Inorganics

12 pages, 9062 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of CuInTe₂ via SnTe Incorporation and Microwave Synthesis

by Lin Bo, Yongpeng Wang, Wenying Wang, Wenying Zhou, Xingshuo Liu, Laizeng Shi and Degang Zhao

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070194 - 21 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Incorporating a secondary phase represents a promising strategy for enhancing the thermoelectric performance of materials. In this study, CuInTe₂ was modified with SnTe powders at various weight fractions (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 wt%) and subsequently synthesized via rapid microwave melting. The [...] Read more.

Incorporating a secondary phase represents a promising strategy for enhancing the thermoelectric performance of materials. In this study, CuInTe₂ was modified with SnTe powders at various weight fractions (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 wt%) and subsequently synthesized via rapid microwave melting. The phase composition and microstructure of the resulting materials were systematically characterized. Structural analyses revealed that the introduction of SnTe induced the incorporation of Sn and Te into the CuInTe₂ lattice, accompanied by a progressive contraction in lattice parameters. Owing to the spontaneous formation of intrinsic Sn vacancies in SnTe and the regulation of carrier concentration, electrical conductivity of up to 2.7 × 10⁴ Sm⁻¹ was achieved, representing a 1.7-fold increase over pristine CuInTe₂. Coupled with a notable reduction in lattice thermal conductivity (0.9 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹ at 700 K), a maximum figure of merit of 0.44 was obtained for the CuInTe₂-2 wt% SnTe sample. While the absolute zT value is moderate compared to state-of-the-art CuInTe₂-based materials, this work establishes the feasibility of microwave melting combined with second-phase incorporation as a rapid and energy-efficient synthesis pathway for CuInTe₂ modification. These results demonstrate that the introduction of SnTe is a viable strategy for enhancing the thermoelectric performance of CuInTe₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Thermoelectric Materials: Advances and Applications)

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12 pages, 2469 KB

Open AccessArticle

Revisiting Bugarszky’s 1895 Chemical Equilibrium Study: Mercury Speciation Correction, Temperature-Corrected Thermodynamics, and Improved Accuracy with Sodium Bromide

by Zoltán Köntös

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070193 - 20 Jul 2026

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Abstract

We present a comprehensive thermodynamic reanalysis of István Bugarszky’s landmark 1895 study of the heterogeneous equilibrium 2MBr(aq) + HgO(s) + H₂O ⇌ 2MOH(aq) + HgBr₂(aq) (M = K, Na) at 12.50 °C. Bugarszky observed that his classical mass-action quotient [...] Read more.

We present a comprehensive thermodynamic reanalysis of István Bugarszky’s landmark 1895 study of the heterogeneous equilibrium 2MBr(aq) + HgO(s) + H₂O ⇌ 2MOH(aq) + HgBr₂(aq) (M = K, Na) at 12.50 °C. Bugarszky observed that his classical mass-action quotient K_GW = (p − ξ)/ξ² increases by a factor of 66 across a 15-fold dilution range, in apparent violation of the Guldberg–Waage law. We resolve this 130-year-old puzzle by demonstrating that Bugarszky’s gravimetric mercury determination measured total dissolved mercury, dominated by HgBr₄²⁻, rather than free HgBr₂. Applying NIST mercury–bromide speciation constants and extended Debye–Hückel activity corrections reduces the coefficient of variation (CV) of the equilibrium constant from 132% (K_app) to 7.3% (K_corr, KBr), fully rehabilitating the law of mass action. The speciation mechanism itself is model-dependent, resting on critically evaluated formation constants; the empirical exponent z = 1.284 ≈ 4/3, obtained directly from the raw data, provides the principal model-independent support, and direct spectroscopic confirmation (Raman/UV–Vis) of the HgBr_n distribution is identified as future work. After van‘t Hoff temperature corrections to 12.50 °C, the fully corrected K_corr(KBr) = (4.61 ± 0.31)·10⁻⁸ exceeds the thermodynamic reference value K_lit(12.5 °C) = 4.17·10⁻⁸ by +10.4%. To probe cation-specific effects, we replicated the protocol at five bromide concentrations using sodium bromide. The NaBr system yields K_corr(NaBr) = (4.37 ± 0.42)·10⁻⁸ (CV = 9.7%), deviating from K_lit by +4.6% (the KBr–NaBr difference is not statistically significant; Welch’s t-test, p = 0.28). We consider possible origins of this difference in terms of the extended Debye–Hückel activity model and known structural differences between Na⁺ and K⁺ electrolyte environments; a kinetic explanation is also conceivable but remains a working hypothesis requiring direct experimental validation. We also discuss the optical properties of HgBr₂ and the implications of the equilibrium analysis for its synthesis. Full article

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36 pages, 21044 KB

Open AccessReview

Covalently Modified Polyoxometalate Organic–Inorganic Hybrids for Visible-Light Photoactivation

by Yunliang Yu, Rui Bi, Weixian Wang, Xiaoxia Wang, Yuliang Liu and Chao Zou

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070192 - 19 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are anionic metal oxide nanoclusters with rich redox chemistry, making them promising candidates for photocatalysis. However, their strong UV-light absorption and rapid charge recombination hinder visible-light applications. This review focuses on covalent organic–inorganic hybridization as a modular strategy to engineer POMs [...] Read more.

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are anionic metal oxide nanoclusters with rich redox chemistry, making them promising candidates for photocatalysis. However, their strong UV-light absorption and rapid charge recombination hinder visible-light applications. This review focuses on covalent organic–inorganic hybridization as a modular strategy to engineer POMs for visible-light photoactivation. By grafting chromophoric ligands, metalloporphyrins, or organometallic complexes onto POM surfaces via robust covalent bonds (e.g., Si–C, P–C, C–C), two key photochemical pathways are enabled: (i) direct visible-light excitation of organic sensitizers followed by intramolecular charge transfer to/from POMs and (ii) modified ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) transitions in POMs via ligand-induced electronic structure perturbation. We discuss how organic ligands regulate POM frontier orbital energy levels (HOMO/LUMO), redox potentials, and photoresponse range, supported by experimental and density-functional theory (DFT) studies. We also review hybrid systems with organic photosensitizers (e.g., pyrene, boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)), metalloporphyrins, and organometallic complexes (e.g., Ru(II), Ir(III)), emphasizing structure–activity relationships in electron-transfer efficiency, charge-separation lifetime, and catalytic performance (e.g., hydrogen evolution, selective oxidation). Finally, we outline current challenges and prospects for designing multifunctional POM hybrids with tailored visible-light photocatalytic properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polyoxometalate Chemistry: Structure, Synthesis, and Applications)

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25 pages, 5362 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Interface Oxide Semiconductor Engineering in LAO/STO/LTO Heterostructures: A Self-Consistent Schrödinger–Poisson Study of Quantum Confinement, Enhanced 2DEG Carrier Density, and Tunable Transport

by Basma Elzein, Enrico Traversa and Ali Elrashidi

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070191 - 17 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) at complex oxide interfaces have emerged as a promising platform for next-generation oxide semiconductor devices, owing to their tunable electronic properties and rich interfacial phenomena. In this work, a LaAlO₃/SrTiO₃/LaTiO₃ (LAO/STO/LTO) trilayer heterostructure is [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) at complex oxide interfaces have emerged as a promising platform for next-generation oxide semiconductor devices, owing to their tunable electronic properties and rich interfacial phenomena. In this work, a LaAlO₃/SrTiO₃/LaTiO₃ (LAO/STO/LTO) trilayer heterostructure is proposed and theoretically investigated using a self-consistent Schrödinger–Poisson framework to examine the effects of multi-interface engineering on quantum confinement and carrier transport. The proposed architecture combines polar-discontinuity-driven electronic reconstruction at the LAO/STO interface with charge-transfer-induced electron accumulation at the STO/LTO interface, forming two coupled 2DEG channels within the SrTiO₃ layer. Compared with conventional single-interface oxide heterostructures, the coupled-interface configuration significantly enhances sheet carrier density and electrical conductivity, with predicted carrier densities approaching 10¹⁴ cm⁻² and gate-tunable conductivities in the range of 10³–10⁴ S cm⁻¹ under idealized operating conditions. The effects of layer thickness, gate bias, temperature, and electrostatic coupling are systematically investigated to establish practical design guidelines for optimizing carrier confinement and transport. A sensitivity analysis incorporating interface trap densities up to 2 × 10¹³ cm⁻² demonstrates that more than 60% of the ideal carrier population is retained under moderate defect concentrations, confirming the robustness of the proposed multi-interface strategy. Although the analytical model represents an upper-bound framework, its predictions are discussed in the context of experimentally relevant limitations, including interface roughness, oxygen vacancies, carrier trapping, and defect-induced scattering. Overall, the proposed LAO/STO/LTO heterostructure provides a predictive framework for engineering high-density, electrically tunable oxide 2DEGs for future nanoelectronic, terahertz, photonic, and energy-related applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 4th Edition)

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19 pages, 2284 KB

Open AccessArticle

WS₂ as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Brown Grease

by Olga Semenova, Zinabu Adhena Dargie, Lena Yadgarov, Sergey Shevchenko, Moshe Einat, Marina Nisnevich and Faina Nakonechny

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070190 - 17 Jul 2026

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Abstract

The recent global energy crisis and the instability of the oil market have prompted scientists to explore innovative ways to produce alternative energy sources such as biodiesel. Current chemical processes for converting waste into biodiesel use catalyst-promoted conventional heating, ultrasonication, and magnetron-irradiated electromagnetic [...] Read more.

The recent global energy crisis and the instability of the oil market have prompted scientists to explore innovative ways to produce alternative energy sources such as biodiesel. Current chemical processes for converting waste into biodiesel use catalyst-promoted conventional heating, ultrasonication, and magnetron-irradiated electromagnetic microwave irradiation, although developing more efficient, ecologically friendly methods remains challenging. The main goal of this research was to develop a novel, rapid, and efficient method for biodiesel production from waste cooking fats and oils (brown grease), using gyrotron-generated electromagnetic radiation. To achieve this goal, we investigated the effects of gyrotron radiation parameters, the heterogeneous catalyst WS₂, and the ratio of the reacting components on the efficiency of biodiesel production. Brown grease and its components, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, triolein, and their mixtures, were explored as a source for biodiesel production. We selected promising conditions to develop a technological process for biodiesel production. As a result of our study, novel gyrotron-activated methods for biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts have been developed, and the production parameters have been improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalysts for Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion)

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18 pages, 2432 KB

Open AccessArticle

Luminescence Efficiency of GAGG:Ce Inorganic Scintillators for X-Ray Imaging Applications

by Anastasios Dimitrakopoulos, Christos Michail, Ioannis Valais, George Fountos, Ioannis Kandarakis and Nektarios Kalyvas

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070189 - 16 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Single-crystal scintillators are used to convert ionizing radiation into optical photons in various medical imaging applications. A promising material is cerium (Ce)-doped gadolinium aluminum gallium garnet (GAGG:Ce) inorganic scintillator. Three GAGG:Ce 10 × 10 × 10 mm³ crystals of different light yield [...] Read more.

Single-crystal scintillators are used to convert ionizing radiation into optical photons in various medical imaging applications. A promising material is cerium (Ce)-doped gadolinium aluminum gallium garnet (GAGG:Ce) inorganic scintillator. Three GAGG:Ce 10 × 10 × 10 mm³ crystals of different light yield (LY) were exposed in X-ray tube voltage range of 50–140 kVp. Their absolute luminescence efficiency (AE) was experimentally calculated. A theoretical model was employed to simulate the propagation of photons traversing through the crystal mass. The model was utilized to estimate the detector quantum gain (DQG) and the percentage of transmission of the optical photons per elementary thickness

k

. Their suitability with various optical photodetectors was evaluated by means of the spectral matching factor (SMF). GAGG:Ce presented AE values reaching 60.72 E.U. (where 1 E.U. = 1 μWm⁻²/(mRs⁻¹)) at 140 kVp. The parameter

k

ranged from 0.99973 to 0.99980. GAGG:Ce emission spectrum is highly compatible with charged-coupled devices (CCD), complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) and silicon photomultipliers (SiPM). These findings may further consolidate the use of GAGG:Ce and could contribute to the future optimization of this inorganic scintillator when applied in X-ray imaging modalities, or as a radiation detector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoluminescence and Scintillation Properties of Rare Earth-Doped Materials)

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15 pages, 15940 KB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetically Recoverable Fe₃O₄/Cu₂O-Ag Plasmonic Nanocomposites for Integrated Photocatalytic Degradation and Ultrasensitive SERS Detection of Tetracycline

by Haocheng He, Boya Ma, Haozhe Sun, Zimeng Li, Huixu Liu, Wenshi Zhao, Naveen Reddy Kadasala, Bo Feng and Yang Liu

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070188 - 16 Jul 2026

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Abstract

The persistent accumulation of tetracycline (TC) antibiotics in aquatic environments poses severe ecological and public health risks, necessitating the development of multifunctional platforms capable of simultaneous detection and degradation. Herein, we report magnetically recoverable plasmonic Fe₃O₄/Cu₂O-Ag nanocomposites [...] Read more.

The persistent accumulation of tetracycline (TC) antibiotics in aquatic environments poses severe ecological and public health risks, necessitating the development of multifunctional platforms capable of simultaneous detection and degradation. Herein, we report magnetically recoverable plasmonic Fe₃O₄/Cu₂O-Ag nanocomposites (NCs) that integrate visible-light-driven photocatalysis with ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection. Hierarchical flower-like Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals were employed as magnetic supports, followed by in situ growth of Cu₂O nanocrystals and controlled deposition of Ag nanocrystals. The optimized composite (FCA-2) exhibited enhanced visible-light absorption (E_g = 1.86 eV), suppressed electron–hole recombination, and improved photocurrent response, which were attributed to Schottky barrier formation at the Cu₂O-Ag interface and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects. Under simulated solar irradiation, FCA-2 NCs achieved 91.79% degradation of TC within 60 min, following pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 20.37 × 10⁻³ min⁻¹). Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations revealed that optimal Ag loading maximized plasmonic “hot spot” density, thereby enhancing electromagnetic field intensity and SERS performance. The FCA-2 substrate enabled ultrasensitive TC detection with a limit of detection of as low as 10⁻¹⁰ M. Moreover, the superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ core allowed for rapid magnetic separation and sustained performance over multiple SERS–photocatalysis cycles, with negligible signal attenuation after 30 days. This work presents a rational strategy for constructing plasmonic magnetic NCs that synergistically couple photocatalytic remediation, ultrasensitive sensing, and magnetic recyclability, offering significant potential for integrated environmental monitoring and sustainable water treatment applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 3rd Edition)

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4 pages, 153 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis, 2nd Edition: Toward the Next Generation of Sustainable Photocatalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation

by Alejandro Pérez-Larios, Mamoun Fellah and Naouel Hezil

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070187 - 16 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Photocatalysis has experienced remarkable scientific and technological growth during recent decades, evolving from a fundamental research topic into one of the most promising strategies for addressing global challenges related to environmental pollution, energy production, and sustainable chemical manufacturing [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis, 2nd Edition)

10 pages, 9350 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring Li/TMs Ratio for Enhanced Structural Stability and Rate Capability of Ni-Rich Cathodes

by Yao Lv, Jianfeng Yu, Liqiu Shi and Shifei Huang

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070186 - 13 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Ni-rich layered oxide LiNi_0.91Co_0.06Al_0.03O₂ (NCA91) with high specific capacity has emerged as a leading cathode candidate for advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Nevertheless, increase in Ni content triggers structural instability and fast capacity degradation, which severely impedes [...] Read more.

Ni-rich layered oxide LiNi_0.91Co_0.06Al_0.03O₂ (NCA91) with high specific capacity has emerged as a leading cathode candidate for advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Nevertheless, increase in Ni content triggers structural instability and fast capacity degradation, which severely impedes the practical application of Ni-rich materials. Herein, a comprehensive study is conducted to explore the structural evolution and electrochemical behaviors of NCA91 cathodes with precisely tuned Li/TMs (transition metals) molar ratios spanning from 1.01 to 1.07. Results reveal that the NCA91 electrode with an optimal Li/TMs ratio of 1.03 exhibits outstanding structural integrity, coupled with remarkable cycling durability and rate capability. Specifically, the cathode with Li/TMs = 1.03 retains 88% of its initial capacity after 100 cycles at 1 C, and maintains ~130 mAh g⁻¹ even at 10 C. This work establishes a quantitative structure–composition–performance correlation that offers critical design principles for developing ultrahigh-nickel cathode materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Catalysis Applications, 2nd Edition)

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38 pages, 4934 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Antibiotic Degradation by Porphyrin-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks

by Dimitrios Rafail Bitsos, Maria-Chrysanthi Kafentzi and Kalliopi Ladomenou

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070185 - 11 Jul 2026

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Abstract

The increasing presence of antibiotic residues in aquatic environments has emerged as a significant global environmental and public health concern. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are often insufficient to completely remove these persistent contaminants, leading to the spread of antibiotic resistance and ecological toxicity. [...] Read more.

The increasing presence of antibiotic residues in aquatic environments has emerged as a significant global environmental and public health concern. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are often insufficient to completely remove these persistent contaminants, leading to the spread of antibiotic resistance and ecological toxicity. In recent years, metal–organic frameworks have attracted considerable attention as promising materials for water remediation due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, and structural versatility. Among them, porphyrin-based MOFs (Por-MOFs) represent an especially powerful class of photocatalysts owing to their excellent light-harvesting ability, efficient charge transfer properties, and capacity to generate reactive oxygen species under visible light. This review summarizes recent advances in the design and application of porphyrin-based MOFs for the degradation of antibiotic pollutants in water systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the structural design strategies of Por-MOFs, including ligand engineering, metal node selection, defect engineering, and the construction of heterostructures such as Z-scheme photocatalytic systems. The photocatalytic mechanisms responsible for antibiotic degradation, including singlet oxygen generation, photo-Fenton processes, and charge transfer pathways, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, representative studies on the removal of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfathiazole, norfloxacin, and amoxicillin are analyzed to highlight the performance and limitations of these materials. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for the development of next-generation porphyrin-based MOFs for sustainable environmental remediation are discussed, including stability in aqueous environments, large-scale synthesis, and integration into practical water treatment technologies. Full article

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19 pages, 4114 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Performance Cotton-Derived Carbon Fibers as Next Generation Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Katarína Gáborová, Aleksander Adam Krobisz, Dávid Csík, František Mihok, Miloš Matvija, Róbert Džunda and Karel Saksl

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070184 - 9 Jul 2026

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Abstract

The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries has intensified the search for sustainable alternatives to conventional graphite anodes. In this work, cotton-derived carbon fibers were prepared from commercial medical-grade cotton wool using a two-step pyrolysis process and investigated as hard-carbon anode materials for lithium-ion [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries has intensified the search for sustainable alternatives to conventional graphite anodes. In this work, cotton-derived carbon fibers were prepared from commercial medical-grade cotton wool using a two-step pyrolysis process and investigated as hard-carbon anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The structural and morphological properties of the prepared material were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, revealing a predominantly amorphous carbon structure with a retained fibrous morphology after pyrolysis. Electrochemical performance was evaluated in CR2032 half-cells by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. The prepared hard carbon exhibited characteristic lithium-storage behaviour with irreversible processes during the initial cycle followed by stable reversible cycling. The material delivered a reversible capacity of approximately 780–800 mAh g⁻¹ after 300 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g⁻¹, together with stable Coulombic efficiency and good rate capability. Post-mortem analysis confirmed that the electrode structure remained stable after repeated cycling. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of waste cotton as a renewable precursor for the preparation of high-performance hard-carbon materials and highlight the applicability of biomass-derived carbons for sustainable electrochemical energy-storage systems. Full article

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14 pages, 2933 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-Tumor Activity of Bis(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)carbohydrazide Cu(II) Complex

by Xianguang Bai, Huiping Wang, Zebao Lu and Bin Li

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070183 - 9 Jul 2026

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Abstract

A novel carbohydrazide-based ligand (L) and its binuclear Cu(II) complex were successfully synthesized and characterized. Structural analysis confirmed that the Cu(II) complex adopted a monoclinic crystal system with a distorted coordination configuration, in which the multidentate Schiff base ligand chelated and bridged two [...] Read more.

A novel carbohydrazide-based ligand (L) and its binuclear Cu(II) complex were successfully synthesized and characterized. Structural analysis confirmed that the Cu(II) complex adopted a monoclinic crystal system with a distorted coordination configuration, in which the multidentate Schiff base ligand chelated and bridged two Cu(II) centers. The in vitro anti-tumor results revealed that the Cu(II) complex exhibited prominent cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines with much lower IC₅₀ values than the free ligand, copper chloride and cisplatin. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the Cu(II) complex significantly increased intracellular ROS and MDA levels, decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio, and reduced ATP content, thereby disrupting cellular redox balance and bioenergetic metabolism. In addition, flow cytometry analysis verified that the complex effectively triggered tumor cell apoptosis. In contrast, free CuCl₂ showed almost no anticancer activity, indicating that the synergistic effect between the Schiff base ligand and copper ions contributed to the excellent anti-tumor performance. This work suggests that the prepared binuclear Cu(II) complex can serve as a promising candidate for developing metal-based anticancer agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Metal-Based Anticancer Drugs)

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23 pages, 7097 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Characterization, DFT Calculations, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking of Cd(II) and Zn(II) Schiff Base Complexes: A Green Ball-Milling Approach

by Hanan Alhussain and Rania R. Zaky

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070182 - 8 Jul 2026

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Abstract

A one-pot ball-milling chelation method was used to create Cd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of a 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoyl Schiff base derivative (H₂L), which provided greater efficiency under milder reaction conditions. ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, UV–Vis, IR, SEM, XRD, EDX, and elemental [...] Read more.

A one-pot ball-milling chelation method was used to create Cd(II) and Zn(II) complexes of a 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoyl Schiff base derivative (H₂L), which provided greater efficiency under milder reaction conditions. ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, UV–Vis, IR, SEM, XRD, EDX, and elemental studies were used to characterize the isolated solid chelates. The optimized structures were confirmed by DFT theoretical calculations, which also yielded important energetic characteristics such as EHOMO and ELUMO. The three-dimensional crystal structures of HePG-2 (PDB ID: 5EQG), MCF-7 (PDB ID: 6NM0), and HeLa (PDB ID: 5IAE) were carefully analyzed after molecular docking experiments were carried out on the formed complexes utilizing Schrödinger’s LigPrep procedure with default parameters. Finally, the antibacterial, antioxidant, DNA-binding, and cytotoxic properties of the tested solid compounds were assessed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry for Catalytic and Biomedical Applications)

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16 pages, 2333 KB

Open AccessArticle

Anisotropy-Driven Long-Range Magnetic Ordering and Slow Magnetic Relaxation in One-Dimensional Solid-State Co(dca)₂(py)₂

by Moritz Köller, Juan Medina-Jurado and Richard Dronskowski

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070181 - 4 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Single crystals of the one-dimensional coordination polymer Co(dca)₂(py)₂ (dca = dicyanamide, py = pyridine) were synthesized from methanolic solution and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. It crystallizes in the monoclinic [...] Read more.

Single crystals of the one-dimensional coordination polymer Co(dca)₂(py)₂ (dca = dicyanamide, py = pyridine) were synthesized from methanolic solution and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group I2/m with lattice parameters a = 7.3829(5) Å, b = 13.2221(7) Å, c = 8.4934(6) Å, and β = 114.766(9)°, and consists of octahedrally coordinated Co²⁺ ions linked by μ_1,5-bridging dca ligands, resulting in linear chains. Magnetic data reveal behavior as a one-dimensional system and a transition into a magnetically ordered state at T_C = 8.1 K, associated with weak ferromagnetic hysteresis behavior and slow magnetic relaxation. The results demonstrate the important role of magnetic anisotropy in stabilizing long-range order in this low-dimensional Co(II) coordination polymer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Inorganic Chemistry in Germany, 2nd Edition)

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30 pages, 7151 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impedance-Based Phenomenological Analysis of Electrode-Structure-Associated and Interface-Related Contributions in Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Battery Composite Cathodes

by Jeunhee Kim, So-Young Joo and Heon-Cheol Shin

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070180 - 3 Jul 2026

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Abstract

In sulfide-based all-solid-state battery (ASSB) composite cathodes, incomplete solid–solid contact and tortuous ionic/electronic transport pathways increase internal electrode resistance and complicate the interpretation of apparent impedance responses. Here, we present a distribution of relaxation times (DRT)-assisted phenomenological impedance approach for analyzing apparent impedance [...] Read more.

In sulfide-based all-solid-state battery (ASSB) composite cathodes, incomplete solid–solid contact and tortuous ionic/electronic transport pathways increase internal electrode resistance and complicate the interpretation of apparent impedance responses. Here, we present a distribution of relaxation times (DRT)-assisted phenomenological impedance approach for analyzing apparent impedance responses in terms of operational resistance components in composite cathodes based on LiNbO₃-coated Ni-rich layered oxide cathode active materials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed under controlled electrode loading, state of charge (SoC), and temperature conditions. Loading-dependent DRT analysis parameterized the apparent impedance response into five operational resistance components. The high-frequency components remained nearly unchanged or increased with increasing loading, whereas the mid- to low-frequency components generally decreased, suggesting opposite loading dependences between components tentatively associated with electrode-structural constraints and interface-related processes. SoC-dependent analysis compared relatively SoC-insensitive and SoC-sensitive operational components, while temperature-dependent analysis provided additional comparative constraints for their proposed operational interpretations by comparing their apparent activation energies. Based on these operational component correlations, a semi-empirical framework was developed to describe how the loading-dependent evolution of the DRT-deconvoluted components is reflected in the apparent impedance response. This framework helps reduce the risk of misinterpreting apparent impedance as a uniquely defined interfacial resistance and provides a practical basis for diagnosing structural limitations in high-loading ASSB composite cathodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research on Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 3915 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thickness-Dependent Magnetic Properties and Domain Evolution in Fe₃GaTe₂ Films Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

by Liang Zha, Xutao Sun, Wuyang Tan, Yafen Yang, Jinyuan Wu, Shuxiang Wu, Zhongchong Lin, Shaohua Fan, Wenbin You, Wenyun Yang, Ping Liu, Jinbo Yang and Renchao Che

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070179 - 3 Jul 2026

Viewed by 623

Abstract

We demonstrate the molecular beam epitaxy growth of two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnet Fe₃GaTe₂ films with precisely controlled thicknesses down to a single unit cell. Magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy measurements reveal robust room-temperature ferromagnetism with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy persisting across [...] Read more.

We demonstrate the molecular beam epitaxy growth of two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnet Fe₃GaTe₂ films with precisely controlled thicknesses down to a single unit cell. Magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy measurements reveal robust room-temperature ferromagnetism with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy persisting across all thicknesses, including finite coercivity in monolayer films. The magnetic domain structures show strong thickness dependence: ultrathin films exhibit near-single-domain states without resolved domain nucleation or domain wall propagation, while thicker films develop complex multi-domain configurations featuring bubble-like domains. These findings underscore the pivotal role of dimensional confinement in modulating the magnetic properties of Fe₃GaTe₂ and provide critical insights into thickness-dependent phenomena in two-dimensional magnets, advancing their prospects for room-temperature spintronic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Magnetic Materials)

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16 pages, 11115 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Healing NiFe-LDH Enables Efficient Ozone Decomposition over a Wide Humidity Range

by Shihao Zhou, Changjuan Hu, Yongying Tian, Shan Chen, Youmin Guo and Huajie Yin

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070178 - 2 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Nickel–iron layered double hydroxide (Ni_1−xFe_x-LDH) with different Ni/Fe ratios was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method and evaluated for ozone decomposition under various humidity conditions. In particular, Ni_0.8Fe_0.2-LDH showed outstanding activity and stability across a [...] Read more.

Nickel–iron layered double hydroxide (Ni_1−xFe_x-LDH) with different Ni/Fe ratios was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method and evaluated for ozone decomposition under various humidity conditions. In particular, Ni_0.8Fe_0.2-LDH showed outstanding activity and stability across a wide humidity range and maintained complete ozone conversion for 10 h even at 90% relative humidity. The combined characterization and catalytic results indicate that the cooperative effect of Ni and Fe increases the specific surface area, tunes the metal valence states, and optimizes the humidity-dependent reaction pathway. More importantly, the catalyst shows clear self-healing behavior after ozone exposure, suggesting that the ozone-induced surface reconstruction is at least partly reversible rather than fully destructive. These results identify an efficient Ni_1−xFe_x-LDH catalyst for ozone abatement and provide insight into the dynamic behavior of hydroxyl-rich layered catalysts under oxidizing atmospheres. Full article

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49 pages, 14875 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Ceramic and Refractory Materials: A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review of Emerging Design Strategies, Industrial Applications, and Circular Raw Material Utilization

by Leonel Díaz-Tato, Luis Angel Iturralde Carrera, Hugo Martínez Ángeles, Cesar Augusto Navarro Rubio, Margarita Guadalupe García Barajas, Francisco Antonio Castillo Velasquez, Jonny Paul Zavala de Paz, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz and Edén Amaral Rodríguez-Castellanos

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070177 - 30 Jun 2026

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Abstract

The ceramic and refractory industries are undergoing a progressive transition toward more sustainable and resource-efficient manufacturing systems driven by increasing environmental regulations, rising energy demands, and the need to reduce dependence on virgin raw materials. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged [...] Read more.

The ceramic and refractory industries are undergoing a progressive transition toward more sustainable and resource-efficient manufacturing systems driven by increasing environmental regulations, rising energy demands, and the need to reduce dependence on virgin raw materials. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool for improving material design, process optimization, predictive maintenance, and circular manufacturing strategies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in AI applications within ceramic and refractory systems, with particular emphasis on their role in enabling circular economy approaches and intelligent manufacturing environments. The study examines the integration of machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, digital twins, and Industry 4.0 technologies across multiple domains, including materials discovery, defect detection, waste classification, process control, and sustainability assessment. In addition, the review discusses the incorporation of secondary raw materials such as fly ash, slag, waste glass, ceramic sludge, and spent refractories into circular ceramic production systems. The analysis highlights the potential of AI-driven methodologies to improve resource efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and enhance process adaptability under complex industrial conditions. Furthermore, current limitations associated with data availability, model interpretability, industrial scalability, and integration with life cycle assessment frameworks are critically discussed. Finally, future research directions are identified, emphasizing the development of standardized datasets, hybrid experimental–AI methodologies, digital manufacturing ecosystems, and intelligent decision-making systems for next-generation sustainable ceramic and refractory technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Ceramics and Refractory Composites)

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19 pages, 2739 KB

Open AccessArticle

MXene-Containing Porous Organic Polymer Composites for Photocatalytic Dyes Degradation from Wastewater

by Maira Aslam, Selsabil Chikhi, Sander Dekyvere, Somboon Chaemcheun, Chih-Ming Kao and Francis Verpoort

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070176 - 29 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants has emerged as a promising approach for wastewater treatment due to its environmental friendliness and high efficiency under mild conditions. This study focuses on evaluating materials for the decolorization of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO), which [...] Read more.

Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants has emerged as a promising approach for wastewater treatment due to its environmental friendliness and high efficiency under mild conditions. This study focuses on evaluating materials for the decolorization of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO), which are commonly used cationic and anionic dyes, respectively, known for their persistence and toxicity in aquatic environments. The research investigates the synthesis of a Mott–Schottky junction at the interface of two materials using MXene as a dopant. We synthesized three MXene-containing Porous Organic Polymers (POP-2MX, POP-6MX, and POP-10MX), incorporating 2%, 6%, and 10% MXene, respectively. UV–Vis spectroscopy tests revealed that all polymers exhibited high degradation efficiency; however, POP-6MX demonstrated the best overall activity. Under illumination of a 500 W Xenon lamp (λ > 420 nm) with a catalyst loading of 1 mg/mL, POP-6MX achieved complete adsorption-corrected degradation of MB and MO within 10 and 45 min, respectively. This research also investigated the influence of pH on photocatalytic performance under homogeneous aqueous conditions, revealing that neutral pH provides the optimal environment for degradation activity. The photocatalytic mechanism follows a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dominated pathway, primarily driven by superoxide radicals (•O₂⁻) and hydroxyl radicals generated through photochemical reactions. These results demonstrate the potential of POP-1/MXene composites as efficient and recyclable photocatalysts for sustainable dye wastewater treatment applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications)

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21 pages, 12998 KB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Quaternary Alloy Nanocatalysts for the Selective Electro-Oxidation of Glycerol

by Duoduo Cao, Jinhua Piao, Yulan Ren and Suijian Qi

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070175 - 27 Jun 2026

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Abstract

The selective electrocatalytic conversion of glycerol into value-added products provides a sustainable and efficient strategy for addressing the surplus of biomass-derived waste generated from the biodiesel production. In this paper, a series of carbon-supported PtPdRhRu quaternary alloy nanocatalysts (PtPdRhRu/C) with different atomic ratios [...] Read more.

The selective electrocatalytic conversion of glycerol into value-added products provides a sustainable and efficient strategy for addressing the surplus of biomass-derived waste generated from the biodiesel production. In this paper, a series of carbon-supported PtPdRhRu quaternary alloy nanocatalysts (PtPdRhRu/C) with different atomic ratios (Equi, Pt-rich, Pd-rich, Rh-rich and Ru-rich) were prepared via a one-pot polyol method. The effects of these atomic ratios on the catalytic performance and the selectivity of the glycerol conversion to high-value products were investigated. The as-prepared PtPdRhRu/C nanocatalysts all possess a single-phase face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. Specifically, their mass activities are 10.5, 9.4, 8.1, 1.9 and 6.4 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C (20 wt%) for the Pt-rich, equimolar, Pd-rich, Rh-rich, and Ru-rich catalysts, respectively. This enhancement is suggested to be associated with the unique electronic modulation and synergistic effects inherent in the multicomponent surface. The Pd-rich catalyst exhibits a selectivity of 72% for glyceraldehyde, while the Rh-rich catalyst shows 53% selectivity for oxalic acid. The C2/C3 product ratio for the Rh-rich catalyst reaches 1.13, compared to 0.82 for the Ru-rich catalyst, suggesting that the presence of Rh and Ru atoms promotes C-C bond cleavage. In contrast, the C2/C3 ratios of the Pt-rich and Pd-rich catalysts are relatively low; notably, the C2/C3 ratio of the Pd-rich catalyst is only 0.20. This implies that the inclusion of Pt and Pd elements in the quaternary alloy is more conductive to the retention of C3 frameworks. These findings highlight the PtPdRhRu platform as a versatile framework for tuning the geometric and electronic environment of catalysts, providing a strategic approach for the selective electro-conversion of complex polyols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Papers in Inorganic Materials 2026)

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17 pages, 1536 KB

Open AccessArticle

Charge- and Orbital-Order Transitions in the A-Site-Ordered Quadruple Perovskite NdCuMn₆O₁₂

by Alexei A. Belik, Ran Liu, Lei Zhang, Yoshitaka Matsushita and Kazunari Yamaura

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070174 - 26 Jun 2026

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Abstract

AMn₇O₁₂ perovskites (with A = divalent elements) show complex structural and magnetic transitions including incommensurate orbital density waves and coupled/decoupled modulated spin helicity originating from charge-ordered Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ cations with the 3:1 ratio at the B perovskite sites [...] Read more.

AMn₇O₁₂ perovskites (with A = divalent elements) show complex structural and magnetic transitions including incommensurate orbital density waves and coupled/decoupled modulated spin helicity originating from charge-ordered Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ cations with the 3:1 ratio at the B perovskite sites and unusual apically compressed Jahn–Teller distortions of MnO₆ octahedra. The same Mn³⁺:Mn⁴⁺ ratio can be achieved in RCuMn₆O₁₂ compositions, where R is a trivalent rare-earth cation. Therefore, the comparison in behavior of AMn₇O₁₂ and RCuMn₆O₁₂ is of interest. In this work, the A-site-ordered quadruple perovskite NdCuMn₆O₁₂ was prepared by a high-pressure high-temperature method. Its structural properties were investigated by synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction between 100 K and 350 K and laboratory powder X-ray diffraction between 5 K and 300 K. It shows a first-order structural phase transition from Im-3 symmetry (at high temperatures) to R-3 symmetry near 292 K. The structural transition is accompanied by charge (Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺) and unusual orbital (on the Jahn–Teller active Mn³⁺ cations located in MnO₆ octahedra) orders. However, no additional structural/orbital modulations were found at lower temperatures in comparison with AMn₇O₁₂. Magnetic properties were investigated by temperature- and field-dependent magnetization and specific heat measurements, where a ferrimagnetic transition was found near 120 K. In addition, low-temperature magnetic anomalies were observed near 20 K, probably originating from the Nd sublattice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Perovskites)

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10 pages, 12414 KB

Open AccessArticle

Large-Diameter Growth of Thallium-Based Ternary Halide Tl₂HfX₆ and Tl₂ZrX₆: Intrinsic Bright Scintillators for Detection and Imaging

by Rastgo Hawrami, Elsa Ariesanti, Awand Piro and Shariar Motakef

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070173 - 24 Jun 2026

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Abstract

The search for new bright scintillators with performance close to ideal is the target for many research centers worldwide. This paper presents advanced bright thallium (Tl)-based K₂PtCl₆-type intrinsic scintillators for detection and imaging applications. Dopant-free Tl-based compounds of Tl [...] Read more.

The search for new bright scintillators with performance close to ideal is the target for many research centers worldwide. This paper presents advanced bright thallium (Tl)-based K₂PtCl₆-type intrinsic scintillators for detection and imaging applications. Dopant-free Tl-based compounds of Tl₂HfX₆ and Tl₂ZrX₆ (X = Cl, Br, or mixed halogens) that were investigated, grown, and published previously are now scaled up to one-inch-diameter crystals. Energy resolutions of 4.1% for Tl₂HfCl₆, 4.4% for Tl₂ZrCl₆, 4.8% for Tl₂Hf(Cl,Br)₆, and 4.1% for Tl₂Zr(Cl,Br)₆, as well as light yields of 22,300 ph/MeV for Tl₂HfCl₆, 38,500 ph/MeV for Tl₂ZrCl₆, 19,000 ph/MeV for Tl₂Hf(Cl,Br)₆, and 39,900 ph/MeV for Tl₂Zr(Cl,Br)₆, are measured. These crystals have generally linear responses to gamma-rays above 100 keV. Because of their many favorable attributes, these novel crystals will be beneficial in many gamma-ray detector applications that require better physical densities, Z_eff values, energy resolutions, and relative detection efficiency than NaI:Tl, without the constraints of light yield and decay time constants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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13 pages, 4134 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphology-Controlled CuO Photocatalysts for Visible-Light Degradation of Organic Pollutants

by Qiyue Gao, Haidong Yu, Xuehui Luo, Liang Feng, Xiaohe Sun, Hua Deng, Yang Jiao and Lei Wang

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070172 - 24 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Copper oxide (CuO) is a narrow-bandgap p-type semiconductor promising for visible-light photocatalysis, yet it suffers from rapid charge recombination and low carrier transfer efficiency. In this study, two distinct CuO photocatalysts were fabricated via different routes: two-dimensional CuO nanosheets derived from annealing a [...] Read more.

Copper oxide (CuO) is a narrow-bandgap p-type semiconductor promising for visible-light photocatalysis, yet it suffers from rapid charge recombination and low carrier transfer efficiency. In this study, two distinct CuO photocatalysts were fabricated via different routes: two-dimensional CuO nanosheets derived from annealing a CuBDC metal–organic framework (MOF) precursor, and oriented one-dimensional CuO nanoflower arrays prepared by electrochemical deposition, followed by annealing. The crystal structure, morphology, optical absorption, and photoelectrochemical properties were systematically characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, UV-Vis spectroscopy, transient photocurrent response, EIS, and PL spectroscopy. The CuO nanoflower thin film exhibits a broad visible-light absorption, a markedly higher photocurrent density (42.25 μA cm⁻²), and lower charge-transfer resistance compared to CuO nanosheets. When evaluated for visible-light photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), and malachite green (MG), the CuO thin film completely degraded MB within 15 min, with an apparent rate constant of 20.15 h⁻¹—approximately three times that of CuO nanosheets. It also showed 1.2- and 1.28-fold higher activity for RhB and MG, respectively. The enhanced performance is attributed to the oriented nanoflower architecture that provides continuous charge transport pathways, suppresses carrier recombination, and extends light propagation via multiple reflections. This work demonstrates that microstructural engineering is an effective strategy to overcome the intrinsic limitations of CuO photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. Full article

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18 pages, 14411 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of SiO₂/g-C₃N₄/Bi₂SiO₅@Bi₂O₃ Nanohybrid: A Bifunctional Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation and Antitumor Applications

by Mohamed N. Goda, Mohamed Khairy and Babiker Y. Abdulkhair

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070171 - 24 Jun 2026

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Abstract

The fascinating features of nanomaterials have attracted immense interest across various fields, including nanoelectronics, magnetite-aided nanocatalysis, and nanomedicine. Herein, a 10% SiO₂/g-C₃N₄/Bi₂SiO₅@Bi₂O₃ triple nanohybrid was formulated via a simple protocol [...] Read more.

The fascinating features of nanomaterials have attracted immense interest across various fields, including nanoelectronics, magnetite-aided nanocatalysis, and nanomedicine. Herein, a 10% SiO₂/g-C₃N₄/Bi₂SiO₅@Bi₂O₃ triple nanohybrid was formulated via a simple protocol employing acacia powder as a capping/fuel agent. The XRD confirmed the presence of g-C₃N₄, Bi₂SiO₅, Bi₂O₃, and SiO₅ phases, and the TEM image shows densely packed, almost spherical nanoparticles of an average size of 9.2 nm. There was activity of the SiO₂/g-C₃N₄/Bi₂SiO₅@Bi₂O₃ in the field of hydrogen generation via NaBH₄ hydrolysis, and antitumor antiproliferation activity against HepG-2 and MCF-7 cells. The graphitized Bi₂O₃/SiO₂ exhibited HGRs of 303, 615, 785, and 1740 mL min⁻¹ g⁻¹ at 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C, respectively. Hydrolyzing NaBH₄ doses of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 at 40 °C resulted in a dramatic evolution at HGRs of 526, 785, 1786, and 4000 mL min⁻¹ g⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, the g-C₃N₄/Bi₂O₃/SiO₂ antiproliferative effect against HepG-2 and MCF-7 cells showed a positive impact at 3.9 and 7.9 µg/mL, with IC₅₀ values of 82.4 and 59.6 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the maximum dose of 500 μg/mL of SiO₂/g-C₃N₄/Bi₂SiO₅@Bi₂O₃ resulted in 93.8% inhibition of MCF-7 cells, whereas the same dose yielded 91.7% inhibition of HepG-2 cells. It is significant to note that, given the lower cost of SiO₂/g-C₃N₄/Bi₂SiO₅@Bi₂O₃ relative to currently prescribed antitumor medications, these outcomes can be considered ideal for practical use as antitumor agents. Full article

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17 pages, 6279 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced High-Voltage and Li Metal Interfacial Stability of Al-Doped LLZO Solid Electrolytes via PE-ALD Al₂O₃ Nanocoating

by Jungkeun Ahn, Bojoong Kim, Dabin Oh, Wookyung Lee, Jaeseung Choi, Byungwook Kim, Youngsoo Seo and Changbun Yoon

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070170 - 24 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Although garnet-type Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) solid electrolytes are promising candidates for high-energy-density all-solid-state batteries, their practical applications are limited by high-voltage oxidation instability and interfacial degradation. To address these limitations, Al-doped LLZO (Al-LLZO) solid electrolytes were synthesized [...] Read more.

Although garnet-type Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) solid electrolytes are promising candidates for high-energy-density all-solid-state batteries, their practical applications are limited by high-voltage oxidation instability and interfacial degradation. To address these limitations, Al-doped LLZO (Al-LLZO) solid electrolytes were synthesized via a conventional solid-state reaction method, and the effects of PE-ALD-derived Al₂O₃ nanocoatings on electrochemical properties and interfacial stability were investigated. Al₂O₃ nanocoatings with different structures (5 and 10 nm single-side, and 5 nm double-side) were deposited on Al-LLZO pellets using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition. The Al₂O₃ coating reduced electronic conductivity by approximately one order of magnitude while maintaining similar ionic conductivity. Linear sweep voltammetry revealed that initial oxidation onset voltage increased from ~4.2 V (bare Al-LLZO) to ~5.0 V (5 nm-coated samples), while the 10 nm-coated sample exhibited the most delayed anodic current response (~5.2 V). The 5 nm double-side coated sample showed the best Li plating/stripping stability with a critical current density of 1.10 mA/cm² and stable long-term galvanostatic cycling behavior over 200 h at 0.05 mA/cm². Thus, ALD-based Al₂O₃ interfacial engineering can simultaneously improve the high-voltage oxidation and Li metal interfacial stabilities of garnet-type Al-LLZO solid electrolytes for practical all-solid-state batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies)

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13 pages, 1442 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Layered Ruddlesden−Popper Oxides La₂Sr(Fe,Ga)₂O₇ for Solid Oxide Cells

by Ekaterina Antonova, Egor Gordeev, Anna Khodimchuk, Viktor Tsvinkinberg, Anastasia Kholina and Denis Osinkin

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070169 - 23 Jun 2026

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Abstract

In this study, we report the results of the structural characterization and electrochemical evaluation of novel cobalt-free layered Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) oxides, La₂SrFe₂O_7−δ and La₂SrFe_1.8Ga_0.2O_7−δ, as electrode materials for intermediate-temperature solid [...] Read more.

In this study, we report the results of the structural characterization and electrochemical evaluation of novel cobalt-free layered Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) oxides, La₂SrFe₂O_7−δ and La₂SrFe_1.8Ga_0.2O_7−δ, as electrode materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide cells. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of RP phases and phase stability after reducing treatment. The materials showed compatible thermal expansion behavior, with slightly lower thermal expansion coefficients for the Ga-doped composition. Oxygen pressure relaxation measurements demonstrated that the oxygen surface exchange coefficient increases with temperature and pO₂, while Ga substitution slightly reduces the O₂/oxide exchange rate, which may be associated with a lower concentration of oxygen vacancies. The electrical conductivity in air was higher for La₂SrFe₂O_7−δ than for the Ga-doped sample, while both compositions showed much lower conductivity under reducing conditions. Symmetrical cell impedance spectroscopy showed high polarization resistance for the electrodes, which was substantially reduced by applying a Ag current collector (0.43 Ω cm² for La₂SrFe₂O_7−δ and 0.73 Ω cm² for La₂SrFe_1.8Ga_0.2O_7−δ at 800 °C), consistent with the limited electronic conductivity of the oxide layers. Overall, both oxides exhibit structural stability, acceptable thermomechanical compatibility, and measurable oxygen exchange activity, making them promising candidates for further development as cobalt-free electrodes in solid oxide cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Solid Oxide Cells (SOCs))

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