Inorganics

19 pages, 4875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some 3d Metal Complexes with 2-Benzoylpyridine 4-Allylthiosemicarbazone

by Vasilii Graur, Ianina Graur, Pavlina Bourosh, Victor Kravtsov, Carolina Lozan-Tirsu, Greta Balan, Olga Garbuz, Victor Tsapkov and Aurelian Gulea

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070249 - 21 Jul 2025

Viewed by 335

Abstract

The eight new copper(II), nickel(II), zinc(II), and iron(III) coordination compounds [Cu(L)Cl]₂ (1), [Cu(L)Br]₂ (2), [Cu(L)(NO₃)]₂ (3), [Cu(phen)(L)]NO₃ (4), [Ni(HL)₂](NO₃)₂·H₂O (5 [...] Read more.

The eight new copper(II), nickel(II), zinc(II), and iron(III) coordination compounds [Cu(L)Cl]₂ (1), [Cu(L)Br]₂ (2), [Cu(L)(NO₃)]₂ (3), [Cu(phen)(L)]NO₃ (4), [Ni(HL)₂](NO₃)₂·H₂O (5), [Ni(HL)₂]Cl₂ (6), [Zn(L)₂]·0.125H₂O (7), and [Fe(L)₂]Cl (8), where HL stands for 2-benzoylpyridine 4-allylthiosemicarbazone, were synthesized and characterized. ¹H, ¹³C NMR, and FTIR spectroscopies were used for characterization of the HL thiosemicarbazone. The elemental analysis, the FTIR spectroscopy, and the study of molar electrical conductivity were used for characterization of the coordination compounds 1–8. Also, the crystal structures of HL, its salts ([H₂L]Cl; [H₂L]NO₃), and complexes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8 were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complexes 5, 7, 8 have mononuclear structures, while copper(II) complexes 1 and 3 have a dimeric structure with the sulfur atoms of the thiosemicarbazone ligand bridging two copper atoms together. Thiosemicarbazone HL and the complexes manifest antibacterial and antifungal activities. The studied substances are more active towards Gram-negative bacteria than towards Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Complex 1 is the most active one towards Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans, while the introduction of 1,10-phenanthroline into the inner sphere enhances the activity towards Gram-negative bacteria. Thiosemicarbazone and complexes 6 and 7 manifest antiradical activity that exceeds the activity of Trolox. HL and complex 1 manifest antiproliferative activity towards HL-60 cancer cells which exceeds the activity of their analogs with 2-formyl-/2-acetylpyridine 4-allylthiosemicarbazone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Based Compounds: Relevance for the Biomedical Field, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 6380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Application of Fe₃O₄–ZrO₂ Magnetic Nanoparticles for Fluoride Adsorption from Water

by Israel Águila-Martínez, José Antonio Pérez-Tavares, Efrén González-Aguiñaga, Pablo Eduardo Cardoso-Avila, Héctor Pérez Ladrón de Guevara and Rita Patakfalvi

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070248 - 19 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This study presents the synthesis, characterization, and application of magnetic magnetite–zirconium dioxide (Fe₃O₄–ZrO₂) nanoparticles as an efficient nanoadsorbent for fluoride removal from water. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a wet chemical co-precipitation method with Fe/Zr molar ratios [...] Read more.

This study presents the synthesis, characterization, and application of magnetic magnetite–zirconium dioxide (Fe₃O₄–ZrO₂) nanoparticles as an efficient nanoadsorbent for fluoride removal from water. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a wet chemical co-precipitation method with Fe/Zr molar ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4, and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of Fe₃O₄ and ZrO₂ functional groups, while XRD showed that increased Zr content led to a dominant amorphous phase. SEM and EDS analyses revealed quasi-spherical and elongated morphologies with uniform elemental distribution, maintaining the designed Fe/Zr ratios. Preliminary adsorption tests identified the Fe/Zr = 1:1 (M1) nanoadsorbent as the most effective due to its high surface homogeneity and optimal fluoride-binding characteristics. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that the material achieved a maximum fluoride adsorption capacity of 70.4 mg/g at pH 3, with the adsorption process best fitting the Temkin isotherm model (R² = 0.987), suggesting strong adsorbate–adsorbent interactions. pH-dependent studies confirmed that adsorption efficiency decreased at higher pH values due to electrostatic repulsion and competition with hydroxyl ions. Competitive ion experiments revealed that common anions such as nitrate, chloride, and sulfate had negligible effects on fluoride adsorption, whereas bicarbonate, carbonate, and phosphate reduced removal efficiency due to their strong interactions with active adsorption sites. The Fe₃O₄–ZrO₂ nanoadsorbent exhibited excellent magnetic properties, facilitating rapid and efficient separation using an external magnetic field, making it a promising candidate for practical water treatment applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Nanocomposite Materials for Environmental Remediation and Biomedical Application)

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13 pages, 1628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Friendly Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Gaultheria fragrantissima: Phytochemical Analysis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Potential

by Bhoj Raj Poudel, Sujan Dhungana, Anita Dulal, Aayush Raj Poudel, Laxmi Tiwari, Devendra Khadka, Megh Raj Pokhrel, Milan Babu Poudel, Allison A. Kim and Janaki Baral

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070247 - 19 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This work explores zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP) synthesis utilizing leaf extract of the Gaultheria fragrantissima plant that are useful in medicine, environmental remediation, and cosmetics due to their antibacterial activity, photocatalytic efficiency, and UV-blocking characteristics. Traditional synthesis methods involve energy-intensive procedures and [...] Read more.

This work explores zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NP) synthesis utilizing leaf extract of the Gaultheria fragrantissima plant that are useful in medicine, environmental remediation, and cosmetics due to their antibacterial activity, photocatalytic efficiency, and UV-blocking characteristics. Traditional synthesis methods involve energy-intensive procedures and hazardous chemicals, posing environmental and human health risks. To overcome these limitations, this research focuses on utilizing G. fragrantissima, rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids, with the methyl salicylate previously reported in the literature for this species, which helps reduce and stabilize NPs. ZnO NPs were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The ZnO NPs were found to have a well-defined crystalline structure, with their average crystallite size measured at around 8.26 nm. ZnO NPs exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against selected microbial strains. These findings underscore the potential of G. fragrantissima-mediated synthesis as an environmentally sustainable and efficient method for producing ZnO NPs with multifunctional applications. This study provides a greener alternative to conventional synthesis approaches, demonstrating a method that is both eco-friendly and capable of yielding NPss with desirable properties. Full article

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16 pages, 1886 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cisplatin, the Timeless Molecule

by Annaluisa Mariconda, Jessica Ceramella, Alessia Catalano, Carmela Saturnino, Maria Stefania Sinicropi and Pasquale Longo

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070246 - 18 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Cisplatin was the first metal-based anticancer drug introduced into clinical use. It is a “small” molecule, but it represented a very “big” discovery. Since it was introduced on the market, it has not been withdrawn, despite being not free of side effects, owing [...] Read more.

Cisplatin was the first metal-based anticancer drug introduced into clinical use. It is a “small” molecule, but it represented a very “big” discovery. Since it was introduced on the market, it has not been withdrawn, despite being not free of side effects, owing to its peculiarity of being highly effective in the treatment of cancer. Anticancer activity of the platinum-based complexes was discovered with this molecule; since then, several other platinum-based drugs have been developed and tested in preclinical studies against cancer cells; however, only a few of them reached clinical trials, and their side effects are not much less than cisplatin. Despite the constraints of drug resistance and side effects, chemotherapy remains a fundamental strategy in cancer treatment. Nowadays, cisplatin remains one of the most-used anticancer agents in treating lung, colon, ovary, testicles, bladder, cervix, and many more cancers, although cisplatin resistance represents a major hurdle in cancer treatment. Will there ever be another drug that can overcome the side effects of cisplatin but at the same time be able to block tumors as does cisplatin? Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of the Potential Biological Activity of Metallo-Drugs, 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 2211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chiral Amine Covalent Organic Cage Lingated with Copper for Asymmetric Decarboxylative Mannich Reaction

by Kaihong Liu, Chunxia Tan and Lingli Yuan

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070245 - 17 Jul 2025

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Abstract

The efficient employment of chiral porous organic cages (POCs) for asymmetric catalysis is of great significance. In this work, we have synthesized a chiral N-rich organic cage constructed through chiral (S, S)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine and benzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde utilizing dynamic imine chemistry according to [...] Read more.

The efficient employment of chiral porous organic cages (POCs) for asymmetric catalysis is of great significance. In this work, we have synthesized a chiral N-rich organic cage constructed through chiral (S, S)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine and benzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde utilizing dynamic imine chemistry according to the literature. Following reduction with NaBH₄, the resulting amine-based POCs (RCC3) feature appended chiral diamine moieties capable of coordinating Cu²⁺ cations. This Cu²⁺ coordination provides RCC3 with excellent enantioselectivity as a supramolecular nanoreactor in asymmetric decarboxylative Mannich reactions, providing up to 94% ee of the product. We found that the spatial distribution of chiral amine sites and the coordination of Cu²⁺ in the RCC3 have a significant impact on catalytic activity, especially enantioselectivity. This work provides insights into the structure–function relationship within supramolecular catalytic systems Full article

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35 pages, 2722 KiB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing Ferrocene for Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide Transformations: From Electrocatalysis to Capture

by Angel A. J. Torriero

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070244 - 17 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Ferrocene (Fc) is a redox-active organometallic scaffold whose unique electronic properties, stability, and modularity have enabled a broad range of catalytic and sensing applications. This review critically examines recent advances in Fc-based systems for hydrogen evolution and carbon dioxide (CO₂) conversion, [...] Read more.

Ferrocene (Fc) is a redox-active organometallic scaffold whose unique electronic properties, stability, and modularity have enabled a broad range of catalytic and sensing applications. This review critically examines recent advances in Fc-based systems for hydrogen evolution and carbon dioxide (CO₂) conversion, encompassing electrochemical, photochemical, and thermochemical strategies. Fc serves diverse functions: it operates as a reversible redox mediator, an electron reservoir, a ligand framework, and a structural modulator. Each role contributes differently to enhancing catalytic performance, improving selectivity, or increasing operational stability. We highlight how Fc integration facilitates proton-coupled electron transfer in hydrogen evolution, supports selective CO₂ reduction in molecular and hybrid catalysts, and promotes efficient CO₂ fixation and capture within functionalised frameworks. Emerging applications in electrosynthetic organic transformations are also discussed. Together, these findings position Fc as a foundational motif for designing future electrocatalytic and carbon management platforms. Full article

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20 pages, 4322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The 1D Hybrid Material Allylimidazolium Iodoantimonate: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study

by Hela Ferjani, Rim Bechaieb, Diego M. Gil and Axel Klein

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070243 - 15 Jul 2025

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Abstract

The one-dimensional (1D) Sb(III)-based organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (AImd)₂¹_∞[SbI₅] (AImd = 1-allylimidazolium) crystallizes in the orthorhombic, centrosymmetric space group Pnma. The structure consists of corner-sharing [SbI₆] octahedra forming 1D chains separated by allylimidazolium cations. Void [...] Read more.

The one-dimensional (1D) Sb(III)-based organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (AImd)₂¹_∞[SbI₅] (AImd = 1-allylimidazolium) crystallizes in the orthorhombic, centrosymmetric space group Pnma. The structure consists of corner-sharing [SbI₆] octahedra forming 1D chains separated by allylimidazolium cations. Void analysis through Mercury CSD software confirmed a densely packed lattice with a calculated void volume of 1.1%. Integrated quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and non-covalent interactions index (NCI) analyses showed that C–H···I interactions between the cations and the ¹_∞[SbI₅]²⁻ network predominantly stabilize the supramolecular assembly followed by N–H···I hydrogen bonds. The calculated growth morphology (GM) model fits very well to the experimental morphology. UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy allowed us to determine the optical band gap to 3.15 eV. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations employing the B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, and PBE0 functionals were benchmarked against experimental data. CAM-B3LYP best reproduced Sb–I bond lengths, while PBE0 more accurately captured the HOMO–LUMO gap and the associated electronic descriptors. These results support the assignment of an inorganic-to-organic [Sb–I] → π* charge-transfer excitation, and clarify how structural dimensionality and cation identity shape the material’s optoelectronic properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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16 pages, 3915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Resistance of Ti/Cr Gradient Modulation Period Nanomultilayer Coatings Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering on 7050 Aluminum Alloy

by Kang Chen, Tao He, Xiangyang Du, Alexey Vereschaka, Catherine Sotova, Yang Ding and Jian Li

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070242 - 13 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Nanostructured multilayer anticorrosion coatings offer an effective strategy to mitigate the poor corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys and extend their service life. In this study, four types of Ti/Cr multilayer coatings with varied modulation periods along the growth direction were deposited on 7050 [...] Read more.

Nanostructured multilayer anticorrosion coatings offer an effective strategy to mitigate the poor corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys and extend their service life. In this study, four types of Ti/Cr multilayer coatings with varied modulation periods along the growth direction were deposited on 7050 aluminum alloy substrates using direct current magnetron sputtering. The cross-sectional microstructure of the coatings was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while their mechanical and corrosion properties were systematically evaluated through nanoindentation and electrochemical measurements. The influence of modulation period distribution on the corrosion resistance of Ti/Cr multilayers was thoroughly investigated. The results show that the average thickness of the Ti/Cr multilayer coatings is 680 nm, the structure is dense, and the coarse columnar crystals are not seen. All Ti/Cr multilayer coatings significantly reduced the corrosion current density of 7050 aluminum alloy by about 10 times compared with that of the substrate, showing good protective effect. Modulation period along the coating growth direction decreases the Ti/Cr multilayer coating surface heterogeneous interface density increases, inhibits the formation of corrosion channels, hindering the penetration of corrosive media, and the other three coatings and aluminum alloy compared to its corrosion surface did not see obvious pore corrosion, showing the most excellent corrosion resistance. Full article

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15 pages, 3241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cu@Pt Core–Shell Nanostructures for Ammonia Oxidation: Bridging Electrocatalysis and Electrochemical Sensing

by Bommireddy Naveen and Sang-Wha Lee

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070241 - 11 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Electro-oxidation of ammonia has emerged as a promising route for sustainable energy conversion and pollutant mitigation. In this study, we report the facile fabrication of dendritic Cu@Pt core–shell nanostructures electrodeposited on pencil graphite, forming an efficient electrocatalyst for the ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR). [...] Read more.

Electro-oxidation of ammonia has emerged as a promising route for sustainable energy conversion and pollutant mitigation. In this study, we report the facile fabrication of dendritic Cu@Pt core–shell nanostructures electrodeposited on pencil graphite, forming an efficient electrocatalyst for the ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR). The designed electrocatalyst exhibited high catalytic activity towards AOR, achieving high current density at very low potentials (−0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl), with a lower Tafel slope of 16.4 mV/dec. The catalyst also demonstrated high electrochemical stability over 1000 potential cycles with a regeneration efficiency of 78%. In addition to catalysis, Cu@Pt/PGE facilitated very sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of ammonia nitrogen by differential pulse voltammetry, providing an extensive linear range (1 μM to 1 mM) and a low detection limit of 0.78 μM. The dual functionality of Cu@Pt highlights its potential in enhancing ammonia-based fuel cells and monitoring ammonia pollution in aquatic environments, thereby contributing to the development of sustainable energy and environmental technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Catalysis Applications)

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11 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photodetection Enhancement via Dipole–Dipole Coupling in BA₂MAPb₂I₇/PEA₂MA₂Pb₃I₁₀ Perovskite Heterostructures

by Bin Han, Bingtao Lian, Qi Qiu, Xingyu Liu, Yanren Tang, Mengke Lin, Shukai Ding and Bingshe Xu

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070240 - 11 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have attracted considerable attention in optoelectronic applications, owing to their remarkable characteristics. Nevertheless, the application of 2D HOIPs encounters inherent challenges due to the presence of insulating organic spacers, which create barriers for efficient interlayer charge transport [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have attracted considerable attention in optoelectronic applications, owing to their remarkable characteristics. Nevertheless, the application of 2D HOIPs encounters inherent challenges due to the presence of insulating organic spacers, which create barriers for efficient interlayer charge transport (CT). To tackle this issue, we propose a BA₂MAPb₂I₇/PEA₂MA₂Pb₃I₁₀ bilayer heterostructure, where efficient interlayer energy transfer (ET) facilitates compensation for the restricted charge transport across the organic spacer. Our findings reveal that under 532 nm light illumination, the BA₂MAPb₂I₇/PEA₂MA₂Pb₃I₁₀ heterostructure photodetector exhibits a significant photocurrent enhancement compared with that of the pure PEA₂MA₂Pb₃I₁₀ device, mainly due to the contribution of the ET process. In contrast, under 600 nm light illumination, where ET is absent, the enhancement is rather limited, emphasizing the critical role of ET in boosting device performance. The overlap of the PL emission peak of BA₂MAPb₂I₇ with the absorption spectra of PEA₂MA₂Pb₃I₁₀, alongside the PL quenching of BA₂MAPb₂I₇ and the enhanced emission of PEA₂MA₂Pb₃I₁₀ provide confirmation of the existence of ET in the BA₂MAPb₂I₇/PEA₂MA₂Pb₃I₁₀ heterostructure. Furthermore, the PL enhancement factor followed a 1/d² relationship with the thickness of the hBN layer, indicating that ET originates from 2D-to-2D dipole–dipole coupling. This study not only highlights the potential of leveraging ET mechanisms to overcome the limitations of interlayer CT, but also contributes to the fundamental understanding required for engineering advanced 2D HOIP optoelectronic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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14 pages, 1247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extended Synthetic Pathways Towards Dialkyl-Substituted Phosphanylboranes

by Mehdi Elsayed Moussa, Oliver Hegen, Christoph Riesinger and Manfred Scheer

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070239 - 11 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Phosphine–boranes have garnered growing interest for their potential in catalysis and as building blocks for inorganic polymers. While various synthetic methods exist, flexibility to introduce diverse substituents on the P centers remains limited. Our group reported routes to monoalkylated phosphanylboranes starting from primary [...] Read more.

Phosphine–boranes have garnered growing interest for their potential in catalysis and as building blocks for inorganic polymers. While various synthetic methods exist, flexibility to introduce diverse substituents on the P centers remains limited. Our group reported routes to monoalkylated phosphanylboranes starting from primary phosphanylboranes or sodium phosphide. In this work, we extend these strategies to enable the synthesis of dialkylated phosphanylboranes bearing either identical or different substituents on the P atoms. This expanded methodology provides access to a broader scope of diverse P centers, a key factor influencing the reactivity and applications of phosphine–borane derivatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Inorganic Chemistry in Germany)

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17 pages, 3073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity of 3-Chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic Acid Transition Metal Complexes

by Baiquan Hu, Qianqian Kang, Xianggao Meng, Hao Yin, Xingzhi Yang, Yanting Yang and Mei Luo

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070238 - 11 Jul 2025

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Abstract

In this study, 3-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid (HL) was used as a main ligand to successfully synthesize four novel complexes: [Cu(L)₂(Py)₂(OH₂)₂] (1), [Co(L)₂(Py)₂(OH₂)₂] (2) (Py [...] Read more.

In this study, 3-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid (HL) was used as a main ligand to successfully synthesize four novel complexes: [Cu(L)₂(Py)₂(OH₂)₂] (1), [Co(L)₂(Py)₂(OH₂)₂] (2) (Py = pyridine), [{Ni(L)₂(OH₂)₄}₂{Ni(L)(OH₂)₅}]L•5H₂O (3), and [{Co(L)₂(OH₂)₄}₂{Co(L)(OH₂)₅}]L•5H₂O (4). All four compounds were identified by elemental analysis and ESI mass spectrometry, and subsequently characterized by IR spectroscopy, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and cyclic voltammetry. X-ray analyses revealed that complexes 1 and 2 exhibit a centrosymmetric pseudo-octahedral coordination geometry; the copper (II) and cobalt (II) metal ions, respectively, are located at the crystallographic center of inversion. The coordination sphere of the copper (II) complex is axially elongated in accordance with the Jahn–Teller effect. Intriguingly, for charge neutrality, compounds 3 and 4 crystallized as three independent mononuclear octahedrally coordinated metal centers, which are two

[M L_{2} {({O H}_{2})}_{4}]

complex molecules and one

{[M L {({O H}_{2})}_{5}]}^{+}

complex cation (M =

{N i}^{I I}

and

{C o}^{I I}

, respectively), with the ligand anion

L^{-}

serving as the counter ion. The anticancer activities of these complexes were systematically assessed on human leukemia K562 cells, lung cancer A549 cells, liver cancer HepG2 cells, breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, and colon cancer SW480 cells. Among them, complex 4 shows significant inhibitory effects on leukemia K562 cells and colon cancer SW480 cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Structural Analysis and Biological Activity of Metal Complexes)

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18 pages, 4672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring Porosity and CO₂ Capture Performance of Covalent Organic Frameworks Through Hybridization with Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

by Hani Nasser Abdelhamid

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070237 - 11 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This study reported covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and their hybrid composites with two-dimensional materials, graphene oxide (GO), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), and boron nitride (BN), to examine their structural, textural, and gas adsorption properties. Material characterization confirmed the crystallinity [...] Read more.

This study reported covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and their hybrid composites with two-dimensional materials, graphene oxide (GO), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), and boron nitride (BN), to examine their structural, textural, and gas adsorption properties. Material characterization confirmed the crystallinity of COF-1 and the preservation of framework integrity after integrating the 2D nanomaterials. FT-IR spectra exhibited pronounced vibrational fingerprints of imine linkages and validated the functional groups from the COF and the integrated nanomaterials. TEM images revealed the integration of the two components, porous, layered structures with indications of interfacial interactions between COF and 2D nanosheets. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms revealed the microporous characteristics of the COFs, with hysteresis loops evident, indicating the development of supplementary mesopores at the interface between COF-1 and the 2D materials. The BET surface area of pristine COF-1 was maximal at 437 m²/g, accompanied by significant micropore and Langmuir surface areas of 348 and 1290 m²/g, respectively, offering enhanced average pore widths and hierarchical porous strcuture. CO₂ adsorption tests were investigated showing maximum adsorption capacitiy of 1.47 mmol/g, for COF-1, closely followed by COF@BN at 1.40 mmol/g, underscoring the preserved sorption capabilities of these materials. These findings demonstrate the promise of designed COF-based hybrids for gas capture, separation, and environmental remediation applications. Full article

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13 pages, 3647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Near-Infrared Synaptic Responses of WSe₂ Artificial Synapse Based on Upconversion Luminescence from Lanthanide Doped Nanoparticles

by Yaxian Lu, Chuanwen Chen, Qi Sun, Ni Zhang, Kun Lv, Zhiling Chen, Yuelan He, Haowen Tang and Ping Chen

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070236 - 10 Jul 2025

Viewed by 391

Abstract

Near-infrared (NIR) photoelectric synaptic devices show great potential in studying NIR artificial visual systems integrating excellent optical characteristics and bionic synaptic plasticity. However, NIR synapses based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) suffer from low stability and poor environmental performance. Thus, an environmentally friendly [...] Read more.

Near-infrared (NIR) photoelectric synaptic devices show great potential in studying NIR artificial visual systems integrating excellent optical characteristics and bionic synaptic plasticity. However, NIR synapses based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) suffer from low stability and poor environmental performance. Thus, an environmentally friendly NIR synapse was fabricated based on lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and two-dimensional (2D) WSe₂ via solution spin coating technology. Biological synaptic functions were simulated successfully through 975 nm laser regulation, including paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), spike rate-dependent plasticity, and spike timing-dependent plasticity. Handwritten digital images were also recognized by an artificial neural network based on device characteristics with a high accuracy of 97.24%. In addition, human and animal identification in foggy and low-visibility surroundings was proposed by the synaptic response of the device combined with an NIR laser and visible simulation. These findings might provide promising strategies for developing a 24/7 visual response of humanoid robots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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26 pages, 4053 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Study on the Multifunctional Properties and Application Perspectives of ZnO/SiC Composite Materials

by Mohammad Nur-E-Alam

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070235 - 10 Jul 2025

Viewed by 418

Abstract

ZnO/SiC nanocomposite materials possess significant potential for various technological fields due to their extraordinary optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The synthesis methods, material properties, and diverse applications of ZnO/SiC composites have been systematically explored in this study. The potential application areas of [...] Read more.

ZnO/SiC nanocomposite materials possess significant potential for various technological fields due to their extraordinary optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The synthesis methods, material properties, and diverse applications of ZnO/SiC composites have been systematically explored in this study. The potential application areas of this nanocomposite include their roles in photocatalysis, optoelectronic devices, gas sensors, and photovoltaic systems. The synergetic effects of ZnO and SiC are analyzed to highlight their advantages over their individual components. Future research directions must focus on the remaining challenges to optimize these nanoscale composite materials for industrial and emerging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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12 pages, 2447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Modelling of Integration and Debonding Process of Ultra-Thin Inorganic Chips

by Kunwei Zheng, Shen Dai, Zhiyao Ling and Han Gong

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070234 - 10 Jul 2025

Viewed by 327

Abstract

The research on ultra-thin inorganic chips is an important field in the development of inorganic flexible electronics. By thinning the inorganic (mainly silicon-based) chip to less than 50 μm, it will gain a certain degree of flexibility. After the ultra-thin chip is integrated [...] Read more.

The research on ultra-thin inorganic chips is an important field in the development of inorganic flexible electronics. By thinning the inorganic (mainly silicon-based) chip to less than 50 μm, it will gain a certain degree of flexibility. After the ultra-thin chip is integrated into the flexible substrate, it is bent repeatedly during the operation of the system. When the bending angle is excessively large, the chip and substrate will debond, or the chip will break. In this process, whether the chip can be stably adhered to the substrate depends on many factors, and debonding can only be reduced by continuously adjusting the process parameters. From an energy method perspective, this study divides the bending process of flexible silicon-based chips and flexible films into two states: debonding and non-debonding. A debonding mechanical model of flexible chips is established, and the regulatory relationship between the adhesion coefficient between the chip and film, chip geometric size, and material parameters was established. Experiments were also conducted to verify the relevant theoretical results. The theoretical results show that the risk of chip debonding decreases with a reduction in chip thickness, an increase in interface adhesion, and an increase in bending radius. Improving the interface adhesion during the bending process can effectively stabilize the adhesion of flexible chips. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the integration and bending of ultra-thin flexible chips and flexible substrates, promoting the practical assembly and application of ultra-thin chips. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 3rd Edition)

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26 pages, 48882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TiO₂ Nanoparticles Obtained by Laser Sintering When Added to Methacrylate Photopolymer Resin Improve Its Physicochemical Characteristics and Impart Antibacterial Properties

by Aleksandr V. Simakin, Dmitriy E. Burmistrov, Ilya V. Baimler, Ann V. Gritsaeva, Dmitriy A. Serov, Maxim E. Astashev, Pavel Chapala, Shamil Z. Validov, Fatikh M. Yanbaev and Sergey V. Gudkov

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070233 - 10 Jul 2025

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Abstract

In this paper, titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) with complex surface topologies were obtained for the first time using simple procedures applied in laser sintering. Based on the obtained nanoparticles and polymethyl methacrylate-like photopolymer resin, a composite material (MPR/TiO₂-NPs) for [...] Read more.

In this paper, titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) with complex surface topologies were obtained for the first time using simple procedures applied in laser sintering. Based on the obtained nanoparticles and polymethyl methacrylate-like photopolymer resin, a composite material (MPR/TiO₂-NPs) for 3D printing was created using the MSLA technology. Products made of the material containing from 0.001 to 0.1% wt. TiO₂-NPs didn’t contain internal defects and were less brittle than the resin without nanoparticles. Products made of the MPR/TiO₂-NPs material were well polished; after polishing, areas with a variation in the surface profile height of less than 10 nm were found on the surfaces. Nanoparticles in the volume of products made of the material are apparently unevenly distributed; there are alternating areas of micrometer sizes with slightly higher and slightly lower concentrations of nanoparticles. Spectroscopy showed that adding the developed nanoparticles promoted better polymerization of the MPR resin. The addition of nanoparticles to the material slightly increased its ability to generate active forms of oxygen and damage biomacromolecules. At the same time, the resulting material exhibits significant antibacterial properties and doen’t affect the growth and reproduction of animal cells. The created material can be a very effective basis for the additive manufacturing of products with improved physical and chemical properties and balanced biological activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Metallic Nanoparticles for Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Control)

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10 pages, 2014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Morphology of Poly(Triaryl Amine)-Based Hole Transport Layer via Solvent Optimization for High-Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

by Xiaoyin Xie, Xi Liu, Chufei Ding, Han Yang, Xueyi Liu, Guanchen Liu, Zhihai Liu and Eun-Cheol Lee

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070232 - 9 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Poly[bis(4-phenyl) (2,5,6-trimethylphenyl) amine (PTAA), as a hole transfer material, has been widely used in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the optimal solvent for preparing the PTAA solution and coating the PTAA layer is still uncertain. In this work, we investigated three types of [...] Read more.

Poly[bis(4-phenyl) (2,5,6-trimethylphenyl) amine (PTAA), as a hole transfer material, has been widely used in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the optimal solvent for preparing the PTAA solution and coating the PTAA layer is still uncertain. In this work, we investigated three types of organic solvents (toluene, chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene) for processing PTAA layers as the hole transport layer in PSCs. Based on the experimental verification and molecular dynamics simulation results, all the evidence indicated that toluene performs best among the three candidates. This is attributed to the significant polarity difference between toluene and PTAA, which leads to the formation of a uniform surface morphology characterized by granular protuberances after spin coating. The contact area of the hole transfer layer with the surface aggregation is increased in reference to the rough surface, and the hydrophilicity of the PTAA layer is also increased. The improvement of these two aspects are conducive to the effective interfacial charge transfer. This leads to the generation of more photocurrent. The PSCs employing toluene-processed PTAA exhibit an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.1%, which is higher than that of PSCs using chlorobenzene- and dichlorobenzene-processed PTAA (17.3–17.9%). This work provides a direct optimization strategy for researchers aiming to fabricate PSCs based on PTAA as a hole transport layer and lays a solid foundation for the development of high-efficiency inverted PSCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Quantum Electronics: Physics and Materials)

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10 pages, 2622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optical and Structural Characterization of Cu-Doped Ga₂O₃ Nanostructures Synthesized via Hydrothermal Method

by Jiwoo Kim, Heejoong Ryou, Janghun Lee, Sunjae Kim and Wan Sik Hwang

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070231 - 7 Jul 2025

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Abstract

In this study, we investigate the optical and structural properties of Cu-doped β-Ga₂O₃ nanostructures synthesized via a hydrothermal method, followed by annealing in ambient O₂. Different Cu doping concentrations (0, 1.6, and 4.8 at.%) are introduced to [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigate the optical and structural properties of Cu-doped β-Ga₂O₃ nanostructures synthesized via a hydrothermal method, followed by annealing in ambient O₂. Different Cu doping concentrations (0, 1.6, and 4.8 at.%) are introduced to examine their effects on the crystal structure, chemical state, and optical bandgap of β-Ga₂O₃. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that the host β-Ga₂O₃ crystal structure is preserved at lower doping levels, whereas secondary phases (Ga₂CuO₄) appear at higher doping concentrations (4.8 at.%). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the presence of Cu²⁺ ions in both lattice substitution sites and surface-adsorbed hydroxylated species (Cu(OH)₂). The optical bandgap of β-Ga₂O₃ is found to decrease with increasing Cu concentration, likely due to the formation of localized states or secondary phases. These findings demonstrate the tunability of the optical properties of β-Ga₂O₃ via Cu doping, providing insights into the incorporation mechanisms and their impact on structural and electronic properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Catalysis Applications)

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23 pages, 3154 KiB

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Structurally Characterized Cobalt and Nickel Complexes of Flavonoid Chrysin as Potential Radical Scavenging Compounds

by Eleftherios Halevas, Barbara Mavroidi, Despoina Varna, Georgia Zahariou, George Litsardakis, Maria Pelecanou and Antonios G. Hatzidimitriou

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070230 - 7 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Polyphenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, possess important structural and physico-chemical characteristics that in combination with their biological properties render them an important class of natural compounds with medicinal prospects. Chrysin is a well-known flavone with antioxidant activity and a multitude of other beneficial [...] Read more.

Polyphenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, possess important structural and physico-chemical characteristics that in combination with their biological properties render them an important class of natural compounds with medicinal prospects. Chrysin is a well-known flavone with antioxidant activity and a multitude of other beneficial properties. The potential of flavonoids to coordinate with metal ions leads to derivatives with enhanced biological profile. Within this framework, four novel heteroleptic complexes of cobalt and nickel with chrysin and the aromatic bidentate chelating agents 2,2′-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline were synthesized, as well as physico-chemically and structurally characterized. The in vitro antioxidant efficiency of the synthesized complexes was examined via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. All complexes showed notable radical scavenging capacity comparable to that of ascorbic acid, providing the incentive for further investigation of their therapeutic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Containing Bioactive Ligands: Structure and Biological Evaluation)

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12 pages, 4610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenyl–Pentafluorophenyl Interaction-Mediated Ir(C^N)₂(N^N)-(Ni-Metallacycle) Dual Catalysis for Light-Driven C-S Cross-Coupling Synthesis

by Jun-Feng Chen, Zhan-Xin Zhang, Jing Li and Sheng-Li Huang

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070229 - 7 Jul 2025

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Abstract

In many photocatalytic systems employing dual catalysts, researchers often focus primarily on the individual performance of each catalyst while overlooking potential inter-catalyst interactions. In this work, we have developed an efficient dual-catalytic system for C-S cross-coupling reactions, utilizing Ir(C^N)₂(N^N) photosensitizers (PSs) [...] Read more.

In many photocatalytic systems employing dual catalysts, researchers often focus primarily on the individual performance of each catalyst while overlooking potential inter-catalyst interactions. In this work, we have developed an efficient dual-catalytic system for C-S cross-coupling reactions, utilizing Ir(C^N)₂(N^N) photosensitizers (PSs) in conjunction with Ni₃Ce metallacycles. By incorporating specifically designed ligands, we established phenyl–pentafluorophenyl interaction between the photosensitizer and the Ni₃Ce metallacycle. Comparative experiments revealed that systems featuring this interaction exhibited superior catalytic performance. Furthermore, transient fluorescence studies demonstrated that the phenyl–pentafluorophenyl interaction extends the lifetime of the excited state of the photosensitizer. The primary objective of this work is to provide some references and inspiration for the development of dual-catalytic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)

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22 pages, 1664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combination of Acid and Base Activation of Montmorillonite Clay and Its Impact on the Basic Blue-41 Removal Properties: Regeneration and Single Batch Design

by Thamer S. Alraddadi, Rawan Al-Faze, Saheed A. Popoola, Mohd Gulfam Alam, Souad Rakass, Hmoud Al Dmour and Fethi Kooli

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070228 - 7 Jul 2025

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Abstract

The treatment with an alkali (sodium hydroxide) solution of acid-activated montmorillonite clay minerals resulted in a reduction in specific surface area. However, a significant enhancement in the removal of basic blue-41 dye solution was achieved compared to acid-activated samples only (first step of [...] Read more.

The treatment with an alkali (sodium hydroxide) solution of acid-activated montmorillonite clay minerals resulted in a reduction in specific surface area. However, a significant enhancement in the removal of basic blue-41 dye solution was achieved compared to acid-activated samples only (first step of activation) and to the raw montmorillonite clay. The obtained products were characterized using different techniques. The results indicated that the acid-activated montmorillonites exhibited different physicochemical properties than the starting raw montmorillonite, with a reduction in the cation exchange capacity and improvements in the specific surface area (from 5 m²/g to 274 m²/g) and total pore volume (from 0.031 cm³/g to 0.450 cm³/g) due to the formation of the amorphous silica phase. However, the treatment with NaOH solution was accompanied by significant reductions in the specific surface area (from 274 m²/g to 18 m²/g) and total pore volume (from 0.450 cm³/g to 0.02 cm³/g) due to the dissolution of the formed amorphous silica phase, as confirmed through ²⁹Si MAS NMR and FTIR techniques. In addition, the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratios were close to those of the starting montmorillonite clay. The removal of the cationic basic blue-41 was optimized under different conditions, such as different initial concentrations, adsorbent doses, and pHs of the dye solution. The maximum removal capacities of acid-activated clays were in the range of 45 mg/g to 80 mg/g and decreased with the extent of the acid activation process. However, the capacities were enhanced after NaOH treatment and reached values in the range of 80 to 120 mg/g. Enhancing the surface area had less of an impact on the materials’ removal ability. The obtained materials performed well in seven adsorption–regeneration cycles, showing a 70% reduction in removal effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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15 pages, 11349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Bi-Enriched Bi₂O₃/Bi₂MoO₆ Z-Scheme Heterojunction: Augmented Photocatalytic Phenol Degradation

by Congyu Cai, Shuwen Wang, Pingping Wan, Haoying Cai, Minhui Pan and Weiwei Wang

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070227 - 6 Jul 2025

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Abstract

A three-dimensional Bi-enriched Bi₂O₃/Bi₂MoO₆ Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully synthesized via a facile one-step hydrothermal method for efficient phenol degradation under visible light. Structural and morphological characterizations (SEM, TEM, and XRD) confirmed the formation of a [...] Read more.

A three-dimensional Bi-enriched Bi₂O₃/Bi₂MoO₆ Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully synthesized via a facile one-step hydrothermal method for efficient phenol degradation under visible light. Structural and morphological characterizations (SEM, TEM, and XRD) confirmed the formation of a nanoflower-like architecture with a high specific surface area of 81.27 m²/g. Optical and electrochemical analyses revealed efficient charge separation and extended visible-light response. Under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm), this heterojunction (Bi₂O₃:Bi₂MoO₆ = 3:7) demonstrated exceptional performance, degrading 97.06% of phenol (30 mg/L) within 60 min. XPS analysis confirmed the Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism: Photogenerated electrons in the conduction band of Bi₂O₃ (−0.59 eV) facilitated the generation of ·O₂⁻ radicals, while holes in the valence band of Bi₂MoO₆ (2.44 eV) predominantly produced ·OH radicals. This synergistic effect resulted in highly efficient mineralization and degradation of phenol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Inorganic–Organic Composite Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications)

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18 pages, 831 KiB

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New QSPR/QSAR Models for Organic and Inorganic Compounds: Similarity and Dissimilarity

by Alla P. Toropova, Andrey A. Toropov, Alessandra Roncaglioni and Emilio Benfenati

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070226 - 4 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Background: We studied in silico models of both organic and inorganic substances. In most cases, these in silico models are used for organic substances only. The following endpoints were taken for the case studies: the octanol–water coefficient (three models), the enthalpies of formation [...] Read more.

Background: We studied in silico models of both organic and inorganic substances. In most cases, these in silico models are used for organic substances only. The following endpoints were taken for the case studies: the octanol–water coefficient (three models), the enthalpies of formation of organometallic compounds, and rat acute toxicity. Methods: The correlation weights were optimized using the Monte Carlo method with two special training and validation sets. The training set was structured into three subsets of active and passive training, as well as a calibration set. The division into these four subsets was carried out using the Las Vegas algorithm. It is assumed that considering groups of different splits into these four subsets is more informative than considering only a single split. Results: Models were built for the octanol–water coefficient for a set containing organic and inorganic substances or for a subset of the original data; other models were developed for a set containing only specially defined inorganic substances for platinum complexes. In addition, models of the enthalpy of formation and for toxicity in rats were built using the same approach for two sets of inorganic substances. Conclusions: A comparison of different methods for the optimization of correlation weights using the Monte Carlo method showed that optimization can be improved using the coefficient of conformism of a correlative prediction (CCCP) or the index of the ideality of correlation (IIC). Optimization with CCCP was the best option for the models of the octanol–water partition coefficient for the set of organic compounds, the octanol–water partition coefficient of the inorganic set, and the enthalpy of formation of the inorganic compounds. However, optimization with IIC was the best option in terms of the toxicity of the inorganic compounds in rats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Inorganic Chemistry in Italy)

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30 pages, 5199 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modification Strategies of g-C₃N₄-Based Materials for Enhanced Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants: A Review

by Yijie Zhang, Peng Lian, Xinyu Hao, Li Zhang, Lihua Yang, Li Jiang, Kaiyou Zhang, Lei Liao and Aimiao Qin

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070225 - 3 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Graphite carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is a low band gap non-metallic polymer semiconductor that has broad application prospects and is an ideal material for absorbing visible light, as g-C₃N₄ materials have strong oxidation properties and are easy [...] Read more.

Graphite carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is a low band gap non-metallic polymer semiconductor that has broad application prospects and is an ideal material for absorbing visible light, as g-C₃N₄ materials have strong oxidation properties and are easy to modify. The structure formation of g-C₃N₄-based materials makes a series of photocatalytic synthesis reactions possible and improves photocatalytic reaction activity. In this paper, the development history, structures, and performance of g-C₃N₄ are briefly introduced, and the modification strategies of g-C₃N₄ are summarized to improve its photocatalytic and photoelectric catalytic properties via doping, heterojunction construction, etc. The light absorption and utilization of the catalysts are also analyzed in terms of light source conditions, and the application of g-C₃N₄ and its modified materials in photocatalysis and photocatalytic degradation is reviewed. Full article

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17 pages, 2409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Physically Activated Carbons from Vitellaria paradoxa Shells for Supercapacitor Electrode Applications

by Joshua Atta Alabi, Neda Nazari, Daniel Nframah Ampong, Frank Ofori Agyemang, Mark Adom-Asamoah, Richard Opoku, Rene Zahrhuber, Christoph Unterweger and Kwadwo Mensah-Darkwa

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070224 - 2 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates the processing of shea nut shells (SNSs), an abundant agricultural waste, into porous activated carbon for supercapacitor electrodes through a two-stage thermal treatment involving pyrolysis and physical activation with CO₂ and steam. The aim was to develop sustainable, high-performance [...] Read more.

This study investigates the processing of shea nut shells (SNSs), an abundant agricultural waste, into porous activated carbon for supercapacitor electrodes through a two-stage thermal treatment involving pyrolysis and physical activation with CO₂ and steam. The aim was to develop sustainable, high-performance electrode materials while addressing waste management. Carbonization followed by activation yielded 16.5% (CO₂) and 11.3% (steam) activation yields, with total yields of 4.3% and 2.9%, respectively. CO₂ activation produced carbon (AC_CO₂) with a specific surface area (S_BET) of 1528 m² g⁻¹ and a total pore volume of 0.72 cm³ g⁻¹, a graphitization degree (I_D/I_G = 1.0), and low charge transfer resistance (9.05 Ω), delivering a specific capacitance of 47.5 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹, an energy density of 9.5 Wh kg⁻¹ at 299 W kg⁻¹, and a fast discharge time of 2.10 s, ideal for power-intensive applications. Steam activation yielded carbon (AC_H₂O) with a higher specific surface area (1842 m² g⁻¹) and pore volume (1.57 cm³ g⁻¹), achieving a superior specific capacitance of 102.2 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹ and a power density of 204 W kg⁻¹ at 9.2 Wh kg⁻¹, suited for energy storage. AC_CO₂ also exhibited exceptional cyclic stability (90% retention after 10,000 cycles). These findings demonstrate SNS-derived activated carbon as a versatile, eco-friendly material, with CO₂ activation optimizing power delivery and steam activation enhancing energy capacity, offering tailored solutions for supercapacitor applications and sustainable waste utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Hybrid Materials for Environmental and Energy Applications)

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20 pages, 3492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Electrochemical Properties of Pure and Vanadium-Doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ Nanoflakes for High Performance Supercapacitors

by Mudda Deepak, Obili M. Hussain and Christian M. Julien

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070223 - 1 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Nanostructured binary metal oxides have demonstrated the potential for increased electrochemical performance due to their structural stability, electronic conductivity, and various oxidation states. The Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal procedure at different reaction periods (12, 18, [...] Read more.

Nanostructured binary metal oxides have demonstrated the potential for increased electrochemical performance due to their structural stability, electronic conductivity, and various oxidation states. The Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal procedure at different reaction periods (12, 18, and 24 h), and its microstructural and supercapacitive characteristics were studied. The XRD and XPS studies confirm the formation of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ in pure phase when synthesized at 24 h (LTO@24) of reaction time. FESEM and HRTEM images reveal nanoflake surface morphology. Both LTO@24 and V-LTO@24 nanoflakes exhibited impressive electrochemical performance, with specific capacitance values of 357 and 442 F g^−1, respectively, at 1 A g⁻¹. The V-LTO@24 showed remarkable supercapacitor properties, demonstrating excellent rate capability and cycleability that surpass those of pure LTO@24. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research on Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials)

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17 pages, 3368 KiB

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Enhanced Photocatalytic Performances and Mechanistic Insights for Novel Ag-Bridged Dual Z-Scheme AgI/Ag₃PO₄/WO₃ Composites

by Chunlei Ma, Jianke Tang, Qi Wang, Rongqian Meng and Qiaoling Li

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070222 - 1 Jul 2025

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Abstract

In this study, AgI/Ag₃PO₄/WO₃ ternary composite photocatalysts with dual Z-scheme heterojunction were fabricated via the in situ loading of Ag₃PO₄ onto WO₃ followed by anion exchange. Compared to single photocatalysts and binary composites, the [...] Read more.

In this study, AgI/Ag₃PO₄/WO₃ ternary composite photocatalysts with dual Z-scheme heterojunction were fabricated via the in situ loading of Ag₃PO₄ onto WO₃ followed by anion exchange. Compared to single photocatalysts and binary composites, the AgI/Ag₃PO₄/WO₃ composites exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity in the photodegradation of chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) under visible-light irradiation. Notably, the AAW-40 photocatalyst, which contained an AgI/Ag₃PO₄ molar ratio of 40%, degraded 75.7% of the CTC within 75 min. Moreover, AAW-40 demonstrated an excellent performance in the cyclic degradation of CTC over four cyclic degradation experiments. The separation and transfer kinetics of the AgI/Ag₃PO₄/WO₃ composite were investigated with photoluminescence spectroscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements. The improved photocatalytic performance was primarily due to the creation of a silver-bridged dual Z-scheme heterojunction, which facilitated the efficient separation of photoinduced electron–hole pairs, retained the strong reducing capability of electrons in AgI, and ensured the strongly oxidizing nature of the photoexcited holes in WO₃. The dual Z-scheme charge-transfer mechanism was further validated using in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This study provides a foundation for developing innovative dual Z-scheme photocatalytic systems aimed at the efficient degradation of antibiotics in wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications)

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21 pages, 2880 KiB

Open AccessReview

Italian Contribution to the Recent Growth of the Luminescent 1,3-Bis(Pyridin-2-yl)benzene Platinum(II) Complex Family

by Alessia Colombo, Claudia Dragonetti, Francesco Fagnani, Daniele Marinotto and Dominique Roberto

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070221 - 1 Jul 2025

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Abstract

The first chlorido platinum(II) complex with a cyclometallated 1,3-bis(pyridin-2-yl)benzene ligand, Pt(bpyb)Cl, was prepared in 1999. Four years later, its luminescent properties were discovered. Since then, a huge number of studies have been dedicated to the synthesis and characterization of related complexes, and to [...] Read more.

The first chlorido platinum(II) complex with a cyclometallated 1,3-bis(pyridin-2-yl)benzene ligand, Pt(bpyb)Cl, was prepared in 1999. Four years later, its luminescent properties were discovered. Since then, a huge number of studies have been dedicated to the synthesis and characterization of related complexes, and to their application in photonics, optoelectronics, bioimaging, and photodynamic therapy. The present review concerns the main results obtained in the last five years by our research group in Milan. After a brief introduction on Pt(bpyb)Cl complexes, we illustrate our recent investigations to show the Milanese contribution to the rapid growth of this platinum family. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Inorganic Chemistry in Italy)

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14 pages, 3131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Complex of Salinomycin with Hg(II)—Synthesis and Characterization

by Juliana Ivanova, Irena Pashkunova-Martic, Johannes Theiner, Nikola Burdzhiev, Peter Dorkov and Ivo Grabchev

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070220 - 1 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Salinomycin is a polyether ionophorous antibiotic with promising antineoplastic properties. Published studies have revealed that the compound also exerts pronounced antidotal activity against cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) intoxications. It has been proven that salinomycin with Cd(II) forms a coordination compound of a [...] Read more.

Salinomycin is a polyether ionophorous antibiotic with promising antineoplastic properties. Published studies have revealed that the compound also exerts pronounced antidotal activity against cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) intoxications. It has been proven that salinomycin with Cd(II) forms a coordination compound of a composition [Cd(C₄₂H₆₉O₁₁)₂(H₂O)₂] and an octahedral molecular geometry, while the coordination compound of the antibiotic with Pb(II) has a square pyramidal structure and composition [Pb(C₄₂H₆₉O₁₁)(NO₃)]. To date, there is no published information about the ability of salinomycin to form complexes with the mercury ion (Hg(II)). Herein, we report, for the first time, a synthetic procedure for a complex compound of salinomycin with Hg(II). The coordination compound was characterized by a variety of methods, such as elemental analysis, attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), powder X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), thermogravimetry with differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and thermogravimetry with mass spectrometry (TG-MS). The elemental analysis data revealed that the new compound is of the chemical composition [Hg(C₄₂H₆₉O₁₁)(H₂O)(OH)]. Based on the results from the spectral analyses, the most probable structure of the complex was proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)

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