japan. Although there are uncertainties in the model parameters, these provisional estimates offer useful information for stakeholders considering investments in these techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)
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27 pages, 11864 KiB  
Article
Circular Pear Production Using Compost Fertilization: Influence on Tree Growth and Nitrogen Leaf Concentration
by Ana Cornelia Butcaru, Cosmin Alexandru Mihai, Andrei Moț, Ruxandra Gogoț, Dorel Hoza and Florin Stănică
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111209 - 16 Nov 2024
Viewed by 404
Abstract
The circular economy with compost fertilization is included in the sustainable orchard paradigm, creating a holistic production ecosystem. Modern orchards are mostly intensive and super-intensive, requiring different rootstocks. This research presents the response to compost fertilization of two specific pear rootstocks (quince ‘CTS [...] Read more.
The circular economy with compost fertilization is included in the sustainable orchard paradigm, creating a holistic production ecosystem. Modern orchards are mostly intensive and super-intensive, requiring different rootstocks. This research presents the response to compost fertilization of two specific pear rootstocks (quince ‘CTS 212’ and ‘Farold® 40’) and own-rooted trees, analyzing six resistant cultivars in a circular production system. The dynamic of nitrogen and carbon concentration in leaves, soil respiration coefficient, the evolution of the fruit maturity stage in the field, and some biometric parameters such as trunk cross-section area, the annual vegetative growth, and fruiting shoots annual number were analyzed. The results highlighted that compost fertilization led to increased leaf nitrogen concentration over the first two years while carbon concentration remained relatively stable. Rootstock and compost fertilization influenced the fruit maturity dynamic, but a single pattern was not identified. Quince, as pear rootstock, expressed a higher sensitivity to compost application; the biometric parameters, such as trunk cross-section area, and almost all cultivars’ annual vegetative growth were higher than the controls’. Positive output can lead to future model upscaling in farms and households. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking Horticulture to Meet Sustainable Development Goals)
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25 pages, 19307 KiB  
Article
Research Overview and Development of Impatiens L.: A Bibliometric Analysis (1987–2023)
by Yuan Chen, Jiarui Zhu, Ling Wang, Peng Ning, Weixia Huang and Zhuoran Zou
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111208 - 16 Nov 2024
Viewed by 593
Abstract
Impatiens L. plants have a variety of flower colors, abundant flowers, and unique flower types, which have high ornamental and medicinal value. This paper utilized CiteSpace (version 6.2.R4) and VOSviewer (version 1.6.20) software to analyze documents related to Impatiens L. research from 1987 [...] Read more.
Impatiens L. plants have a variety of flower colors, abundant flowers, and unique flower types, which have high ornamental and medicinal value. This paper utilized CiteSpace (version 6.2.R4) and VOSviewer (version 1.6.20) software to analyze documents related to Impatiens L. research from 1987 to 2023, sourced from the Web of Science database (WOS) and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Bibliometric analyses were conducted to explore the literature potential of Impatiens L. research, revealing publication volume, discipline distribution, major research institutions and researchers, research hotspots, and research trends. The results indicated a consistent increase in articles published on Impatiens L., with the United States, China, and India as the primary research countries. The research direction predominantly focused on plant science, ecology, and horticulture, with universities and research institutes being the main contributors. The Chinese Academy of Sciences and Florida State University were identified as having the most published articles and a strong influence. Research on Impatiens L. primarily focused on investigating new species, phenotypic plasticity, biodiversity, and systematic classification. Future efforts should emphasize the investigation and protection of Impatiens L. resources, conduct in-depth research on the plant’s active components, innovate breeding technology, and explore the biological characteristics and ecological role of Impatiens L. through interdisciplinary collaboration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Prospects of Using Wild Plant Species in Horticulture)
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17 pages, 6741 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Assessment of the Correlation Between Ancient Tea Garden Soil Chemical Properties and Tea Quality
by Houqiao Wang, Wenxia Yuan, Qiaomei Wang, Yuxin Xia, Wang Chun, Haoran Li, Guochen Peng, Wei Huang and Baijuan Wang
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111207 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 524
Abstract
Understanding the correlation between soil chemical properties and tea quality is essential for the comprehensive management of ancient tea gardens. However, the specific links between these factors in ancient tea gardens remain underexplored. This study analyzes the soil chemical properties of four distinct [...] Read more.
Understanding the correlation between soil chemical properties and tea quality is essential for the comprehensive management of ancient tea gardens. However, the specific links between these factors in ancient tea gardens remain underexplored. This study analyzes the soil chemical properties of four distinct research regions in Nanhua County to explore their effects on key chemical components in ancient tea garden teas, providing a scientific basis for improving the quality of ancient tea garden teas through soil management. Employing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the chemical components of tea and the chemical properties of the soil were meticulously quantified. Following these measurements, the integrated fertility index (IFI) and the potential ecological risk index (PERI) were evaluated and correlation analysis was conducted. The results revealed that ancient tea garden tea quality is closely linked to soil chemical properties. Soil’s total nitrogen (TN), total sulfur (TS), and available potassium (AK) negatively correlate with tea’s catechin gallate (CG) component and AK also with polyphenols. Most other soil properties show positive correlations with tea components. The research also evaluated soil heavy metals’ IFI and PERI. IFI varied significantly among regions. Hg’s high pollution index indicates ecological risks; Cd in Xiaochun (XC) region poses a moderate risk. PERI suggests moderate risk for XC and Banpo (BP), with other areas classified as low risk. Implementing reasonable fertilization and soil amelioration measures to enhance soil fertility and ensure adequate supply of key nutrients will improve the quality of ancient tea gardens. At the same time, soil management measures should effectively control heavy metal pollution to ensure the quality and safety of tea products. Insights from this study are crucial for optimizing soil management in ancient tea gardens, potentially improving tea quality and sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tea Tree: Cultivation, Breeding and Their Processing Innovation)
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11 pages, 7413 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Initiation, Regeneration, and Characterization of Plants Derived from Mature Tetraploid Floral Explants of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)
by Ahmed Othmani, Amel Sellemi, Monia Jemni, Karim Kadri, Leen Leus and Stefaan P. O. Werbrouck
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111206 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 395
Abstract
A stable tetraploid date palm mutant with the potential for increased fruit size was recovered from a sectorial di-tetraploid chimera via the in vitro culture of flower explants. Callus was induced using 2,4-D, followed by shoot regeneration on a medium containing NAA and [...] Read more.
A stable tetraploid date palm mutant with the potential for increased fruit size was recovered from a sectorial di-tetraploid chimera via the in vitro culture of flower explants. Callus was induced using 2,4-D, followed by shoot regeneration on a medium containing NAA and BAP and rooting with IBA. Regenerated plantlets, confirmed as tetraploid via flow cytometry, were acclimatized and grown for six years. The leaves of tetraploids exhibited significantly wider petiole bases, thicker rachis and spines, broader leaflets, and a more intense green leaf color compared to diploids. However, leaf length, spine count, and overall leaf number were reduced. This is the first report of successful tetraploid recovery from a chimeric date palm, demonstrating the potential of this technique to generate novel germplasm and highlighting the phenotypic differences associated with tetraploidy in this species. Full article
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20 pages, 1836 KiB  
Article
Effects of Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization and Application Methods on Fruit Yield, Plant Nutrition, and Soil Chemical Properties in Highbush Blueberries
by Charitha P. A. Jayasinghege, Carine Bineng and Aimé J. Messiga
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111205 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 490
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is routinely applied in highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) production. The recommended N fertilizer rate increases as the plants mature, and is usually determined based on regional growing conditions. However, the effects of N fertilizer rates and application methods [...] Read more.
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is routinely applied in highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) production. The recommended N fertilizer rate increases as the plants mature, and is usually determined based on regional growing conditions. However, the effects of N fertilizer rates and application methods over the long term remain poorly understood. In this study, ammonium sulfate was applied as an N source at the recommended rate (100%), which corresponds to a maximum of 155 kg N ha−1 for plants older than eight years, along with higher rates at 150% and 200% of the recommended level, as well as a control treatment of no N. Treatments were applied to the blueberry cultivar ‘Duke’ as either broadcast (BROAD) or fertigation (FERT), and impacts were analyzed after 12 and 13 years of treatment. In the 14th year, the 100% N rate was uniformly applied as BROAD across all plants to separate the effects of different N rates from those caused by long-term soil condition changes. The BROAD treatment at the 100% N rate achieved the highest yield, and the FERT treatment at 200% resulted in the lowest yield in the 12th year, suggesting that excessive N rates can reduce fruit yield. However, no significant yield differences were observed in the 13th year. Higher N rates were associated with reduced titratable acidity in fruits and fewer flower buds. The soil pH declined across all N treatments, with the FERT at 200% showing the most significant reduction. All N treatments generally increased soil electrical conductivity (EC). High N rates also decreased plant accumulation of magnesium, calcium, and copper, with the latter reaching deficiency levels. These findings emphasize the importance of adhering to recommended N application rates and adjusting soil pH and EC to mitigate the adverse effects of prolonged N treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Irrigation and Fertilization Management in Horticultural Production)
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18 pages, 3473 KiB  
Article
The Expression and Sequence Analysis of MdMATE52 in Apple Roots During Activation of Defense Against Pythium ultimum Infection
by Yanmin Zhu, Bianca Ortiz-Uriarte, Jordan Rainbow and Zhe Zhou
Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111204 - 15 Nov 2024
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Abstract
To understand the molecular regulation of host defense responses in the pathosystem between apple roots and a necrotrophic oomycete pathogen Pythium ultimum, a series of transcriptome analyses have revealed a multi-phase and multi-layer defense tactic in apple root tissues. Among the most [...] Read more.
To understand the molecular regulation of host defense responses in the pathosystem between apple roots and a necrotrophic oomycete pathogen Pythium ultimum, a series of transcriptome analyses have revealed a multi-phase and multi-layer defense tactic in apple root tissues. Among the most notable transcriptome changes during defense activation in apple roots, upregulation of genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, transport of secondary metabolites, and lignin formation appeared to be the key defense themes which may crucially impact the outcome of plant–pathogen interactions. From our transcriptome datasets, the MdMATE52 gene, which encodes a MATE transporter, was shown to be differentially expressed between a resistant and a susceptible apple rootstock genotype in response to P. ultimum infection. The cis elements at promoter regions and sequence variations within coding regions of MdMATE52 were compared among several resistant and susceptible apple rootstock genotypes as well as various Malus species. The stronger upregulated expression patterns of MdMATE52 appeared to be correlated with the observed resistance traits among various genotypes. Our results suggested that minimal but clearly identifiable sequence variations may contribute to the genotype-specific expression and function of MdMATE52. The findings from this study should facilitate future experiments such as site-specific mutation and Crispr-based genome editing to define the regulation mechanisms of MdMATE52 and function during defense activation in apple roots. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))
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