Current Oncology

9 pages, 1235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diffuse-Type Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor of the Knee: Clinical Course After Anterior Open Synovectomy

by Alessandro Bruschi, Eric Staals, Andrea Sambri, Luca Cevolani, Marco Gambarotti, Alberto Righi, Michele Fiore, Eleonora Villari, Stefano Pasini, Maria Giulia Pirini, Massimiliano De Paolis and Davide Maria Donati

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060342 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Diffuse type tenosynovial giant cell tumor (D-TGCT) of the knee presents with stiffness, pain and swelling with surgery being the mainstay treatment. However, the literature lacks data on clinical course of range of motion, pain (ROM), and swelling after open synovectomy for D-TGCT. [...] Read more.

Diffuse type tenosynovial giant cell tumor (D-TGCT) of the knee presents with stiffness, pain and swelling with surgery being the mainstay treatment. However, the literature lacks data on clinical course of range of motion, pain (ROM), and swelling after open synovectomy for D-TGCT. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate clinical course after open anterior synovectomy. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 214 patients treated for TGCT at our Institutions between 2010 and 2023. 51 patients with anterior knee D-TGCT who underwent open anterior synovectomy were included. Pre- and postoperative assessments included ROM, pain (VAS scale), and reported swelling. The mean knee flexion increased from 100° (SD 14.28) preoperatively to 131.8° (12.64) at 12 months post-surgery. Knee extension remained stable, ranging from 178.4° preoperatively to 179.2° at the final follow-up. Pain decreased from a mean of 5.0 (SD 2.8) preoperatively to 0.5 (SD 0.7) at 12 months. Swelling was initially reported in 90.4% of patients, with 95.74% of them showing improvement at six months, and 100% at 12 months. Open anterior synovectomy effectively improves knee function, pain, swelling in patients with anterior knee D-TGCT, although functional recovery may take up to 6–12 months. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Organ Preservation for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer in Canada: A National Survey of Clinical Practice

by Megan Delisle, Victoria Ivankovic, Doris Goubran, Eliane Yvonne Paglicauan, Mariam Alsobaei, Nicole Alcasid, Mary Farnand and Kristopher Dennis

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060341 - 10 Jun 2025

Abstract

Purpose: Organ preservation (OP) is an increasingly recognized treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer. However, variability in patient selection, treatment regimens, and surveillance can hinder widespread adoption. We conducted a national, cross-sectional survey evaluating how OP is implemented across Canada. Methods: Between June [...] Read more.

Purpose: Organ preservation (OP) is an increasingly recognized treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer. However, variability in patient selection, treatment regimens, and surveillance can hinder widespread adoption. We conducted a national, cross-sectional survey evaluating how OP is implemented across Canada. Methods: Between June and July 2023, surgeons, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists with expertise in OP from all 44 Canadian radiation centers completed an electronic survey about the implementation of OP at their centers. Primary OP was defined as administering neoadjuvant therapy with the explicit goal of avoiding surgery. Secondary OP was defined as deferring planned surgery only when there was an unexpected yet sufficient clinical response. Results: Responses from 40 radiation centers (response rate 90.9%) identified that 20 (50.0%) offered primary and secondary OP, 11 (27.8%) offered only secondary, and 8 (20.0%) offered neither. The most common treatment in primary OP was chemoradiation with consolidation chemotherapy (17/20, 89.5%). When assessing the response in primary OP, endoscopic biopsies were more commonly performed with a near-complete response (10/20, 50.0%) than a complete response (4/20, 20.0%). Watch-and-wait surveillance was more frequently offered for a complete response (17/31, 54.8%) than a near-complete response (4/31, 12.9%). Challenges included limited MRI (21/40, 52.5%), clinic time (18/40, 45.0%), timely surgery if required (16/40, 40.0%), and limited familiarity with the protocols and evidence (15/40, 37.5%). Conclusion: OP is recognized nationwide but is inconsistently implemented. Challenges raise concerns about the current feasibility of OP in Canada and highlight the need for less resource-intensive, complex OP protocols. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 5847 KiB

Open AccessGuidelines

Updated Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometrial Carcinoma: The Polish Society of Gynecological Oncology (2025v)

by Jacek J. Sznurkowski, Lubomir Bodnar, Anna Dańska-Bidzińska, Andrzej Marszałek, Pawel Blecharz, Anita Chudecka-Głaz, Dagmara Klasa-Mazurkiewicz, Artur Kowalik, Agnieszka Zołciak-Siwinska, Aleksandra Zielinska, Mariusz Bidziński and Włodzimierz Sawicki

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060340 - 9 Jun 2025

Abstract

In 2023, the Polish Society of Gynecologic Oncology (PSGO) published clinical recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and care of women with endometrial cancer (EC), developed using the AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation) tool. A 2025 update was initiated in [...] Read more.

In 2023, the Polish Society of Gynecologic Oncology (PSGO) published clinical recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and care of women with endometrial cancer (EC), developed using the AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation) tool. A 2025 update was initiated in response to new evidence, particularly regarding systemic therapies for metastatic, advanced, or recurrent EC, and the introduction of an updated FIGO classification. A targeted literature review identified relevant phase III clinical trials and systematic reviews, including RUBY, GY-018, AtTend, and DUO-E. These trials were critically assessed by an Expert Panel in accordance with the AGREE II methodology. Updated recommendations were formulated based on this evidence, with a comparative analysis of the old and new FIGO staging systems and visual updates to treatment pathways. Key changes include the addition of immunotherapy (I/O) plus chemotherapy (CHTH) as first-line treatment for all molecular subtypes of high-grade endometrioid and non-endometrioid carcinomas, replacing chemotherapy alone. For MMRp-positive cases, the 2025 version introduces the use of Olaparib alongside Durvalumab and CHTH. HER2-positive MMRp serous carcinoma remains eligible for trastuzumab in combination with CHTH. Second-line treatment guidance remains unchanged for patients who did not receive I/O plus CHTH initially. However, options for those previously treated with this combination are still under evaluation. This update ensures alignment with the latest international standards and reinforces evidence-based, personalized care for EC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessReview

Myelofibrosis: Treatment Options After Ruxolitinib Failure

by Ruth Stuckey, Adrián Segura Díaz and María Teresa Gómez-Casares

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060339 - 9 Jun 2025

Abstract

While allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the only curative therapy for patients with myelofibrosis, its applicability is limited both by the high morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure and by the fact that only a minority of patients are eligible due [...] Read more.

While allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the only curative therapy for patients with myelofibrosis, its applicability is limited both by the high morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure and by the fact that only a minority of patients are eligible due to age or comorbidities. Ruxolitinib, a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, is the standard first-line therapy for intermediate- and high-risk MF, offering symptom relief and splenic volume reduction but lacking a clear survival benefit. Its use may be limited by hematologic toxicities, increased infection risk, and an inability to prevent disease progression. Ruxolitinib failure remains a significant clinical challenge, with resistance mechanisms not fully elucidated. The approval of other JAK inhibitors—fedratinib, pacritinib, and momelotinib—has expanded treatment options, particularly for patients with cytopenias or transfusion dependence. Moreover, many other targeted agents are in development in clinical trials, as monotherapy or in combination with ruxolitinib. This review provides an update on the use of JAK inhibitors and novel agents, with a focus on treatment options for ruxolitinib-resistant or refractory patients. As therapeutic strategies evolve, optimizing treatment sequencing and incorporating next-generation sequencing will be critical for improving patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition—Haematological Neoplasms: Diagnosis and Management)

18 pages, 4257 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Artificial Intelligence in Laryngeal Cancer Detection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Ali Alabdalhussein, Mohammed Hasan Al-Khafaji, Rusul Al-Busairi, Shahad Al-Dabbagh, Waleed Khan, Fahid Anwar, Taghreed Sami Raheem, Mohammed Elkrim, Raguwinder Bindy Sahota and Manish Mair

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060338 - 9 Jun 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: The early detection of laryngeal cancer is crucial for achieving superior patient outcomes and preserving laryngeal function. Artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies can expedite the triage of suspicious laryngeal lesions, thereby diminishing the critical timeframe required for clinical intervention. (2) Methods: We [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The early detection of laryngeal cancer is crucial for achieving superior patient outcomes and preserving laryngeal function. Artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies can expedite the triage of suspicious laryngeal lesions, thereby diminishing the critical timeframe required for clinical intervention. (2) Methods: We included all studies published up to February 2025. We conducted a systematic search across five major databases: MEDLINE, EMCARE, EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library. We included 15 studies, with a total of 17,559 patients. A risk of bias assessment was performed using the QUADAS-2 tool. We conducted data synthesis using the Meta Disc 1.4 program. (3) Results: A meta-analysis revealed that AI demonstrated high sensitivity (78%) and specificity (86%), with a Pooled Diagnostic Odds Ratio of 53.77 (95% CI: 27.38 to 105.62) in detecting laryngeal cancer. The subset analysis revealed that CNN-based AI models are superior to non-CNN-based models in image analysis and lesion detection. (4) Conclusions: AI can be used in real-world settings due to its diagnostic accuracy, high sensitivity, and specificity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 396 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oncology Nurses’ Attitudes, Knowledge, and Practices in Providing Sexuality Care to Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review

by Omar Alqaisi, Maha Subih, Kurian Joseph, Edward Yu and Patricia Tai

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060337 - 7 Jun 2025

Viewed by 146

Abstract

Sexual health in cancer care is often overlooked. This study examines oncology nurses’ knowledge and practices regarding sexuality care, identifying barriers and facilitators. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-guided search of Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and EBSCO focused on studies [...] Read more.

Sexual health in cancer care is often overlooked. This study examines oncology nurses’ knowledge and practices regarding sexuality care, identifying barriers and facilitators. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-guided search of Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and EBSCO focused on studies from 2014 to 2024. Of 1735 identified studies, only 11 met inclusion criteria. Findings revealed a lack of knowledge among nurses and dissatisfaction with sexual healthcare. Barriers include time constraints, cultural factors, and personal reservations. Routine discussions are often absent due to inadequate training. Education- and system-based strategies are needed to enhance nurses’ competence in addressing sexual concerns. Implementing training programs, structured records, evaluation tools, concept maps, and system support would improve patient care and oncology nursing practices. Addressing these gaps with practical measures can enhance communication, patient satisfaction, and quality of life. This unique analysis was conducted by two experienced advanced nurses in the Middle East, where discussions about sex are often regarded as taboo. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 5327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment in Western Romania

by Ion Petre, Șerban Mircea Negru, Florina Buleu, Radu Dumitru Moleriu, Marina Adriana Mercioni, Izabella Petre, Anca Bordianu, Vladiana Turi, Luciana Marc, Daian Ionel Popa and Daliborca Cristina Vlad

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060336 - 7 Jun 2025

Viewed by 118

Abstract

Background and Objectives: As a leading European country in terms of cervical cancer incidence and mortality, there has been a pressing need for Romania to upgrade its cervical cancer management. The criteria set by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics indicate that [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: As a leading European country in terms of cervical cancer incidence and mortality, there has been a pressing need for Romania to upgrade its cervical cancer management. The criteria set by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics indicate that different treatments should have a similar trend concerning progression-free survival and overall survival at all the various stages of cervical cancer. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness (CE) of the primary treatment plans related to the survival rate for cervical cancer screening in the western part of Romania and provide some recommendations. Materials and Methods: Descriptive statistics and a correlation model were used to examine costs. AI models have been developed to forecast the CE of different treatments using the above-mentioned studies on overall survival rates and treatment-related toxicity rates for five years. The costs of cervical cancer treatment were sourced from the public health department, the oncology clinic in the western region of Romania, and the County Hospital available for each stage. Results: Treatment expenses vary by cancer stage, with a significant increase from stages IA/IB to IIA, stabilizing between IIA and IIIC (about €7800–€8300), followed by a steep decline in IVA and a more pronounced decrease in IVB and in situ. The results highlight certain treatment combinations and their costs, indicating that the highest costs (exceeding €8000) are linked to multimodal treatments, which encompass surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and brachytherapy. Conclusions: Advanced cancer stages (IIA–IIIC) entail the highest treatment costs due to intricate, multimodal therapy, whereas early stages (IA, IB, in situ) and late terminal stages (IVB) are linked to considerably reduced treatment costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increased Pre-Operative Lung Immune Prognostic Index Score Is a Prognostic Factor in Cases of Pathological T3 Renal Cell Carcinoma

by Hayato Hoshina, Toru Sugihara, Masayuki Kurokawa, Ei-ichiro Takaoka, Satoshi Ando, Haruki Kume and Tetsuya Fujimura

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060335 - 7 Jun 2025

Viewed by 89

Abstract

We assessed the efficacy of the lung immune prognostic index (LIPI) in predicting the progression of pathological T3 renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The LIPI scores of patients with pathological T3 RCC were calculated in the pre- and post-operative phases. Patients were divided into [...] Read more.

We assessed the efficacy of the lung immune prognostic index (LIPI) in predicting the progression of pathological T3 renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The LIPI scores of patients with pathological T3 RCC were calculated in the pre- and post-operative phases. Patients were divided into zero-point, one-point, and two-point groups according to their LIPI score and into the upstage and non-upstage groups according to the pre- and post-operative increase in LIPI score. Overall survival (OS) was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier curves stratified by group. Univariate and multivariate analyses of OS were performed via Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. LIPI scores were calculated in 80 patients wherein blood sampling data were available. The upstage and non-upstage groups comprised eight and seventy-two patients, respectively. Kaplan–Meier curves showed a significant difference in the pre- to post-operative LIPI score upstage group. LIPI score change was a poor prognostic factor using univariate analysis (OS: hazard ratio (HR) = 4.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–15.61, p = 0.038) and multivariate analysis (OS: HR = 4.38, 95% CI = 1.13–16.89, p = 0.031). An increase in the LIPI score in the pre-operative phase was a poor prognostic factor for pathological T3 RCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surgical Oncology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 2925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Machine Learning Approaches on Dynamic Patient-Reported Outcomes to Cluster Cancer Treatment-Related Symptoms

by Nora Asper, Hans Friedrich Witschel, Louise von Stockar, Emanuele Laurenzi, Hans Christian Kolberg, Marcus Vetter, Sven Roth, Gerd Kullak-Ublick and Andreas Trojan

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060334 - 6 Jun 2025

Viewed by 127

Abstract

In patients undergoing systemic treatment for cancer, symptom tracking via electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs) has been used to optimize communication and monitoring, and facilitate the early detection of adverse effects and to compare the side effects of similar drugs. We aimed to examine [...] Read more.

In patients undergoing systemic treatment for cancer, symptom tracking via electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs) has been used to optimize communication and monitoring, and facilitate the early detection of adverse effects and to compare the side effects of similar drugs. We aimed to examine whether the patterns in electronic patient-reported outcomes, without any additional clinician data input, are predictive of the underlying cancer type and reflect tumor- and treatment-associated symptom clusters (SCs). The data were derived from a total of 226 patients who self-reported on the presence and severity (according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAEs)) of more than 90 available symptoms via the medidux^TM app (versions 2.0 and 3.2, developed by mobile Health AG based in Zurich, Switzerland). Among these, 172 had breast cancer as the primary tumor, 19 had lung, 16 had gut, 12 had blood–lymph, and 7 had prostate cancer. For this secondary analysis, a subgroup of 25 patients with breast cancer were randomly selected to reduce the risk of overfitting. The symptoms were aggregated by counting the days on which a particular symptom was reported, resulting in a symptom vector for each patient. A logistic regression model was trained to predict the type of the respective tumor from the symptom vectors, and the symptoms with coefficients above (0.1) were graphically displayed. The machine learning model was not able to recognize any of the patients with prostate and blood–lymph cancer, likely as these cancer types were barely represented in the dataset. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) values for the three remaining cancer types were breast cancer: 0.74 (95% CI [0.624, 0.848]); gut cancer: 0.78 (95% CI [0.659, 0.893]); and lung cancer: 0.63 (95% CI [0.495, 0.771]). Despite the small datasets, for the breast and gut cancers, the respective models demonstrated a fair predictive performance (AUC > 0.7). The generalization of the findings are limited especially due to the heterogeneity of the dataset. This line of research could be especially interesting to monitor individual treatment trajectories. Deviations in the electronic patient-reported symptoms from the treatment-associated symptom patterns could dynamically indicate treatment non-adherence or lower treatment efficacy, without clinician input or additional costs. Similar analyses on larger patient cohorts are needed to validate these preliminary findings and to identify specific and robust treatment profiles. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Germline TP53 p.R337H and XAF1 p.E134* Variants: Prevalence in Paraguay and Comparison with Rates in Brazilian State of Paraná and Previous Findings at the Paraguayan–Brazilian Border

by Edith Falcon-de Legal, Marta Ascurra, Rosa Vega-Paredes, Elis Sade, Magna Monteiro, Mariana Paraízo, Magali Colman, Angeles Gutierrez Florentin, Cesar Ojeda, Horacio Legal-Ayala and Andreas Ries

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060333 - 6 Jun 2025

Viewed by 131

Abstract

Adrenal cortex carcinoma (ACC) in children is a rare tumor that is probably of multifactorial origin and is mainly associated with genetic and environmental alterations. In the south and part of the southeast of Brazil, as well as in the Paraguayan region bordering [...] Read more.

Adrenal cortex carcinoma (ACC) in children is a rare tumor that is probably of multifactorial origin and is mainly associated with genetic and environmental alterations. In the south and part of the southeast of Brazil, as well as in the Paraguayan region bordering the Brazilian State of Paraná, ACC prevalence is higher than in any other country, which is associated with the high prevalence of the TP53 p.R337H variant in Paraná (0.30%), Santa Catarina (0.249%), cities around Campinas-SP (0.21%), and the Paraguayan cities on the border with Paraná (0.05%). Recent research suggests that the co-segregation of XAF1-E134* and TP53-R337H mutations leads to a more aggressive cancer phenotype than TP53-R337H alone. Breast cancer may be mildly influenced by co-segregation with XAF1 p.E134*, and this variant can also confer risk for sarcoma. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to (1) estimate the prevalence of the germline TP53 p.R337H and XAF1 p.E134* variants in Paraguay (excluding cities on the border with Paraná State, Brazil) and (2) estimate whether the ethnic origin of TP53 p.R337H carriers in Paraguay is similar to that of ethnic groups in Paraná (possible Portuguese/Spanish origin). Materials and methods: DNA tests for the identification of TP53 p.R337H were carried out from 2016 to 2019 at the Bio-Materials Laboratory of Facultad Politecnica, UNA, and at the Research Center in Biotechnology and Informatics (CEBIOTEC), Asunción, Paraguay. Polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction enzyme digestion (PCR-RFLP) was used to identify TP53 p.R337H, and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was employed for XAF1 p.E134*. Peripheral blood samples from 40,000 Paraguayan newborns (NBs) were used for the TP53 p.R337H tests. The XAF1 p.E134* tests (RT-PCR) were performed on samples from 2000 Paraguayan newborns at the Pelé Pequeno Principe Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Results: The TP53 p.R337H variant was not found in any of the 14 Paraguayan departments investigated. A total of 12 of the 2000 Paraguayan NBs were positive for one XAF1 p.E134* allele. Conclusions: The hypothesis of Spanish immigrants carrying p.R337H to Paraguay was disproved. TP53 p.R337H neonatal testing in Paraguay is not recommended, except when there are families with Brazilian ancestry presenting cancer cases. Additional epidemiological studies are required to determine the likelihood of the identified prevalence of the XAF1 p.E134* allele (1/153) in NBs from Paraguay without TP53 p.R337H to present cancer risk. This study complements the first national initiative for the DNA screening of newborns aimed at mapping the TP53 p.R337H and XAF1 p.E134* variants in Paraguay (based on the regions of residence of the newborns). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Diagnosis and Treatment for Pediatric Solid Tumors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality of Life of Lung Cancer Patients with Immune-Related Endocrinopathies During Immunotherapy: A Prospective Study Based on the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-LC13 Questionnaires in Romania

by Simona Coniac, Mariana Cristina Costache-Outas, Ionuţ-Lucian Antone-Iordache, Alexandra-Valentina Anghel, Maria-Alexandra Bobolocu, Andreea Zamfir, Horia-Dan Liscu, Andreea-Iuliana Ionescu and Corin Badiu

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060332 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 148

Abstract

(1) Background: Globally, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, but immunotherapy has impressively improved the outcomes, generating longer progression-free survival and overall survival. Endocrine immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are mostly irreversible and need life-long hormonal substitution therapy. The evaluation of [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Globally, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, but immunotherapy has impressively improved the outcomes, generating longer progression-free survival and overall survival. Endocrine immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are mostly irreversible and need life-long hormonal substitution therapy. The evaluation of the quality of life of lung cancer patients experiencing endocrine toxicities during immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment is relevant for both patients and healthcare providers. (2) Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in a tertiary-level hospital in Romania from 1 December 2021 to 30 September 2024. Quality of life was assessed using versions of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-LC-13 validated and translated into the Romanian language. We investigated several clinical variables to evaluate their impact on QoL. (3) Results: Fifty-nine lung cancer patients were evaluated for their QoL before ICI initiation and at the end of the study. Endocrine-irAEs occurred in 17 lung cancer patients (28.8%). Quality of life as assessed using the EORTC questionnaires was statistically significantly improved, even in patients experiencing endocrine-irAEs. (4) Conclusions: Our prospective cohort study succeeded in delivering the proof of concept of an increased QoL in lung cancer patients who had developed endocrine-irAEs under immunotherapy. Despite toxicities, especially rather frequent endocrine-irAEs, ICIs enabled durable disease control and symptom relief, improving the QoL of the overall trial population. As more lung cancer patients undergo immunotherapy in metastatic or early stages, we draw attention to this particular patient population with autoimmune endocrinopathies, as they will live longer and require life-long hormonal therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Palliative Care and Supportive Medicine in Cancer)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PTEN Mutations Associated with Increased Recurrence and Decreased Survival in Patients with Prostate Cancer Spinal Metastasis

by Albert Antar, Yuanxuan Xia, Abdel-Hameed Al-Mistarehi, Pritika Papali, Melanie Alfonzo Horowitz, Shreya Sriram, Shahab Aldin Sattari, Carly Weber-Levine, Sushanth Neerumalla, Benjamin Z. Mendelson, Sang Lee, Kristin J. Redmond, Ali Bydon, Timothy F. Witham, Nicholas Theodore and Daniel Lubelski

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060331 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 184

Abstract

Introduction: Prostate cancer with spinal metastases (PCSM) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The impact of biomarkers on the prognosis of spinal metastases, however, remains unclear. Objective: This study explored associations between potential biomarkers, treatment modalities, survival, and neurological outcomes in PCSM [...] Read more.

Introduction: Prostate cancer with spinal metastases (PCSM) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The impact of biomarkers on the prognosis of spinal metastases, however, remains unclear. Objective: This study explored associations between potential biomarkers, treatment modalities, survival, and neurological outcomes in PCSM patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 68 patients as part of a neurosurgical cohort with PCSM at a comprehensive cancer center from 2013 to 2023, examining the influence of potential biomarkers, treatment modalities, and demographics on prognosis. The primary outcomes were the identification of biomarkers, overall survival (OS) in years, survival after spinal metastasis in years, spinal metastasis recurrence, and postoperative neurological outcomes via Frankel scores. Results: All the patients (n = 68) had adenocarcinoma, and the median age was 69 years. The mortality rate was 66% with a median OS of 6 years. Seventy-two biomarkers were identified. An accelerated failure time model (AFT) showed that radiotherapy to the prostate increased the OS (TR = 1.805, p = 0.001), while smoking status (TR = 0.625, p < 0.001) and PTEN gene mutations (TR = 0.504, p = 0.006) were associated with decreased OS. Kaplan–Meier analysis associated PTEN mutations with reduced median OS using the Gehan–Breslow–Wilcoxon test (3.50 vs. 9.49 years; p = 0.001). PTEN mutations were trending towards but were not significant for decreased survival following spinal metastases (2.04 vs. 3.15 years; p = 0.08). Both PTEN (p = 0.02) and Tumor Protein 53 (TP53, p = 0.01) mutations were associated with increased spinal metastasis recurrence when analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. No differences were observed in the median OS or survival after spinal metastases among patients with or without androgen receptor splice variant-7 (AR-V7), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), TP53, or other analyzed biomarkers. Similarly, neither age, receipt of chemotherapy, nor radiotherapy to the spine correlated with OS. Only chemotherapy was associated with a decreased postoperative Frankel Score (p = 0.002). Conclusions: PTEN mutations and smoking status were associated with decreased OS in patients with PCSM. Both PTEN and TP53 mutations were associated with increased spinal metastasis recurrence. Receipt of radiotherapy to the prostate was correlated with prolonged survival, whereas receipt of radiotherapy to the spine was not. Chemotherapy was associated with decreased postoperative neurological outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1651 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor (PEComa) of the Sigmoid Colon: Case Report and Literature Review

by Gintare Slice, Rokas Stulpinas, Tomas Poskus and Marius Kryzauskas

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060330 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 137

Abstract

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms characterized by perivascular epithelioid cell proliferation. They can occur in various organs, but colonic PEComas are exceptionally rare, showing diagnostic challenges due to their nonspecific clinical presentation and similar features to those of other [...] Read more.

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms characterized by perivascular epithelioid cell proliferation. They can occur in various organs, but colonic PEComas are exceptionally rare, showing diagnostic challenges due to their nonspecific clinical presentation and similar features to those of other colorectal tumors. We present a case of a 61-year-old female with defecation accompanied by blood clots, initially diagnosed with a suspected tumor in the sigmoid colon. Despite initial biopsy yielding non-informative material, repeat colonoscopy and imaging studies revealed a malignant tumor with multinucleated giant (osteoclast-like) cells and probable p53 mutation, most likely of mesenchymal origin. Robotic surgical resection was performed, and ultimately pathological examination refined the diagnosis as a malignant PEComa of the colon. This case demonstrates the importance of considering PEComa in the differential diagnosis of colonic tumors. Further research is needed to ascertain the clinical behavior and optimal treatment for colonic PEComas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 2144 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms and Functions of γδ T Cells in Tumor Cell Recognition

by Jing Tang, Chen Wu, Jintong Na, Yamin Deng, Simin Qin, Liping Zhong and Yongxiang Zhao

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060329 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 187

Abstract

γδ T cells are among the first line of defense in the immune system, playing a crucial role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Although γδ T cells are crucial for tumor immune surveillance, the complete mechanism by which γδ T cell receptors [...] Read more.

γδ T cells are among the first line of defense in the immune system, playing a crucial role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Although γδ T cells are crucial for tumor immune surveillance, the complete mechanism by which γδ T cell receptors identify molecular targets in target cells remains unknown. Target cells can produce phosphoantigens (PAgs) via the mevalonate pathway or the methylerythritol phosphate pathway. The BTN3A1–BTN2A1 complex undergoes conformational changes in its extracellular domains upon binding to PAgs, leading to Vγ9Vδ2 T cell recognition. However, the structural basis of how Vγ9Vδ2 T cells recognize changes in this complex remains elusive. This review provides a detailed overview of the historical progress and recent discoveries regarding how Vγ9Vδ2 T cells recognize and target tumor cells. We also discuss the potential of γδ T cells immunotherapy and their role as antitumor agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Therapy)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 1929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prognostic Factors and Treatment Outcomes in Gallbladder Cancer Patients Undergoing Curative Surgery: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study

by Bowen Xu, Yanjiang Yin, Jianping Chang, Zhiyu Li, Xinyu Bi, Jianqiang Cai and Xiao Chen

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060328 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 157

Abstract

Background: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly aggressive malignancy often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to its asymptomatic onset. Despite surgery being the only potentially curative option, recurrence and poor prognosis remain common, especially in advanced-stage diseases. There is limited consensus regarding [...] Read more.

Background: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly aggressive malignancy often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to its asymptomatic onset. Despite surgery being the only potentially curative option, recurrence and poor prognosis remain common, especially in advanced-stage diseases. There is limited consensus regarding the extent of lymphadenectomy, hepatic resection, and the role of adjuvant therapies. Identifying prognostic factors and optimizing treatment strategies are critical for improving outcomes. This multicenter retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the clinical and pathological predictors of survival and recurrence in GBC patients that underwent radical surgery and to assess the potential benefit of adjuvant therapies in advanced stages. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of GBC patients who underwent curative-intent resection for GBC between 2010 and 2022 at two tertiary medical centers in China. The baseline characteristics, surgical data, pathology, adjuvant therapy, and follow-up outcomes were analyzed. The survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan–Meier methods and Cox regression models. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the impact of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, period of surgical treatment, and extent of resection. Multiple imputation was used to address missing data. Results: The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 57.4%. Independent predictors of a poorer OS included CA19-9 > 30 U/mL (HR = 1.861, p = 0.003), poor/moderate-to-poor differentiation (HR = 2.134, p = 0.004), T3–T4 stage (HR = 2.685, p = 0.001), N1–N2 stage (HR = 2.217, p = 0.002), M1 stage (HR = 2.308, p = 0.001), and a high CAN score (HR = 1.875, p = 0.009). Adjuvant chemotherapy improved the OS in the stage III–IV patients (24.8 vs. 17.3 months, p = 0.036), though the DFS improvement was not significant (p = 0.133). No survival difference was observed between the segment IVb + V resection and wedge resection in the T2b patients. The patients treated after 2017 had a better OS (p = 0.024), possibly due to improved surgical techniques and perioperative care. Conclusions: Radical surgery remains critical for GBC. Accurate staging and tailored perioperative strategies, including chemotherapy, may improve outcomes, though further prospective studies are needed to validate these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biliary Tract Cancer Updates: Advancements and Insights)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 367 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Voices from the Margins: Barriers and Facilitators to HPV Self-Sampling Among Structurally Marginalized People with a Cervix in the Greater Toronto Area and Ontario

by Mandana Vahabi, Natasha Kithulegoda, Masoomeh Moosapoor, Aisha Lofters, Josephine Pui-Hing Wong, Abdolreza Akbarian and Jenna Hynes

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060327 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 148

Abstract

Sex workers and formerly incarcerated people with a cervix face significant structural, interpersonal, and emotional barriers to cervical cancer screening, despite being at elevated risk for HPV infection. HPV self-sampling (HPV-SS) is a validated, user-directed method that has the potential to address these [...] Read more.

Sex workers and formerly incarcerated people with a cervix face significant structural, interpersonal, and emotional barriers to cervical cancer screening, despite being at elevated risk for HPV infection. HPV self-sampling (HPV-SS) is a validated, user-directed method that has the potential to address these barriers, yet it remains excluded from Ontario’s organized screening program. This qualitative study explored the lived experiences of structurally marginalized individuals with a cervix who were offered HPV-SS as part of a mixed-methods pilot in the Greater Toronto Area. Five virtual focus groups were conducted with 34 participants, including both those who used the HPV-SS kit and those who declined it. Using inductive thematic analysis, we identified barriers to traditional screening including fear, stigma, mistrust of healthcare providers, logistical constraints, and a lack of accessible information. HPV-SS was widely described as more acceptable, empowering, and emotionally manageable, offering participants autonomy, privacy, and control over their care. Concerns included swab design, uncertainty about correct use, and unclear follow-up after positive results. Participants offered concrete, community-informed recommendations to improve HPV-SS implementation, including opt-in distribution models, gender-affirming language, and trauma-informed educational materials. The findings highlight the urgent need to integrate HPV-SS into organized screening programs to advance equitable access to cervical cancer prevention for marginalized populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Action and Impact: Prevention and Screening Strategies Contributing to the Elimination of Cervical Cancer)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Management Support for Cancer Survivors: A Descriptive Evaluation of the Symptom Navi Training from the Perspective of Health Care Professionals

by Marika Bana, Selma Riedo and Karin Ribi

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060326 - 2 Jun 2025

Viewed by 170

Abstract

The Symptom Navi Program (SNP) is a self-management support (SMS) intervention for people with cancer. It consists of self-management supportive leaflets, educational conversations, and two standardized training sessions. A descriptive quality evaluation method was used to evaluate SNP implementation across 14 cancer services [...] Read more.

The Symptom Navi Program (SNP) is a self-management support (SMS) intervention for people with cancer. It consists of self-management supportive leaflets, educational conversations, and two standardized training sessions. A descriptive quality evaluation method was used to evaluate SNP implementation across 14 cancer services from 2021 to 2024. We evaluated training content, methods, and participants’ confidence to use SMS in their clinical routine. Nurses, social workers, and psychologists completed ad hoc closed and open-ended questions after each training. The Work Sense of Coherence (Work-SoC) scale was used to elicit participants’ self-reported perceptions of their work context at cancer services. A series of descriptive analyses were conducted on the Work-SoC scale, the training content, and the methods. In addition, training-specific questions and predefined hypotheses were correlated. Thematic analysis was employed to examine open-ended questions. The SNP training content and methods largely met participants’ needs. Participants’ confidence in applying educational conversations decreased over time. The findings suggest a robust correlation between the application of educational conversations in daily routines and the participants’ perceptions regarding the comprehensibility and manageability of their work situations. Future research focusing on the implementation of SMS in clinical practice should examine the work context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Management/Patient Activation and Self-Management Support Interventions for Cancer Survivors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2516 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Incidence and Risk Factors of Platinum-Based Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Kaili Jin, Xianlei Lin, Xiaoting Xia, Huiling Ye, Dan Yang, Ying Fan, Qiuhua Sun and Rongyun Wang

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060325 - 31 May 2025

Viewed by 217

Abstract

Background: Platinum-based chemotherapy significantly increases the risk of nausea and vomiting, which can impair the treatment’s efficacy and the patient’s quality of life. This meta-analysis examines the incidence and risk factors of platinum-based chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (PINV) in patients treated with this [...] Read more.

Background: Platinum-based chemotherapy significantly increases the risk of nausea and vomiting, which can impair the treatment’s efficacy and the patient’s quality of life. This meta-analysis examines the incidence and risk factors of platinum-based chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (PINV) in patients treated with this chemotherapy. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We conducted a literature search in the databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, WanFang, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Chinese Medical Association Journal Database (CMAJD) through to 20 January 2025. Studies that reported the incidence and identified risk factors of nausea and vomiting specifically in patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy were included in the review. The data were extracted independently by two reviewers. The odds ratios (ORs) for each risk factor were calculated from the included studies. Sensitivity analyses and additional subgroup analyses were performed to ensure the robustness of our findings. Results: This meta-analysis included 32 studies involving 14,207 participants. Female sex (OR = 2.363, 95% CI = 1.363–4.096, p = 0.002), anxiety (OR = 1.689, 95% CI = 1.057–2.700, p = 0.028), fatigue (OR = 1.413, 95% CI = 1.145–1.744, p = 0.001), motion sickness (OR = 1.816, 95% CI = 1.266–2.605, p = 0.001), and a history of vomiting during chemotherapy (OR = 2.728, 95% CI = 1.468–5.069, p = 0.002) were significantly associated with an increased risk of PINV. Conclusion: Female sex, anxiety, fatigue, motion sickness, and a history of vomiting during chemotherapy increase the risk of PINV during platinum-based treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Palliative and Supportive Care)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Incidence Trend of Early-Onset Obesity-Related and Non-Obesity-Related Cancers

by Miyu Terashima, Kota Nakayama, Satoko Ugai, Hwa-Young Lee, Yuta Tsukumo, Etsuji Suzuki, Hiroki Mizuno, Minkyo Song, Naoko Sasamoto, Ichiro Kawachi and Tomotaka Ugai

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060324 - 31 May 2025

Viewed by 295

Abstract

The global rise in obesity prevalence and the incidence of early-onset cancer (diagnosed between 20 and 49 years of age) is a serious public health concern. We, therefore, evaluated the recent global trends in the incidence of early-onset obesity-related cancers and compared them [...] Read more.

The global rise in obesity prevalence and the incidence of early-onset cancer (diagnosed between 20 and 49 years of age) is a serious public health concern. We, therefore, evaluated the recent global trends in the incidence of early-onset obesity-related cancers and compared them to those of non-obesity-related cancers. We obtained age-standardized incidence rates of early-onset cancers diagnosed between 2000 and 2012 in 44 countries from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents database. Using joinpoint regression models, we calculated the average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for combined and individual categories of obesity-related cancers (11 and 9 cancer types in females and males, respectively) and non-obesity-related cancers (12 cancer types in both females and males). Differences in the AAPC were assessed by comparing 95% CIs, where nonoverlapping 95% CIs were considered statistically significantly different. We observed statistically significant positive AAPCs for early-onset obesity-related cancers in all available countries combined among females (global AAPC, 4.3%; 95% CI, 4.1–4.6%) and males (global AAPC, 1.4%; 95% CI, 1.2–1.7%). When analyzed by countries, we observed statistically significant positive AAPCs in 26 countries among females and 11 countries among males. AAPCs for early-onset obesity-related cancers were statistically significantly higher than those of non-obesity-related cancers in several regions, especially North America and Oceania. In conclusion, this study indicates that the incidence of early-onset obesity-related cancers exhibited a more pronounced increasing trend than non-obesity-related cancers among both sexes in many countries and regions. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Clinical–Radiomics Nomogram for the Preoperative Prediction of Aggressive Micropapillary and a Solid Pattern in Lung Adenocarcinoma

by Xiangyu Xie, Lei Chen, Kun Li, Liang Shi, Lei Zhang and Liang Zheng

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060323 - 30 May 2025

Viewed by 132

Abstract

Background: A micropapillary pattern (MP) and solid pattern (SP) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), a major subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), are associated with a poor prognosis and necessitate accurate preoperative identification. This study aimed to develop and validate a predictive model combining [...] Read more.

Background: A micropapillary pattern (MP) and solid pattern (SP) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), a major subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), are associated with a poor prognosis and necessitate accurate preoperative identification. This study aimed to develop and validate a predictive model combining clinical and radiomics features for differentiating a high-risk MP/SP in LUAD. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 180 surgically confirmed NSCLC patients (Stages I–IIIA), randomly divided into training (70%, n = 126) and validation (30%, n = 54) cohorts. Three prediction models were constructed: (1) a clinical model based on independent clinical and CT morphological features (e.g., nodule size, lobulation, spiculation, pleural indentation, and vascular abnormalities), (2) a radiomics model utilizing LASSO-selected features extracted using 3D Slicer, and (3) a comprehensive model integrating both clinical and radiomics data. Results: The clinical model yielded AUCs of 0.7975 (training) and 0.8462 (validation). The radiomics model showed superior performance with AUCs of 0.8896 and 0.8901, respectively. The comprehensive model achieved the highest diagnostic accuracy, with training and validation AUCs of 0.9186 and 0.9396, respectively (DeLong test, p < 0.05). Decision curve analysis demonstrated the enhanced clinical utility of the combined approach. Conclusions: Integrating clinical and radiomics features significantly improves the preoperative identification of aggressive NSCLC patterns. The comprehensive model offers a promising tool for guiding surgical and adjuvant therapy decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Thoracic Surgery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1075 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

CAR-T Cell Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Where Do We Stand Now?

by Pilar Lloret-Madrid, Pedro Chorão, Manuel Guerreiro and Pau Montesinos

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060322 - 30 May 2025

Viewed by 194

Abstract

Background: Patients with refractory and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML) face a dismal prognosis. CAR-T therapy has emerged as a potential treatment option. This study assesses the available clinical evidence on CAR-T in R/R AML, focusing on safety and efficacy outcomes. [...] Read more.

Background: Patients with refractory and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML) face a dismal prognosis. CAR-T therapy has emerged as a potential treatment option. This study assesses the available clinical evidence on CAR-T in R/R AML, focusing on safety and efficacy outcomes. Methods: We included studies on CAR-T therapy for R/R AML published from June 2014 to January 2025. Data on patient and disease characteristics, CAR-T constructs, response rates, post-CAR-T allogeneic HSCT (allo-HSCT), and safety outcomes were analyzed. Results: Twenty-five CAR-T clinical trials involving 296 patients were identified. The most frequently targeted antigens were CD33, CD123, and CLL-1, while CD7, CD19, NKG2D, and CD38 were also explored. Responses were heterogeneous and often short-lived when not consolidated with allo-HSCT. Cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity were generally low grade and manageable. Prolonged and severe myelosuppression was a frequent limiting toxicity, often requiring allo-HSCT to restore hematopoiesis. Disease progression was the leading cause of death, followed by infections. Conclusions: CAR-T cell therapy may represent a feasible therapeutic strategy, particularly as bridging to allo-HSCT to mitigate myelotoxicity and improve long-term outcomes. Nevertheless, it remains in the early stages of development and faces significant efficacy and safety challenges that must be addressed in future trials to enable the expansion of this promising therapeutic approach for a population with high unmet medical needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives for Treatment and Diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Deep Learning-Based Auto-Contouring Software Achieve Accurate Pelvic Volume Delineation in Volumetric Image-Guided Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer? A Preliminary Multicentric Analysis

by Cristiano Grossi, Fernando Munoz, Ilaria Bonavero, Eulalie Joelle Tondji Ngassam, Elisabetta Garibaldi, Claudia Airaldi, Elena Celia, Daniela Nassisi, Andrea Brignoli, Elisabetta Trino, Lavinia Bianco, Silvia Leardi, Diego Bongiovanni, Chiara Valero and Maria Grazia Ruo Redda

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060321 - 30 May 2025

Viewed by 227

Abstract

Background: Radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay treatment for prostate cancer (PC). Accurate delineation of organs at risk (OARs) is crucial for optimizing the therapeutic window by minimizing side effects. Manual segmentation is time-consuming and prone to inter-operator variability. This study investigates the performance [...] Read more.

Background: Radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay treatment for prostate cancer (PC). Accurate delineation of organs at risk (OARs) is crucial for optimizing the therapeutic window by minimizing side effects. Manual segmentation is time-consuming and prone to inter-operator variability. This study investigates the performance of Limbus^® Contour^® (LC), a deep learning-based auto-contouring software, in delineating pelvic structures in PC patients. Methods: We evaluated LC’s performance on key structures (bowel bag, bladder, rectum, sigmoid colon, and pelvic lymph nodes) in 52 patients. We compared auto-contoured structures with those manually delineated by radiation oncologists using different metrics. Results: LC achieved good agreement for the bladder (median Dice: 0.95) and rectum (median Dice: 0.83). However, limitations were observed for the bowel bag (median Dice: 0.64) and sigmoid colon (median Dice: 0.6), with inclusion of irrelevant structures. While the median Dice for pelvic lymph nodes was acceptable (0.73), the software lacked sub-regional differentiation, limiting its applicability in certain other oncologic settings. Conclusions: LC shows promise for automating OAR delineation in prostate radiotherapy, particularly for the bladder and rectum. Improvements are needed for bowel bag, sigmoid colon, and lymph node sub-regionalization. Further validation with a broader and larger patient cohort is recommended to assess generalizability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution of Treatments of Prostate Cancer: From Biology to Current Advanced Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Management of Extra-Abdominal Desmoid Fibromatosis: A Retrospective Analysis of Treatments, Outcomes and Recurrence Patterns

by Vidhi Saraf, Hariharan Triplicane Dwarakanathan, Al-Muaayad Al-Abri, Ioanna Nixon, Sarah Vaughan, Ashish Mahendra and Sanjay Gupta

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060320 - 30 May 2025

Viewed by 166

Abstract

Background: Desmoid fibromatosis (DF) is a rare, locally aggressive soft tissue tumour with unpredictable clinical behaviour. Historically, treatment has involved surgery; however, contemporary guidelines, such as those from the Desmoid Tumour Working Group, advocate active surveillance. This article reviews current perspectives on DF, [...] Read more.

Background: Desmoid fibromatosis (DF) is a rare, locally aggressive soft tissue tumour with unpredictable clinical behaviour. Historically, treatment has involved surgery; however, contemporary guidelines, such as those from the Desmoid Tumour Working Group, advocate active surveillance. This article reviews current perspectives on DF, focusing on epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment strategies, emerging research directions and cost effectiveness based on our experience at the West of Scotland Musculoskeletal Oncology Service, Glasgow Royal Infirmary (GRI). Methodology: We reviewed 101 patients diagnosed with desmoid fibromatosis between 2010 and 2024. A review of patient records was conducted to gather information on demographics, date of diagnosis, prior treatment, treatment initiation, intervention types, imaging intervals, follow-up duration, recurrence rate for surgery and other intervention, and discharge timelines. All data was systematically organized and analyzed to assess our outcomes. Results: Out of 101 patients with DF in the study, 66% were females. The most common site of primary tumour was lower extremity (39.6%) followed by near equal distribution in upper extremity and trunk. Out of the total cases, 72 (71.2%) were successfully managed with active surveillance involving serial imaging and clinical reviews in accordance with European guidelines. A total of 22 patients (21%) received treatment: 10 underwent surgery alone, 2 had surgery combined with radiotherapy, 8 received only radiotherapy, 1 was treated with hormonal therapy and 1 participated in a trial with Nirogacestat. Of the seven remaining patients, six had unplanned surgery outside followed by active surveillance at GRI. One patient was on alternative treatment modality, homeopathy. The average number of MRI scans per patient was 3.11, with many patients requiring significantly more imaging. MRI surveillance varies significantly in desmoid tumours due to their heterogeneous behaviour. Active or symptomatic tumours often require more frequent scans (every 3–6 months), while stable cases may need only imaging annually or just clinical monitoring. Recurrence was noted in eight patients, all of which were related to prior surgery. The total combined cost of imaging and appointments exceeds £6500 per patient in active surveillance. Conclusions: We conclude that most patients with desmoid fibromatosis in our cohort were effectively treated with active surveillance, consistent with current European guidelines. Surgical management of desmoid fibromatosis in our cohort is historic and has shown a significant recurrence risk. Our study proposes a revised follow-up protocol that significantly reduces costs without compromising on patient care. We suggest a two-year surveillance period for stable disease with patient-initiated return to reduce unnecessary clinic visits, imaging and healthcare costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An In-Depth Review of Desmoid Tumours)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 432 KiB

Open AccessReview

Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: The Relevance of Conditioning Regime Intensity for Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

by Tobias Berg, Brittany Salter, Michael Radford, He Tian Tony Chen and Brian Leber

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060319 - 30 May 2025

Viewed by 209

Abstract

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) is the sole curative therapy for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). While alloHCT clearly confers a significant survival advantage in high-risk MDS, it is less clear how the disease burden and impact of conditioning intensity impact survival. This review addresses [...] Read more.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) is the sole curative therapy for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). While alloHCT clearly confers a significant survival advantage in high-risk MDS, it is less clear how the disease burden and impact of conditioning intensity impact survival. This review addresses critical issues surrounding this topic, emphasizing the unique cell biology of MDS and the evolving concepts of conditioning intensity compared to other diseases, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The review is structured around three interconnected themes. First, it clarifies the varying interpretations of conditioning intensity. Second, it examines the interplay between disease burden at transplant and conditioning intensity in determining outcomes, including a comparative analysis with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to highlight similarities and differences. Third, it explores the relationship between conditioning regimen intensity and immune reconstitution, particularly focusing on the graft-versus-tumor (GvT) effect and its potential modulation by conditioning intensity. Understanding the stem cell target of conditioning regimens is emphasized, as the persistence of the underlying MDS stem cell necessitates a thorough understanding of this concept for improved therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: Does the Conditioning Regimen Intensity Still Matter?)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Design of a Patient-Centered Hierarchal Composite Outcome for a Multi-Center Randomized Controlled Trial in Metastatic Bone Disease

by Hadia Farrukh, Abbey Kunzli, Olivia Virag, Nathan O’Hara, Sheila Sprague, Amy Cizik, Ricardo Gehrke-Becker, Thomas Schubert and Michelle Ghert

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060318 - 30 May 2025

Viewed by 176

Abstract

The proximal femur represents the most frequent site in the appendicular skeleton for metastatic bone disease (MBD) to occur, with a high risk for pathologic fracture. While surgical stabilization is typically used to manage fractures, reconstruction approaches are gaining popularity due to improved [...] Read more.

The proximal femur represents the most frequent site in the appendicular skeleton for metastatic bone disease (MBD) to occur, with a high risk for pathologic fracture. While surgical stabilization is typically used to manage fractures, reconstruction approaches are gaining popularity due to improved survival. Previous studies have focused on clinical outcomes, but patient-centered outcomes remain underexplored. This study aims to develop a patient-centered primary outcome for the Proximal FEmur Reconstruction or Internal Fixation fOR Metastases (PERFORM) Randomized Controlled Trial, employing a mixed-methods approach. First, a focus group with advanced cancer patients and caregivers identified relevant outcomes. Next, a discrete choice experiment (DCE) assessed the importance of these outcomes among stakeholders, including surgeons, patients and caregivers. The most important components for the primary outcome were identified: mortality within twelve months, physical function assessed at four months using the PROMIS^® Global Physical Function score, and the number of days at home within twelve months. The DCE further confirmed that survival and physical function were most prioritized. The PERFORM trial’s primary outcome, developed through extensive stakeholder engagement, will guide the evaluation of surgical approaches for MBD of the proximal femur and has the potential to influence patient-centered practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Classification Guides Fertility-Sparing Treatment for Endometrial Cancer and Atypical Hyperplasia Patients

by Yiqin Wang, Linlin Bo, Xiaowei Fan, Nan Kang, Xiaobo Zhang, Li Tian, Rong Zhou and Jianliu Wang

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060317 - 30 May 2025

Viewed by 182

Abstract

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the significance of molecular classification in guiding treatment decisions for patients with endometrial cancer (EC) or atypical hyperplasia (AH) undergoing fertility-sparing treatment (FST), particularly for those with non-NSMP subtypes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective [...] Read more.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the significance of molecular classification in guiding treatment decisions for patients with endometrial cancer (EC) or atypical hyperplasia (AH) undergoing fertility-sparing treatment (FST), particularly for those with non-NSMP subtypes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving EC/AH patients undergoing FST and molecular classification using next-generation sequencing at Peking University People’s Hospital between June 2020 and September 2023. Results: A total of 118 EC/AH patients were included, including 92 cases with NSMP, 11 with MMRd, 11 with POLEmut, and 4 with p53abn. (1) Of the 11 patients with MMRd, 6 achieved a complete response (CR) with 1 case receiving progestin, 3 cases showed insensitivity to the initial progestin before transitioning to a combined regimen of progestin and a PD-1 inhibitor, and 2 cases initially received progestin plus a PD-1 inhibitor. There were no significant differences in the cumulative CR rates between the MMRd and NSMP subgroups but a trend of a lower relapse-free-survival (RFS) rate for the MMRd subgroup (p = 0.074). (2) Of the 11 cases with POLEmut, 10 achieved CR but 4 relapsed. There was also a trend for a lower RFS rate in the POLEmut patients (p = 0.069) compared with the NSMP subgroup. (3) Three of the four patients with p53mut achieved CR after treatment with the GnRHa plus LNG-IUS regimen. Conclusion: The selection of appropriate regimens may improve FST outcomes in EC/AH patients with molecular classification of non-NSMP subtypes. Immunotherapy is an effective fertility-preserving approach for patients with MMRd. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Rare Gynecologic Tumors: A Cutting-Edge Perspective on Modern Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 328 KiB

Open AccessReview

Necessity and Reconstruction Methods of Splenic Vein After Resection of the Portomesenteric Junction During Resections for Pancreatic Cancer

by Moath Alarabiyat and Nikolaos Chatzizacharias

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060316 - 30 May 2025

Viewed by 196

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer involving the porto-mesenteric junction (PMJ) represents a challenge to pancreatic surgeons. Restoring mesenteric venous drainage is an essential component of vascular reconstruction after tumour resection. In contrast, management of the splenic venous drainage can involve the ligation or reconstruction of the [...] Read more.

Pancreatic cancer involving the porto-mesenteric junction (PMJ) represents a challenge to pancreatic surgeons. Restoring mesenteric venous drainage is an essential component of vascular reconstruction after tumour resection. In contrast, management of the splenic venous drainage can involve the ligation or reconstruction of the splenic vein (SV). Evidence suggests that splenic vein ligation (SVL) is commonly associated with sinistral portal hypertension (SPH), especially if multiple venous tributaries were divided to facilitate resection. Although the association between SVL and SPH is well documented, the risk of symptomatic SPH is not widely reported, presumably due to the low incidence and poor survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Splenic vein reconstruction (SVR) has been proposed to decrease the risk of SPH but is fraught with technical complexity and increased morbidity. Moreover, SVR does not guarantee the prevention of SPH, as patency rates vary and associated hemodynamic changes are unpredictable. Patient selection and the surgical expertise available can guide SV intraoperative management, taking into consideration the risks and benefits associated with each approach. A comprehensive review of the current literature highlighting the incidence and clinical impact of SPH after the resection of pancreatic cancer involving the PMJ is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling Racial Disparities in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Comparative Bulk RNA-Sequencing Gene Expression Analysis

by Luiza Barseghyan, Samuel Chan, Celina R. Yamauchi, Andrea Shields, Mia C. Perez, Alfred A. Simental and Salma Khan

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060315 - 29 May 2025

Viewed by 243

Abstract

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common thyroid malignancy, with significant racial/ethnic disparities in incidence and survival. Asians have the highest incidence, and recurrence, while African Americans experience the lowest survival rates, suggesting contributions from genetic, environmental, and healthcare-related factors. While socioeconomic [...] Read more.

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common thyroid malignancy, with significant racial/ethnic disparities in incidence and survival. Asians have the highest incidence, and recurrence, while African Americans experience the lowest survival rates, suggesting contributions from genetic, environmental, and healthcare-related factors. While socioeconomic disparities play a role, emerging evidence highlights genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying these differences. This study examines differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to identify potential molecular drivers of PTC disparities. Bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data from 20 PTC tumors (5 White, 5 African American, 5 Hispanic, and 5 Asian) were analyzed using the UseGalaxy platform. Preprocessing included quality control, adapter trimming, and genome alignment. Differential expression analysis identified genes with p < 0.01 and fold change ≥ 2.5. Volcano plots visualized significant DEGs. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) via eVITTA identified enriched pathways. TCGA data analysis validated racial/ethnic differences in gene expression. Ethnic groups exhibited distinct gene expression profiles. GSEA revealed differences in cell proliferation, immune regulation, and thyroid hormone metabolism. African Americans showed immune suppression and reduced tumor suppressor activity, while Asians exhibited enriched cell cycle and DNA repair pathways. Significant differences were confirmed in some of the genes in TCGA data analysis. This study identifies genetic factors contributing to racial disparities in PTC, emphasizing the need for further validation in larger cohorts and functional studies. Understanding these molecular differences may inform personalized treatment strategies and improve PTC outcomes across diverse populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances in Thyroid Cancer: Biomarker-Driven Diagnosis, Oncogenesis Insights, and Translational Therapies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Unmet Needs of Palliative Care Among Young and Middle-Aged Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Qualitative Study

by Renhui Wen, Xinyi Liu and Yu Luo

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060314 - 29 May 2025

Viewed by 184

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to explore the unmet palliative care needs among young and middle-aged (YMA) Chinese patients with advanced cancer. Methods: We used the principle of maximum difference. A total of 16 YMA patients with advanced cancer from cancer hospital were recruited. [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the unmet palliative care needs among young and middle-aged (YMA) Chinese patients with advanced cancer. Methods: We used the principle of maximum difference. A total of 16 YMA patients with advanced cancer from cancer hospital were recruited. Semi-structured, in-depth, and face-to-face interviews were conducted from 28 August 2023 to 23 October 2023. The recorded audio of each interview was typed into Word software with each personal code. The interview transcripts were coded using the method of inductive content analysis. Results: Four themes and 14 sub-themes were identified in participants’ descriptions of care needs: (1) symptom management needs: need for pain relief, need for anti-emetics, and need for aid in managing fatigue; (2) psychological support needs: help reducing fear of pain, help achieving a better death, and help with parents’ negative reactions; (3) social support needs: taking care of children, emotional support from family members, consultation and emotional support from other cancer patients, and company and guidance of healthcare personnel; (4) information needs: better understanding of disease trajectory and future care needs, better access to palliative care information, and more participation in medical decision-making. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, the unmet palliative care needs of YMA patients with advanced cancer are diverse, but they have not been fully recognized and met. Therefore, medical staff should develop effective management strategies and explore patients’ needs in an all-around way. Future studies will further develop the scale of unmet needs for palliative care to accurately identify needs and improve patients’ quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Palliative and Supportive Care)

16 pages, 1316 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hepatic Artery Infusion Chemotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Clinical Advancements

by Wei Xu, Qing Li and Bin Liang

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(6), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32060313 - 28 May 2025

Viewed by 228

Abstract

Intermediate- and advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to present significant therapeutic challenges. Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), a well-established locoregional treatment for unresectable HCC, has recently demonstrated promising clinical outcomes both as monotherapy and in combination with systemic therapies. This comprehensive review examines [...] Read more.

Intermediate- and advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to present significant therapeutic challenges. Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), a well-established locoregional treatment for unresectable HCC, has recently demonstrated promising clinical outcomes both as monotherapy and in combination with systemic therapies. This comprehensive review examines recent clinical advances in HAIC for HCC, with particular emphasis on evolving treatment regimens and their therapeutic efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combined Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Curr. Oncol., Volume 32, Issue 6 (June 2025) – 53 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI