Current Oncology Latest open access articles published in Curr. Oncol. at https://www.mdpi.com/journal/curroncol https://www.mdpi.com/journal/curroncol MDPI en Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) MDPI support@mdpi.com Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 287: Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Endobronchial Ultrasound for Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Staging: A Scoping Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/287 Introduction: Lung cancer remains highly lethal. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) enables minimally invasive diagnosis and staging. Artificial intelligence (AI) improves image analysis and diagnostic accuracy, though current evidence is limited by retrospective, small, single center studies. Methods: A scoping review following Arksey–O’Malley, Levac, and JBI frameworks, was reported as per PRISMA-ScR. Databases were searched for studies (2015–2026) on AI in EBUS. Two reviewers screened, extracted standardized data, and performed narrative synthesis grouped by algorithm type, application, and performance metrics. Results: A total of 26 studies were included. Of these, 73.1% (19/26) employed deep learning-based models, while 26.9% (7/26) used traditional or hybrid machine learning approaches. The most frequent clinical objective was diagnostic classification of malignancy (14/26; 53.8%), followed by segmentation or cytological analysis (5/26; 19.2%), anatomical navigation or lymph node station classification (3/26; 11.5%), and multimodal predictive or staging support models (4/26; 15.4%). Most studies were based on EBUS-derived images or videos (18/26; 69.2%), including both convex-probe and radial-probe applications. Studies were distributed among Convex Probe-EBUS for mediastinal staging, Radial Probe-EBUS for peripheral lesion assessment, and rapid on-site evaluation-based cytology analysis, reflecting diverse clinical contexts. Most models were developed using static images. Conclusions: AI applications in EBUS are predominantly based on deep learning and mainly focused on diagnostic classification, with growing but still limited exploration of segmentation, navigation, and multimodal approaches. The evidence reflects diverse clinical contexts and data sources, particularly image-based inputs, but remains unevenly distributed across applications. 2026-05-13 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 287: Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Endobronchial Ultrasound for Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Staging: A Scoping Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050287

Authors: Jacobo Echeverri-Hoyos Jaime A. Echeverri-Franco Nicole Bonilla Gustavo Monsalve-Morales Eduardo Tuta-Quintero

Introduction: Lung cancer remains highly lethal. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) enables minimally invasive diagnosis and staging. Artificial intelligence (AI) improves image analysis and diagnostic accuracy, though current evidence is limited by retrospective, small, single center studies. Methods: A scoping review following Arksey–O’Malley, Levac, and JBI frameworks, was reported as per PRISMA-ScR. Databases were searched for studies (2015–2026) on AI in EBUS. Two reviewers screened, extracted standardized data, and performed narrative synthesis grouped by algorithm type, application, and performance metrics. Results: A total of 26 studies were included. Of these, 73.1% (19/26) employed deep learning-based models, while 26.9% (7/26) used traditional or hybrid machine learning approaches. The most frequent clinical objective was diagnostic classification of malignancy (14/26; 53.8%), followed by segmentation or cytological analysis (5/26; 19.2%), anatomical navigation or lymph node station classification (3/26; 11.5%), and multimodal predictive or staging support models (4/26; 15.4%). Most studies were based on EBUS-derived images or videos (18/26; 69.2%), including both convex-probe and radial-probe applications. Studies were distributed among Convex Probe-EBUS for mediastinal staging, Radial Probe-EBUS for peripheral lesion assessment, and rapid on-site evaluation-based cytology analysis, reflecting diverse clinical contexts. Most models were developed using static images. Conclusions: AI applications in EBUS are predominantly based on deep learning and mainly focused on diagnostic classification, with growing but still limited exploration of segmentation, navigation, and multimodal approaches. The evidence reflects diverse clinical contexts and data sources, particularly image-based inputs, but remains unevenly distributed across applications.

]]> Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Endobronchial Ultrasound for Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Staging: A Scoping Review Jacobo Echeverri-Hoyos Jaime A. Echeverri-Franco Nicole Bonilla Gustavo Monsalve-Morales Eduardo Tuta-Quintero doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050287 Current Oncology 2026-05-13 Current Oncology 2026-05-13 33 5 Review 287 10.3390/curroncol33050287 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/287 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 286: Lenvatinib Combined with New FP Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Clinical Efficacy, Vascular Remodeling, and Implications for Immuno-Oncology–Systemic Combination Therapy https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/286 Background/Objectives: Patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC) refractory or intolerant to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based regimens represent a growing yet therapeutically underserved population with limited treatment options. We investigated the efficacy, safety, and mechanistic underpinnings of lenvatinib combined with New FP hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (LEN–New FP) in this challenging clinical setting. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 14 consecutive patients with uHCC treated with LEN–New FP between April 2022 and March 2025. Tumor response was assessed by the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST). Proper hepatic artery (PHA) diameter was serially measured on angiography as an exploratory assessment of vascular remodeling, and tumor vascularity was semi-quantitatively evaluated using a 4-point angiographic scoring system (Tumor Vascularity Score [TVS]). Results: The cohort comprised BCLC stage B/C (7/7), mALBI grade 1–2b, and 13 of 14 patients with prior ICI-containing therapy. The objective response rate and disease control rate were 85.7% and 100%, including two complete responses. Median overall survival was 22.8 months from LEN–New FP initiation (median follow-up: 15.1 months) and 36.2 months from first-line initiation; median intrahepatic progression-free survival was 10.4 months. A total of 11 of 14 patients (78.6%) transitioned to subsequent therapies, including four curative-intent conversions. PHA narrowing was observed in 10 of 13 evaluable patients (76.9%), with no clear association with hepatic function deterioration. TVS decreased in 10 of 12 evaluable patients (83.3%), with reduction observed in 90.0% of PR/CR cases. Conclusions: LEN–New FP achieved sustained intrahepatic tumor control and encouraging survival in aggressive uHCC, including ICI-refractory or -intolerant disease. The concordant reduction in PHA diameter and tumor vascularity score provides angiographic evidence of VEGFR inhibition-mediated vascular remodeling, offering mechanistic insight into the synergistic antitumor effects of this regimen and supporting LEN–New FP as a promising multimodal strategy within the evolving landscape of HCC treatment. 2026-05-13 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 286: Lenvatinib Combined with New FP Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Clinical Efficacy, Vascular Remodeling, and Implications for Immuno-Oncology–Systemic Combination Therapy

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050286

Authors: Susumu Maruta Yohei Koshima Yuji Debari Chihei Sugihara Gou Takahata Ryo Tamura Tadashi Ohshima Yuji Ono Yuho Morita Tomoki Chiba Satoru Ishida Hideto Imai Keisuke Watanabe Ryo Chinzei Masanori Takahashi Yoshihiko Ooka

Background/Objectives: Patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC) refractory or intolerant to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based regimens represent a growing yet therapeutically underserved population with limited treatment options. We investigated the efficacy, safety, and mechanistic underpinnings of lenvatinib combined with New FP hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (LEN–New FP) in this challenging clinical setting. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 14 consecutive patients with uHCC treated with LEN–New FP between April 2022 and March 2025. Tumor response was assessed by the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST). Proper hepatic artery (PHA) diameter was serially measured on angiography as an exploratory assessment of vascular remodeling, and tumor vascularity was semi-quantitatively evaluated using a 4-point angiographic scoring system (Tumor Vascularity Score [TVS]). Results: The cohort comprised BCLC stage B/C (7/7), mALBI grade 1–2b, and 13 of 14 patients with prior ICI-containing therapy. The objective response rate and disease control rate were 85.7% and 100%, including two complete responses. Median overall survival was 22.8 months from LEN–New FP initiation (median follow-up: 15.1 months) and 36.2 months from first-line initiation; median intrahepatic progression-free survival was 10.4 months. A total of 11 of 14 patients (78.6%) transitioned to subsequent therapies, including four curative-intent conversions. PHA narrowing was observed in 10 of 13 evaluable patients (76.9%), with no clear association with hepatic function deterioration. TVS decreased in 10 of 12 evaluable patients (83.3%), with reduction observed in 90.0% of PR/CR cases. Conclusions: LEN–New FP achieved sustained intrahepatic tumor control and encouraging survival in aggressive uHCC, including ICI-refractory or -intolerant disease. The concordant reduction in PHA diameter and tumor vascularity score provides angiographic evidence of VEGFR inhibition-mediated vascular remodeling, offering mechanistic insight into the synergistic antitumor effects of this regimen and supporting LEN–New FP as a promising multimodal strategy within the evolving landscape of HCC treatment.

]]> Lenvatinib Combined with New FP Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Clinical Efficacy, Vascular Remodeling, and Implications for Immuno-Oncology–Systemic Combination Therapy Susumu Maruta Yohei Koshima Yuji Debari Chihei Sugihara Gou Takahata Ryo Tamura Tadashi Ohshima Yuji Ono Yuho Morita Tomoki Chiba Satoru Ishida Hideto Imai Keisuke Watanabe Ryo Chinzei Masanori Takahashi Yoshihiko Ooka doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050286 Current Oncology 2026-05-13 Current Oncology 2026-05-13 33 5 Article 286 10.3390/curroncol33050286 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/286 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 285: Radioembolization Practice in North America Versus Europe: Results from a Global Survey https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/285 Purpose: The Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) conducted an international survey on the real-life application of transarterial radioembolization (TARE). This sub-analysis of the complete survey evaluates intercontinental disparities in TARE practices. Materials and Methods: A survey of 32 multiple-choice questions was distributed to CIRSE members between November and December 2022. The questions addressed steps of the TARE workflow, including treatment work-up, planning and dosimetry, intervention, follow-up and innovations. Responses were curated to remove duplicates and incomplete entries and categorised into continental groups. Analysis focused on variations between Europe and North America and impacting factors in the respective regions were identified. Data is presented using descriptive statistics. Results: Responses were obtained from 30 countries and 133 hospitals, including 87 European and 21 North American centres. Hepatocellular carcinoma was the most common indication, constituting 61% of treatments in North America and 51% in Europe. North America predominantly used 90Y glass microspheres, whereas Europe used 90Y resin. Procedural differences included the adoption of intra-procedural CT imaging, utilized by all North American sites, versus 89% of European sites. Outpatient treatments were favoured in North America (85%), while in Europe, most patients remained hospitalized for one night (51%). Both regions increasingly emphasized dosimetry-guided treatments, with personalized dosimetry planning in 71% and 84% of North American and European sites, respectively. Conclusions: This North America–Europe comparison highlights regional differences in radioembolization practice between the leading continents in procedure volume, based on results of the CIRSE TARE survey. Specific intercontinental differences identified in this survey included hospitalization, product utilization, and procedural techniques. 2026-05-12 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 285: Radioembolization Practice in North America Versus Europe: Results from a Global Survey

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050285

Authors: Grace Keane Marnix G. E. H. Lam Arthur J. A. T. Braat Rutger C. G. Bruijnen Nathalie Kaufmann Hugo W. A. M. de Jong Riad Salem Maarten L. J. Smits

Purpose: The Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) conducted an international survey on the real-life application of transarterial radioembolization (TARE). This sub-analysis of the complete survey evaluates intercontinental disparities in TARE practices. Materials and Methods: A survey of 32 multiple-choice questions was distributed to CIRSE members between November and December 2022. The questions addressed steps of the TARE workflow, including treatment work-up, planning and dosimetry, intervention, follow-up and innovations. Responses were curated to remove duplicates and incomplete entries and categorised into continental groups. Analysis focused on variations between Europe and North America and impacting factors in the respective regions were identified. Data is presented using descriptive statistics. Results: Responses were obtained from 30 countries and 133 hospitals, including 87 European and 21 North American centres. Hepatocellular carcinoma was the most common indication, constituting 61% of treatments in North America and 51% in Europe. North America predominantly used 90Y glass microspheres, whereas Europe used 90Y resin. Procedural differences included the adoption of intra-procedural CT imaging, utilized by all North American sites, versus 89% of European sites. Outpatient treatments were favoured in North America (85%), while in Europe, most patients remained hospitalized for one night (51%). Both regions increasingly emphasized dosimetry-guided treatments, with personalized dosimetry planning in 71% and 84% of North American and European sites, respectively. Conclusions: This North America–Europe comparison highlights regional differences in radioembolization practice between the leading continents in procedure volume, based on results of the CIRSE TARE survey. Specific intercontinental differences identified in this survey included hospitalization, product utilization, and procedural techniques.

]]> Radioembolization Practice in North America Versus Europe: Results from a Global Survey Grace Keane Marnix G. E. H. Lam Arthur J. A. T. Braat Rutger C. G. Bruijnen Nathalie Kaufmann Hugo W. A. M. de Jong Riad Salem Maarten L. J. Smits doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050285 Current Oncology 2026-05-12 Current Oncology 2026-05-12 33 5 Article 285 10.3390/curroncol33050285 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/285 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 284: Temporal Clustering of Endometrial Cancer and Hyperplasia in HRT Users with Unscheduled Bleeding: A Retrospective NHS Cohort Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/284 Background: Unscheduled bleeding in postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) represents a common but poorly characterised clinical challenge. Whilst endometrial cancer affects approximately 9% of women with unexplained postmenopausal bleeding, existing evidence in HRT users is largely restricted to women under 60 years and short-duration regimens, leaving a critical evidence gap in contemporary all-age clinical practice. Whether the same investigative urgency is warranted for HRT users experiencing unscheduled bleeding as for women with unexplained postmenopausal haemorrhage remains unresolved. Objectives: To determine the diagnostic yield of endometrial cancer and hyperplasia amongst postmenopausal women presenting with unscheduled bleeding whilst on HRT, and to explore potential associations with HRT regimens and clinical risk factors. Methods: This retrospective observational study analysed 343 postmenopausal women presenting with unscheduled bleeding whilst on HRT at a single tertiary centre between September 2023 and February 2024. All patients underwent transvaginal ultrasound and endometrial sampling according to institutional protocol. Descriptive statistics were used to characterise outcomes, with exploratory analyses of potential risk factors. Given the symptomatic and selected nature of this cohort, all proportions represent the diagnostic yield within an investigated population rather than population-level incidence estimates. Results: Amongst 343 women (mean age 56.2 ± 7.4 years), nine cases (2.6%) of endometrial abnormalities were identified: four malignancies (1.2%), four endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (1.2%), and one complex atypical hyperplasia (0.3%). Only five cases (1.5%) required surgical intervention. All four endometrial cancers were Stage IA (FIGO 2009; three Grade 1, one Grade 2; no LVSI), corresponding to Stage IA2mNSMP under FIGO 2023. None required adjuvant therapy. Strikingly, 88.9% of all abnormal cases occurred within two years of HRT initiation, with no endometrial pathology identified amongst the 45 women using systemic HRT for more than five years—a temporal pattern not previously reported. Conclusions: In this retrospective all-age NHS cohort, the diagnostic yield of endometrial cancer was 1.2% in HRT users with unscheduled bleeding, with only 1.5% requiring surgical intervention. All cancers were early-stage (FIGO 2009 Stage IA; FIGO 2023 Stage IA2mNSMP) and required no adjuvant therapy. A previously unreported temporal clustering of pathology within the first two years of HRT initiation generates a hypothesis that early unscheduled bleeding may unmask pre-existing rather than HRT-induced endometrial abnormalities. These observations are hypothesis-generating and should not be interpreted as evidence of endometrial safety. These findings apply specifically to symptomatic women presenting for investigation and cannot be generalised to asymptomatic HRT users. Prospective validation in larger cohorts with baseline endometrial assessment is required before any clinical conclusions can be drawn. What This Study Adds: (1) A real-world cancer detection proportion of 1.2% in an all-age contemporary NHS cohort. (2) A previously undescribed temporal pattern with pathology clustering within two years of HRT initiation and no pathology in long-term users (n = 45), generating a testable hypothesis about pre-existing versus HRT-induced disease. (3) Dual FIGO 2009/2023 staging demonstrating that molecular classification added no treatment-discriminatory value in this early-detection context. 2026-05-12 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 284: Temporal Clustering of Endometrial Cancer and Hyperplasia in HRT Users with Unscheduled Bleeding: A Retrospective NHS Cohort Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050284

Authors: Mohamed Abdelwanis Mohamed Abdelaziz Ahmed Mohamed Ayodele Olaleye Nesma Hesham Nazifa Tasnim Oluwafemi Ogundiran Lorna Sandison Hazem Sayed Anita Juliana

Background: Unscheduled bleeding in postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) represents a common but poorly characterised clinical challenge. Whilst endometrial cancer affects approximately 9% of women with unexplained postmenopausal bleeding, existing evidence in HRT users is largely restricted to women under 60 years and short-duration regimens, leaving a critical evidence gap in contemporary all-age clinical practice. Whether the same investigative urgency is warranted for HRT users experiencing unscheduled bleeding as for women with unexplained postmenopausal haemorrhage remains unresolved. Objectives: To determine the diagnostic yield of endometrial cancer and hyperplasia amongst postmenopausal women presenting with unscheduled bleeding whilst on HRT, and to explore potential associations with HRT regimens and clinical risk factors. Methods: This retrospective observational study analysed 343 postmenopausal women presenting with unscheduled bleeding whilst on HRT at a single tertiary centre between September 2023 and February 2024. All patients underwent transvaginal ultrasound and endometrial sampling according to institutional protocol. Descriptive statistics were used to characterise outcomes, with exploratory analyses of potential risk factors. Given the symptomatic and selected nature of this cohort, all proportions represent the diagnostic yield within an investigated population rather than population-level incidence estimates. Results: Amongst 343 women (mean age 56.2 ± 7.4 years), nine cases (2.6%) of endometrial abnormalities were identified: four malignancies (1.2%), four endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (1.2%), and one complex atypical hyperplasia (0.3%). Only five cases (1.5%) required surgical intervention. All four endometrial cancers were Stage IA (FIGO 2009; three Grade 1, one Grade 2; no LVSI), corresponding to Stage IA2mNSMP under FIGO 2023. None required adjuvant therapy. Strikingly, 88.9% of all abnormal cases occurred within two years of HRT initiation, with no endometrial pathology identified amongst the 45 women using systemic HRT for more than five years—a temporal pattern not previously reported. Conclusions: In this retrospective all-age NHS cohort, the diagnostic yield of endometrial cancer was 1.2% in HRT users with unscheduled bleeding, with only 1.5% requiring surgical intervention. All cancers were early-stage (FIGO 2009 Stage IA; FIGO 2023 Stage IA2mNSMP) and required no adjuvant therapy. A previously unreported temporal clustering of pathology within the first two years of HRT initiation generates a hypothesis that early unscheduled bleeding may unmask pre-existing rather than HRT-induced endometrial abnormalities. These observations are hypothesis-generating and should not be interpreted as evidence of endometrial safety. These findings apply specifically to symptomatic women presenting for investigation and cannot be generalised to asymptomatic HRT users. Prospective validation in larger cohorts with baseline endometrial assessment is required before any clinical conclusions can be drawn. What This Study Adds: (1) A real-world cancer detection proportion of 1.2% in an all-age contemporary NHS cohort. (2) A previously undescribed temporal pattern with pathology clustering within two years of HRT initiation and no pathology in long-term users (n = 45), generating a testable hypothesis about pre-existing versus HRT-induced disease. (3) Dual FIGO 2009/2023 staging demonstrating that molecular classification added no treatment-discriminatory value in this early-detection context.

]]> Temporal Clustering of Endometrial Cancer and Hyperplasia in HRT Users with Unscheduled Bleeding: A Retrospective NHS Cohort Study Mohamed Abdelwanis Mohamed Abdelaziz Ahmed Mohamed Ayodele Olaleye Nesma Hesham Nazifa Tasnim Oluwafemi Ogundiran Lorna Sandison Hazem Sayed Anita Juliana doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050284 Current Oncology 2026-05-12 Current Oncology 2026-05-12 33 5 Article 284 10.3390/curroncol33050284 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/284 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 283: High-Grade Glioma Tumoral Cells in a Case of Postoperative, Recurrent Subdural Hematoma… Where Did They Come From? https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/283 Background: High-grade glioma (HGG), formerly known as Glioblastoma multiforme, can be complicated by hematomas, either at the initial presentation or after surgical removal. Rarely, postoperative bleeding can occur extra-axially, resulting in subdural hematomas (SDH) that might require surgical evacuation. Of note, little is known about the cellular composition of those hematomas. Observations: We present the case of a patient operated on for HGG who developed postoperative recurrent SDH that required multiple surgical evacuations. Histopathological analyses of the membranes comprising the SDH revealed the presence of HGG tumoral cells. Conclusions: Based on our observation, hematomas associated with HGG, either extra or intra-axial, should be suspected of being a sign of tumoral recurrence or spread and histopathological analyses might be considered as they could lead to further adaptation of the patient’s treatment. 2026-05-10 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 283: High-Grade Glioma Tumoral Cells in a Case of Postoperative, Recurrent Subdural Hematoma… Where Did They Come From?

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050283

Authors: Paul E. Constanthin Arthur Durouchoux Gianpaolo Jannelli Mégane Le Quang Guillaume Chotard Julien Engelhardt

Background: High-grade glioma (HGG), formerly known as Glioblastoma multiforme, can be complicated by hematomas, either at the initial presentation or after surgical removal. Rarely, postoperative bleeding can occur extra-axially, resulting in subdural hematomas (SDH) that might require surgical evacuation. Of note, little is known about the cellular composition of those hematomas. Observations: We present the case of a patient operated on for HGG who developed postoperative recurrent SDH that required multiple surgical evacuations. Histopathological analyses of the membranes comprising the SDH revealed the presence of HGG tumoral cells. Conclusions: Based on our observation, hematomas associated with HGG, either extra or intra-axial, should be suspected of being a sign of tumoral recurrence or spread and histopathological analyses might be considered as they could lead to further adaptation of the patient’s treatment.

]]> High-Grade Glioma Tumoral Cells in a Case of Postoperative, Recurrent Subdural Hematoma… Where Did They Come From? Paul E. Constanthin Arthur Durouchoux Gianpaolo Jannelli Mégane Le Quang Guillaume Chotard Julien Engelhardt doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050283 Current Oncology 2026-05-10 Current Oncology 2026-05-10 33 5 Case Report 283 10.3390/curroncol33050283 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/283 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 282: Spontaneous Regression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastases or Immune Restoration? https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/282 Spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma is a rare and incompletely understood phenomenon. We report the case of a 61-year-old man with biopsy-proven pulmonary metastases from clear cell renal cell carcinoma who experienced durable tumor regression without receiving any systemic therapy. The patient underwent cryoablation of a symptomatic iliac bone metastasis and discontinued methotrexate, previously prescribed for inflammatory polyarthritis. Serial imaging demonstrated initial slow progression followed by significant shrinkage of pulmonary and mediastinal lesions, leading to a sustained partial response according to RECIST 1.1 criteria. No disease progression has been observed after extended follow-up. Two non-mutually exclusive mechanisms may explain this observation: restoration of antitumor immunity following withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy, and a systemic immune response triggered by local tumor destruction (abscopal effect). Although such events are exceptional, this case highlights the potential interplay between immune modulation and local therapies in renal cell carcinoma. Further investigation is warranted to better understand these mechanisms and their potential therapeutic implications. 2026-05-10 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 282: Spontaneous Regression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastases or Immune Restoration?

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050282

Authors: Clara Vacheret Fabien Moinard-Butot Lucile Reberol Alexandre Ciccolini Roberto Luigi Cazzato Philippe Barthélémy

Spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma is a rare and incompletely understood phenomenon. We report the case of a 61-year-old man with biopsy-proven pulmonary metastases from clear cell renal cell carcinoma who experienced durable tumor regression without receiving any systemic therapy. The patient underwent cryoablation of a symptomatic iliac bone metastasis and discontinued methotrexate, previously prescribed for inflammatory polyarthritis. Serial imaging demonstrated initial slow progression followed by significant shrinkage of pulmonary and mediastinal lesions, leading to a sustained partial response according to RECIST 1.1 criteria. No disease progression has been observed after extended follow-up. Two non-mutually exclusive mechanisms may explain this observation: restoration of antitumor immunity following withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy, and a systemic immune response triggered by local tumor destruction (abscopal effect). Although such events are exceptional, this case highlights the potential interplay between immune modulation and local therapies in renal cell carcinoma. Further investigation is warranted to better understand these mechanisms and their potential therapeutic implications.

]]> Spontaneous Regression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastases or Immune Restoration? Clara Vacheret Fabien Moinard-Butot Lucile Reberol Alexandre Ciccolini Roberto Luigi Cazzato Philippe Barthélémy doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050282 Current Oncology 2026-05-10 Current Oncology 2026-05-10 33 5 Case Report 282 10.3390/curroncol33050282 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/282 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 281: Recording Medical Errors in Brain Tumor Surgery Can Facilitate Their Avoidance: Single Institution Comparative Cohort Analysis over 19 Years https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/281 Objectives: Error-tracking studies have become an invaluable tool for gaining deeper insights into the patterns, causes, and clinical consequences of errors. In this paper, we examine the long-term impact of analyzing errors at the level of an individual surgeon. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of an internally maintained prospective database from September 2013 to April 2019 (Group C). These variables were compared with two earlier cohorts: Group A (2000–2006) and Group B (2006–2013). The key endpoints assessed included error incidence, type, severity, preventability, and clinical impact. The study also investigated the potential seasonal variations in error incidence, considering the rotation of trainees. Results: A persistent decrease in the mean errors/case (across all types) since records began in 2000 was noted; (1.8 for study group C versus 1.9 and 2.4 for group B and group A respectively, p = 0.048). We observed a drop in error severity score (major errors of 17.5% versus 29.5% and 22.6% respectively, p < 0.00001) and clinical impact (high impact in 0.4% versus 1.0% and 2.7% respectively, p < 0.00001). Conclusions: Ongoing and systematic error tracking and analysis seem to have a lasting impact on reducing both the incidence and severity of errors. These positive outcomes are thought to reflect the establishment of a culture of safety, fostering transparency and constructive feedback within the broader surgical team. 2026-05-09 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 281: Recording Medical Errors in Brain Tumor Surgery Can Facilitate Their Avoidance: Single Institution Comparative Cohort Analysis over 19 Years

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050281

Authors: Mohammed J. Asha Patrick E. Steadman Ashkan Samienezhad Mark Bernstein

Objectives: Error-tracking studies have become an invaluable tool for gaining deeper insights into the patterns, causes, and clinical consequences of errors. In this paper, we examine the long-term impact of analyzing errors at the level of an individual surgeon. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of an internally maintained prospective database from September 2013 to April 2019 (Group C). These variables were compared with two earlier cohorts: Group A (2000–2006) and Group B (2006–2013). The key endpoints assessed included error incidence, type, severity, preventability, and clinical impact. The study also investigated the potential seasonal variations in error incidence, considering the rotation of trainees. Results: A persistent decrease in the mean errors/case (across all types) since records began in 2000 was noted; (1.8 for study group C versus 1.9 and 2.4 for group B and group A respectively, p = 0.048). We observed a drop in error severity score (major errors of 17.5% versus 29.5% and 22.6% respectively, p < 0.00001) and clinical impact (high impact in 0.4% versus 1.0% and 2.7% respectively, p < 0.00001). Conclusions: Ongoing and systematic error tracking and analysis seem to have a lasting impact on reducing both the incidence and severity of errors. These positive outcomes are thought to reflect the establishment of a culture of safety, fostering transparency and constructive feedback within the broader surgical team.

]]> Recording Medical Errors in Brain Tumor Surgery Can Facilitate Their Avoidance: Single Institution Comparative Cohort Analysis over 19 Years Mohammed J. Asha Patrick E. Steadman Ashkan Samienezhad Mark Bernstein doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050281 Current Oncology 2026-05-09 Current Oncology 2026-05-09 33 5 Article 281 10.3390/curroncol33050281 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/281 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 280: Prostate Cancer Biomarkers with a Focus on Galectin-3: Emerging Clinical and Therapeutic Implications https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/280 Prostate cancer (PCa) management has evolved with biomarker-driven strategies, yet biological heterogeneity, adaptive resistance, and an immunosuppressive microenvironment limit their efficacy. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has emerged as a central node in PCa pathobiology, influencing tumor survival, metastasis, and immune escape. This review comprehensively reviews Gal-3’s dual role as a biomarker and a therapeutic target. We first delineate the limitations of the current diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in PCa, establishing the unmet need. We then elucidate the multifunctional biology of Gal-3, detailing its compartment-specific roles in anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and, notably, its function as a master regulator of immunosuppression. The interaction between Gal-3 and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is explored as a key regulatory interface. Furthermore, we catalog and analyze emerging Gal-3-targeted therapies, emphasizing their rationale for combination with immune checkpoint blockade to reverse therapeutic resistance. Finally, we outline a translational roadmap, advocating for standardized Gal-3 biomarker assays and biomarker-enriched clinical trials. Integrating Gal-3 into the PCa precision medicine toolkit offers a novel strategy to address heterogeneity and improve therapeutic durability. 2026-05-09 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 280: Prostate Cancer Biomarkers with a Focus on Galectin-3: Emerging Clinical and Therapeutic Implications

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050280

Authors: Hiba Narvel Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani Adnan Gulam Nabi Aman Goyal Rohan Garje Sanjay Srinivasan Hafiz Ahmed Deepak Kilari

Prostate cancer (PCa) management has evolved with biomarker-driven strategies, yet biological heterogeneity, adaptive resistance, and an immunosuppressive microenvironment limit their efficacy. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has emerged as a central node in PCa pathobiology, influencing tumor survival, metastasis, and immune escape. This review comprehensively reviews Gal-3’s dual role as a biomarker and a therapeutic target. We first delineate the limitations of the current diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in PCa, establishing the unmet need. We then elucidate the multifunctional biology of Gal-3, detailing its compartment-specific roles in anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and, notably, its function as a master regulator of immunosuppression. The interaction between Gal-3 and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is explored as a key regulatory interface. Furthermore, we catalog and analyze emerging Gal-3-targeted therapies, emphasizing their rationale for combination with immune checkpoint blockade to reverse therapeutic resistance. Finally, we outline a translational roadmap, advocating for standardized Gal-3 biomarker assays and biomarker-enriched clinical trials. Integrating Gal-3 into the PCa precision medicine toolkit offers a novel strategy to address heterogeneity and improve therapeutic durability.

]]> Prostate Cancer Biomarkers with a Focus on Galectin-3: Emerging Clinical and Therapeutic Implications Hiba Narvel Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani Adnan Gulam Nabi Aman Goyal Rohan Garje Sanjay Srinivasan Hafiz Ahmed Deepak Kilari doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050280 Current Oncology 2026-05-09 Current Oncology 2026-05-09 33 5 Review 280 10.3390/curroncol33050280 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/280 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 279: The Contemporary Role of Virtual and Augmented Reality in Radiation Oncology: A Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/279 Purpose: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are increasingly being explored as tools with potential applications in radiation oncology, with applications in education, patient care, and workflow optimization. This review evaluates the current landscape and future potential of immersive technologies in clinical practice. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted via PubMed and Scopus (search date: January 2026) using a Boolean search strategy combining terms for virtual/augmented/mixed reality, radiotherapy, and education/anxiety/training; articles published between 2010 and 2026 were screened independently by two reviewers. An online survey assessed experience with and perceptions of VR among Canadian radiation oncologists. Semi-structured interviews with physicians, residents, therapists, physicists, and a staff psychologist at a large academic tertiary-care center in Canada explored qualitative insights into current use and attitudes toward immersive technologies. Results: VR and AR show utility across multiple domains. In education, platforms such as the Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) enable therapists to practice in simulated treatment environments, while VR-based contouring tools reduce segmentation time by 41–58% and improve spatial understanding. For patient care, immersive VR interventions reduce pre-treatment anxiety by 26–56%, enhance understanding of procedures, and may decrease sedation in pediatric populations. AR-guided positioning systems demonstrate feasibility with acceptable accuracy, offering radiation-free setup verification. Survey findings revealed limited adoption (>80% reported no use), though 40% believed VR could enhance patient education and 39% desired expanded integration over the next decade. Barriers included cost, limited institutional awareness, and lack of training infrastructure. Conclusions: VR and AR show early potential for improving education, reducing patient anxiety, and enhancing positioning accuracy in radiation oncology. Despite implementation barriers, ongoing trials and technological advances are gradually building the evidence needed to clarify the role of immersive technologies in clinical practice. 2026-05-09 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 279: The Contemporary Role of Virtual and Augmented Reality in Radiation Oncology: A Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050279

Authors: Saad Mohssine Marie-Ève Pelland Stephane Bedwani David Roberge

Purpose: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are increasingly being explored as tools with potential applications in radiation oncology, with applications in education, patient care, and workflow optimization. This review evaluates the current landscape and future potential of immersive technologies in clinical practice. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted via PubMed and Scopus (search date: January 2026) using a Boolean search strategy combining terms for virtual/augmented/mixed reality, radiotherapy, and education/anxiety/training; articles published between 2010 and 2026 were screened independently by two reviewers. An online survey assessed experience with and perceptions of VR among Canadian radiation oncologists. Semi-structured interviews with physicians, residents, therapists, physicists, and a staff psychologist at a large academic tertiary-care center in Canada explored qualitative insights into current use and attitudes toward immersive technologies. Results: VR and AR show utility across multiple domains. In education, platforms such as the Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) enable therapists to practice in simulated treatment environments, while VR-based contouring tools reduce segmentation time by 41–58% and improve spatial understanding. For patient care, immersive VR interventions reduce pre-treatment anxiety by 26–56%, enhance understanding of procedures, and may decrease sedation in pediatric populations. AR-guided positioning systems demonstrate feasibility with acceptable accuracy, offering radiation-free setup verification. Survey findings revealed limited adoption (>80% reported no use), though 40% believed VR could enhance patient education and 39% desired expanded integration over the next decade. Barriers included cost, limited institutional awareness, and lack of training infrastructure. Conclusions: VR and AR show early potential for improving education, reducing patient anxiety, and enhancing positioning accuracy in radiation oncology. Despite implementation barriers, ongoing trials and technological advances are gradually building the evidence needed to clarify the role of immersive technologies in clinical practice.

]]> The Contemporary Role of Virtual and Augmented Reality in Radiation Oncology: A Review Saad Mohssine Marie-Ève Pelland Stephane Bedwani David Roberge doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050279 Current Oncology 2026-05-09 Current Oncology 2026-05-09 33 5 Review 279 10.3390/curroncol33050279 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/279 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 278: Significant Correlation of Dynamic Pan-Immune Inflammation Value and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response in Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Treated with Total Neoadjuvant Therapy https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/278 Background: Accurate identification of complete or near-complete responders after total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) is critical for selecting candidates for non-operative management in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). While static inflammatory biomarkers have been widely investigated, the predictive value of dynamic changes in systemic inflammation during TNT remains unclear. This study evaluated whether changes in the Pan-Immune Inflammation Value (PIV) correlate with magnetic resonance imaging tumor regression grade (mrTRG) and regrowth risk. Methods: Seventy-three patients with LARC treated with TNT between 2018 and 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified as complete/near-complete responders (C-NCRG; mrTRG1–2) or residual disease group (RDG; mrTRG3–5). The PIV was calculated as (platelet × monocyte × neutrophil)/lymphocyte at treatment initiation (first-PIV), three weeks after completion of chemotherapy (last-PIV), and at regrowth (Rg-PIV). Dynamic changes were defined as Δ-PIV (last-PIV minus first-PIV) and ΔRg-PIV (Rg-PIV minus first-PIV). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified optimal cutoffs, and logistic regression assessed independent associations. Results: The baseline PIV did not differ between groups. Last-PIV and Δ-PIV were significantly lower in the C-NCRG compared with RDG (p = 0.006). A Δ-PIV cutoff of −36.9 discriminated responders (AUC = 0.705; sensitivity 53.7%; specificity 84.4%) and remained independently associated with MRI response in multivariate analysis. In the non-operative management cohort, ΔRg-PIV was significantly lower in patients without regrowth (p = 0.001), with a cutoff of −77.72 (AUC = 0.794; sensitivity 88.9%; specificity 66.7%). Overall survival was superior in the C-NCRG (p = 0.01). Conclusions: A dynamic reduction in the PIV during TNT is significantly associated with favorable MRI response and lower regrowth risk in LARC. PIV dynamics may serve as a noninvasive complementary biomarker to support response assessment and stratification in organ-preservation strategies. 2026-05-09 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 278: Significant Correlation of Dynamic Pan-Immune Inflammation Value and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response in Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Treated with Total Neoadjuvant Therapy

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050278

Authors: Sukran Celikarslan Duygu Karahacioglu Bengi Gurses Fatih Selcukbiricik Emre Balik Derya Salim Uymaz Ahmet Rencuzogullari Dursun Bugra Sahin Lacin Kerim Kaban Perran Fulden Yumuk Nil Molinas Mandel Ayse Armutlu Burcu Saka N. Volkan Adsay Metin Vural Merve Duman Caglayan Selenge Beduk Esen Nulifer Kilic Durankus Duygu Sezen Saliha Ezgi Oymak Yasemin Atagun Ugur Selek

Background: Accurate identification of complete or near-complete responders after total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) is critical for selecting candidates for non-operative management in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). While static inflammatory biomarkers have been widely investigated, the predictive value of dynamic changes in systemic inflammation during TNT remains unclear. This study evaluated whether changes in the Pan-Immune Inflammation Value (PIV) correlate with magnetic resonance imaging tumor regression grade (mrTRG) and regrowth risk. Methods: Seventy-three patients with LARC treated with TNT between 2018 and 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified as complete/near-complete responders (C-NCRG; mrTRG1–2) or residual disease group (RDG; mrTRG3–5). The PIV was calculated as (platelet × monocyte × neutrophil)/lymphocyte at treatment initiation (first-PIV), three weeks after completion of chemotherapy (last-PIV), and at regrowth (Rg-PIV). Dynamic changes were defined as Δ-PIV (last-PIV minus first-PIV) and ΔRg-PIV (Rg-PIV minus first-PIV). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified optimal cutoffs, and logistic regression assessed independent associations. Results: The baseline PIV did not differ between groups. Last-PIV and Δ-PIV were significantly lower in the C-NCRG compared with RDG (p = 0.006). A Δ-PIV cutoff of −36.9 discriminated responders (AUC = 0.705; sensitivity 53.7%; specificity 84.4%) and remained independently associated with MRI response in multivariate analysis. In the non-operative management cohort, ΔRg-PIV was significantly lower in patients without regrowth (p = 0.001), with a cutoff of −77.72 (AUC = 0.794; sensitivity 88.9%; specificity 66.7%). Overall survival was superior in the C-NCRG (p = 0.01). Conclusions: A dynamic reduction in the PIV during TNT is significantly associated with favorable MRI response and lower regrowth risk in LARC. PIV dynamics may serve as a noninvasive complementary biomarker to support response assessment and stratification in organ-preservation strategies.

]]> Significant Correlation of Dynamic Pan-Immune Inflammation Value and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response in Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Treated with Total Neoadjuvant Therapy Sukran Celikarslan Duygu Karahacioglu Bengi Gurses Fatih Selcukbiricik Emre Balik Derya Salim Uymaz Ahmet Rencuzogullari Dursun Bugra Sahin Lacin Kerim Kaban Perran Fulden Yumuk Nil Molinas Mandel Ayse Armutlu Burcu Saka N. Volkan Adsay Metin Vural Merve Duman Caglayan Selenge Beduk Esen Nulifer Kilic Durankus Duygu Sezen Saliha Ezgi Oymak Yasemin Atagun Ugur Selek doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050278 Current Oncology 2026-05-09 Current Oncology 2026-05-09 33 5 Article 278 10.3390/curroncol33050278 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/278 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 277: Docetaxel in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multi-Centre Real-World Evidence Analysis in the Immunotherapy Era https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/277 Docetaxel has been a standard second-line or later (2L+) treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for more than two decades and remains recommended in current treatment algorithms. However, real-world outcomes in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are limited. This multicenter retrospective study included patients with advanced NSCLC treated with 2L+ docetaxel monotherapy between January 2011 and December 2020. The primary endpoint was median overall survival (mOS) from docetaxel initiation. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify predictors of OS. A total of 285 patients were analyzed. Median age was 62 years; 43% female, 75% ECOG performance status (PS) 0–1, and 65% adenocarcinoma. Molecular alterations included EGFR (20%) and KRAS (15%). PD-L1 status was available in 66% of patients. Median docetaxel exposure was three cycles, administered as 2L (48%), 3L (35%), or 4L+ (17%). Prior therapies included chemotherapy (96%), ICI (38%), targeted therapy (21%), and chemo-immunotherapy (10%). mOS was 6.5 months (95% CI, 5.9–7.3). On multivariate analysis, KRAS alteration (HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.37–0.94; p = 0.026) and ECOG PS (1 vs. 0 HR 2.26; 95% CI 1.15–4.43; p = 0.018, ≥2 vs. 0 HR 2.62; 95% CI 1.27–5.41; p = 0.0091) remained independent predictors of OS. Real-world OS with docetaxel is consistent with historical trial data, irrespective of prior ICI, targeted therapy, or chemo-immunotherapy. KRAS mutation and a favourable ECOG PS were associated with improved survival. 2026-05-08 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 277: Docetaxel in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multi-Centre Real-World Evidence Analysis in the Immunotherapy Era

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050277

Authors: Christopher F. Theriau Yuchen Li Deborah Akurang Sara M. Moore Rosalyn A. Juergens Natasha B. Leighl Paul Wheatley-Price

Docetaxel has been a standard second-line or later (2L+) treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for more than two decades and remains recommended in current treatment algorithms. However, real-world outcomes in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are limited. This multicenter retrospective study included patients with advanced NSCLC treated with 2L+ docetaxel monotherapy between January 2011 and December 2020. The primary endpoint was median overall survival (mOS) from docetaxel initiation. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify predictors of OS. A total of 285 patients were analyzed. Median age was 62 years; 43% female, 75% ECOG performance status (PS) 0–1, and 65% adenocarcinoma. Molecular alterations included EGFR (20%) and KRAS (15%). PD-L1 status was available in 66% of patients. Median docetaxel exposure was three cycles, administered as 2L (48%), 3L (35%), or 4L+ (17%). Prior therapies included chemotherapy (96%), ICI (38%), targeted therapy (21%), and chemo-immunotherapy (10%). mOS was 6.5 months (95% CI, 5.9–7.3). On multivariate analysis, KRAS alteration (HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.37–0.94; p = 0.026) and ECOG PS (1 vs. 0 HR 2.26; 95% CI 1.15–4.43; p = 0.018, ≥2 vs. 0 HR 2.62; 95% CI 1.27–5.41; p = 0.0091) remained independent predictors of OS. Real-world OS with docetaxel is consistent with historical trial data, irrespective of prior ICI, targeted therapy, or chemo-immunotherapy. KRAS mutation and a favourable ECOG PS were associated with improved survival.

]]> Docetaxel in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multi-Centre Real-World Evidence Analysis in the Immunotherapy Era Christopher F. Theriau Yuchen Li Deborah Akurang Sara M. Moore Rosalyn A. Juergens Natasha B. Leighl Paul Wheatley-Price doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050277 Current Oncology 2026-05-08 Current Oncology 2026-05-08 33 5 Article 277 10.3390/curroncol33050277 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/277 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 276: Forecasting Trends in Androgen Deprivation Therapy Intensification for Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort and Time-Series Analysis https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/276 Treatment intensification with androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs) and/or docetaxel in addition to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) improves survival for men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), yet real-world uptake has historically been low. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of Ontario men aged ≥66 years diagnosed with de novo mHSPC between 2014 and 2022 using linked administrative health data, defining treatment intensification as initiation of an ARPI and/or docetaxel with ADT within six months of diagnosis. Quarterly intensification rates were modeled using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time-series methods with nonlinear trend specifications, and competing models were compared using information criteria, out-of-sample hold-out forecast accuracy, and long-horizon extrapolation behaviour to project uptake through 2030. Among 6099 men, 24% received treatment intensification, with quarterly intensification rates increasing from 3% in 2014 to 56% in 2022. A restricted cubic spline ARIMA model (ARIMA(1,0,1) + RCS3) was selected as the primary base-case forecast because it showed superior out-of-sample hold-out accuracy and more tempered long-horizon extrapolation. The cubic specification was retained as an upper-bound scenario, reflecting the possibility of continued aggressive momentum in treatment adoption. Both specifications captured a marked inflection after 2020 that temporally coincided with guideline updates and funding expansions. Near-term base-case projections (through 2026) suggest continued growth in intensification toward 80–85%, with the upper-bound scenario approaching saturation more quickly. Projections beyond 2026 are exploratory and presented for methodological completeness, given the eight-year horizon relative to a nine-year observation window and the widening prediction intervals at extended horizons. Despite substantial growth over time, treatment intensification remains incomplete in routine practice. These findings are temporally consistent with the impact of policy and funding changes on the adoption of evidence-based therapy and underscore the need for ongoing implementation efforts to address persistent clinical and system-level barriers to equitable access. 2026-05-08 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 276: Forecasting Trends in Androgen Deprivation Therapy Intensification for Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort and Time-Series Analysis

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050276

Authors: Ealia Khosh Kish Erind Dvorani Refik Saskin Andrew S. Wilton Raj Satkunasivam Khatereh Aminoltejari Amanda Hird Kasey Berscheid Soumyajit Roy Scott C. Morgan Michael Ong Di Maria Jiang Geoffrey T. Gotto Bobby Shayegan Girish S. Kulkarni Rodney H. Breau Aly-Khan A. Lalani David-Dan Nguyen Christopher J. D. Wallis

Treatment intensification with androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs) and/or docetaxel in addition to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) improves survival for men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), yet real-world uptake has historically been low. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of Ontario men aged ≥66 years diagnosed with de novo mHSPC between 2014 and 2022 using linked administrative health data, defining treatment intensification as initiation of an ARPI and/or docetaxel with ADT within six months of diagnosis. Quarterly intensification rates were modeled using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time-series methods with nonlinear trend specifications, and competing models were compared using information criteria, out-of-sample hold-out forecast accuracy, and long-horizon extrapolation behaviour to project uptake through 2030. Among 6099 men, 24% received treatment intensification, with quarterly intensification rates increasing from 3% in 2014 to 56% in 2022. A restricted cubic spline ARIMA model (ARIMA(1,0,1) + RCS3) was selected as the primary base-case forecast because it showed superior out-of-sample hold-out accuracy and more tempered long-horizon extrapolation. The cubic specification was retained as an upper-bound scenario, reflecting the possibility of continued aggressive momentum in treatment adoption. Both specifications captured a marked inflection after 2020 that temporally coincided with guideline updates and funding expansions. Near-term base-case projections (through 2026) suggest continued growth in intensification toward 80–85%, with the upper-bound scenario approaching saturation more quickly. Projections beyond 2026 are exploratory and presented for methodological completeness, given the eight-year horizon relative to a nine-year observation window and the widening prediction intervals at extended horizons. Despite substantial growth over time, treatment intensification remains incomplete in routine practice. These findings are temporally consistent with the impact of policy and funding changes on the adoption of evidence-based therapy and underscore the need for ongoing implementation efforts to address persistent clinical and system-level barriers to equitable access.

]]> Forecasting Trends in Androgen Deprivation Therapy Intensification for Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort and Time-Series Analysis Ealia Khosh Kish Erind Dvorani Refik Saskin Andrew S. Wilton Raj Satkunasivam Khatereh Aminoltejari Amanda Hird Kasey Berscheid Soumyajit Roy Scott C. Morgan Michael Ong Di Maria Jiang Geoffrey T. Gotto Bobby Shayegan Girish S. Kulkarni Rodney H. Breau Aly-Khan A. Lalani David-Dan Nguyen Christopher J. D. Wallis doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050276 Current Oncology 2026-05-08 Current Oncology 2026-05-08 33 5 Brief Report 276 10.3390/curroncol33050276 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/276 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 275: Integration of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Clinical Practice for Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Survey https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/275 Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) and its multimodal treatment substantially impair speech, swallowing, breathing, appearance, and psychosocial well-being. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) improve symptom monitoring and quality of life in oncology, yet their integration into routine HNC care remains inconsistent. This study assessed patterns of PROM use, perceived value, and barriers to implementation among healthcare professionals (HCPs) involved in HNC care. Methods: A 30-item cross-sectional survey was distributed to HCPs treating HNC patients between June 2024 and April 2025. The questionnaire explored PROM use in clinical practice and trials, perceived relevance across care phases, and implementation barriers. Respondents were classified as non-users, occasional users, or regular users. Data were analyzed descriptively with comparisons between groups. Results: Among 133 respondents, 33.8% were non-users, 29.3% occasional users, and 36.8% regular users of PROMs. Users reported inviting half of patients to complete PROMs, predominantly via paper-based questionnaires (67.8%). PROMs were mainly applied during active treatment and early follow-up to monitor symptoms, overall health, and emotional well-being, and were less frequently used to guide treatment decisions. The EORTC QLQ-C30 and HNC-specific tools were most commonly reported. Compared with users, non-users more often cited lack of time, limited training in interpreting PROM data, insufficient institutional support, resource constraints, and lack of appropriate instruments (all p < 0.05). PROM use in clinical trials was associated with routine use (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Although PROMs are widely valued in HNC care, their integration into clinical decision-making remains limited. Addressing organizational, educational, and digital barriers is essential to support sustainable implementation. 2026-05-08 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 275: Integration of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Clinical Practice for Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050275

Authors: Tatiana Dragan Niclas Hubel Jens Lehmann Katherine J. Taylor Renée Bultijnck Tihana Gašpert Luigi Lorini Vincent Bourbonne Arnaud Beddok Bartłomiej Tomasik Daan Nevens Stefano Cavalieri Ruth Gabriela Herrera Gómez Esmée Lauren Looman Iyizoba-Ebozue Zsuzsanna Fatjona Kraja Emma Lidington Csongor György Lengyel Marc Oliva Gerardo Petruzzi Ana Varges Gomes Maria Pilar Solis Hernandez Sophie Veldhuijzen van Zanten Jesus Brenes Castro Francesca Caparrotti Giuseppe Fanetti Yannick G. Eller Chiara Gottardi Laurelie R. Wishart Petr Szturz

Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) and its multimodal treatment substantially impair speech, swallowing, breathing, appearance, and psychosocial well-being. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) improve symptom monitoring and quality of life in oncology, yet their integration into routine HNC care remains inconsistent. This study assessed patterns of PROM use, perceived value, and barriers to implementation among healthcare professionals (HCPs) involved in HNC care. Methods: A 30-item cross-sectional survey was distributed to HCPs treating HNC patients between June 2024 and April 2025. The questionnaire explored PROM use in clinical practice and trials, perceived relevance across care phases, and implementation barriers. Respondents were classified as non-users, occasional users, or regular users. Data were analyzed descriptively with comparisons between groups. Results: Among 133 respondents, 33.8% were non-users, 29.3% occasional users, and 36.8% regular users of PROMs. Users reported inviting half of patients to complete PROMs, predominantly via paper-based questionnaires (67.8%). PROMs were mainly applied during active treatment and early follow-up to monitor symptoms, overall health, and emotional well-being, and were less frequently used to guide treatment decisions. The EORTC QLQ-C30 and HNC-specific tools were most commonly reported. Compared with users, non-users more often cited lack of time, limited training in interpreting PROM data, insufficient institutional support, resource constraints, and lack of appropriate instruments (all p < 0.05). PROM use in clinical trials was associated with routine use (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Although PROMs are widely valued in HNC care, their integration into clinical decision-making remains limited. Addressing organizational, educational, and digital barriers is essential to support sustainable implementation.

]]> Integration of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Clinical Practice for Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Survey Tatiana Dragan Niclas Hubel Jens Lehmann Katherine J. Taylor Renée Bultijnck Tihana Gašpert Luigi Lorini Vincent Bourbonne Arnaud Beddok Bartłomiej Tomasik Daan Nevens Stefano Cavalieri Ruth Gabriela Herrera Gómez Esmée Lauren Looman Iyizoba-Ebozue Zsuzsanna Fatjona Kraja Emma Lidington Csongor György Lengyel Marc Oliva Gerardo Petruzzi Ana Varges Gomes Maria Pilar Solis Hernandez Sophie Veldhuijzen van Zanten Jesus Brenes Castro Francesca Caparrotti Giuseppe Fanetti Yannick G. Eller Chiara Gottardi Laurelie R. Wishart Petr Szturz doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050275 Current Oncology 2026-05-08 Current Oncology 2026-05-08 33 5 Article 275 10.3390/curroncol33050275 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/275 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 274: A Consensus Approach to the Incorporation of Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in a Treatment Algorithm for Stage I–III Resectable Rectal Cancer https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/274 Advances in surgical techniques, radiographic imaging capabilities, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have led to improved outcomes for patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. Treatment strategies have correspondingly evolved, as seen with total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) and organ preservation approaches. TNT is a treatment strategy for primary, non-metastatic, resectable mismatch repair proficient rectal cancer where the intent is to administer all appropriate adjuvant therapy in the preoperative phase, including both systemic therapy and chemoradiotherapy/radiotherapy. In this setting, TNT is increasingly administered for the purposes of maximizing tumour response to facilitate resection, improving treatment compliance, thus increasing the likelihood of a complete response to allow for organ preservation and for the possibility of improving survival. While several recent randomized controlled trials have described the role of TNT in the contemporary treatment of rectal cancer, there is significant heterogeneity in sequencing of treatments, dosing, allowance for non-operative management, and the potential for over-treatment. Our objective here was to incorporate current evidence to develop a consensus-based institutional treatment algorithm to be used in the ambulatory and multidisciplinary team setting for the treatment of stage I–III rectal cancer. 2026-05-08 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 274: A Consensus Approach to the Incorporation of Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in a Treatment Algorithm for Stage I–III Resectable Rectal Cancer

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050274

Authors: Sami A. Chadi Karineh Kazazian Paul Savage Christine Brezden-Masley Ron Burkes Eric Chen Anand Govindarajan Ali Hosni Raymond Jang Erin Kennedy John Kim Jelena Lukovic Aruz Mesci Catherine O’Brien Fayez Quereshy Abdulazeez Salawu Peter K. Stotland Carol J. Swallow

Advances in surgical techniques, radiographic imaging capabilities, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have led to improved outcomes for patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. Treatment strategies have correspondingly evolved, as seen with total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) and organ preservation approaches. TNT is a treatment strategy for primary, non-metastatic, resectable mismatch repair proficient rectal cancer where the intent is to administer all appropriate adjuvant therapy in the preoperative phase, including both systemic therapy and chemoradiotherapy/radiotherapy. In this setting, TNT is increasingly administered for the purposes of maximizing tumour response to facilitate resection, improving treatment compliance, thus increasing the likelihood of a complete response to allow for organ preservation and for the possibility of improving survival. While several recent randomized controlled trials have described the role of TNT in the contemporary treatment of rectal cancer, there is significant heterogeneity in sequencing of treatments, dosing, allowance for non-operative management, and the potential for over-treatment. Our objective here was to incorporate current evidence to develop a consensus-based institutional treatment algorithm to be used in the ambulatory and multidisciplinary team setting for the treatment of stage I–III rectal cancer.

]]> A Consensus Approach to the Incorporation of Total Neoadjuvant Therapy in a Treatment Algorithm for Stage I–III Resectable Rectal Cancer Sami A. Chadi Karineh Kazazian Paul Savage Christine Brezden-Masley Ron Burkes Eric Chen Anand Govindarajan Ali Hosni Raymond Jang Erin Kennedy John Kim Jelena Lukovic Aruz Mesci Catherine O’Brien Fayez Quereshy Abdulazeez Salawu Peter K. Stotland Carol J. Swallow doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050274 Current Oncology 2026-05-08 Current Oncology 2026-05-08 33 5 Review 274 10.3390/curroncol33050274 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/274 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 273: Intraoperative Margin Control in Eyelid Tumor Surgery: Current Standards, Imaging Advances, and Emerging Techniques https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/273 Background: Eyelid malignancies require accurate intraoperative margin control to achieve complete tumor excision while preserving the functional and aesthetic integrity of the periocular region. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is widely regarded as the reference standard for margin-controlled excision, whereas frozen section–controlled excision (FSC) represents a reliable and widely used alternative in oculoplastic practice. In parallel, several emerging imaging technologies are being investigated to improve real-time tumor detection and surgical precision. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted to summarize current evidence on intraoperative margin control in eyelid tumor surgery. The review focused on established surgical techniques, including MMS and FSC, as well as emerging imaging modalities such as fluorescence confocal microscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, line-field confocal optical coherence tomography, photoacoustic imaging, and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted analysis. Results: MMS provides complete circumferential peripheral and deep margin assessment and remains the benchmark for high-risk, recurrent, and poorly defined periocular tumors, particularly basal cell carcinoma. FSC offers favorable oncologic outcomes, allows immediate reconstruction, and remains an effective option when MMS is not available. Emerging imaging modalities have shown promising diagnostic performance for tumor detection, presurgical mapping, and intraoperative support, particularly in basal cell carcinoma, although evidence in periocular tumors remains limited for most techniques. AI-assisted approaches have also demonstrated high accuracy in the interpretation of frozen sections and optical imaging data, suggesting potential to improve workflow efficiency and diagnostic consistency. Conclusions: MMS and FSC remain the current standards for intraoperative margin control in eyelid tumor surgery. Emerging imaging technologies and AI-based tools may further enhance surgical precision and tissue preservation, but most remain investigational in the periocular setting. Further prospective studies are needed to validate their clinical utility, define standardized workflows, and clarify their role alongside established histopathologic techniques. 2026-05-08 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 273: Intraoperative Margin Control in Eyelid Tumor Surgery: Current Standards, Imaging Advances, and Emerging Techniques

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050273

Authors: Michele Nardella Anna Argentesi Claudia Pirro Claudia Quaranta Leoni Francesco M. Quaranta Leoni

Background: Eyelid malignancies require accurate intraoperative margin control to achieve complete tumor excision while preserving the functional and aesthetic integrity of the periocular region. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is widely regarded as the reference standard for margin-controlled excision, whereas frozen section–controlled excision (FSC) represents a reliable and widely used alternative in oculoplastic practice. In parallel, several emerging imaging technologies are being investigated to improve real-time tumor detection and surgical precision. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted to summarize current evidence on intraoperative margin control in eyelid tumor surgery. The review focused on established surgical techniques, including MMS and FSC, as well as emerging imaging modalities such as fluorescence confocal microscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, line-field confocal optical coherence tomography, photoacoustic imaging, and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted analysis. Results: MMS provides complete circumferential peripheral and deep margin assessment and remains the benchmark for high-risk, recurrent, and poorly defined periocular tumors, particularly basal cell carcinoma. FSC offers favorable oncologic outcomes, allows immediate reconstruction, and remains an effective option when MMS is not available. Emerging imaging modalities have shown promising diagnostic performance for tumor detection, presurgical mapping, and intraoperative support, particularly in basal cell carcinoma, although evidence in periocular tumors remains limited for most techniques. AI-assisted approaches have also demonstrated high accuracy in the interpretation of frozen sections and optical imaging data, suggesting potential to improve workflow efficiency and diagnostic consistency. Conclusions: MMS and FSC remain the current standards for intraoperative margin control in eyelid tumor surgery. Emerging imaging technologies and AI-based tools may further enhance surgical precision and tissue preservation, but most remain investigational in the periocular setting. Further prospective studies are needed to validate their clinical utility, define standardized workflows, and clarify their role alongside established histopathologic techniques.

]]> Intraoperative Margin Control in Eyelid Tumor Surgery: Current Standards, Imaging Advances, and Emerging Techniques Michele Nardella Anna Argentesi Claudia Pirro Claudia Quaranta Leoni Francesco M. Quaranta Leoni doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050273 Current Oncology 2026-05-08 Current Oncology 2026-05-08 33 5 Review 273 10.3390/curroncol33050273 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/273 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 272: Development and Evaluation of a Web-Based App for Adverse Effect Management in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Oral Targeted Therapy or Chemotherapy: Findings from a Pilot Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/272 This pilot study (NCT05743686) evaluated the feasibility of a web-based application enabling patients with breast cancer (BC) receiving oral therapy to self-report and manage treatment-related adverse effects (AEs). Patients were enrolled between January and August 2023. Historical controls were used for comparison. Participants used the web-app to self-report AEs daily for 13 weeks, completed the PRO-CTCAE weekly, and completed a questionnaire assessing psychosocial precursor factors associated with treatment adherence. Some patients and healthcare professionals participated in semi-structured interviews. The study included 28 participants and 185 historical controls. Compared with controls, participants had fewer interactions with hospital pharmacists (0 [0–1] vs. 0 [0–7], p = 0.04), with no significant differences in the number of visits, hospitalizations, or modifications to treatment. Concordance between AEs reported via the web-app and PRO-CTCAE was 66.2%. No statistically significant changes were observed in psychosocial precursor factors of treatment adherence following the intervention (all p > 0.05). The qualitative data underscored the generally positive reception of the web-based application among both patients and healthcare professionals. In conclusion, in this small mixed-methods pilot study, monitoring oral cancer therapy-related adverse effects using the web-app was feasible and acceptable, and was associated with a lower frequency of telephone contacts with hospital pharmacists compared with historical usual care. These preliminary findings are exploratory and warrant confirmation in larger, prospectively designed studies. 2026-05-07 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 272: Development and Evaluation of a Web-Based App for Adverse Effect Management in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Oral Targeted Therapy or Chemotherapy: Findings from a Pilot Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050272

Authors: Julie Lemieux Isabelle Côté Martine Lemay Sophie Lauzier Philippe Després Christine Desbiens Catherine Doyle Brigitte Poirier Amel Baghdadli Leonardo Di Schiavi Trotta Hermann Nabi

This pilot study (NCT05743686) evaluated the feasibility of a web-based application enabling patients with breast cancer (BC) receiving oral therapy to self-report and manage treatment-related adverse effects (AEs). Patients were enrolled between January and August 2023. Historical controls were used for comparison. Participants used the web-app to self-report AEs daily for 13 weeks, completed the PRO-CTCAE weekly, and completed a questionnaire assessing psychosocial precursor factors associated with treatment adherence. Some patients and healthcare professionals participated in semi-structured interviews. The study included 28 participants and 185 historical controls. Compared with controls, participants had fewer interactions with hospital pharmacists (0 [0–1] vs. 0 [0–7], p = 0.04), with no significant differences in the number of visits, hospitalizations, or modifications to treatment. Concordance between AEs reported via the web-app and PRO-CTCAE was 66.2%. No statistically significant changes were observed in psychosocial precursor factors of treatment adherence following the intervention (all p > 0.05). The qualitative data underscored the generally positive reception of the web-based application among both patients and healthcare professionals. In conclusion, in this small mixed-methods pilot study, monitoring oral cancer therapy-related adverse effects using the web-app was feasible and acceptable, and was associated with a lower frequency of telephone contacts with hospital pharmacists compared with historical usual care. These preliminary findings are exploratory and warrant confirmation in larger, prospectively designed studies.

]]> Development and Evaluation of a Web-Based App for Adverse Effect Management in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Oral Targeted Therapy or Chemotherapy: Findings from a Pilot Study Julie Lemieux Isabelle Côté Martine Lemay Sophie Lauzier Philippe Després Christine Desbiens Catherine Doyle Brigitte Poirier Amel Baghdadli Leonardo Di Schiavi Trotta Hermann Nabi doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050272 Current Oncology 2026-05-07 Current Oncology 2026-05-07 33 5 Article 272 10.3390/curroncol33050272 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/272 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 271: Durable Response to Selpercatinib in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Harboring a Novel TIMM23B::RET Fusion: A Case Report https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/271 RET fusions are rare but actionable oncogenic drivers in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), occurring in a small molecular subset with limited clinical evidence for selective RET inhibition. We report a 77-year-old woman with mCRC harboring a rare TIMM23B::RET fusion who achieved durable benefit from selpercatinib after progression on capecitabine. Molecular profiling showed RAS/BRAF wild-type, microsatellite-stable disease with a TIMM23B::RET fusion. Selpercatinib induced a marked decline in tumor markers and a sustained partial response on serial imaging. Treatment was complicated by grade 3 hepatotoxicity, requiring temporary interruption and dose reduction to 80 mg twice daily. Despite this, disease control was maintained without further grade ≥ 3 toxicity. At the time of writing, the patient remains on treatment with progression-free survival exceeding 14 months. To our knowledge, this is among the first detailed reports of mCRC harboring a TIMM23B::RET fusion with documented clinical benefit from selpercatinib. This case highlights the value of comprehensive genomic profiling and individualized toxicity management in rare molecular subsets of mCRC. 2026-05-07 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 271: Durable Response to Selpercatinib in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Harboring a Novel TIMM23B::RET Fusion: A Case Report

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050271

Authors: Ziyan Tong Mengyuan Yang Shanshan Weng Ying Yuan

RET fusions are rare but actionable oncogenic drivers in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), occurring in a small molecular subset with limited clinical evidence for selective RET inhibition. We report a 77-year-old woman with mCRC harboring a rare TIMM23B::RET fusion who achieved durable benefit from selpercatinib after progression on capecitabine. Molecular profiling showed RAS/BRAF wild-type, microsatellite-stable disease with a TIMM23B::RET fusion. Selpercatinib induced a marked decline in tumor markers and a sustained partial response on serial imaging. Treatment was complicated by grade 3 hepatotoxicity, requiring temporary interruption and dose reduction to 80 mg twice daily. Despite this, disease control was maintained without further grade ≥ 3 toxicity. At the time of writing, the patient remains on treatment with progression-free survival exceeding 14 months. To our knowledge, this is among the first detailed reports of mCRC harboring a TIMM23B::RET fusion with documented clinical benefit from selpercatinib. This case highlights the value of comprehensive genomic profiling and individualized toxicity management in rare molecular subsets of mCRC.

]]> Durable Response to Selpercatinib in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Harboring a Novel TIMM23B::RET Fusion: A Case Report Ziyan Tong Mengyuan Yang Shanshan Weng Ying Yuan doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050271 Current Oncology 2026-05-07 Current Oncology 2026-05-07 33 5 Case Report 271 10.3390/curroncol33050271 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/271 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 270: Sexuality in Adult Cancer Patients Living with Enterostomy or Urostomy: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/270 Cancer patients with an enterostomy or urostomy face significant physical and psychological challenges that impact their sexuality and quality of life. Despite its importance, this topic is often overlooked in clinical settings. This study explores the lived experiences of these patients regarding their sexual health. Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, researchers performed face-to-face interviews with 33 adult cancer patients living with enterostomy or urostomy at Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Regina Elena National Cancer Institute of Rome, Italy. Data were analyzed according to Giorgi’s method to identify core themes. Four primary themes emerged: the emotional weight of surgery, fear of rejection or disgust, the influence of partner reactions on intimacy, and the struggle to find professional guidance. Participants reported reduced desire and altered body image, though many utilized coping strategies like personal resilience and partner support. Stoma surgery profoundly affects sexuality, yet professional support remains inadequate. The study highlights a critical need for multidisciplinary care and proactive communication. Integrating sexual health into routine oncological practice is essential for providing person-centred care and improving overall quality of life. 2026-05-07 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 270: Sexuality in Adult Cancer Patients Living with Enterostomy or Urostomy: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050270

Authors: Nicolò Panattoni Giulia Manzon Alessia Campoli Valentina Anselmi Francesca Laurenza Chiara Giammaria Aurora De Leo Alessandro Spano Fabrizio Petrone Emanuele Di Simone Laura Iacorossi

Cancer patients with an enterostomy or urostomy face significant physical and psychological challenges that impact their sexuality and quality of life. Despite its importance, this topic is often overlooked in clinical settings. This study explores the lived experiences of these patients regarding their sexual health. Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, researchers performed face-to-face interviews with 33 adult cancer patients living with enterostomy or urostomy at Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Regina Elena National Cancer Institute of Rome, Italy. Data were analyzed according to Giorgi’s method to identify core themes. Four primary themes emerged: the emotional weight of surgery, fear of rejection or disgust, the influence of partner reactions on intimacy, and the struggle to find professional guidance. Participants reported reduced desire and altered body image, though many utilized coping strategies like personal resilience and partner support. Stoma surgery profoundly affects sexuality, yet professional support remains inadequate. The study highlights a critical need for multidisciplinary care and proactive communication. Integrating sexual health into routine oncological practice is essential for providing person-centred care and improving overall quality of life.

]]> Sexuality in Adult Cancer Patients Living with Enterostomy or Urostomy: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study Nicolò Panattoni Giulia Manzon Alessia Campoli Valentina Anselmi Francesca Laurenza Chiara Giammaria Aurora De Leo Alessandro Spano Fabrizio Petrone Emanuele Di Simone Laura Iacorossi doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050270 Current Oncology 2026-05-07 Current Oncology 2026-05-07 33 5 Article 270 10.3390/curroncol33050270 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/270 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 269: Propeller Flaps in Extremity Sarcoma Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Reconstructive Outcomes and Oncologic Considerations https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/269 Extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection often results in complex defects requiring reconstruction to preserve function and support multidisciplinary treatment. Propeller flaps have emerged as a local alternative to free flaps in selected cases, but their role in sarcoma reconstruction remains incompletely defined. This systematic review aimed to assess the current evidence on the indications, reconstructive outcomes, and oncologic reporting of propeller flaps in extremity sarcoma reconstruction. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library in accordance with PRISMA 2020. Studies reporting perforator-based propeller flaps after extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection were included. Data were synthesized descriptively because of the heterogeneity of study design, patient populations, and outcome reporting. Nineteen studies were included. Across the published literature, 656 patients were described overall, including 185 propeller flaps used after sarcoma resection. Most reconstructions involved the lower extremity, accounting for more than 95% of reported cases. Flap survival was generally high; among studies providing extractable numerical data, complete flap survival was 92.7% (115/124), total flap loss was 3.8% (2/52), and partial necrosis occurred in 9.6% (5/52) of flaps. Venous congestion was the most frequently reported complication. Oncologic outcomes were inconsistently reported, and comparative recurrence-related data were very limited. Available data suggest that propeller flaps can provide reliable coverage with acceptable complication rates in selected cases. Oncologic outcomes were sparsely and inconsistently reported, and the current literature does not show a clear signal of increased local recurrence; however, the available evidence is insufficient to draw firm conclusions regarding oncologic safety or equivalence compared with other reconstructive strategies. These findings support consideration of propeller flaps as a complementary reconstructive option in carefully selected patients, although higher-quality studies with standardized oncologic outcomes are needed. 2026-05-06 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 269: Propeller Flaps in Extremity Sarcoma Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Reconstructive Outcomes and Oncologic Considerations

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050269

Authors: Sara Matarazzo Beatrice Corsini Claudia Lauricella Elisa Bascialla Luigi Valdatta Ferruccio Paganini

Extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection often results in complex defects requiring reconstruction to preserve function and support multidisciplinary treatment. Propeller flaps have emerged as a local alternative to free flaps in selected cases, but their role in sarcoma reconstruction remains incompletely defined. This systematic review aimed to assess the current evidence on the indications, reconstructive outcomes, and oncologic reporting of propeller flaps in extremity sarcoma reconstruction. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library in accordance with PRISMA 2020. Studies reporting perforator-based propeller flaps after extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection were included. Data were synthesized descriptively because of the heterogeneity of study design, patient populations, and outcome reporting. Nineteen studies were included. Across the published literature, 656 patients were described overall, including 185 propeller flaps used after sarcoma resection. Most reconstructions involved the lower extremity, accounting for more than 95% of reported cases. Flap survival was generally high; among studies providing extractable numerical data, complete flap survival was 92.7% (115/124), total flap loss was 3.8% (2/52), and partial necrosis occurred in 9.6% (5/52) of flaps. Venous congestion was the most frequently reported complication. Oncologic outcomes were inconsistently reported, and comparative recurrence-related data were very limited. Available data suggest that propeller flaps can provide reliable coverage with acceptable complication rates in selected cases. Oncologic outcomes were sparsely and inconsistently reported, and the current literature does not show a clear signal of increased local recurrence; however, the available evidence is insufficient to draw firm conclusions regarding oncologic safety or equivalence compared with other reconstructive strategies. These findings support consideration of propeller flaps as a complementary reconstructive option in carefully selected patients, although higher-quality studies with standardized oncologic outcomes are needed.

]]> Propeller Flaps in Extremity Sarcoma Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Reconstructive Outcomes and Oncologic Considerations Sara Matarazzo Beatrice Corsini Claudia Lauricella Elisa Bascialla Luigi Valdatta Ferruccio Paganini doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050269 Current Oncology 2026-05-06 Current Oncology 2026-05-06 33 5 Systematic Review 269 10.3390/curroncol33050269 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/269 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 268: Overlapping Toxicities of Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib: A Case of Capillary Leak Syndrome with Severe Erythroblastosis https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/268 Combined immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibition (TKI) improve outcomes in advanced melanoma, especially in heavily pretreated patients, but introduce complex, overlapping toxicities. Although immune-related adverse events and TKI-specific toxicities are well characterized individually, their concurrent presentation is uncommon and can obscure diagnosis. Capillary leak syndrome (CLS), a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of ICIs, further complicates recognition due to nonspecific features and variable onset. A 43-year-old woman with metastatic BRAF wild-type melanoma, in complete metabolic response on lenvatinib and pembrolizumab, presented with generalized edema, hypotension, thrombocytopenia, and marked erythroblastosis. Extensive evaluation, including bone marrow analysis, excluded malignancy, infection, and autoimmune disease, but revealed multilineage dysplasia with pronounced erythroid stress. Imaging confirmed sustained remission with pleural effusions and ascites. Dual toxicity was suspected: lenvatinib-related hematologic toxicity and pembrolizumab-associated CLS. Both agents were discontinued, and corticosteroids followed by IVIG for steroid-refractory edema led to gradual recovery. This case underscores the diagnostic challenge of overlapping ICI–TKI toxicities. Mechanistically, VEGF pathway inhibition may disrupt marrow endothelial integrity and hematopoietic homeostasis, promoting cytopenias and erythroid precursor release, while immune activation drives cytokine-mediated endothelial dysfunction and vascular hyperpermeability. Early recognition and prompt immunomodulatory management are critical to improving outcomes. 2026-05-06 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 268: Overlapping Toxicities of Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib: A Case of Capillary Leak Syndrome with Severe Erythroblastosis

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050268

Authors: Aikaterini Gkoufa Iraklis Patsialos Christos Stafylidis Amalia Anastasopoulou Dimitra Adamou Helen Gogas Panagiotis T. Diamantopoulos

Combined immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibition (TKI) improve outcomes in advanced melanoma, especially in heavily pretreated patients, but introduce complex, overlapping toxicities. Although immune-related adverse events and TKI-specific toxicities are well characterized individually, their concurrent presentation is uncommon and can obscure diagnosis. Capillary leak syndrome (CLS), a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of ICIs, further complicates recognition due to nonspecific features and variable onset. A 43-year-old woman with metastatic BRAF wild-type melanoma, in complete metabolic response on lenvatinib and pembrolizumab, presented with generalized edema, hypotension, thrombocytopenia, and marked erythroblastosis. Extensive evaluation, including bone marrow analysis, excluded malignancy, infection, and autoimmune disease, but revealed multilineage dysplasia with pronounced erythroid stress. Imaging confirmed sustained remission with pleural effusions and ascites. Dual toxicity was suspected: lenvatinib-related hematologic toxicity and pembrolizumab-associated CLS. Both agents were discontinued, and corticosteroids followed by IVIG for steroid-refractory edema led to gradual recovery. This case underscores the diagnostic challenge of overlapping ICI–TKI toxicities. Mechanistically, VEGF pathway inhibition may disrupt marrow endothelial integrity and hematopoietic homeostasis, promoting cytopenias and erythroid precursor release, while immune activation drives cytokine-mediated endothelial dysfunction and vascular hyperpermeability. Early recognition and prompt immunomodulatory management are critical to improving outcomes.

]]> Overlapping Toxicities of Pembrolizumab and Lenvatinib: A Case of Capillary Leak Syndrome with Severe Erythroblastosis Aikaterini Gkoufa Iraklis Patsialos Christos Stafylidis Amalia Anastasopoulou Dimitra Adamou Helen Gogas Panagiotis T. Diamantopoulos doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050268 Current Oncology 2026-05-06 Current Oncology 2026-05-06 33 5 Case Report 268 10.3390/curroncol33050268 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/268 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 267: Clinical Outcomes and Immune-Related Adverse Events in Metastatic Non-Squamous NSCLC Treated with First-Line Pembrolizumab–Chemotherapy: A Real-World Study from Serbia https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/267 Background: Pembrolizumab combined with pemetrexed–platinum chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment for patients with metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) of 1–49%. Real-world data on treatment outcomes and the prognostic relevance of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in this population remain limited, particularly in Eastern Europe. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center real-world study including patients with metastatic non-squamous NSCLC and PD-L1 TPS of 1–49% treated with first-line pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed–platinum chemotherapy between June 2024 and May 2025. Progression-free survival (PFS) was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate factors associated with PFS, including baseline clinical characteristics and organ-specific irAEs graded according to CTCAE v5.0. Results: A total of 107 patients were included. Median PFS for the entire cohort was 7.03 months (95% CI, 4.81–9.26). Immune-related adverse events occurred in 52 patients (48.6%), with thyroid (21.5%) and skin (13.1%) irAEs being the most frequent. The majority of irAEs were grade 1–2, while grade 3–4 events were rare (4.7%) and limited to hepatic toxicity and pneumonitis, all leading to treatment discontinuation. In multivariate analysis, ECOG performance status 2 was independently associated with inferior PFS (HR 3.09, 95% CI 1.74–5.48; p < 0.001). Conversely, the occurrence of thyroid irAEs (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.17–0.78; p = 0.009) and skin irAEs (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.10–0.79; p = 0.016) was independently associated with prolonged PFS, whereas pulmonary, hepatic, and gastrointestinal irAEs were not. Conclusions: In this real-world cohort of patients with metastatic non-squamous NSCLC treated with first-line pembrolizumab–chemotherapy, clinical outcomes were consistent with prior real-world experience. These findings suggest that low-grade, manageable immune toxicities may serve as pragmatic on-treatment markers of benefit. However, given the retrospective design, limited sample size, and the absence of time-dependent analyses, these associations should be interpreted with caution and considered hypothesis-generating rather than causal. 2026-05-06 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 267: Clinical Outcomes and Immune-Related Adverse Events in Metastatic Non-Squamous NSCLC Treated with First-Line Pembrolizumab–Chemotherapy: A Real-World Study from Serbia

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050267

Authors: Zlatan Bojić Filip Marković Milica Kontić

Background: Pembrolizumab combined with pemetrexed–platinum chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment for patients with metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) of 1–49%. Real-world data on treatment outcomes and the prognostic relevance of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in this population remain limited, particularly in Eastern Europe. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center real-world study including patients with metastatic non-squamous NSCLC and PD-L1 TPS of 1–49% treated with first-line pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed–platinum chemotherapy between June 2024 and May 2025. Progression-free survival (PFS) was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate factors associated with PFS, including baseline clinical characteristics and organ-specific irAEs graded according to CTCAE v5.0. Results: A total of 107 patients were included. Median PFS for the entire cohort was 7.03 months (95% CI, 4.81–9.26). Immune-related adverse events occurred in 52 patients (48.6%), with thyroid (21.5%) and skin (13.1%) irAEs being the most frequent. The majority of irAEs were grade 1–2, while grade 3–4 events were rare (4.7%) and limited to hepatic toxicity and pneumonitis, all leading to treatment discontinuation. In multivariate analysis, ECOG performance status 2 was independently associated with inferior PFS (HR 3.09, 95% CI 1.74–5.48; p < 0.001). Conversely, the occurrence of thyroid irAEs (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.17–0.78; p = 0.009) and skin irAEs (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.10–0.79; p = 0.016) was independently associated with prolonged PFS, whereas pulmonary, hepatic, and gastrointestinal irAEs were not. Conclusions: In this real-world cohort of patients with metastatic non-squamous NSCLC treated with first-line pembrolizumab–chemotherapy, clinical outcomes were consistent with prior real-world experience. These findings suggest that low-grade, manageable immune toxicities may serve as pragmatic on-treatment markers of benefit. However, given the retrospective design, limited sample size, and the absence of time-dependent analyses, these associations should be interpreted with caution and considered hypothesis-generating rather than causal.

]]> Clinical Outcomes and Immune-Related Adverse Events in Metastatic Non-Squamous NSCLC Treated with First-Line Pembrolizumab–Chemotherapy: A Real-World Study from Serbia Zlatan Bojić Filip Marković Milica Kontić doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050267 Current Oncology 2026-05-06 Current Oncology 2026-05-06 33 5 Article 267 10.3390/curroncol33050267 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/267 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 266: Quality of Life and Healthcare Experiences of Patients with Anal Cancer: A Mixed-Methods Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/266 Anal cancer is a rare and under-researched malignancy, leading to limited understanding of patients’ experiences and potentially insufficiently tailored care. This study explored the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and healthcare interactions of people with anal cancer. Patients with confirmed diagnosis took part in semi-structured interviews, supplemented by two European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) HRQoL questionnaires. Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and organized into themes. Twenty-one patients (71% female; mean age of 62 years) from five countries were included. HRQoL challenges were identified across four phases: illness onset, diagnosis, treatment, and life beyond treatment. Key themes included misdiagnosis, not being taken seriously, and emotional and social disruptions. Additional themes involved stigma, embarrassment, strain on loved ones, and healthcare experiences. Defecation problems were especially burdensome, beginning at onset, intensifying during treatment, and persisting as a chronic issue affecting well-being. Patients described coping strategies and sometimes reframed their experiences positively, expressing gratitude for support received. Questionnaire findings aligned with patients’ reports of prominent physical symptoms. Anal cancer remains highly stigmatized, creating complex physical, emotional, and social challenges. Individualized care and extended psychosocial and practical support beyond treatment are essential to improve HRQoL and dignity in survivorship. 2026-05-05 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 266: Quality of Life and Healthcare Experiences of Patients with Anal Cancer: A Mixed-Methods Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050266

Authors: Andreia F. Moura Catarina S. Padilla Samuel M. Vorbach Emily I. Holthuis Baukelien van Triest Cristiane D. Bergerot Vassilios Vassiliou Emir Celik Kübra Akkaya Irfan Cicin Winette T. A. van der Graaf Olga Husson Samantha C. Sodergren

Anal cancer is a rare and under-researched malignancy, leading to limited understanding of patients’ experiences and potentially insufficiently tailored care. This study explored the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and healthcare interactions of people with anal cancer. Patients with confirmed diagnosis took part in semi-structured interviews, supplemented by two European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) HRQoL questionnaires. Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and organized into themes. Twenty-one patients (71% female; mean age of 62 years) from five countries were included. HRQoL challenges were identified across four phases: illness onset, diagnosis, treatment, and life beyond treatment. Key themes included misdiagnosis, not being taken seriously, and emotional and social disruptions. Additional themes involved stigma, embarrassment, strain on loved ones, and healthcare experiences. Defecation problems were especially burdensome, beginning at onset, intensifying during treatment, and persisting as a chronic issue affecting well-being. Patients described coping strategies and sometimes reframed their experiences positively, expressing gratitude for support received. Questionnaire findings aligned with patients’ reports of prominent physical symptoms. Anal cancer remains highly stigmatized, creating complex physical, emotional, and social challenges. Individualized care and extended psychosocial and practical support beyond treatment are essential to improve HRQoL and dignity in survivorship.

]]> Quality of Life and Healthcare Experiences of Patients with Anal Cancer: A Mixed-Methods Study Andreia F. Moura Catarina S. Padilla Samuel M. Vorbach Emily I. Holthuis Baukelien van Triest Cristiane D. Bergerot Vassilios Vassiliou Emir Celik Kübra Akkaya Irfan Cicin Winette T. A. van der Graaf Olga Husson Samantha C. Sodergren doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050266 Current Oncology 2026-05-05 Current Oncology 2026-05-05 33 5 Article 266 10.3390/curroncol33050266 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/266 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 265: Association of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) with Therapy Response and Clinical Outcomes in HPV-Related Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Preliminary Report https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/265 Background: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a critical modulator of the tumor immune microenvironment (TME). Its clinical significance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains controversial because of HPV-dependent tumor biology and the limitations of single-timepoint biomarker assessments. This preliminary study evaluates whether dynamic changes in circulating MIF (ΔMIF) in an HPV-stratified longitudinal cohort reflect disease severity and treatment response. Methods: Ninety-six serial serum samples were analyzed from 27 HNSCC patients (22 HPV-positive, 5 HPV-negative) from diagnosis through therapy and follow-up. Serum MIF and anti-HPV16 E7 IgG were quantified by ELISA, and ΔMIF was defined as the change in MIF concentration between consecutive visits. Results: Baseline MIF did not correlate with clinical stage in the total cohort (p = 0.63). However, 56% of HPV-positive patients exhibited a positive correlation between elevated MIF and advanced stage. Following chemoradiotherapy, the HPV-negative group showed a consistent and significant decline in MIF (mean ΔMIF = −1.23, p = 0.031), corresponding with no evidence of disease (NED). In contrast, the HPV-positive group showed heterogeneous trajectories (mean ΔMIF = +0.21, p = 0.94), with several patients demonstrating paradoxical declines in MIF during active disease or relapse, followed by recovery upon reaching NED. In select cases, MIF dynamics were closely synchronized with anti-E7 IgG levels. Conclusions: Serum MIF dynamics are strongly dependent on HPV status. While MIF serves as a reliable therapy-monitoring marker in HPV-negative HNSCC, it may play a complex and paradoxical immunomodulatory role in HPV-positive disease. These preliminary findings support the need for larger prospective, HPV-stratified trials. 2026-05-01 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 265: Association of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) with Therapy Response and Clinical Outcomes in HPV-Related Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Preliminary Report

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050265

Authors: Janki Naidugari Shruti Wadhwa Benjamin Xie Sarah Taheri Indraneel Kulkarni Luke Johnson Heehwa G. Son John Strickley Shadmehr Demehri Joongho J. Joh Robert Mitchell Rebecca Redman

Background: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a critical modulator of the tumor immune microenvironment (TME). Its clinical significance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains controversial because of HPV-dependent tumor biology and the limitations of single-timepoint biomarker assessments. This preliminary study evaluates whether dynamic changes in circulating MIF (ΔMIF) in an HPV-stratified longitudinal cohort reflect disease severity and treatment response. Methods: Ninety-six serial serum samples were analyzed from 27 HNSCC patients (22 HPV-positive, 5 HPV-negative) from diagnosis through therapy and follow-up. Serum MIF and anti-HPV16 E7 IgG were quantified by ELISA, and ΔMIF was defined as the change in MIF concentration between consecutive visits. Results: Baseline MIF did not correlate with clinical stage in the total cohort (p = 0.63). However, 56% of HPV-positive patients exhibited a positive correlation between elevated MIF and advanced stage. Following chemoradiotherapy, the HPV-negative group showed a consistent and significant decline in MIF (mean ΔMIF = −1.23, p = 0.031), corresponding with no evidence of disease (NED). In contrast, the HPV-positive group showed heterogeneous trajectories (mean ΔMIF = +0.21, p = 0.94), with several patients demonstrating paradoxical declines in MIF during active disease or relapse, followed by recovery upon reaching NED. In select cases, MIF dynamics were closely synchronized with anti-E7 IgG levels. Conclusions: Serum MIF dynamics are strongly dependent on HPV status. While MIF serves as a reliable therapy-monitoring marker in HPV-negative HNSCC, it may play a complex and paradoxical immunomodulatory role in HPV-positive disease. These preliminary findings support the need for larger prospective, HPV-stratified trials.

]]> Association of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) with Therapy Response and Clinical Outcomes in HPV-Related Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Preliminary Report Janki Naidugari Shruti Wadhwa Benjamin Xie Sarah Taheri Indraneel Kulkarni Luke Johnson Heehwa G. Son John Strickley Shadmehr Demehri Joongho J. Joh Robert Mitchell Rebecca Redman doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050265 Current Oncology 2026-05-01 Current Oncology 2026-05-01 33 5 Article 265 10.3390/curroncol33050265 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/265 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 264: Retinoblastoma and Its Tumor Microenvironment https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/264 Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood and is most often driven by loss of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. While current treatments achieve high survival rates, they are frequently associated with significant morbidity, highlighting the need for more precise, biology-driven therapeutic methods. Increasing evidence suggests that retinoblastoma progression is not dictated by neoplastic cells alone, but rather by complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment, including stromal and immune components. In this review, we examine the cellular and molecular landscape of retinoblastoma with a particular focus on the immune microenvironment, including the spatial distribution and functional roles of innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4. We discuss how tumor- and treatment-induced immune suppression shapes disease progression and therapeutic response, and how chemotherapy alters immune infiltration and checkpoint expression. Finally, we explore emerging immunotherapeutic and cell-based approaches, emphasizing the potential for combination therapies that integrate immune modulation to improve outcomes and reduce long-term toxicity in retinoblastoma. 2026-05-01 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 264: Retinoblastoma and Its Tumor Microenvironment

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050264

Authors: Ashwinaa M. Vaithianathan George Zanazzi

Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood and is most often driven by loss of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. While current treatments achieve high survival rates, they are frequently associated with significant morbidity, highlighting the need for more precise, biology-driven therapeutic methods. Increasing evidence suggests that retinoblastoma progression is not dictated by neoplastic cells alone, but rather by complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment, including stromal and immune components. In this review, we examine the cellular and molecular landscape of retinoblastoma with a particular focus on the immune microenvironment, including the spatial distribution and functional roles of innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4. We discuss how tumor- and treatment-induced immune suppression shapes disease progression and therapeutic response, and how chemotherapy alters immune infiltration and checkpoint expression. Finally, we explore emerging immunotherapeutic and cell-based approaches, emphasizing the potential for combination therapies that integrate immune modulation to improve outcomes and reduce long-term toxicity in retinoblastoma.

]]> Retinoblastoma and Its Tumor Microenvironment Ashwinaa M. Vaithianathan George Zanazzi doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050264 Current Oncology 2026-05-01 Current Oncology 2026-05-01 33 5 Review 264 10.3390/curroncol33050264 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/264 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 263: Educational Needs Regarding Mental Health of Professionals Working with Young Adults with Cancer: A European Survey https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/263 Worldwide, an increase in cancer diagnosis has been identified, especially in people under 50 years and in young adults (YAs, age group 18–39 years) [...] 2026-04-30 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 263: Educational Needs Regarding Mental Health of Professionals Working with Young Adults with Cancer: A European Survey

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050263

Authors: Sid Morsink Leonieke W. Kranenburg Johanna Berg Evangeli Bista Saintuya Dashondog Siret Kivistik Mari Lahti Carmen Monge-Montero Joaquim Oliveira Lopes Evanthia Sakellari Duygu Sezgin Margarida Rodrigues Tomás Merle Varik Wendy H. Oldenmenger

Worldwide, an increase in cancer diagnosis has been identified, especially in people under 50 years and in young adults (YAs, age group 18–39 years) [...]

]]> Educational Needs Regarding Mental Health of Professionals Working with Young Adults with Cancer: A European Survey Sid Morsink Leonieke W. Kranenburg Johanna Berg Evangeli Bista Saintuya Dashondog Siret Kivistik Mari Lahti Carmen Monge-Montero Joaquim Oliveira Lopes Evanthia Sakellari Duygu Sezgin Margarida Rodrigues Tomás Merle Varik Wendy H. Oldenmenger doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050263 Current Oncology 2026-04-30 Current Oncology 2026-04-30 33 5 Article 263 10.3390/curroncol33050263 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/263 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 262: Greek Physicians’ Skills and Factors Affecting Breaking Bad News to Cancer Patients https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/262 Background/Objectives: Breaking bad news is crucial for patient-centered care. This study aimed to assess physicians’ skills and investigate the possible factors affecting their ability to communicate bad news. Methods: This web-based cross-sectional survey of 633 Greek physicians included demographic and other breaking bad news related questions to evaluate their skills and practices in breaking bad news to patients with cancer. Results: Most physicians defined bad news (91.5%) and frequently used both verbal and non-verbal communication (82.6%). About three-quarters rated their ability to communicate bad news as good to very good (75%) and about half (50.4%) disclosed bad news in a private and comfortable setting. Emotional responses, like sadness (53.4%) and compassion (49.6%), were common, while fears mainly focused on diminishing patients’ hope (60.8%) or managing patients’ reactions (53.9%). Female physicians showed higher anxiety (15.9% vs. 4.3%, p < 0.0005) and sadness (53.4% vs. 43.5%, p = 0.018) and lower self-perceived competence (p = 0.001) compared to males. Specialists and physicians with formal training demonstrated greater competence (p < 0.0005) and were more likely to choose private and comfortable settings (p < 0.0005). Multivariable logistic regression identified increased age (OR = 1.03; p = 0.018), male sex (OR = 1.63; p = 0.015), formal training in breaking bad news (OR = 9.34; p < 0.0005), residence outside Athens (OR = 2.27; p = 0.002), working in oncology (OR = 1.90; p = 0.043), and employment in private hospitals (OR = 1.81; p = 0.014) as statistically significant predictors of good to very good ability to communicate bad news to cancer patients. Conclusions: These findings highlight the value of structured training, targeted practice and institutional support in fostering physicians’ communication skills and boosting patient-centered care. 2026-04-30 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 262: Greek Physicians’ Skills and Factors Affecting Breaking Bad News to Cancer Patients

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050262

Authors: Georgios Goumas Theodoros I. Dardavesis Konstantinos Syrigos Nikolaos Syrigos Dimitra S. Mouliou Effie Simou

Background/Objectives: Breaking bad news is crucial for patient-centered care. This study aimed to assess physicians’ skills and investigate the possible factors affecting their ability to communicate bad news. Methods: This web-based cross-sectional survey of 633 Greek physicians included demographic and other breaking bad news related questions to evaluate their skills and practices in breaking bad news to patients with cancer. Results: Most physicians defined bad news (91.5%) and frequently used both verbal and non-verbal communication (82.6%). About three-quarters rated their ability to communicate bad news as good to very good (75%) and about half (50.4%) disclosed bad news in a private and comfortable setting. Emotional responses, like sadness (53.4%) and compassion (49.6%), were common, while fears mainly focused on diminishing patients’ hope (60.8%) or managing patients’ reactions (53.9%). Female physicians showed higher anxiety (15.9% vs. 4.3%, p < 0.0005) and sadness (53.4% vs. 43.5%, p = 0.018) and lower self-perceived competence (p = 0.001) compared to males. Specialists and physicians with formal training demonstrated greater competence (p < 0.0005) and were more likely to choose private and comfortable settings (p < 0.0005). Multivariable logistic regression identified increased age (OR = 1.03; p = 0.018), male sex (OR = 1.63; p = 0.015), formal training in breaking bad news (OR = 9.34; p < 0.0005), residence outside Athens (OR = 2.27; p = 0.002), working in oncology (OR = 1.90; p = 0.043), and employment in private hospitals (OR = 1.81; p = 0.014) as statistically significant predictors of good to very good ability to communicate bad news to cancer patients. Conclusions: These findings highlight the value of structured training, targeted practice and institutional support in fostering physicians’ communication skills and boosting patient-centered care.

]]> Greek Physicians’ Skills and Factors Affecting Breaking Bad News to Cancer Patients Georgios Goumas Theodoros I. Dardavesis Konstantinos Syrigos Nikolaos Syrigos Dimitra S. Mouliou Effie Simou doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050262 Current Oncology 2026-04-30 Current Oncology 2026-04-30 33 5 Article 262 10.3390/curroncol33050262 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/262 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 261: Assessment of Risks and Outcomes of Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome/Veno-Occlusive Disease in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients Including Potentially Undiagnosed Cases—A Multicenter Canadian Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/261 Background and Methods: Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease (SOS/VOD) is a severe complication of allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT). Given the increased use of allo-SCT and variability of SOS/VOD incidence in published reports, cases of allo-SCT from two major transplant centers in Ontario, Canada (2019–2021), were reviewed to identify risk factors prognostic for SOS/VOD onset and to assess outcomes. Results: This study included 536 allo-SCT cases, with a mean age of 53.4 years [min–max: 17–76], including 322 male recipients and 214 female recipients. There were 17 SOS/VOD cases diagnosed during the first 100 days, representing 3% of allo-SCT cases, with a median age of 48 years [18–72] and equally distributed between genders. All cases were classical SOS/VOD, with onset prior to day 21 [1–20]. These cases were graded as one mild, six moderate, six severe, and four very severe cases. The mild case of SOS/VOD recovered after treatment with diuretics. In respect to the 16 cases graded as ≥moderate SOS/VOD, the average inpatient stay was 56 days [24–178], and eight patients were in the ICU for an average of 6 days [0–42], with a median of zero days. Five of the sixteen ≥moderate SOS/VOD patients died within 100 days [9–59]—four from SOS/VOD. After day +100, five remained alive, and six died between days 125 and 419. Treatments for ≥moderate SOS/VOD included diuretics [n = 15], steroids [n = 3], and defibrotide [n = 9]. The nine patients treated with defibrotide were graded as moderate [n = 2], severe [n = 4], and very severe [n = 3]. Three of the nine patients treated with defibrotide died before day 100, and the other six survived beyond day 100. None of the six surviving patients died from SOS/VOD. Univariable regression analysis identified a higher baseline absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 4.2 × 109/L compared to 2.6 × 109/L [p = 0.035] and lower baseline platelet count of 104 × 109/L compared to 140 × 109/L [p = 0.034] in SOS/VOD and non-SOS/VOD cases, respectively, as independent risks for ≥moderate SOS/VOD. Treatment with inotuzumab ozogamicin was also identified as a risk factor for ≥moderate SOS/VOD (p = 0.016). The absence of late-onset SOS/VOD in the cohort of 536 patients prompted a retrospective analysis of the data to identify potentially missed cases. Seven cases were identified as meeting the diagnostic criteria for SOS/VOD: four classical and three late-onset. One case would have been graded as severe, and the remaining six would have been graded as very severe. Six patients were reported to have died between days 11 and 107, with four deaths before day 100. The clinical diagnoses of patients meeting diagnostic criteria for SOS/VOD included infection (n = 3), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (n = 3), and pulmonary hemorrhage (n = 1). The inclusion of potentially missed cases in the analysis again suggested a lower baseline platelet count (p = 0.002) and prior treatment with inotuzumab ozogamicin (p = 0.003) as potential risk factors for SOS/VOD. The baseline ANC was lower in this combined cohort but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.089) as it did in the confirmed SOS/VOD cohort (p = 0.035). Additional clinical features that were identified as statistically significant for the onset of SOS/VOD (potential and confirmed cases) included a lower Karnofsky Performance Status (p = 0.01), the presence of pulmonary hypertension (p = 0.012), lower baseline hemoglobin (p = 0.017), and higher baseline serum ferritin (p = 0.01). Conclusions: The incidence of classical SOS/VOD in this cohort was consistent with recent published reports and carried a high fatality rate. A higher ANC, lower platelet count at the start of the preparative regimen, and prior treatment with inotuzumab ozogamicin were identified as potential risk factors for diagnosed SOS/VOD. Hospital and intensive care unit stays were longer in SOS/VOD patients. There were no cases of late-onset VOD diagnosed within the first 100 days of allo-SCT transplant, which is inconsistent with recently reported incidence rates. Potentially missed cases of SOS/VOD were identified, suggesting that this disease may be under-diagnosed and underscoring the need for ongoing education and resources to allow for early intervention. 2026-04-30 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 261: Assessment of Risks and Outcomes of Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome/Veno-Occlusive Disease in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients Including Potentially Undiagnosed Cases—A Multicenter Canadian Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050261

Authors: Emily Trus Alexander Ruzic Ram Vasudevan Nampoothiri Gregory R. Pond Vinita Dhir Andrew Poskus Louise Bordeleau Michael Trus

Background and Methods: Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease (SOS/VOD) is a severe complication of allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT). Given the increased use of allo-SCT and variability of SOS/VOD incidence in published reports, cases of allo-SCT from two major transplant centers in Ontario, Canada (2019–2021), were reviewed to identify risk factors prognostic for SOS/VOD onset and to assess outcomes. Results: This study included 536 allo-SCT cases, with a mean age of 53.4 years [min–max: 17–76], including 322 male recipients and 214 female recipients. There were 17 SOS/VOD cases diagnosed during the first 100 days, representing 3% of allo-SCT cases, with a median age of 48 years [18–72] and equally distributed between genders. All cases were classical SOS/VOD, with onset prior to day 21 [1–20]. These cases were graded as one mild, six moderate, six severe, and four very severe cases. The mild case of SOS/VOD recovered after treatment with diuretics. In respect to the 16 cases graded as ≥moderate SOS/VOD, the average inpatient stay was 56 days [24–178], and eight patients were in the ICU for an average of 6 days [0–42], with a median of zero days. Five of the sixteen ≥moderate SOS/VOD patients died within 100 days [9–59]—four from SOS/VOD. After day +100, five remained alive, and six died between days 125 and 419. Treatments for ≥moderate SOS/VOD included diuretics [n = 15], steroids [n = 3], and defibrotide [n = 9]. The nine patients treated with defibrotide were graded as moderate [n = 2], severe [n = 4], and very severe [n = 3]. Three of the nine patients treated with defibrotide died before day 100, and the other six survived beyond day 100. None of the six surviving patients died from SOS/VOD. Univariable regression analysis identified a higher baseline absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 4.2 × 109/L compared to 2.6 × 109/L [p = 0.035] and lower baseline platelet count of 104 × 109/L compared to 140 × 109/L [p = 0.034] in SOS/VOD and non-SOS/VOD cases, respectively, as independent risks for ≥moderate SOS/VOD. Treatment with inotuzumab ozogamicin was also identified as a risk factor for ≥moderate SOS/VOD (p = 0.016). The absence of late-onset SOS/VOD in the cohort of 536 patients prompted a retrospective analysis of the data to identify potentially missed cases. Seven cases were identified as meeting the diagnostic criteria for SOS/VOD: four classical and three late-onset. One case would have been graded as severe, and the remaining six would have been graded as very severe. Six patients were reported to have died between days 11 and 107, with four deaths before day 100. The clinical diagnoses of patients meeting diagnostic criteria for SOS/VOD included infection (n = 3), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (n = 3), and pulmonary hemorrhage (n = 1). The inclusion of potentially missed cases in the analysis again suggested a lower baseline platelet count (p = 0.002) and prior treatment with inotuzumab ozogamicin (p = 0.003) as potential risk factors for SOS/VOD. The baseline ANC was lower in this combined cohort but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.089) as it did in the confirmed SOS/VOD cohort (p = 0.035). Additional clinical features that were identified as statistically significant for the onset of SOS/VOD (potential and confirmed cases) included a lower Karnofsky Performance Status (p = 0.01), the presence of pulmonary hypertension (p = 0.012), lower baseline hemoglobin (p = 0.017), and higher baseline serum ferritin (p = 0.01). Conclusions: The incidence of classical SOS/VOD in this cohort was consistent with recent published reports and carried a high fatality rate. A higher ANC, lower platelet count at the start of the preparative regimen, and prior treatment with inotuzumab ozogamicin were identified as potential risk factors for diagnosed SOS/VOD. Hospital and intensive care unit stays were longer in SOS/VOD patients. There were no cases of late-onset VOD diagnosed within the first 100 days of allo-SCT transplant, which is inconsistent with recently reported incidence rates. Potentially missed cases of SOS/VOD were identified, suggesting that this disease may be under-diagnosed and underscoring the need for ongoing education and resources to allow for early intervention.

]]> Assessment of Risks and Outcomes of Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome/Veno-Occlusive Disease in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients Including Potentially Undiagnosed Cases—A Multicenter Canadian Study Emily Trus Alexander Ruzic Ram Vasudevan Nampoothiri Gregory R. Pond Vinita Dhir Andrew Poskus Louise Bordeleau Michael Trus doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050261 Current Oncology 2026-04-30 Current Oncology 2026-04-30 33 5 Article 261 10.3390/curroncol33050261 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/261 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 260: Maintenance Liposomal Doxorubicin Following Induction Doxorubicin in Soft Tissue Sarcoma: A Single-Center Observational Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/260 Maintenance chemotherapy prolongs progression-free survival (PFS) in several malignancies, but its role in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) remains unclear. Conventional doxorubicin is limited by cumulative toxicities. Liposomal doxorubicin may allow prolonged therapy. We evaluated outcomes of patients treated with maintenance liposomal doxorubicin following induction doxorubicin. This was a single-center retrospective study using the Quebec Sarcoma Registry from 2015 to 2025. Eligible patients had histologically confirmed STS and received doxorubicin-based induction therapy. Those achieving disease control were treated with maintenance liposomal doxorubicin. Clinical variables, adverse events, and outcomes were collected, and PFS and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Twenty-four patients were included (median age 61 years; 62.5% male), with leiomyosarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma as the most frequent histologies. The median induction exposure was six cycles, and maintenance treatment was administered for a median of five cycles. Median PFS was 11.4 months, and median maintenance PFS was 6.1 months. Infusion reactions and hematologic toxicities were the most common adverse events. Median OS was 60.2 months. Maintenance liposomal doxorubicin was feasible, well-tolerated, and associated with encouraging disease control in selected patients, supporting further prospective evaluation. 2026-04-30 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 260: Maintenance Liposomal Doxorubicin Following Induction Doxorubicin in Soft Tissue Sarcoma: A Single-Center Observational Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050260

Authors: Alexandre Da Silva Faco Mohammad Amin Salehi Mohammad Hassan Hodroj Kaveh Mozafari-Lorestani Feras A. Moria Jonathan Noujaim Ramy R. Saleh

Maintenance chemotherapy prolongs progression-free survival (PFS) in several malignancies, but its role in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) remains unclear. Conventional doxorubicin is limited by cumulative toxicities. Liposomal doxorubicin may allow prolonged therapy. We evaluated outcomes of patients treated with maintenance liposomal doxorubicin following induction doxorubicin. This was a single-center retrospective study using the Quebec Sarcoma Registry from 2015 to 2025. Eligible patients had histologically confirmed STS and received doxorubicin-based induction therapy. Those achieving disease control were treated with maintenance liposomal doxorubicin. Clinical variables, adverse events, and outcomes were collected, and PFS and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Twenty-four patients were included (median age 61 years; 62.5% male), with leiomyosarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma as the most frequent histologies. The median induction exposure was six cycles, and maintenance treatment was administered for a median of five cycles. Median PFS was 11.4 months, and median maintenance PFS was 6.1 months. Infusion reactions and hematologic toxicities were the most common adverse events. Median OS was 60.2 months. Maintenance liposomal doxorubicin was feasible, well-tolerated, and associated with encouraging disease control in selected patients, supporting further prospective evaluation.

]]> Maintenance Liposomal Doxorubicin Following Induction Doxorubicin in Soft Tissue Sarcoma: A Single-Center Observational Study Alexandre Da Silva Faco Mohammad Amin Salehi Mohammad Hassan Hodroj Kaveh Mozafari-Lorestani Feras A. Moria Jonathan Noujaim Ramy R. Saleh doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050260 Current Oncology 2026-04-30 Current Oncology 2026-04-30 33 5 Article 260 10.3390/curroncol33050260 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/260 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 259: Global Disparities and Trends in Radiotherapy for Early-Stage Glottic Cancer https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/259 We evaluated global radiotherapy practices in the management of early-stage (AJCC/UICC 8th edition stages I-II) glottic cancer (ESGC). A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in March 2025 across centers worldwide. Data was collected on clinical practices, including staging, CT simulation, target volumes delineation, organs-at-risk contouring, radiotherapy techniques, dose and fractionation schedules, treatment delivery techniques, and image guidance practices. A total of 181 responses were received, primarily from Asia (41.4%) and Europe (24.3%). Most respondents were from non-academic public centers (44.2%), with multidisciplinary team involvement reported by 84.5%. Head and neck CT scan was the most used staging modality (80.1%). Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy was the most common planning technique (82.9%). Hypofractionated radiotherapy schedules predominated for T1 (84%) and T2 (72.4%) disease. T1a was typically treated with whole-larynx target volume (72.4%). Use of ipsilateral involved vocal cord irradiation varied by geographical region (p = 0.015), being most common in North America (44.8%) and Europe (38.6%). Accelerated fractionation for T2 also differed significantly (p < 0.001), with the highest use reported in North America (41.4%). Daily Cone-Beam Computed Tomography was acquired by (58.2%). In total, 70% of respondents expressed interest in the results of a future phase III randomized trial comparing stereotactic body radiation therapy to conventional radiotherapy. Significant global variations in radiotherapy practices for ESGC were observed, likely reflecting disparities in access and differences in institutional protocols. The development and implementation of standardized, evidence-based global guidelines are essential to harmonize care, minimize toxicity, and improve outcomes for patients with ESGC. 2026-04-29 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 259: Global Disparities and Trends in Radiotherapy for Early-Stage Glottic Cancer

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050259

Authors: Issa Mohamad Shatha Abu Taha Ahmad Bushehri Bassem Youssef Enis Ozyar Ibrahim Alotain Ibrahim Abu-Gheida Mohammed Aldehaim Carlton Johnny Layth Mula-Hussain Majed Alghamdi Mohamed Shelan Mohammed Al Dohan Nadeem Pervez Olgun Elicin Saad Alrashidi Wael El-Sheshtawy Shoukri Temraz Zineb Dahbi Ahmed Abbasi Abdulrahman Sumaida Hikmat Abdel-Razeq Khawla Ammar Akram Al-Ibraheem Ali Hosni

We evaluated global radiotherapy practices in the management of early-stage (AJCC/UICC 8th edition stages I-II) glottic cancer (ESGC). A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in March 2025 across centers worldwide. Data was collected on clinical practices, including staging, CT simulation, target volumes delineation, organs-at-risk contouring, radiotherapy techniques, dose and fractionation schedules, treatment delivery techniques, and image guidance practices. A total of 181 responses were received, primarily from Asia (41.4%) and Europe (24.3%). Most respondents were from non-academic public centers (44.2%), with multidisciplinary team involvement reported by 84.5%. Head and neck CT scan was the most used staging modality (80.1%). Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy was the most common planning technique (82.9%). Hypofractionated radiotherapy schedules predominated for T1 (84%) and T2 (72.4%) disease. T1a was typically treated with whole-larynx target volume (72.4%). Use of ipsilateral involved vocal cord irradiation varied by geographical region (p = 0.015), being most common in North America (44.8%) and Europe (38.6%). Accelerated fractionation for T2 also differed significantly (p < 0.001), with the highest use reported in North America (41.4%). Daily Cone-Beam Computed Tomography was acquired by (58.2%). In total, 70% of respondents expressed interest in the results of a future phase III randomized trial comparing stereotactic body radiation therapy to conventional radiotherapy. Significant global variations in radiotherapy practices for ESGC were observed, likely reflecting disparities in access and differences in institutional protocols. The development and implementation of standardized, evidence-based global guidelines are essential to harmonize care, minimize toxicity, and improve outcomes for patients with ESGC.

]]> Global Disparities and Trends in Radiotherapy for Early-Stage Glottic Cancer Issa Mohamad Shatha Abu Taha Ahmad Bushehri Bassem Youssef Enis Ozyar Ibrahim Alotain Ibrahim Abu-Gheida Mohammed Aldehaim Carlton Johnny Layth Mula-Hussain Majed Alghamdi Mohamed Shelan Mohammed Al Dohan Nadeem Pervez Olgun Elicin Saad Alrashidi Wael El-Sheshtawy Shoukri Temraz Zineb Dahbi Ahmed Abbasi Abdulrahman Sumaida Hikmat Abdel-Razeq Khawla Ammar Akram Al-Ibraheem Ali Hosni doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050259 Current Oncology 2026-04-29 Current Oncology 2026-04-29 33 5 Article 259 10.3390/curroncol33050259 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/259 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 258: Overcoming Acquired MET-Driven Resistance to First-Line Lorlatinib: Successful Combination of Lorlatinib and Envafolimab in an ALK-Positive NSCLC Patient with Ultra-High PD-L1 Expression https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/258 Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement is a well-established oncogenic driver alteration in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), particularly lorlatinib, have significantly improved the prognosis of ALK-positive NSCLC patients. Although high programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression (≥50%) is generally associated with favorable responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), PD-L1 has not been shown to reliably predict ICI benefit in ALK-rearranged disease, and optimal management after ALK TKI resistance remains challenging. Herein, we report a case of an elderly patient with ALK-rearrangement and exceptionally high PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 95%) NSCLC who experienced disease progression following first-line lorlatinib with genetically confirmed MET amplification. The patient subsequently received an exploratory combination of continued lorlatinib plus envafolimab and achieved partial response (PR) with manageable tolerability after 4 months, highlighting a potential sequential strategy that may warrant further investigation in select ALK-positive NSCLC patients exhibiting both bypass pathway activation and exceptionally high PD-L1 expression. 2026-04-29 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 258: Overcoming Acquired MET-Driven Resistance to First-Line Lorlatinib: Successful Combination of Lorlatinib and Envafolimab in an ALK-Positive NSCLC Patient with Ultra-High PD-L1 Expression

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050258

Authors: Lu Ding Reyizha Nuersulitan Jingjing Wang Hanxiao Chen Minglei Zhuo

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement is a well-established oncogenic driver alteration in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), particularly lorlatinib, have significantly improved the prognosis of ALK-positive NSCLC patients. Although high programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression (≥50%) is generally associated with favorable responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), PD-L1 has not been shown to reliably predict ICI benefit in ALK-rearranged disease, and optimal management after ALK TKI resistance remains challenging. Herein, we report a case of an elderly patient with ALK-rearrangement and exceptionally high PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 95%) NSCLC who experienced disease progression following first-line lorlatinib with genetically confirmed MET amplification. The patient subsequently received an exploratory combination of continued lorlatinib plus envafolimab and achieved partial response (PR) with manageable tolerability after 4 months, highlighting a potential sequential strategy that may warrant further investigation in select ALK-positive NSCLC patients exhibiting both bypass pathway activation and exceptionally high PD-L1 expression.

]]> Overcoming Acquired MET-Driven Resistance to First-Line Lorlatinib: Successful Combination of Lorlatinib and Envafolimab in an ALK-Positive NSCLC Patient with Ultra-High PD-L1 Expression Lu Ding Reyizha Nuersulitan Jingjing Wang Hanxiao Chen Minglei Zhuo doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050258 Current Oncology 2026-04-29 Current Oncology 2026-04-29 33 5 Case Report 258 10.3390/curroncol33050258 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/258 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 257: Reasons for Indoor and Outdoor Tanning: Starting Points for Skin Cancer Prevention Based on a Nationwide Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/257 Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major risk factor for skin cancer. Nevertheless, many people tan in the sun and in tanning beds. The aim of this study was to explore the reasons behind these behaviors and to investigate whether the reasons for tanning in the sun and in tanning beds differ. Methods: We used data from a nationwide survey study conducted in Germany, which included n = 4156 individuals aged 16 to 65 years. We assessed different reasons for outdoor and indoor tanning, as well as sociodemographic characteristics, skin type, and tanning behaviors. Results: While both outdoor and indoor tanners frequently reported relaxation, as well as feeling of light and warmth as reasons, outdoor tanners placed a greater emphasis on increasing vitamin D levels and health benefits. In contrast, indoor tanners were more focused on enhancing attractiveness and pre-tanning for holidays. Individuals who sought a tan more frequently—whether through indoor or outdoor tanning—were more likely to agree with the various reasons provided, compared to those who tanned less often. In addition, we found associations with sex, age, immigrant background, education, occupation, and skin type. Conclusions: There were differences as well as similarities in the reasons for indoor and outdoor tanning. This indicates that overarching prevention strategies could be effective. Additionally, targeted measures specifically for indoor and outdoor tanning could also be beneficial in raising awareness about the risks of UV radiation and, in the long term, reducing the incidence of skin cancer. 2026-04-29 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 257: Reasons for Indoor and Outdoor Tanning: Starting Points for Skin Cancer Prevention Based on a Nationwide Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050257

Authors: Katharina Diehl Lisa Voß Eckhard W. Breitbart Inga-Marie Hübner Tatiana Görig

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major risk factor for skin cancer. Nevertheless, many people tan in the sun and in tanning beds. The aim of this study was to explore the reasons behind these behaviors and to investigate whether the reasons for tanning in the sun and in tanning beds differ. Methods: We used data from a nationwide survey study conducted in Germany, which included n = 4156 individuals aged 16 to 65 years. We assessed different reasons for outdoor and indoor tanning, as well as sociodemographic characteristics, skin type, and tanning behaviors. Results: While both outdoor and indoor tanners frequently reported relaxation, as well as feeling of light and warmth as reasons, outdoor tanners placed a greater emphasis on increasing vitamin D levels and health benefits. In contrast, indoor tanners were more focused on enhancing attractiveness and pre-tanning for holidays. Individuals who sought a tan more frequently—whether through indoor or outdoor tanning—were more likely to agree with the various reasons provided, compared to those who tanned less often. In addition, we found associations with sex, age, immigrant background, education, occupation, and skin type. Conclusions: There were differences as well as similarities in the reasons for indoor and outdoor tanning. This indicates that overarching prevention strategies could be effective. Additionally, targeted measures specifically for indoor and outdoor tanning could also be beneficial in raising awareness about the risks of UV radiation and, in the long term, reducing the incidence of skin cancer.

]]> Reasons for Indoor and Outdoor Tanning: Starting Points for Skin Cancer Prevention Based on a Nationwide Study Katharina Diehl Lisa Voß Eckhard W. Breitbart Inga-Marie Hübner Tatiana Görig doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050257 Current Oncology 2026-04-29 Current Oncology 2026-04-29 33 5 Article 257 10.3390/curroncol33050257 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/257 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 256: Mutational Landscape and Treatment Response in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Single-Center Real-World Analysis https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/256 Objectives: Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy often diagnosed at the extensive stage (ES-SCLC). While chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) has emerged as a first-line option, SCLC’s “cold” immune profile limits broad efficacy. This study evaluates the real-world clinical efficacy of CIT versus chemotherapy (CT) alone and analyzes the association between gene mutation characteristics and clinical indicators. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 170 patients with ES-SCLC treated at a single center between January 2020 and January 2024. Patients were categorized by first-line treatment (CIT vs. CT). Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate treatment response. Genomic profiling was integrated for a subset of patients to identify associations between mutation signatures and clinicopathological factors. Results: Of the 115 patients (67.6%) who received CIT and 55 (32.4%) who received CT, the CIT group achieved a significantly higher objective response rate (76.5% vs. 56.4%). Median progression-free survival was numerically but not significantly longer in the CIT group (6.0 vs. 5.8 months). Adrenal metastasis was identified as an independent adverse prognostic factor. Genomic analysis revealed site-specific correlations: MYC mutations with pleural metastasis, NTRK3 with brain metastasis, ALK with adrenal metastasis, and NTRK1 with intrapulmonary metastasis. Additionally, smokers showed higher mutation frequencies in SMAD4 and PIK3CA. Conclusions: CIT significantly improves initial response rates in ES-SCLC compared to CT alone. Baseline adrenal metastasis serves as a poor prognostic indicator. Distinct genomic mutation signatures are associated with clinical characteristics, suggesting potential pathways for personalized treatment strategies. 2026-04-29 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 256: Mutational Landscape and Treatment Response in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Single-Center Real-World Analysis

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050256

Authors: Meizeng Li Lianying Guo Ruiying Zhao Shengnan Chen Shengji Ma Chan Xiang Yuchen Han

Objectives: Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy often diagnosed at the extensive stage (ES-SCLC). While chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) has emerged as a first-line option, SCLC’s “cold” immune profile limits broad efficacy. This study evaluates the real-world clinical efficacy of CIT versus chemotherapy (CT) alone and analyzes the association between gene mutation characteristics and clinical indicators. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 170 patients with ES-SCLC treated at a single center between January 2020 and January 2024. Patients were categorized by first-line treatment (CIT vs. CT). Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate treatment response. Genomic profiling was integrated for a subset of patients to identify associations between mutation signatures and clinicopathological factors. Results: Of the 115 patients (67.6%) who received CIT and 55 (32.4%) who received CT, the CIT group achieved a significantly higher objective response rate (76.5% vs. 56.4%). Median progression-free survival was numerically but not significantly longer in the CIT group (6.0 vs. 5.8 months). Adrenal metastasis was identified as an independent adverse prognostic factor. Genomic analysis revealed site-specific correlations: MYC mutations with pleural metastasis, NTRK3 with brain metastasis, ALK with adrenal metastasis, and NTRK1 with intrapulmonary metastasis. Additionally, smokers showed higher mutation frequencies in SMAD4 and PIK3CA. Conclusions: CIT significantly improves initial response rates in ES-SCLC compared to CT alone. Baseline adrenal metastasis serves as a poor prognostic indicator. Distinct genomic mutation signatures are associated with clinical characteristics, suggesting potential pathways for personalized treatment strategies.

]]> Mutational Landscape and Treatment Response in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Single-Center Real-World Analysis Meizeng Li Lianying Guo Ruiying Zhao Shengnan Chen Shengji Ma Chan Xiang Yuchen Han doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050256 Current Oncology 2026-04-29 Current Oncology 2026-04-29 33 5 Article 256 10.3390/curroncol33050256 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/256 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 255: Phased Traumatic Stress Responses Among Caregivers of Children and Adults Recently Diagnosed with Acute Leukemia: A Grounded Theory Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/255 A diagnosis of acute leukemia (AL) represents a sudden, life-threatening event that places family caregivers (FCs) at high risk for traumatic stress. While traumatic stress symptoms have been documented among FCs later in the cancer trajectory, little is known about how these responses unfold during the immediate peri-diagnostic period, when acute stress disorder (ASD) may emerge, and early intervention could be most impactful. We conducted a qualitative study using a constructivist grounded theory approach to examine early traumatic stress responses among FCs of adults and children with newly diagnosed AL. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 caregivers within the first six months of diagnosis as part of two clinical trials at major cancer centres in Toronto, Canada, and were analyzed iteratively using constant comparative methods. Caregivers described a coherent trajectory of traumatic stress responses across three phases. The anticipatory phase was characterized by prolonged uncertainty, helplessness, and mounting fear during diagnostic investigations. The acute phase, beginning at diagnosis, involved an abrupt shift toward emotional numbing, deliberate avoidance of catastrophic thoughts, and a narrowed focus on immediate tasks, often described as operating on “autopilot.” In the post-acute phase, as patients stabilized and discharge approached, caregivers reported increased emotional access, including grief, anger, and recognition of their own trauma, alongside emerging concerns about long-term caregiving and life disruption. These findings suggest that FCs of individuals with newly diagnosed AL exhibit a phased pattern of traumatic stress responses, marked by an early, adaptive dissociative coping response followed by delayed emotional processing, underscoring the importance of phase-sensitive psychosocial care in oncology. 2026-04-29 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 255: Phased Traumatic Stress Responses Among Caregivers of Children and Adults Recently Diagnosed with Acute Leukemia: A Grounded Theory Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050255

Authors: Carmine Malfitano Stephanie M. Nanos Luigi Grassi Rosangela Caruso Gary Rodin

A diagnosis of acute leukemia (AL) represents a sudden, life-threatening event that places family caregivers (FCs) at high risk for traumatic stress. While traumatic stress symptoms have been documented among FCs later in the cancer trajectory, little is known about how these responses unfold during the immediate peri-diagnostic period, when acute stress disorder (ASD) may emerge, and early intervention could be most impactful. We conducted a qualitative study using a constructivist grounded theory approach to examine early traumatic stress responses among FCs of adults and children with newly diagnosed AL. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 caregivers within the first six months of diagnosis as part of two clinical trials at major cancer centres in Toronto, Canada, and were analyzed iteratively using constant comparative methods. Caregivers described a coherent trajectory of traumatic stress responses across three phases. The anticipatory phase was characterized by prolonged uncertainty, helplessness, and mounting fear during diagnostic investigations. The acute phase, beginning at diagnosis, involved an abrupt shift toward emotional numbing, deliberate avoidance of catastrophic thoughts, and a narrowed focus on immediate tasks, often described as operating on “autopilot.” In the post-acute phase, as patients stabilized and discharge approached, caregivers reported increased emotional access, including grief, anger, and recognition of their own trauma, alongside emerging concerns about long-term caregiving and life disruption. These findings suggest that FCs of individuals with newly diagnosed AL exhibit a phased pattern of traumatic stress responses, marked by an early, adaptive dissociative coping response followed by delayed emotional processing, underscoring the importance of phase-sensitive psychosocial care in oncology.

]]> Phased Traumatic Stress Responses Among Caregivers of Children and Adults Recently Diagnosed with Acute Leukemia: A Grounded Theory Study Carmine Malfitano Stephanie M. Nanos Luigi Grassi Rosangela Caruso Gary Rodin doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050255 Current Oncology 2026-04-29 Current Oncology 2026-04-29 33 5 Article 255 10.3390/curroncol33050255 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/255 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 254: Imaging Features and Clinical Outcomes of Ischemic Cholangiopathy After Drug-Eluting Bead Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Single-Center Cohort Study and Literature Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/254 Background: Ischemic cholangiopathy (IC) is an under-recognized complication after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our goal was to estimate the incidence, timing, clinical presentation, and management of IC after drug-eluting bead TACE. Methods: Single-center retrospective cohort of consecutive drug-eluting bead TACE procedures (1 January 2020–31 December 2023) with imaging follow-up to 31 December 2024 was conducted. IC was defined radiologically as bile duct dilatation without mechanical obstruction, biloma formation, biliary strictures, or ischemic cholecystitis occurring after TACE. The primary outcome was the incidence of IC. Secondary outcomes included clinical presentation, need for hospitalization, and management. Results: Among 106 patients, 14 developed IC (13.2%). Imaging abnormalities were detected a mean of 3.1 months after TACE. Six patients (42.9%) were asymptomatic. Among symptomatic patients, the most common manifestations were abdominal pain (n = 6) and fever (n = 4). Five patients required hospitalization, including 2 with infected bilomas requiring antibiotics and/or drainage. Subsequent HCC therapy was feasible in most cases; no deaths were directly attributed to IC. Conclusions: IC after TACE is not rare and is frequently asymptomatic, often detected incidentally on routine CT follow-up. Systematic biochemical monitoring and selective MRCP could improve detection, particularly when TACE sessions are closely spaced. 2026-04-28 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 254: Imaging Features and Clinical Outcomes of Ischemic Cholangiopathy After Drug-Eluting Bead Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Single-Center Cohort Study and Literature Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050254

Authors: Saša Štupar Peter Popović Rok Dežman Jure Uršič Martin Zaplotnik Miha Štabuc Sanjo Finderle Alojz Šmid

Background: Ischemic cholangiopathy (IC) is an under-recognized complication after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our goal was to estimate the incidence, timing, clinical presentation, and management of IC after drug-eluting bead TACE. Methods: Single-center retrospective cohort of consecutive drug-eluting bead TACE procedures (1 January 2020–31 December 2023) with imaging follow-up to 31 December 2024 was conducted. IC was defined radiologically as bile duct dilatation without mechanical obstruction, biloma formation, biliary strictures, or ischemic cholecystitis occurring after TACE. The primary outcome was the incidence of IC. Secondary outcomes included clinical presentation, need for hospitalization, and management. Results: Among 106 patients, 14 developed IC (13.2%). Imaging abnormalities were detected a mean of 3.1 months after TACE. Six patients (42.9%) were asymptomatic. Among symptomatic patients, the most common manifestations were abdominal pain (n = 6) and fever (n = 4). Five patients required hospitalization, including 2 with infected bilomas requiring antibiotics and/or drainage. Subsequent HCC therapy was feasible in most cases; no deaths were directly attributed to IC. Conclusions: IC after TACE is not rare and is frequently asymptomatic, often detected incidentally on routine CT follow-up. Systematic biochemical monitoring and selective MRCP could improve detection, particularly when TACE sessions are closely spaced.

]]> Imaging Features and Clinical Outcomes of Ischemic Cholangiopathy After Drug-Eluting Bead Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Single-Center Cohort Study and Literature Review Saša Štupar Peter Popović Rok Dežman Jure Uršič Martin Zaplotnik Miha Štabuc Sanjo Finderle Alojz Šmid doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050254 Current Oncology 2026-04-28 Current Oncology 2026-04-28 33 5 Article 254 10.3390/curroncol33050254 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/254 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 253: Perceptions and Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Regarding Sexuality in Cervical Cancer Care: A Qualitative Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/253 Sexuality is a fundamental aspect of human well-being, yet it is often disrupted in women diagnosed with cervical cancer. Although healthcare providers play a crucial role in supporting patients’ sexual health, the topic remains largely unaddressed in oncology settings. This study aimed to explore how healthcare providers perceive and respond to sexual health concerns among women with cervical cancer. A qualitative approach was conducted between August and November 2024 at Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Indonesia. Eighteen healthcare workers experienced in cancer care were selected through purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework with Nvivo 12 Plus software. The analysis revealed three main themes: (1) diverse perceptions of sexuality; (2) unmet sexual health needs; and (3) challenges to address sexual health. This study highlights that healthcare providers acknowledge the importance of addressing sexuality in cancer care but face numerous challenges that hinder open discussions in Indonesia. Integrating sexual health into routine oncology care and enhancing provider training are essential steps toward delivering more holistic and patient-centered care. These findings can improve sexual health care in cancer patients. 2026-04-28 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 253: Perceptions and Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Regarding Sexuality in Cervical Cancer Care: A Qualitative Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050253

Authors: Ida Ayu Md Vera Susiladewi Yati Afiyanti Allenidekania Allenidekania Margaret Fitch

Sexuality is a fundamental aspect of human well-being, yet it is often disrupted in women diagnosed with cervical cancer. Although healthcare providers play a crucial role in supporting patients’ sexual health, the topic remains largely unaddressed in oncology settings. This study aimed to explore how healthcare providers perceive and respond to sexual health concerns among women with cervical cancer. A qualitative approach was conducted between August and November 2024 at Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Indonesia. Eighteen healthcare workers experienced in cancer care were selected through purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework with Nvivo 12 Plus software. The analysis revealed three main themes: (1) diverse perceptions of sexuality; (2) unmet sexual health needs; and (3) challenges to address sexual health. This study highlights that healthcare providers acknowledge the importance of addressing sexuality in cancer care but face numerous challenges that hinder open discussions in Indonesia. Integrating sexual health into routine oncology care and enhancing provider training are essential steps toward delivering more holistic and patient-centered care. These findings can improve sexual health care in cancer patients.

]]> Perceptions and Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Regarding Sexuality in Cervical Cancer Care: A Qualitative Study Ida Ayu Md Vera Susiladewi Yati Afiyanti Allenidekania Allenidekania Margaret Fitch doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050253 Current Oncology 2026-04-28 Current Oncology 2026-04-28 33 5 Article 253 10.3390/curroncol33050253 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/253 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 252: The Implementation of a Caregiver Distress Screening Initiative in a Pediatric Oncology Healthcare Setting: A Quality Improvement Project https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/252 Background: Parents of children with cancer often experience significant stressors that can heighten distress and impact overall well-being. Despite recommendations supporting distress screening for adult and pediatric patients with cancer, systematic assessment of parent or caregiver distress in pediatric oncology settings remains limited. This Quality Improvement initiative aimed to implement routine distress screening for adult caregivers of pediatric patients with brain and solid tumors at our institution. Methods: Using the 18-item CancerSupportSource™-Caregiver (CSS-CG) instrument, our social work team invited eligible caregivers to complete monthly electronic distress screeners while their child was receiving treatment. Automated reports with tailored psychoeducational resources were sent to caregivers upon completion, and social workers received alerts when participants scored at-risk for anxiety, depression, or financial strain. The feasibility of the CSS-CG implementation was assessed via caregiver enrollment and completion rates, and clinician acceptability was evaluated through a post-implementation survey. Results: Of 122 eligible patients, 64 of their caregivers enrolled in the CSS-CG screening platform (52.45%), and 44 (36.06%) completed at least one screener. Of the 44 caregivers who completed the CSS-CG assessment, 59.09% (n = 26) screened positive at least once for risk of anxiety, 54.54% (n = 24) for risk of financial strain, and 59.09% (n = 26) for risk of depression. Among participating social workers, 83% reported that the screener improved their clinical practice, making their sessions more focused and helpful. They also noted that it improved their ability to identify a caregiver’s overall needs. Conclusions: Implementing caregiver distress screening positively impacted social work practice at our institution. Despite variable caregiver enrollment and a few implementation challenges, the findings support the importance and potential benefit of screening for caregiver distress in a pediatric oncology setting. 2026-04-28 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 252: The Implementation of a Caregiver Distress Screening Initiative in a Pediatric Oncology Healthcare Setting: A Quality Improvement Project

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050252

Authors: Clayton Culp Christen Long Angelique Ribieras Erica H. Sirrine

Background: Parents of children with cancer often experience significant stressors that can heighten distress and impact overall well-being. Despite recommendations supporting distress screening for adult and pediatric patients with cancer, systematic assessment of parent or caregiver distress in pediatric oncology settings remains limited. This Quality Improvement initiative aimed to implement routine distress screening for adult caregivers of pediatric patients with brain and solid tumors at our institution. Methods: Using the 18-item CancerSupportSource™-Caregiver (CSS-CG) instrument, our social work team invited eligible caregivers to complete monthly electronic distress screeners while their child was receiving treatment. Automated reports with tailored psychoeducational resources were sent to caregivers upon completion, and social workers received alerts when participants scored at-risk for anxiety, depression, or financial strain. The feasibility of the CSS-CG implementation was assessed via caregiver enrollment and completion rates, and clinician acceptability was evaluated through a post-implementation survey. Results: Of 122 eligible patients, 64 of their caregivers enrolled in the CSS-CG screening platform (52.45%), and 44 (36.06%) completed at least one screener. Of the 44 caregivers who completed the CSS-CG assessment, 59.09% (n = 26) screened positive at least once for risk of anxiety, 54.54% (n = 24) for risk of financial strain, and 59.09% (n = 26) for risk of depression. Among participating social workers, 83% reported that the screener improved their clinical practice, making their sessions more focused and helpful. They also noted that it improved their ability to identify a caregiver’s overall needs. Conclusions: Implementing caregiver distress screening positively impacted social work practice at our institution. Despite variable caregiver enrollment and a few implementation challenges, the findings support the importance and potential benefit of screening for caregiver distress in a pediatric oncology setting.

]]> The Implementation of a Caregiver Distress Screening Initiative in a Pediatric Oncology Healthcare Setting: A Quality Improvement Project Clayton Culp Christen Long Angelique Ribieras Erica H. Sirrine doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050252 Current Oncology 2026-04-28 Current Oncology 2026-04-28 33 5 Article 252 10.3390/curroncol33050252 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/252 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 251: Treatment Selection Based on Dominant Tumor Biology in Endometrial Carcinoma with Choriocarcinomatous Differentiation: A Case-Based Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/251 Endometrial carcinoma (EC) with choriocarcinomatous differentiation is an exceptionally rare malignancy for which standardized postoperative treatment strategies are lacking. Herein, we describe two postmenopausal patients with endometrioid carcinoma containing a choriocarcinomatous component. One patient had an EC-dominant tumor with low and rapidly normalized postoperative serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and received paclitaxel plus carboplatin. The other patient had a choriocarcinomatous-dominant tumor with markedly elevated postoperative serum hCG levels and was treated with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN)-oriented chemotherapy using etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D/cyclophosphamide, and vincristine (EMA/CO). Both patients remain disease-free. A review of representative published cases revealed two competing treatment paradigms, EC-oriented and GTN-oriented, applied inconsistently and without unified selection criteria. On the basis of integrated clinicopathological assessment, we propose that postoperative treatment consideration should be guided primarily by dominant tumor biology, rather than the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage alone. Tumors with a dominant choriocarcinomatous component accompanied by elevated postoperative serum hCG levels may benefit from GTN-oriented chemotherapy, whereas EC-dominant tumors with low or normalized hCG levels may benefit from EC-oriented regimens. Reassessment of dominant tumor biology using postoperative pathological findings and serum hCG dynamics may provide a pragmatic, decision-support framework for adjuvant treatment consideration in this rare and clinically challenging entity. 2026-04-27 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 251: Treatment Selection Based on Dominant Tumor Biology in Endometrial Carcinoma with Choriocarcinomatous Differentiation: A Case-Based Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050251

Authors: Norihito Kamo Shigenori Furukawa Asami Kato Keisuke Yoshida Chikako Okabe Hideki Miura Tetsu Sato Hiroshi Suzuki Shu Soeda Keiya Fujimori

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) with choriocarcinomatous differentiation is an exceptionally rare malignancy for which standardized postoperative treatment strategies are lacking. Herein, we describe two postmenopausal patients with endometrioid carcinoma containing a choriocarcinomatous component. One patient had an EC-dominant tumor with low and rapidly normalized postoperative serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and received paclitaxel plus carboplatin. The other patient had a choriocarcinomatous-dominant tumor with markedly elevated postoperative serum hCG levels and was treated with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN)-oriented chemotherapy using etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D/cyclophosphamide, and vincristine (EMA/CO). Both patients remain disease-free. A review of representative published cases revealed two competing treatment paradigms, EC-oriented and GTN-oriented, applied inconsistently and without unified selection criteria. On the basis of integrated clinicopathological assessment, we propose that postoperative treatment consideration should be guided primarily by dominant tumor biology, rather than the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage alone. Tumors with a dominant choriocarcinomatous component accompanied by elevated postoperative serum hCG levels may benefit from GTN-oriented chemotherapy, whereas EC-dominant tumors with low or normalized hCG levels may benefit from EC-oriented regimens. Reassessment of dominant tumor biology using postoperative pathological findings and serum hCG dynamics may provide a pragmatic, decision-support framework for adjuvant treatment consideration in this rare and clinically challenging entity.

]]> Treatment Selection Based on Dominant Tumor Biology in Endometrial Carcinoma with Choriocarcinomatous Differentiation: A Case-Based Review Norihito Kamo Shigenori Furukawa Asami Kato Keisuke Yoshida Chikako Okabe Hideki Miura Tetsu Sato Hiroshi Suzuki Shu Soeda Keiya Fujimori doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050251 Current Oncology 2026-04-27 Current Oncology 2026-04-27 33 5 Case Report 251 10.3390/curroncol33050251 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/251 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 250: Perineural Spread and Base of Skull Involvement in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma—A Critical Review from an Endemic Region https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/250 Perineural spread (PNS) from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) to the skull base is increasingly recognised as a route of cancer spread. Management historically involved definitive radiotherapy to treat PNS at the skull base. In the endemic region with modern magnetic resonance neurogram (MRN) and skull base surgical expertise, the outcome has improved over the years. With the advent of immunotherapy, the outcome may be maintained while preserving critical organs in the head and neck region. We conducted a critical review of the literature to establish the treatment outcomes and pattern of failure as practice evolved. Furthermore, we described our skull base surgical and radiotherapy management guideline and outlined the emerging paradigm shift in the immunotherapy era. 2026-04-27 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 250: Perineural Spread and Base of Skull Involvement in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma—A Critical Review from an Endemic Region

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050250

Authors: Charles Y. Lin Rahul Ladwa Ryan Sommerville

Perineural spread (PNS) from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) to the skull base is increasingly recognised as a route of cancer spread. Management historically involved definitive radiotherapy to treat PNS at the skull base. In the endemic region with modern magnetic resonance neurogram (MRN) and skull base surgical expertise, the outcome has improved over the years. With the advent of immunotherapy, the outcome may be maintained while preserving critical organs in the head and neck region. We conducted a critical review of the literature to establish the treatment outcomes and pattern of failure as practice evolved. Furthermore, we described our skull base surgical and radiotherapy management guideline and outlined the emerging paradigm shift in the immunotherapy era.

]]> Perineural Spread and Base of Skull Involvement in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma—A Critical Review from an Endemic Region Charles Y. Lin Rahul Ladwa Ryan Sommerville doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050250 Current Oncology 2026-04-27 Current Oncology 2026-04-27 33 5 Review 250 10.3390/curroncol33050250 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/250 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 248: Reply to Venkataraman, J.; Mokbel, K. Reconsidering the Interpretation of “Recurrence-Free Survival” After Mastectomy for DCIS. Comment on “Sae-sim et al. Tamoxifen Reduces Breast Cancer Recurrence in Women with DCIS Who Underwent Mastectomy. Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33, 89” https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/248 We thank Venkataraman and Mokbel [...] 2026-04-27 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 248: Reply to Venkataraman, J.; Mokbel, K. Reconsidering the Interpretation of “Recurrence-Free Survival” After Mastectomy for DCIS. Comment on “Sae-sim et al. Tamoxifen Reduces Breast Cancer Recurrence in Women with DCIS Who Underwent Mastectomy. Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33, 89”

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050248

Authors: Netchanok Sae-sim Norasate Samarnthai Warapan Numprasit

We thank Venkataraman and Mokbel [...]

]]> Reply to Venkataraman, J.; Mokbel, K. Reconsidering the Interpretation of “Recurrence-Free Survival” After Mastectomy for DCIS. Comment on “Sae-sim et al. Tamoxifen Reduces Breast Cancer Recurrence in Women with DCIS Who Underwent Mastectomy. Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33, 89” Netchanok Sae-sim Norasate Samarnthai Warapan Numprasit doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050248 Current Oncology 2026-04-27 Current Oncology 2026-04-27 33 5 Reply 248 10.3390/curroncol33050248 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/248 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 249: High-Risk Cytogenetic Multiple Myeloma Remains a Therapeutic Challenge: A 15-Year Real-World Analysis https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/249 Background: High-risk cytogenetic multiple myeloma (HRMM) confers inferior outcomes despite significant therapeutic advances. Real-world data characterizing contemporary treatment patterns across lines of therapy in this population are limited. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of 205 patients with HRMM diagnosed between January 2009 and January 2024. High-risk cytogenetics were defined according to the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) and Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) criteria as the presence of del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), and/or gain/amplification of 1q21. Treatment regimens were categorized by the number of agents (doublet, triplet, quadruplet), mechanism of action (proteasome inhibitor [PI]-based, immunomodulatory drug [IMiD]-based, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody-based), and specific regimen composition. Treatment patterns were analyzed across three treatment eras and stratified by age (<70 vs. ≥70 years). Results: The cohort included 205 patients (median age, 62 years [interquartile range [IQR], 54–68 years]; 78.5% aged <70 years). Double-hit and triple-hit cytogenetics were present in 60.0% and 7.3% of patients, respectively. For first-line induction, triplet therapy predominated (81.0%, n = 166), followed by quadruplet (8.8%, n = 18), doublet (5.9%, n = 12), and multi-agent chemotherapy (2.9%, n = 6). By mechanism of action, PI + IMiD combinations were the most common (63.4%, n = 130), followed by PI-based (19.0%, n = 39), anti-CD38-based (10.2%, n = 21), and IMiD-based (2.9%, n = 6) regimens. Era-stratified analysis revealed a significant increase in quadruplet utilization from 3.2% in Era 1 (2009–2015) to 20.3% in Era 3 (2020–2024), with anti-CD38-containing frontline regimens administered to 26.6% of patients in the contemporary era (p < 0.001). Second-line induction was required in 50 patients (24.4%), with anti-CD38-based triplets comprising the most common approach (30.0%). Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) was performed in 75.1% of patients overall, with significantly higher utilization in those aged <70 years (83.9% vs. 43.2%). Maintenance therapy was administered to 71.7% of patients (n = 147), with IMiD-based regimens predominating (53.1%), followed by PI + IMiD combinations (27.9%) and anti-CD38-containing regimens (10.2%). Despite intensive therapy, 69.4% of patients on maintenance experienced disease relapse, with higher rates observed in younger patients (74.8% vs. 41.7%). Conclusions: In this real-world HRMM cohort, the PI + IMiD triplet regimen remained the predominant induction approach, with a significant shift toward quadruplet and anti-CD38-containing regimens in the contemporary era. However, substantial relapse rates during maintenance underscore the continued unmet need in HRMM and support the early integration of novel therapeutic strategies, including quadruplet induction and BCMA-directed agents, in this population. 2026-04-27 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 249: High-Risk Cytogenetic Multiple Myeloma Remains a Therapeutic Challenge: A 15-Year Real-World Analysis

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050249

Authors: Carmel Awadallah Anas Zayad Shebli Atrash Anita Mazloom Omar Alkharabsheh Prerna Mewawalla Mansi R. Shah Forat Lutfi Zahra Mahmoudjafari Muhammad Umair Mushtaq Jeries Kort Alma Habib Al-Ola Abdallah

Background: High-risk cytogenetic multiple myeloma (HRMM) confers inferior outcomes despite significant therapeutic advances. Real-world data characterizing contemporary treatment patterns across lines of therapy in this population are limited. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of 205 patients with HRMM diagnosed between January 2009 and January 2024. High-risk cytogenetics were defined according to the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) and Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) criteria as the presence of del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), and/or gain/amplification of 1q21. Treatment regimens were categorized by the number of agents (doublet, triplet, quadruplet), mechanism of action (proteasome inhibitor [PI]-based, immunomodulatory drug [IMiD]-based, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody-based), and specific regimen composition. Treatment patterns were analyzed across three treatment eras and stratified by age (<70 vs. ≥70 years). Results: The cohort included 205 patients (median age, 62 years [interquartile range [IQR], 54–68 years]; 78.5% aged <70 years). Double-hit and triple-hit cytogenetics were present in 60.0% and 7.3% of patients, respectively. For first-line induction, triplet therapy predominated (81.0%, n = 166), followed by quadruplet (8.8%, n = 18), doublet (5.9%, n = 12), and multi-agent chemotherapy (2.9%, n = 6). By mechanism of action, PI + IMiD combinations were the most common (63.4%, n = 130), followed by PI-based (19.0%, n = 39), anti-CD38-based (10.2%, n = 21), and IMiD-based (2.9%, n = 6) regimens. Era-stratified analysis revealed a significant increase in quadruplet utilization from 3.2% in Era 1 (2009–2015) to 20.3% in Era 3 (2020–2024), with anti-CD38-containing frontline regimens administered to 26.6% of patients in the contemporary era (p < 0.001). Second-line induction was required in 50 patients (24.4%), with anti-CD38-based triplets comprising the most common approach (30.0%). Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) was performed in 75.1% of patients overall, with significantly higher utilization in those aged <70 years (83.9% vs. 43.2%). Maintenance therapy was administered to 71.7% of patients (n = 147), with IMiD-based regimens predominating (53.1%), followed by PI + IMiD combinations (27.9%) and anti-CD38-containing regimens (10.2%). Despite intensive therapy, 69.4% of patients on maintenance experienced disease relapse, with higher rates observed in younger patients (74.8% vs. 41.7%). Conclusions: In this real-world HRMM cohort, the PI + IMiD triplet regimen remained the predominant induction approach, with a significant shift toward quadruplet and anti-CD38-containing regimens in the contemporary era. However, substantial relapse rates during maintenance underscore the continued unmet need in HRMM and support the early integration of novel therapeutic strategies, including quadruplet induction and BCMA-directed agents, in this population.

]]> High-Risk Cytogenetic Multiple Myeloma Remains a Therapeutic Challenge: A 15-Year Real-World Analysis Carmel Awadallah Anas Zayad Shebli Atrash Anita Mazloom Omar Alkharabsheh Prerna Mewawalla Mansi R. Shah Forat Lutfi Zahra Mahmoudjafari Muhammad Umair Mushtaq Jeries Kort Alma Habib Al-Ola Abdallah doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050249 Current Oncology 2026-04-27 Current Oncology 2026-04-27 33 5 Article 249 10.3390/curroncol33050249 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/249 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 247: Omission of Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Breast Cancer Patients with 1–2 Positive Sentinel Lymph Nodes: A Multicenter Real-World Cohort Study in a Chinese Population https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/247 The optimal management of patients with limited sentinel lymph node metastasis in breast cancer, particularly regarding whether to perform additional axillary surgery, continues to be an area of clinical uncertainty in routine practice. This multicenter retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate adherence to ACOSOG Z0011 criteria and the oncological safety of omitting ALND in a Chinese population. We included 462 women with clinical stage T1–2N0 breast cancer who underwent breast-conserving surgery and were found to have 1–2 positive SLNs between January 2013 and December 2021. All patients received adjuvant radiotherapy and systemic therapy. Patients underwent either sentinel lymph node biopsy alone (SLNB; n = 274, 59.3%) or SLNB followed by ALND (n = 188, 40.7%). Propensity score matching (1:1) was applied to balance baseline characteristics, yielding 152 matched pairs. Disease-free survival (DFS) was the primary endpoint. No significant difference in DFS was observed between the SLNB alone and SLNB + ALND groups in either the overall cohort or the matched cohort. Multivariable Cox regression analysis confirmed that the type of axillary surgery was not independently associated with DFS in patients with 1–2 positive SLNs treated with breast-conserving surgery. Logistic regression analysis indicated that surgeons were more likely to perform ALND in patients with a higher SLN tumor burden; compared with micrometastasis, macrometastasis in 1–2 SLNs and a sentinel lymph node metastasis ratio greater than one-third were significantly associated with the selection of ALND. These findings suggest that omission of ALND was not associated with a statistically significant difference in DFS and provide real-world evidence supporting the applicability of Z0011-based axillary management in the Chinese population; however, given the observational design and potential for residual confounding, these results should be interpreted with caution. 2026-04-27 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 247: Omission of Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Breast Cancer Patients with 1–2 Positive Sentinel Lymph Nodes: A Multicenter Real-World Cohort Study in a Chinese Population

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050247

Authors: Chengye Hong Jianhui Chen Yongwu Chen Liangqiang Li Xianqiang Du Debo Chen Weibin Lian

The optimal management of patients with limited sentinel lymph node metastasis in breast cancer, particularly regarding whether to perform additional axillary surgery, continues to be an area of clinical uncertainty in routine practice. This multicenter retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate adherence to ACOSOG Z0011 criteria and the oncological safety of omitting ALND in a Chinese population. We included 462 women with clinical stage T1–2N0 breast cancer who underwent breast-conserving surgery and were found to have 1–2 positive SLNs between January 2013 and December 2021. All patients received adjuvant radiotherapy and systemic therapy. Patients underwent either sentinel lymph node biopsy alone (SLNB; n = 274, 59.3%) or SLNB followed by ALND (n = 188, 40.7%). Propensity score matching (1:1) was applied to balance baseline characteristics, yielding 152 matched pairs. Disease-free survival (DFS) was the primary endpoint. No significant difference in DFS was observed between the SLNB alone and SLNB + ALND groups in either the overall cohort or the matched cohort. Multivariable Cox regression analysis confirmed that the type of axillary surgery was not independently associated with DFS in patients with 1–2 positive SLNs treated with breast-conserving surgery. Logistic regression analysis indicated that surgeons were more likely to perform ALND in patients with a higher SLN tumor burden; compared with micrometastasis, macrometastasis in 1–2 SLNs and a sentinel lymph node metastasis ratio greater than one-third were significantly associated with the selection of ALND. These findings suggest that omission of ALND was not associated with a statistically significant difference in DFS and provide real-world evidence supporting the applicability of Z0011-based axillary management in the Chinese population; however, given the observational design and potential for residual confounding, these results should be interpreted with caution.

]]> Omission of Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Breast Cancer Patients with 1–2 Positive Sentinel Lymph Nodes: A Multicenter Real-World Cohort Study in a Chinese Population Chengye Hong Jianhui Chen Yongwu Chen Liangqiang Li Xianqiang Du Debo Chen Weibin Lian doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050247 Current Oncology 2026-04-27 Current Oncology 2026-04-27 33 5 Article 247 10.3390/curroncol33050247 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/247 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 246: Outcomes of Double-Hit and Single High-Risk Cytogenetic Newly Diagnosed Myeloma in Transplant-Eligible Patients https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/246 Introduction: High-risk multiple myeloma (HRMM) is primarily defined by adverse cytogenetic abnormalities that are associated with inferior outcomes despite contemporary treatment with novel induction agents and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). While the accumulation of high-risk lesions has been proposed to further stratify prognosis, the relative impact of single-hit versus double-hit HRMM on post-transplant outcomes in real-world clinical practice remains incompletely characterized. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of transplant-eligible adults with HRMM undergoing upfront ASCT between 2009 and 2024 at three U.S. academic centers. Patients were categorized as single-hit HRMM or double-hit HRMM based on the number of high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities at diagnosis. Response rates, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were compared between groups using standard statistical methods. Results: A total of 154 patients were included, of whom 63 had SH-HRMM, and 91 had DH-HRMM. Following induction therapy, overall response rates (ORR) were high and comparable between groups. After ASCT, ORR was significantly higher in SH-HRMM compared with DH-HRMM (97% vs. 82%, p = 0.006), although depth of response did not differ significantly. With a median follow-up of 150 months, median OS was 103 months in SH-HRMM and 94 months in DH-HRMM (p = 0.40). Median PFS was 36 months and 31 months, respectively (p = 0.20). Restricted mean survival time analyses similarly demonstrated no significant differences in OS or PFS between groups. Although ORR differed, depth of response and long-term survival did not. Conclusions: In this real-world cohort of transplant-treated HRMM, single-hit disease was associated with a higher likelihood of achieving post-ASCT response; however, no significant differences in long-term survival outcomes were observed between single-hit and double-hit HRMM. These findings suggest that cytogenetic hit burden alone may be insufficient to predict post-transplant survival, highlighting the need for refined risk stratification incorporating additional biological and response-based markers. 2026-04-26 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 246: Outcomes of Double-Hit and Single High-Risk Cytogenetic Newly Diagnosed Myeloma in Transplant-Eligible Patients

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050246

Authors: Raeef Rahman Anas Zayad Carmel Awadallah Beining Wang Jianzheng Wu Aroog Khaliq Prerna Mewawalla Shebli Atrash Dinesh Pal Mudaranthakam Joseph McGuirk Zahra Mahmoudjafari Muhammad Umair Mushtaq Al-Ola Abdallah Nausheen Ahmed Jordan Snyder Anita Mazloom Omar Alkharabsheh Mansi R. Shah

Introduction: High-risk multiple myeloma (HRMM) is primarily defined by adverse cytogenetic abnormalities that are associated with inferior outcomes despite contemporary treatment with novel induction agents and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). While the accumulation of high-risk lesions has been proposed to further stratify prognosis, the relative impact of single-hit versus double-hit HRMM on post-transplant outcomes in real-world clinical practice remains incompletely characterized. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of transplant-eligible adults with HRMM undergoing upfront ASCT between 2009 and 2024 at three U.S. academic centers. Patients were categorized as single-hit HRMM or double-hit HRMM based on the number of high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities at diagnosis. Response rates, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were compared between groups using standard statistical methods. Results: A total of 154 patients were included, of whom 63 had SH-HRMM, and 91 had DH-HRMM. Following induction therapy, overall response rates (ORR) were high and comparable between groups. After ASCT, ORR was significantly higher in SH-HRMM compared with DH-HRMM (97% vs. 82%, p = 0.006), although depth of response did not differ significantly. With a median follow-up of 150 months, median OS was 103 months in SH-HRMM and 94 months in DH-HRMM (p = 0.40). Median PFS was 36 months and 31 months, respectively (p = 0.20). Restricted mean survival time analyses similarly demonstrated no significant differences in OS or PFS between groups. Although ORR differed, depth of response and long-term survival did not. Conclusions: In this real-world cohort of transplant-treated HRMM, single-hit disease was associated with a higher likelihood of achieving post-ASCT response; however, no significant differences in long-term survival outcomes were observed between single-hit and double-hit HRMM. These findings suggest that cytogenetic hit burden alone may be insufficient to predict post-transplant survival, highlighting the need for refined risk stratification incorporating additional biological and response-based markers.

]]> Outcomes of Double-Hit and Single High-Risk Cytogenetic Newly Diagnosed Myeloma in Transplant-Eligible Patients Raeef Rahman Anas Zayad Carmel Awadallah Beining Wang Jianzheng Wu Aroog Khaliq Prerna Mewawalla Shebli Atrash Dinesh Pal Mudaranthakam Joseph McGuirk Zahra Mahmoudjafari Muhammad Umair Mushtaq Al-Ola Abdallah Nausheen Ahmed Jordan Snyder Anita Mazloom Omar Alkharabsheh Mansi R. Shah doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050246 Current Oncology 2026-04-26 Current Oncology 2026-04-26 33 5 Article 246 10.3390/curroncol33050246 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/246 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 245: Will We Need a Novel Heuristic in Resectable Lung Cancer?: A Narrative Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/245 Introduction: The management of resectable non-small cell lung cancer has long relied on a relatively limited set of determinants, primarily anatomical resectability and pathological stage. Although these parameters remain central to therapeutic planning, accumulating clinical and translational evidence indicates that they do not fully explain variability in outcomes observed after lung cancer surgery. The primary aim of this review is to evaluate whether current evidence supports the need for a novel heuristic framework in resectable NSCLC. Secondary aims are to examine how host-related, clinical, and data-driven factors contribute to prognosis and treatment selection beyond conventional staging systems. Methods: This review integrates evidence from clinical studies, national registries, and translational analyses to examine how these dimensions contribute to prognosis and treatment selection. Results: Over the past two decades, advances in surgical techniques, perioperative management, systemic therapies, and large-scale clinical databases have revealed additional determinants of prognosis beyond tumor burden, including physiological reserve, nutritional condition, systemic inflammatory state, comorbidities, and socioeconomic environment. Developments in multimodal strategies and minimally invasive surgery have reshaped the therapeutic landscape. Data-driven approaches have identified clinically meaningful subgroups not captured by conventional staging systems. Conclusions: A heuristic framework integrating tumor biology, patient characteristics, and treatment context may better reflect the complexity of contemporary thoracic oncology practice. 2026-04-25 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 245: Will We Need a Novel Heuristic in Resectable Lung Cancer?: A Narrative Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050245

Authors: Lorenzo Gherzi Marco Alifano

Introduction: The management of resectable non-small cell lung cancer has long relied on a relatively limited set of determinants, primarily anatomical resectability and pathological stage. Although these parameters remain central to therapeutic planning, accumulating clinical and translational evidence indicates that they do not fully explain variability in outcomes observed after lung cancer surgery. The primary aim of this review is to evaluate whether current evidence supports the need for a novel heuristic framework in resectable NSCLC. Secondary aims are to examine how host-related, clinical, and data-driven factors contribute to prognosis and treatment selection beyond conventional staging systems. Methods: This review integrates evidence from clinical studies, national registries, and translational analyses to examine how these dimensions contribute to prognosis and treatment selection. Results: Over the past two decades, advances in surgical techniques, perioperative management, systemic therapies, and large-scale clinical databases have revealed additional determinants of prognosis beyond tumor burden, including physiological reserve, nutritional condition, systemic inflammatory state, comorbidities, and socioeconomic environment. Developments in multimodal strategies and minimally invasive surgery have reshaped the therapeutic landscape. Data-driven approaches have identified clinically meaningful subgroups not captured by conventional staging systems. Conclusions: A heuristic framework integrating tumor biology, patient characteristics, and treatment context may better reflect the complexity of contemporary thoracic oncology practice.

]]> Will We Need a Novel Heuristic in Resectable Lung Cancer?: A Narrative Review Lorenzo Gherzi Marco Alifano doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050245 Current Oncology 2026-04-25 Current Oncology 2026-04-25 33 5 Review 245 10.3390/curroncol33050245 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/245 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 244: A Case of Primary EGFR T790M Mutation in Treatment-Naïve Advanced NSCLC: Clinical and Molecular Implications https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/244 Background: De novo (pretreatment) EGFR T790M mutation is a rare molecular finding in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has historically been associated with primary resistance to first- and second-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Evidence guiding optimal first-line management in this subgroup, particularly in elderly patients, remains limited. Case Presentation: We report a case of an elderly patient with treatment-naïve advanced non-squamous NSCLC harboring a concurrent EGFR exon 19 deletion and de novo EGFR T790M mutation. Given the patient’s age, significant cardiopulmonary comorbidities, and absence of rapidly progressive disease, a multidisciplinary tumor board recommended first-line osimertinib monotherapy. Treatment was well tolerated, with rapid improvement in performance status and no clinically significant adverse events. Serial contrast-enhanced CT restaging demonstrated RECIST 1.1–defined stable disease, without development of new visceral, nodal, cerebral, or osseous metastases. The patient remains on continuous osimertinib therapy with durable disease control at the time of manuscript preparation. Conclusion: Primary EGFR T790M–positive NSCLC can achieve durable disease control with first-line osimertinib, even in advanced age. While combination strategies with chemotherapy may improve survival outcomes in selected patients, treatment decisions in elderly individuals must carefully balance efficacy, toxicity, and quality of life. Chronological age alone should not discourage active targeted treatment when guided by molecular profiling and comprehensive clinical assessment. 2026-04-24 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 244: A Case of Primary EGFR T790M Mutation in Treatment-Naïve Advanced NSCLC: Clinical and Molecular Implications

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050244

Authors: George Dimitrov Elitsa Kraevska Vladislav Nankov Victoria Hlebarova Savelina Popovska

Background: De novo (pretreatment) EGFR T790M mutation is a rare molecular finding in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has historically been associated with primary resistance to first- and second-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Evidence guiding optimal first-line management in this subgroup, particularly in elderly patients, remains limited. Case Presentation: We report a case of an elderly patient with treatment-naïve advanced non-squamous NSCLC harboring a concurrent EGFR exon 19 deletion and de novo EGFR T790M mutation. Given the patient’s age, significant cardiopulmonary comorbidities, and absence of rapidly progressive disease, a multidisciplinary tumor board recommended first-line osimertinib monotherapy. Treatment was well tolerated, with rapid improvement in performance status and no clinically significant adverse events. Serial contrast-enhanced CT restaging demonstrated RECIST 1.1–defined stable disease, without development of new visceral, nodal, cerebral, or osseous metastases. The patient remains on continuous osimertinib therapy with durable disease control at the time of manuscript preparation. Conclusion: Primary EGFR T790M–positive NSCLC can achieve durable disease control with first-line osimertinib, even in advanced age. While combination strategies with chemotherapy may improve survival outcomes in selected patients, treatment decisions in elderly individuals must carefully balance efficacy, toxicity, and quality of life. Chronological age alone should not discourage active targeted treatment when guided by molecular profiling and comprehensive clinical assessment.

]]> A Case of Primary EGFR T790M Mutation in Treatment-Naïve Advanced NSCLC: Clinical and Molecular Implications George Dimitrov Elitsa Kraevska Vladislav Nankov Victoria Hlebarova Savelina Popovska doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050244 Current Oncology 2026-04-24 Current Oncology 2026-04-24 33 5 Case Report 244 10.3390/curroncol33050244 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/244 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 243: Guidance for Canadian Breast Cancer Practice: National Consensus Recommendations for the Systemic Treatment of Patients with Triple Negative Breast Cancer in Both the Early and Metastatic Setting 2025 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/243 Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been associated with a poorer prognosis than other subtypes, due to its more aggressive behaviour. Since 2020, significant advances in locoregional and systemic therapy have improved outcomes for patients with TNBC, but the implementation of these treatments remains inconsistent across Canada. There is, therefore, a critical need for evidence-informed, consensus-driven guidance to support the integration of new therapies into practice. Research Excellence, Active Leadership Canadian Breast Cancer Alliance (REAL Alliance), a pan-Canadian group of breast cancer specialists and Breast Cancer Canada, a patient advocacy organization, convened to develop national clinical consensus recommendations for the management of breast cancer. Through a selective literature review and modified Delphi process of national experts in the fields of medical oncology, radiation oncology, surgical oncology and pharmacy, REAL Alliance developed national consensus recommendations for the management of TNBC. The result is a set of 23 recommendations: four overall general recommendations, 11 in early-stage TNBC, and eight in metastatic TNBC. These recommendations are intended for oncology healthcare professionals, and are intended to guide evidence-informed, consistent care across Canada. 2026-04-24 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 243: Guidance for Canadian Breast Cancer Practice: National Consensus Recommendations for the Systemic Treatment of Patients with Triple Negative Breast Cancer in Both the Early and Metastatic Setting 2025

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050243

Authors: Christine Simmons Omar F. Khan Christine Brezden-Masley David W. Cescon Anil Abraham Joy Nathalie LeVasseur Katarzyna J. Jerzak Karen A. Gelmon Sandeep Sehdev Stephen Chia Marc Webster Scott Edwards Aalok Kumar Jeffrey Q. Cao Jean-François Boileau Kara Laing Nathaniel Bouganim Mita Manna on behalf of Patient Advocacy, Breast Cancer Canada on behalf of Patient Advocacy, Breast Cancer Canada

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been associated with a poorer prognosis than other subtypes, due to its more aggressive behaviour. Since 2020, significant advances in locoregional and systemic therapy have improved outcomes for patients with TNBC, but the implementation of these treatments remains inconsistent across Canada. There is, therefore, a critical need for evidence-informed, consensus-driven guidance to support the integration of new therapies into practice. Research Excellence, Active Leadership Canadian Breast Cancer Alliance (REAL Alliance), a pan-Canadian group of breast cancer specialists and Breast Cancer Canada, a patient advocacy organization, convened to develop national clinical consensus recommendations for the management of breast cancer. Through a selective literature review and modified Delphi process of national experts in the fields of medical oncology, radiation oncology, surgical oncology and pharmacy, REAL Alliance developed national consensus recommendations for the management of TNBC. The result is a set of 23 recommendations: four overall general recommendations, 11 in early-stage TNBC, and eight in metastatic TNBC. These recommendations are intended for oncology healthcare professionals, and are intended to guide evidence-informed, consistent care across Canada.

]]> Guidance for Canadian Breast Cancer Practice: National Consensus Recommendations for the Systemic Treatment of Patients with Triple Negative Breast Cancer in Both the Early and Metastatic Setting 2025 Christine Simmons Omar F. Khan Christine Brezden-Masley David W. Cescon Anil Abraham Joy Nathalie LeVasseur Katarzyna J. Jerzak Karen A. Gelmon Sandeep Sehdev Stephen Chia Marc Webster Scott Edwards Aalok Kumar Jeffrey Q. Cao Jean-François Boileau Kara Laing Nathaniel Bouganim Mita Manna on behalf of Patient Advocacy, Breast Cancer Canada on behalf of Patient Advocacy, Breast Cancer Canada doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050243 Current Oncology 2026-04-24 Current Oncology 2026-04-24 33 5 Guidelines 243 10.3390/curroncol33050243 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/243 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 242: Prehabilitation for Patients with Brain Tumours: A Single-Centre Retrospective Cohort Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/242 Patients following brain tumour resection experience significant disability, yet rehabilitation is not typically delivered prior to adjuvant treatment such as radiation or chemotherapy. This study aims to characterize the medical and functional profiles, and function outcomes of patients with brain tumour admitted over the past four years to a pilot inpatient prehabilitation programme following brain tumour resection but prior to adjuvant therapy, and to compare these findings with those of patients in a standard acquired brain injury rehabilitation programme. We retrospectively reviewed the charts from a randomly selected sample of 58 prehabilitation inpatients and 112 patients with acquired brain injuries at Toronto Rehabilitation Institute between March 2020 and December 2024. Data abstracted included demographics, medical and functional profiles, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores, and discharge parameters. Compared with acquired brain injury subjects, prehabilitation subjects had significantly less physical (47% vs. 86%, p < 0.0001) but more communication (46% vs. 20%, p = 0.0005) impairments, though with similar mean FIM change (22.5 vs. 26.0, p = 0.082) and FIM efficiency (1.1 vs. 1.0, p = 0.78). While not reaching significance, they also experienced more mood issues during rehabilitation (30% vs. 18%, p = 0.075). These findings support that prehabilitation after brain tumour surgery but before adjuvant therapy is clinically effective within existing ABI rehabilitation programmes. However, prehabilitation programmes may benefit from staffing models that emphasize communication supports and mental health expertise. 2026-04-24 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 242: Prehabilitation for Patients with Brain Tumours: A Single-Centre Retrospective Cohort Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050242

Authors: Kevin Y. Sun Derek S. Tsang Laura K. Langer Alejandro S. Moreno Amy E. Yeung Alan K. H. Tam Mark Bayley Meiqi Guo

Patients following brain tumour resection experience significant disability, yet rehabilitation is not typically delivered prior to adjuvant treatment such as radiation or chemotherapy. This study aims to characterize the medical and functional profiles, and function outcomes of patients with brain tumour admitted over the past four years to a pilot inpatient prehabilitation programme following brain tumour resection but prior to adjuvant therapy, and to compare these findings with those of patients in a standard acquired brain injury rehabilitation programme. We retrospectively reviewed the charts from a randomly selected sample of 58 prehabilitation inpatients and 112 patients with acquired brain injuries at Toronto Rehabilitation Institute between March 2020 and December 2024. Data abstracted included demographics, medical and functional profiles, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores, and discharge parameters. Compared with acquired brain injury subjects, prehabilitation subjects had significantly less physical (47% vs. 86%, p < 0.0001) but more communication (46% vs. 20%, p = 0.0005) impairments, though with similar mean FIM change (22.5 vs. 26.0, p = 0.082) and FIM efficiency (1.1 vs. 1.0, p = 0.78). While not reaching significance, they also experienced more mood issues during rehabilitation (30% vs. 18%, p = 0.075). These findings support that prehabilitation after brain tumour surgery but before adjuvant therapy is clinically effective within existing ABI rehabilitation programmes. However, prehabilitation programmes may benefit from staffing models that emphasize communication supports and mental health expertise.

]]> Prehabilitation for Patients with Brain Tumours: A Single-Centre Retrospective Cohort Study Kevin Y. Sun Derek S. Tsang Laura K. Langer Alejandro S. Moreno Amy E. Yeung Alan K. H. Tam Mark Bayley Meiqi Guo doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050242 Current Oncology 2026-04-24 Current Oncology 2026-04-24 33 5 Article 242 10.3390/curroncol33050242 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/242 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 241: STK11 as an Emerging Biomarker in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/241 Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment; however, durable responses occur in only a subset of patients, underscoring the need for robust predictive biomarkers. Serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) is an emerging biomarker that portends poor prognosis and predicts therapeutic resistance. Loss of STK11 disrupts AMPK signaling, leading to unchecked mTOR activation, metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, fostering tumor progression and immune evasion. STK11 mutations frequently co-occur with KRAS and KEAP1 alterations, exhibit low PD-L1 expression, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that leads to the development of PD-1/PD-L1 resistance. Clinical studies consistently demonstrate inferior outcomes with ICIs in STK11-mutant NSCLC, particularly in the presence of KRAS and KEAP1 co-mutations. Dual checkpoint inhibition combining PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 blockade shows promise in overcoming resistance, results remain inconsistent, and prospective trials are ongoing. Beyond immunotherapy, STK11 mutations confer poor outcomes across targeted therapies, including KRAS G12C inhibitors, with KEAP1 co-mutation serving as a strong negative predictor of efficacy. In this review we present an overview of STK11 function and its role in tumor biology, highlight the prognostic and predictive potential of STK11 mutations in the context of NSCLC treatment and summarize the emerging treatment strategies. 2026-04-22 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 241: STK11 as an Emerging Biomarker in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050241

Authors: Amit A. Kulkarni Adam Rock Matthew Lee Amanda Reyes Manish R. Patel Robert A. Kratzke Ravi Salgia

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment; however, durable responses occur in only a subset of patients, underscoring the need for robust predictive biomarkers. Serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) is an emerging biomarker that portends poor prognosis and predicts therapeutic resistance. Loss of STK11 disrupts AMPK signaling, leading to unchecked mTOR activation, metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, fostering tumor progression and immune evasion. STK11 mutations frequently co-occur with KRAS and KEAP1 alterations, exhibit low PD-L1 expression, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that leads to the development of PD-1/PD-L1 resistance. Clinical studies consistently demonstrate inferior outcomes with ICIs in STK11-mutant NSCLC, particularly in the presence of KRAS and KEAP1 co-mutations. Dual checkpoint inhibition combining PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 blockade shows promise in overcoming resistance, results remain inconsistent, and prospective trials are ongoing. Beyond immunotherapy, STK11 mutations confer poor outcomes across targeted therapies, including KRAS G12C inhibitors, with KEAP1 co-mutation serving as a strong negative predictor of efficacy. In this review we present an overview of STK11 function and its role in tumor biology, highlight the prognostic and predictive potential of STK11 mutations in the context of NSCLC treatment and summarize the emerging treatment strategies.

]]> STK11 as an Emerging Biomarker in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Amit A. Kulkarni Adam Rock Matthew Lee Amanda Reyes Manish R. Patel Robert A. Kratzke Ravi Salgia doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050241 Current Oncology 2026-04-22 Current Oncology 2026-04-22 33 5 Review 241 10.3390/curroncol33050241 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/241 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 240: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Pneumonitis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Narrative Review of Incidence and Clinical Risk Factors https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/240 It is well-known that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can lead to uncommon but potentially life-threatening immune-related adverse events (irAEs) such as checkpoint-inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP). Early recognition, identification, and treatment are crucial with regard to decreasing toxicity from ICIs. However, there is a discrepancy in the incidence rates between the clinical trials and postmarketing studies. Several postmarketing studies have developed early detection methods and identified new risk factors in developing CIP. Thus, in this narrative review, we aim to review these incidence rates, early detection methods, and clinical risk factors for CIP in NSCLC patients, which could help to improve CIP diagnosis and management for enhanced NSCLC care. Major clinical trials and postmarketing studies of CIP incidence, early detection methods, and risk factors in NSCLC were reviewed. A wide array of potential risk factors has been implicated in the development of CIP in NSCLC, such as having preexisting interstitial lung disease, receiving PD-1 inhibitors, receiving combination ICI therapy instead of ICI monotherapy, lower pretreatment hemoglobin and albumin levels, increased baseline plasma IL-8 levels, and impaired baseline pulmonary function. 2026-04-22 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 240: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Pneumonitis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Narrative Review of Incidence and Clinical Risk Factors

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050240

Authors: Olexiy Aseyev Liliia Zrielykh Minghan Shi Katherine Filipovic Claire Seymour Rabail Siddiqui Birubi Biman

It is well-known that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can lead to uncommon but potentially life-threatening immune-related adverse events (irAEs) such as checkpoint-inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP). Early recognition, identification, and treatment are crucial with regard to decreasing toxicity from ICIs. However, there is a discrepancy in the incidence rates between the clinical trials and postmarketing studies. Several postmarketing studies have developed early detection methods and identified new risk factors in developing CIP. Thus, in this narrative review, we aim to review these incidence rates, early detection methods, and clinical risk factors for CIP in NSCLC patients, which could help to improve CIP diagnosis and management for enhanced NSCLC care. Major clinical trials and postmarketing studies of CIP incidence, early detection methods, and risk factors in NSCLC were reviewed. A wide array of potential risk factors has been implicated in the development of CIP in NSCLC, such as having preexisting interstitial lung disease, receiving PD-1 inhibitors, receiving combination ICI therapy instead of ICI monotherapy, lower pretreatment hemoglobin and albumin levels, increased baseline plasma IL-8 levels, and impaired baseline pulmonary function.

]]> Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Pneumonitis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Narrative Review of Incidence and Clinical Risk Factors Olexiy Aseyev Liliia Zrielykh Minghan Shi Katherine Filipovic Claire Seymour Rabail Siddiqui Birubi Biman doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050240 Current Oncology 2026-04-22 Current Oncology 2026-04-22 33 5 Review 240 10.3390/curroncol33050240 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/240 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 239: Sequencing Immunotherapy and Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Frail Patients with Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/239 (1) Background: Hypofractionated radiotherapy and immunotherapy (IT) are possible treatment options for HNSCC patients unsuitable for standard curative treatment, yet no high-level evidence supports their combined use. We aim to report on the clinical outcome of a single-center cohort of HNSCC patients treated with a hypofractionated radiotherapy (hypoRT) regimen in combination with IT alone or chemo-immunotherapy (CT-IT). (2) Methods: We enrolled a cohort of elderly and frail HNSCC patients unsuitable for standard curative treatment, deemed candidates to undergo hypoRT in a sequential strategy (time interval < 6 months), followed or preceded by IT alone (hypoRT_IT) or CT-IT. We selected our sample using the Geriatric 8 (G8) score and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). (3) Results: At a median follow-up of 11 months (IQR 5–20), the median locoregional control (LRC) was 12 months (95% CI 7.0–17.1) with a 1-year progression-free survival rate of 63%. For the hypoRT-IT group, the median overall survival was 12 months (95% CI 0–24). No grade (G) 4–5 in-field acute side effects were observed, while one case of G3 oral mucositis and two cases of G3 radiation dermatitis were reported. (4) Conclusions: A sequential combination of checkpoint inhibitors and hypoRT may provide clinical benefit with acceptable toxicity in frail and elderly patients with advanced HNSCC unfit for standard therapy. 2026-04-22 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 239: Sequencing Immunotherapy and Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Frail Patients with Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050239

Authors: Beatrice Bettazzi Viola Salvestrini Marco Banini Olga Ruggieri Annarita Palomba Ilaria Camilla Galli Lorenzo Livi Pierluigi Bonomo Carlotta Becherini

(1) Background: Hypofractionated radiotherapy and immunotherapy (IT) are possible treatment options for HNSCC patients unsuitable for standard curative treatment, yet no high-level evidence supports their combined use. We aim to report on the clinical outcome of a single-center cohort of HNSCC patients treated with a hypofractionated radiotherapy (hypoRT) regimen in combination with IT alone or chemo-immunotherapy (CT-IT). (2) Methods: We enrolled a cohort of elderly and frail HNSCC patients unsuitable for standard curative treatment, deemed candidates to undergo hypoRT in a sequential strategy (time interval < 6 months), followed or preceded by IT alone (hypoRT_IT) or CT-IT. We selected our sample using the Geriatric 8 (G8) score and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). (3) Results: At a median follow-up of 11 months (IQR 5–20), the median locoregional control (LRC) was 12 months (95% CI 7.0–17.1) with a 1-year progression-free survival rate of 63%. For the hypoRT-IT group, the median overall survival was 12 months (95% CI 0–24). No grade (G) 4–5 in-field acute side effects were observed, while one case of G3 oral mucositis and two cases of G3 radiation dermatitis were reported. (4) Conclusions: A sequential combination of checkpoint inhibitors and hypoRT may provide clinical benefit with acceptable toxicity in frail and elderly patients with advanced HNSCC unfit for standard therapy.

]]> Sequencing Immunotherapy and Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Frail Patients with Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Beatrice Bettazzi Viola Salvestrini Marco Banini Olga Ruggieri Annarita Palomba Ilaria Camilla Galli Lorenzo Livi Pierluigi Bonomo Carlotta Becherini doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050239 Current Oncology 2026-04-22 Current Oncology 2026-04-22 33 5 Article 239 10.3390/curroncol33050239 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/239 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 238: Retrospective Monocentric Analysis of Carmustine Wafer Implantation in Recurrent Glioblastoma: Impact on Survival and Key Prognostic Factors https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/238 Objective: The implantation of biodegradable carmustine (BCNU) wafers is a treatment option for recurrent high-grade glioma (HGG), but its efficacy is debated. We evaluated its impact on overall survival (OS) and survival after recurrence (SAR) considering recurrence timing after first-line treatment. Methods: In this single-center retrospective study, we analyzed patients who underwent surgery for glioblastoma (GBM) recurrence following initial diagnosis (pre- and post-WHO classification 2016) between 2007 and 2022. All patients received standard first-line therapy, including maximal safe resection, radiotherapy with concomitant temozolomide, and adjuvant temozolomide. Recurrent GBM treatment involves resection, with or without adjuvant chemo- and/or radiotherapy. Patients who received carmustine wafer implantation (CWI) during resection were compared to those without wafer placement. Recurrences were classified by timing relative to first-line therapy: (1) post-radiochemotherapy, pre-adjuvant temozolomide; (2) during adjuvant temozolomide; (3) during prolonged temozolomide; (4) >1 month after completion of all therapy. Primary endpoints were OS and SAR, with prognostic factors analyzed. Results: A total of 176 patients were enrolled, with 59.7% (105/176) receiving CWI. Recurrence treatment included surgery without adjuvant therapy in 23.3% (41/176) of cases (26.7% of CWI+ and 18.3% of CWI−), adjuvant chemotherapy in 39.8% (70/176) (41% of CWI+ and 38% of CWI−), radiotherapy in 7.4% (13/176) (7.6% of CWI+ and 7% of CWI−), and combined radiochemotherapy in 29.5% (52/176) (24.8% of CWI+ and 36.6% of CWI−). No significant differences were found between groups in age (p = 0.684), residual tumor volume after initial (p = 0.988) or recurrence surgery (p = 0.356), MGMT status (p = 0.766) and KPS post 1st-line-therapy (p = 0.833). Median OS was 20 months [range 18–24] for CWI+ and 22 months [range 20–27] for CWI− (p = 0.487). The median SAR was 10 months [range 8–12] for CWI+ and 12 months [range 10–13] for CWI− (p = 0.252). Later recurrence (type 4) significantly correlated with prolonged OS (HR 0.16, 95% CI: 0.04–0.66, p = 0.011). Age (p < 0.001), MGMT methylation (p = 0.017), and smaller residual tumor volume post-recurrence surgery (p = 0.008) were also associated with longer survival. Conclusions: CWI did not significantly improve OS or SAR in recurrent GBM patients. However, younger age, MGMT methylation, smaller residual tumor volume, and later recurrence were linked to better survival outcomes, underscoring their prognostic importance. 2026-04-22 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 238: Retrospective Monocentric Analysis of Carmustine Wafer Implantation in Recurrent Glioblastoma: Impact on Survival and Key Prognostic Factors

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050238

Authors: Naomi Houedjissin Franziska Staub-Bartelt Michael Sabel Julia Steinmann Hannah Fischer Marion Rapp

Objective: The implantation of biodegradable carmustine (BCNU) wafers is a treatment option for recurrent high-grade glioma (HGG), but its efficacy is debated. We evaluated its impact on overall survival (OS) and survival after recurrence (SAR) considering recurrence timing after first-line treatment. Methods: In this single-center retrospective study, we analyzed patients who underwent surgery for glioblastoma (GBM) recurrence following initial diagnosis (pre- and post-WHO classification 2016) between 2007 and 2022. All patients received standard first-line therapy, including maximal safe resection, radiotherapy with concomitant temozolomide, and adjuvant temozolomide. Recurrent GBM treatment involves resection, with or without adjuvant chemo- and/or radiotherapy. Patients who received carmustine wafer implantation (CWI) during resection were compared to those without wafer placement. Recurrences were classified by timing relative to first-line therapy: (1) post-radiochemotherapy, pre-adjuvant temozolomide; (2) during adjuvant temozolomide; (3) during prolonged temozolomide; (4) >1 month after completion of all therapy. Primary endpoints were OS and SAR, with prognostic factors analyzed. Results: A total of 176 patients were enrolled, with 59.7% (105/176) receiving CWI. Recurrence treatment included surgery without adjuvant therapy in 23.3% (41/176) of cases (26.7% of CWI+ and 18.3% of CWI−), adjuvant chemotherapy in 39.8% (70/176) (41% of CWI+ and 38% of CWI−), radiotherapy in 7.4% (13/176) (7.6% of CWI+ and 7% of CWI−), and combined radiochemotherapy in 29.5% (52/176) (24.8% of CWI+ and 36.6% of CWI−). No significant differences were found between groups in age (p = 0.684), residual tumor volume after initial (p = 0.988) or recurrence surgery (p = 0.356), MGMT status (p = 0.766) and KPS post 1st-line-therapy (p = 0.833). Median OS was 20 months [range 18–24] for CWI+ and 22 months [range 20–27] for CWI− (p = 0.487). The median SAR was 10 months [range 8–12] for CWI+ and 12 months [range 10–13] for CWI− (p = 0.252). Later recurrence (type 4) significantly correlated with prolonged OS (HR 0.16, 95% CI: 0.04–0.66, p = 0.011). Age (p < 0.001), MGMT methylation (p = 0.017), and smaller residual tumor volume post-recurrence surgery (p = 0.008) were also associated with longer survival. Conclusions: CWI did not significantly improve OS or SAR in recurrent GBM patients. However, younger age, MGMT methylation, smaller residual tumor volume, and later recurrence were linked to better survival outcomes, underscoring their prognostic importance.

]]> Retrospective Monocentric Analysis of Carmustine Wafer Implantation in Recurrent Glioblastoma: Impact on Survival and Key Prognostic Factors Naomi Houedjissin Franziska Staub-Bartelt Michael Sabel Julia Steinmann Hannah Fischer Marion Rapp doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050238 Current Oncology 2026-04-22 Current Oncology 2026-04-22 33 5 Article 238 10.3390/curroncol33050238 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/238 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 237: Survival Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in Patients with Meningioma: A Single-Center Study at the Indonesian National Cancer Center Dharmais Hospital (2019–2025) https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/237 Background: Meningioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor in adults, and survival outcomes are influenced by histopathological grade, tumor characteristics, and treatment strategies. This study aimed to evaluate overall survival (OS) and identify prognostic factors in patients with meningioma treated at a national referral cancer center in Indonesia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Dharmais National Cancer Center Hospital, including adult patients with histopathologically confirmed intracranial meningioma who underwent surgical resection between January 2019 and 17 August 2025. Overall survival was calculated from the date of histopathological diagnosis to death or last follow-up and analyzed using Kaplan–Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: A total of 114 patients were included (mean age 48.1 ± 10.5 years; 86.8% female), with most tumors classified as WHO Grade I (64.0%) and located at the skull base (57.0%). Subtotal resection was more common (67.5%), and 71.9% did not receive adjuvant radiotherapy. During follow-up, 14.0% of patients died, with cumulative overall survival rates of 95.6% at 6 months and 86.0% at 96 months. On multivariate analysis, only WHO tumor grade remained an independent prognostic factor (HR 2.199; 95% CI 1.161–4.167; p = 0.016), with higher grades associated with worse survival. Extent of resection and adjuvant radiotherapy were not significantly associated with overall survival after adjustment. Conclusions: In this Indonesian tertiary referral cohort, WHO tumor grade emerged as the only independent predictor of overall survival, underscoring its important prognostic role in meningioma; however, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to incomplete clinical data and relatively short follow-up duration. The high proportion of complex cases, including skull base tumors, reflects referral patterns and may also influence treatment outcomes. 2026-04-22 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 237: Survival Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in Patients with Meningioma: A Single-Center Study at the Indonesian National Cancer Center Dharmais Hospital (2019–2025)

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050237

Authors: Rini Andriani Sylvanie Ratna Permatasari Ansi Rinjani Mohammad Firdaus Arwinder Singh Oskar Ady Widarta Rosalina Achmad Fachri Farilaila Rayhani Nikrial Dewin Aldithya Fakhri

Background: Meningioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor in adults, and survival outcomes are influenced by histopathological grade, tumor characteristics, and treatment strategies. This study aimed to evaluate overall survival (OS) and identify prognostic factors in patients with meningioma treated at a national referral cancer center in Indonesia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Dharmais National Cancer Center Hospital, including adult patients with histopathologically confirmed intracranial meningioma who underwent surgical resection between January 2019 and 17 August 2025. Overall survival was calculated from the date of histopathological diagnosis to death or last follow-up and analyzed using Kaplan–Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: A total of 114 patients were included (mean age 48.1 ± 10.5 years; 86.8% female), with most tumors classified as WHO Grade I (64.0%) and located at the skull base (57.0%). Subtotal resection was more common (67.5%), and 71.9% did not receive adjuvant radiotherapy. During follow-up, 14.0% of patients died, with cumulative overall survival rates of 95.6% at 6 months and 86.0% at 96 months. On multivariate analysis, only WHO tumor grade remained an independent prognostic factor (HR 2.199; 95% CI 1.161–4.167; p = 0.016), with higher grades associated with worse survival. Extent of resection and adjuvant radiotherapy were not significantly associated with overall survival after adjustment. Conclusions: In this Indonesian tertiary referral cohort, WHO tumor grade emerged as the only independent predictor of overall survival, underscoring its important prognostic role in meningioma; however, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to incomplete clinical data and relatively short follow-up duration. The high proportion of complex cases, including skull base tumors, reflects referral patterns and may also influence treatment outcomes.

]]> Survival Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in Patients with Meningioma: A Single-Center Study at the Indonesian National Cancer Center Dharmais Hospital (2019–2025) Rini Andriani Sylvanie Ratna Permatasari Ansi Rinjani Mohammad Firdaus Arwinder Singh Oskar Ady Widarta Rosalina Achmad Fachri Farilaila Rayhani Nikrial Dewin Aldithya Fakhri doi: 10.3390/curroncol33050237 Current Oncology 2026-04-22 Current Oncology 2026-04-22 33 5 Article 237 10.3390/curroncol33050237 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/5/237 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 236: Real-World Treatment Pathways of Adult Patients with Glioblastoma and Other CNS Tumors: A Population-Based Registry Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/236 Background: Population-level evidence on delivery of neuro-oncology care is essential for evaluating access, equity, and quality of treatment pathways. However, real-world data describing how patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors, especially with glioblastoma, are managed across healthcare systems remain limited. This study aimed to characterize treatment pathways using linked registry and administrative data within a regional care network. Methods: All adult CNS tumors diagnosed between 2016 and 2020 were identified in the Veneto Cancer Registry. Tumor grading was derived using a validated text-mining algorithm, and surgical, radiotherapy, and systemic treatments were captured through linkage with regional healthcare utilization databases. Patterns of care were evaluated by tumor subtype, grade, and diagnostic pathway. Results: Among 1634 histologically confirmed tumors, glioblastoma represented the largest group. Surgical intervention was widely implemented, with high resection rates in glioblastoma and meningioma. Combined chemoradiotherapy constituted the primary adjuvant approach for glioblastoma and high-grade diffuse gliomas, whereas management of lower-grade tumors showed greater variability. Approximately one-third of patients received no oncologic therapy, primarily associated with older age or diagnostic uncertainty. Analysis of recurrent glioblastoma showed heterogeneous systemic treatment use, reflecting evolving therapeutic practice. Conclusions: Linking population-based registry and administrative data provides actionable insight into real-world delivery of neuro-oncology care, in particular for glioblastoma patients. This approach enables monitoring of treatment variability, identification of potential access gaps, and evaluation of system-level performance, supporting data-driven planning of multidisciplinary services and future quality improvement initiatives. 2026-04-21 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 236: Real-World Treatment Pathways of Adult Patients with Glioblastoma and Other CNS Tumors: A Population-Based Registry Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040236

Authors: Eliana Ferroni Alessandra Andreotti Stefano Guzzinati Susanna Baracco Maddalena Baracco Emanuela Bovo Eva Carpin Antonella Dal Cin Alessandra Greco Anna Rita Fiore Laura Memo Daniele Monetti Silvia Rizzato Jessica Elisabeth Stocco Carmen Stocco Sara Zamberlan Marta Maccari Alberto Bosio Luca Denaro Giampietro Pinna Sara Lonardi Giuseppe Lombardi Manuel Zorzi

Background: Population-level evidence on delivery of neuro-oncology care is essential for evaluating access, equity, and quality of treatment pathways. However, real-world data describing how patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors, especially with glioblastoma, are managed across healthcare systems remain limited. This study aimed to characterize treatment pathways using linked registry and administrative data within a regional care network. Methods: All adult CNS tumors diagnosed between 2016 and 2020 were identified in the Veneto Cancer Registry. Tumor grading was derived using a validated text-mining algorithm, and surgical, radiotherapy, and systemic treatments were captured through linkage with regional healthcare utilization databases. Patterns of care were evaluated by tumor subtype, grade, and diagnostic pathway. Results: Among 1634 histologically confirmed tumors, glioblastoma represented the largest group. Surgical intervention was widely implemented, with high resection rates in glioblastoma and meningioma. Combined chemoradiotherapy constituted the primary adjuvant approach for glioblastoma and high-grade diffuse gliomas, whereas management of lower-grade tumors showed greater variability. Approximately one-third of patients received no oncologic therapy, primarily associated with older age or diagnostic uncertainty. Analysis of recurrent glioblastoma showed heterogeneous systemic treatment use, reflecting evolving therapeutic practice. Conclusions: Linking population-based registry and administrative data provides actionable insight into real-world delivery of neuro-oncology care, in particular for glioblastoma patients. This approach enables monitoring of treatment variability, identification of potential access gaps, and evaluation of system-level performance, supporting data-driven planning of multidisciplinary services and future quality improvement initiatives.

]]> Real-World Treatment Pathways of Adult Patients with Glioblastoma and Other CNS Tumors: A Population-Based Registry Study Eliana Ferroni Alessandra Andreotti Stefano Guzzinati Susanna Baracco Maddalena Baracco Emanuela Bovo Eva Carpin Antonella Dal Cin Alessandra Greco Anna Rita Fiore Laura Memo Daniele Monetti Silvia Rizzato Jessica Elisabeth Stocco Carmen Stocco Sara Zamberlan Marta Maccari Alberto Bosio Luca Denaro Giampietro Pinna Sara Lonardi Giuseppe Lombardi Manuel Zorzi doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040236 Current Oncology 2026-04-21 Current Oncology 2026-04-21 33 4 Article 236 10.3390/curroncol33040236 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/236 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 235: A Rare Case of Descending Colon Metastasis Following Radical Nephroureterectomy for Left Ureteral Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/235 Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy, accounting for only 5–10% of all urothelial carcinomas (UCs). Lung, bone, liver, and distant lymph nodes are common sites of metastasis, while gastrointestinal metastasis is extremely rare. We present a case of a 63-year-old female who developed a descending colon lesion 19 months after left radical nephroureterectomy for high-grade ureteral UC. The diagnosis was established by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), colonoscopy, and biopsy, which excluded primary colorectal malignancy. First-line therapy consisted of six 21-day cycles of gemcitabine plus cisplatin, followed by two cycles of tislelizumab maintenance immunotherapy. Restaging with contrast-enhanced CT and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) demonstrated disease progression. Despite switching to second-line nab-paclitaxel, the patient rapidly deteriorated from tumor cachexia and ultimately succumbed to septic shock secondary to severe pulmonary infection. This represents the first reported case of descending colon metastasis from primary ureteral UC. It highlights the colon as a potential metastatic site where biopsy is essential for definitive diagnosis. Notably, although the patient initially responded to platinum-based therapy, the subsequent rapid progression underscores the need for vigilant monitoring and timely adjustment of therapeutic strategies in managing such high-risk presentations. 2026-04-21 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 235: A Rare Case of Descending Colon Metastasis Following Radical Nephroureterectomy for Left Ureteral Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040235

Authors: Huaiwen Zhang Heyang Liu Yousong Luo Peizhe Li Lianjun Yang Jing Shi Junyao Duan Yongji Yan

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy, accounting for only 5–10% of all urothelial carcinomas (UCs). Lung, bone, liver, and distant lymph nodes are common sites of metastasis, while gastrointestinal metastasis is extremely rare. We present a case of a 63-year-old female who developed a descending colon lesion 19 months after left radical nephroureterectomy for high-grade ureteral UC. The diagnosis was established by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), colonoscopy, and biopsy, which excluded primary colorectal malignancy. First-line therapy consisted of six 21-day cycles of gemcitabine plus cisplatin, followed by two cycles of tislelizumab maintenance immunotherapy. Restaging with contrast-enhanced CT and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) demonstrated disease progression. Despite switching to second-line nab-paclitaxel, the patient rapidly deteriorated from tumor cachexia and ultimately succumbed to septic shock secondary to severe pulmonary infection. This represents the first reported case of descending colon metastasis from primary ureteral UC. It highlights the colon as a potential metastatic site where biopsy is essential for definitive diagnosis. Notably, although the patient initially responded to platinum-based therapy, the subsequent rapid progression underscores the need for vigilant monitoring and timely adjustment of therapeutic strategies in managing such high-risk presentations.

]]> A Rare Case of Descending Colon Metastasis Following Radical Nephroureterectomy for Left Ureteral Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review Huaiwen Zhang Heyang Liu Yousong Luo Peizhe Li Lianjun Yang Jing Shi Junyao Duan Yongji Yan doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040235 Current Oncology 2026-04-21 Current Oncology 2026-04-21 33 4 Case Report 235 10.3390/curroncol33040235 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/235 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 234: Gender Differences in Palliative Care Experience and Quality Perceptions Among Cancer Patients in Saudi Arabia: Implications for Nursing Practice https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/234 Gender shapes healthcare experiences, yet its influence on palliative care (PC) in Middle Eastern contexts remains under-researched. Understanding how male and female patients differently experience PC is essential for delivering gender-sensitive nursing care. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 cancer patients recruited from healthcare facilities in Saudi Arabia. PC quality perceptions were measured using the Palliative Care Experience and Quality Questionnaire (PCEQQ), assessing communication, symptom management, emotional support, and overall quality. Independent-samples t-tests compared mean scores between male (n = 99) and female (n = 101) participants. Chi-square tests and logistic regression examined gender differences in access and associated factors. Female patients reported significantly higher overall satisfaction (M = 4.12 vs. M = 3.85, p = 0.008) and communication quality (M = 4.10 vs. M = 3.65, p = 0.002) compared to males. Females also demonstrated greater PC awareness (69.3% vs. 47.5%, p = 0.008) and access rates (64.4% vs. 47.5%, p = 0.013). Emotional support ratings approached significance, favoring females (p = 0.052), while symptom management showed no significant gender differences. These findings suggest that gender significantly shapes the PC experience in Saudi Arabia, with the most robust disparity appearing in provider, patient communication. Nurses should adopt gender-sensitive strategies to bridge the engagement gap for male patients, who may face cultural barriers to accessing supportive care. 2026-04-21 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 234: Gender Differences in Palliative Care Experience and Quality Perceptions Among Cancer Patients in Saudi Arabia: Implications for Nursing Practice

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040234

Authors: Muteb Aljuhani Hanadi Dakhilallah Rayhanah R. Almutairi Asrar S. Almutairi Waleed M. Alshehri Thurayya Eid Abdulaziz M. Alodhailah

Gender shapes healthcare experiences, yet its influence on palliative care (PC) in Middle Eastern contexts remains under-researched. Understanding how male and female patients differently experience PC is essential for delivering gender-sensitive nursing care. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 cancer patients recruited from healthcare facilities in Saudi Arabia. PC quality perceptions were measured using the Palliative Care Experience and Quality Questionnaire (PCEQQ), assessing communication, symptom management, emotional support, and overall quality. Independent-samples t-tests compared mean scores between male (n = 99) and female (n = 101) participants. Chi-square tests and logistic regression examined gender differences in access and associated factors. Female patients reported significantly higher overall satisfaction (M = 4.12 vs. M = 3.85, p = 0.008) and communication quality (M = 4.10 vs. M = 3.65, p = 0.002) compared to males. Females also demonstrated greater PC awareness (69.3% vs. 47.5%, p = 0.008) and access rates (64.4% vs. 47.5%, p = 0.013). Emotional support ratings approached significance, favoring females (p = 0.052), while symptom management showed no significant gender differences. These findings suggest that gender significantly shapes the PC experience in Saudi Arabia, with the most robust disparity appearing in provider, patient communication. Nurses should adopt gender-sensitive strategies to bridge the engagement gap for male patients, who may face cultural barriers to accessing supportive care.

]]> Gender Differences in Palliative Care Experience and Quality Perceptions Among Cancer Patients in Saudi Arabia: Implications for Nursing Practice Muteb Aljuhani Hanadi Dakhilallah Rayhanah R. Almutairi Asrar S. Almutairi Waleed M. Alshehri Thurayya Eid Abdulaziz M. Alodhailah doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040234 Current Oncology 2026-04-21 Current Oncology 2026-04-21 33 4 Article 234 10.3390/curroncol33040234 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/234 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 233: The Protective Role of Emotional Intelligence Against Occupational Burnout in Oncology Nursing: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in Saudi Arabian Hospitals https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/233 Oncology nursing is one of healthcare’s most emotionally demanding specialties, characterized by sustained exposure to patient suffering and mortality. While global burnout rates reach 40–60%, emotional intelligence (EI) is a potential protective resource that remains underexamined in Middle Eastern contexts. Despite growing global evidence, little is known about these relationships in Middle Eastern healthcare systems, where cultural norms and workforce structures may shape emotional processes differently. This study examined whether EI was significantly associated with lower burnout across personal, work-related, and client-related dimensions among oncology nurses in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study enrolled 172 oncology nurses from three tertiary hospitals in Riyadh. Participants completed validated Arabic versions of the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). Hierarchical regression analyses examined predictive relationships while controlling for age and experience. Results: EI demonstrated significant inverse correlations with personal (r = −0.41), work-related (r = −0.38), and client-related burnout (r = −0.33, p < 0.001). In hierarchical models, EI emerged as a significant predictor of lower scores across all dimensions, explaining 11–17% of unique variance beyond demographic factors. The strongest association was with personal burnout. Causality cannot be inferred from this cross-sectional design. Conclusion: EI functions as a significant protective factor against burnout. Healthcare organizations should integrate EI development into professional training to strengthen workforce resilience and sustain care quality. 2026-04-20 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 233: The Protective Role of Emotional Intelligence Against Occupational Burnout in Oncology Nursing: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in Saudi Arabian Hospitals

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040233

Authors: Abdulaziz M. Alodhailah Bandar S. Alharbi Faihan F. Alshaibany Norah M. Alyahya Thurayya Eid Albandari Almutairi

Oncology nursing is one of healthcare’s most emotionally demanding specialties, characterized by sustained exposure to patient suffering and mortality. While global burnout rates reach 40–60%, emotional intelligence (EI) is a potential protective resource that remains underexamined in Middle Eastern contexts. Despite growing global evidence, little is known about these relationships in Middle Eastern healthcare systems, where cultural norms and workforce structures may shape emotional processes differently. This study examined whether EI was significantly associated with lower burnout across personal, work-related, and client-related dimensions among oncology nurses in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study enrolled 172 oncology nurses from three tertiary hospitals in Riyadh. Participants completed validated Arabic versions of the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). Hierarchical regression analyses examined predictive relationships while controlling for age and experience. Results: EI demonstrated significant inverse correlations with personal (r = −0.41), work-related (r = −0.38), and client-related burnout (r = −0.33, p < 0.001). In hierarchical models, EI emerged as a significant predictor of lower scores across all dimensions, explaining 11–17% of unique variance beyond demographic factors. The strongest association was with personal burnout. Causality cannot be inferred from this cross-sectional design. Conclusion: EI functions as a significant protective factor against burnout. Healthcare organizations should integrate EI development into professional training to strengthen workforce resilience and sustain care quality.

]]> The Protective Role of Emotional Intelligence Against Occupational Burnout in Oncology Nursing: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in Saudi Arabian Hospitals Abdulaziz M. Alodhailah Bandar S. Alharbi Faihan F. Alshaibany Norah M. Alyahya Thurayya Eid Albandari Almutairi doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040233 Current Oncology 2026-04-20 Current Oncology 2026-04-20 33 4 Article 233 10.3390/curroncol33040233 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/233 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 232: The Mediating Role of Team Resilience at Work Between Teamwork Practice Environment, Team Functioning and Cohesion in Oncology: A Cross-Sectional Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/232 Oncology teams operate in highly demanding clinical environments marked by recurrent acute and chronic stressors that can impair optimal quality of care. Although the practice environment is known to influence team processes, the specific contribution of team resilience at work to team effectiveness remains insufficiently delineated in oncology. This cross-sectional study investigated whether team resilience at work mediates the associations between the teamwork practice environment and two core indicators of team effectiveness: team functioning and team cohesion. A total of 189 oncology team members in Québec (Canada) completed an e-questionnaire between February 2022 and June 2023. Structural equation modeling was conducted to assess an evidence-informed mediation model. The tested model revealed acceptable fit. Findings showed significant indirect effects consistent with a mediating role of team resilience at work in the relationships between the teamwork practice environment and team functioning and team cohesion. Some dimensions—resourcefulness, alignment, efforts to understand problems, wellness awareness and being proud to work in the team—loaded strongly on the resilience concept. These results highlight the relevance of reinforcing team resilience capacities to sustain high-quality care in oncology settings. Interventions aiming to enhance team effectiveness may benefit from explicitly integrating strategies designed to strengthen resilience-related dimensions within oncology teams. 2026-04-20 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 232: The Mediating Role of Team Resilience at Work Between Teamwork Practice Environment, Team Functioning and Cohesion in Oncology: A Cross-Sectional Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040232

Authors: Dominique Tremblay Djamal Berbiche Susan Usher Marie-José Durand Kelley Kilpatrick Marjolaine Landry Sylvie Lessard Thomas G. Poder Catherine Prady Mathieu Roy Nassera Touati Annie Turcotte

Oncology teams operate in highly demanding clinical environments marked by recurrent acute and chronic stressors that can impair optimal quality of care. Although the practice environment is known to influence team processes, the specific contribution of team resilience at work to team effectiveness remains insufficiently delineated in oncology. This cross-sectional study investigated whether team resilience at work mediates the associations between the teamwork practice environment and two core indicators of team effectiveness: team functioning and team cohesion. A total of 189 oncology team members in Québec (Canada) completed an e-questionnaire between February 2022 and June 2023. Structural equation modeling was conducted to assess an evidence-informed mediation model. The tested model revealed acceptable fit. Findings showed significant indirect effects consistent with a mediating role of team resilience at work in the relationships between the teamwork practice environment and team functioning and team cohesion. Some dimensions—resourcefulness, alignment, efforts to understand problems, wellness awareness and being proud to work in the team—loaded strongly on the resilience concept. These results highlight the relevance of reinforcing team resilience capacities to sustain high-quality care in oncology settings. Interventions aiming to enhance team effectiveness may benefit from explicitly integrating strategies designed to strengthen resilience-related dimensions within oncology teams.

]]> The Mediating Role of Team Resilience at Work Between Teamwork Practice Environment, Team Functioning and Cohesion in Oncology: A Cross-Sectional Study Dominique Tremblay Djamal Berbiche Susan Usher Marie-José Durand Kelley Kilpatrick Marjolaine Landry Sylvie Lessard Thomas G. Poder Catherine Prady Mathieu Roy Nassera Touati Annie Turcotte doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040232 Current Oncology 2026-04-20 Current Oncology 2026-04-20 33 4 Article 232 10.3390/curroncol33040232 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/232 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 231: Outcome Measures to Assess the Effectiveness of Exercise Interventions on Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN): A Scoping Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/231 Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common side effect of neurotoxic chemotherapy that can affect functioning and quality of life. Currently, duloxetine is the only recommended agent to treat painful CIPN; however, no effective pharmacological treatments have been approved for the prevention or cure of CIPN, highlighting the need to understand non-pharmacological strategies such as exercise. Given significant heterogeneity in the CIPN outcome measures chosen across studies, this scoping review aimed to identify the outcome measures used to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise interventions as a potential countermeasure for CIPN. Following the Arksey and O’Malley framework refined by Levac and colleagues, and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, four databases were searched, and 20 studies were included in the review. Data were abstracted on study characteristics, cancer and chemotherapy factors, exercise prescription, outcome measures, and CIPN-related findings. Outcome measures varied widely across studies, encompassing various patient-reported, clinical, and functional measures. The most common patient-reported, clinical, and functional measures were the EORTC QLQ-CIPN20, vibration sensation, and maximal isometric strength, respectively. No study satisfied the components of the core outcome measure set proposed by Park and colleagues, limiting cross-study comparisons. These findings underscore the need for standardized CIPN outcome measures in future exercise studies to strengthen evidence synthesis and inform clinical practice. 2026-04-20 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 231: Outcome Measures to Assess the Effectiveness of Exercise Interventions on Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN): A Scoping Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040231

Authors: Trei R. Lindstrom Joanna F. Parkinson Kerry S. Courneya Margaret L. McNeely

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common side effect of neurotoxic chemotherapy that can affect functioning and quality of life. Currently, duloxetine is the only recommended agent to treat painful CIPN; however, no effective pharmacological treatments have been approved for the prevention or cure of CIPN, highlighting the need to understand non-pharmacological strategies such as exercise. Given significant heterogeneity in the CIPN outcome measures chosen across studies, this scoping review aimed to identify the outcome measures used to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise interventions as a potential countermeasure for CIPN. Following the Arksey and O’Malley framework refined by Levac and colleagues, and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, four databases were searched, and 20 studies were included in the review. Data were abstracted on study characteristics, cancer and chemotherapy factors, exercise prescription, outcome measures, and CIPN-related findings. Outcome measures varied widely across studies, encompassing various patient-reported, clinical, and functional measures. The most common patient-reported, clinical, and functional measures were the EORTC QLQ-CIPN20, vibration sensation, and maximal isometric strength, respectively. No study satisfied the components of the core outcome measure set proposed by Park and colleagues, limiting cross-study comparisons. These findings underscore the need for standardized CIPN outcome measures in future exercise studies to strengthen evidence synthesis and inform clinical practice.

]]> Outcome Measures to Assess the Effectiveness of Exercise Interventions on Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN): A Scoping Review Trei R. Lindstrom Joanna F. Parkinson Kerry S. Courneya Margaret L. McNeely doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040231 Current Oncology 2026-04-20 Current Oncology 2026-04-20 33 4 Review 231 10.3390/curroncol33040231 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/231 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 230: Performance of Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Scores and Objective Optimization in Cancer Survivors https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/230 Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of non-cancer death among cancer survivors, attributable to cardiotoxic therapies and cardiovascular risk factors. General population risk prediction tools, including ASCVD (Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), Framingham’s Score, and PREVENT (Predicting Risk of Cardiovascular Disease EVENTS), lack cancer-specific variables. We evaluated whether these models, even after statistical optimization, could predict cardiovascular mortality in cancer survivors. Methods: Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2018, linked with National Death Index (NDI) mortality data, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 634 and 429 cancer survivors, respectively, across model-specific cohorts free of baseline cardiovascular disease. Discrimination was assessed for ASCVD, Framingham Score, and PREVENT using standardized thresholds of 7.5% and 20%, as well as Youden-optimized cutoffs. Area under the curve (AUC) comparisons were performed using the DeLong non-parametric method. Results: Standard thresholds showed suboptimal discrimination across all models (AUCs: ASCVD 0.56, Framingham 0.53, PREVENT 0.64). In contrast, Youden-optimized AUCs (ASCVD: 0.68; PREVENT: 0.71; all p < 0.001, DeLong test). Optimization increased the “low-risk” group’s mortality rate from 2.8% to 4.1% (RR = 1.47), suggesting improved statistical fit came at the cost of overestimating the risk. Optimized thresholds outperformed conventional cutoffs, underscoring the necessity for recalibrated, cohort-specific risk stratification in cancer survivors. Conclusions: Standard risk scores have inadequate discrimination for cardiovascular mortality prediction in cancer survivors. Threshold recalibration improves statistical metrics but does not resolve the structural failure of these models to account for cardiotoxic exposure. Development of cardio-oncology-specific risk models incorporating oncologic exposures is therefore warranted. 2026-04-19 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 230: Performance of Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Scores and Objective Optimization in Cancer Survivors

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040230

Authors: Harsh A. Patel Saifullah Syed Pranathi Tella Harshith Thyagaturu Brijesh Patel

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of non-cancer death among cancer survivors, attributable to cardiotoxic therapies and cardiovascular risk factors. General population risk prediction tools, including ASCVD (Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), Framingham’s Score, and PREVENT (Predicting Risk of Cardiovascular Disease EVENTS), lack cancer-specific variables. We evaluated whether these models, even after statistical optimization, could predict cardiovascular mortality in cancer survivors. Methods: Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2018, linked with National Death Index (NDI) mortality data, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 634 and 429 cancer survivors, respectively, across model-specific cohorts free of baseline cardiovascular disease. Discrimination was assessed for ASCVD, Framingham Score, and PREVENT using standardized thresholds of 7.5% and 20%, as well as Youden-optimized cutoffs. Area under the curve (AUC) comparisons were performed using the DeLong non-parametric method. Results: Standard thresholds showed suboptimal discrimination across all models (AUCs: ASCVD 0.56, Framingham 0.53, PREVENT 0.64). In contrast, Youden-optimized AUCs (ASCVD: 0.68; PREVENT: 0.71; all p < 0.001, DeLong test). Optimization increased the “low-risk” group’s mortality rate from 2.8% to 4.1% (RR = 1.47), suggesting improved statistical fit came at the cost of overestimating the risk. Optimized thresholds outperformed conventional cutoffs, underscoring the necessity for recalibrated, cohort-specific risk stratification in cancer survivors. Conclusions: Standard risk scores have inadequate discrimination for cardiovascular mortality prediction in cancer survivors. Threshold recalibration improves statistical metrics but does not resolve the structural failure of these models to account for cardiotoxic exposure. Development of cardio-oncology-specific risk models incorporating oncologic exposures is therefore warranted.

]]> Performance of Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Scores and Objective Optimization in Cancer Survivors Harsh A. Patel Saifullah Syed Pranathi Tella Harshith Thyagaturu Brijesh Patel doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040230 Current Oncology 2026-04-19 Current Oncology 2026-04-19 33 4 Article 230 10.3390/curroncol33040230 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/230 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 229: Breaking Bad News: The Perspective and Experience of Women with Gynecological Cancer (Results of the NOGGO-Expression XX Survey) https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/229 Background: Effective communication improves patient satisfaction and reduces stress for both patients and physicians. Surveys consistently highlight the importance of strong communication skills among physicians, especially in oncologic settings. Yet, communication training is neither ubiquitous nor standardized in medical studies or residency, and physicians report that this task represents a burden for them. Given the limited data addressing the observations and expectations of patients with gynecologic malignancies when receiving bad news, this survey aimed to assess their perspective on this topic. Methods: We examined throughout an anonymous questionnaire how patients with gynecological and breast cancer experienced the delivery of bad news. Data were collected in Germany from July 2024 to September 2025. The questionnaire was available online and in paper form in four languages (German, English, Turkish, Arabic), with the purpose of recording culture-specific data. Results: A total of 249 patients completed the survey. Regarding the overall need for improvement in delivering bad news, 222 women (94.5%) declared that improvement was necessary, with 92 (39.1%) of them indicating that substantial improvement was required. While 67.9% of patients were content with the physician’s professional competence, 30.5% stated a lack of empathy, and 32.9% stated insufficient time for conversation. When comparing satisfied and dissatisfied patients, significant differences were observed across several aspects, such as consultation length, nonverbal communication, calmness of the setting, stress level after the conversation, and the offer to bring a trusted person or arrange a follow-up conversation. Conclusions: This patient survey highlights a persistent gap between patients’ expectations and physicians’ performance when it comes to delivering bad news. The findings underline the urgent need for the implementation of systematic training programs and structured communication protocols in gynecologic oncology. 2026-04-18 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 229: Breaking Bad News: The Perspective and Experience of Women with Gynecological Cancer (Results of the NOGGO-Expression XX Survey)

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040229

Authors: Ela Igde Gülten Oskay-Özcelik Jekaterina Vasiljeva Murat Karaman Susanne Fechner Adak Pirmorady Sehouli Jalid Sehouli

Background: Effective communication improves patient satisfaction and reduces stress for both patients and physicians. Surveys consistently highlight the importance of strong communication skills among physicians, especially in oncologic settings. Yet, communication training is neither ubiquitous nor standardized in medical studies or residency, and physicians report that this task represents a burden for them. Given the limited data addressing the observations and expectations of patients with gynecologic malignancies when receiving bad news, this survey aimed to assess their perspective on this topic. Methods: We examined throughout an anonymous questionnaire how patients with gynecological and breast cancer experienced the delivery of bad news. Data were collected in Germany from July 2024 to September 2025. The questionnaire was available online and in paper form in four languages (German, English, Turkish, Arabic), with the purpose of recording culture-specific data. Results: A total of 249 patients completed the survey. Regarding the overall need for improvement in delivering bad news, 222 women (94.5%) declared that improvement was necessary, with 92 (39.1%) of them indicating that substantial improvement was required. While 67.9% of patients were content with the physician’s professional competence, 30.5% stated a lack of empathy, and 32.9% stated insufficient time for conversation. When comparing satisfied and dissatisfied patients, significant differences were observed across several aspects, such as consultation length, nonverbal communication, calmness of the setting, stress level after the conversation, and the offer to bring a trusted person or arrange a follow-up conversation. Conclusions: This patient survey highlights a persistent gap between patients’ expectations and physicians’ performance when it comes to delivering bad news. The findings underline the urgent need for the implementation of systematic training programs and structured communication protocols in gynecologic oncology.

]]> Breaking Bad News: The Perspective and Experience of Women with Gynecological Cancer (Results of the NOGGO-Expression XX Survey) Ela Igde Gülten Oskay-Özcelik Jekaterina Vasiljeva Murat Karaman Susanne Fechner Adak Pirmorady Sehouli Jalid Sehouli doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040229 Current Oncology 2026-04-18 Current Oncology 2026-04-18 33 4 Article 229 10.3390/curroncol33040229 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/229 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 228: Eastern Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference 2025 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/228 The Eastern Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference convened annually and was held in Fredericton, New Brunswick, from 18 to 20 September 2025. Attendees included experts in medical oncology, radiation oncology, nuclear medicine, and general practitioners in oncology (GPO) from across the eastern Canadian provinces who are engaged in the care and management of patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. The consensus statement resulting from this meeting addresses several key topics, including the management of early-stage gastroesophageal junction cancer, recent developments in molecular biomarkers and colorectal cancer treatments, secondary prevention strategies for colorectal cancer, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. 2026-04-17 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 228: Eastern Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference 2025

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040228

Authors: Arwa Ahmed Stéphanie L. Mercier Ravi Ramjeesingh Robert Thompson Donald James Bastin Silvana Spadafora Thais Baccili Cury Megid Vladimir Djedovic Amandeep S. Taggar Conrad Falkson Abdul Rehman Farooq Gordon Emil Locke Stacie Connors Hao Yu Wang Mustapha Tehfe Francine Aubin Setareh Samimi James Michael Holly Campbell Eve St-Hilaire Suneil Khanna Mohammed Saud Ali Al Darai Pierre Whitlock Angela Hyde Luisa Galvis Marie-Philippe Saltiel Adrian Bailey Doha Itani Rakesh Goel Wadima Aldarmaki Shivani Dadwal Rachel Goodwin Timothy R. Asmis

The Eastern Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference convened annually and was held in Fredericton, New Brunswick, from 18 to 20 September 2025. Attendees included experts in medical oncology, radiation oncology, nuclear medicine, and general practitioners in oncology (GPO) from across the eastern Canadian provinces who are engaged in the care and management of patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. The consensus statement resulting from this meeting addresses several key topics, including the management of early-stage gastroesophageal junction cancer, recent developments in molecular biomarkers and colorectal cancer treatments, secondary prevention strategies for colorectal cancer, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

]]> Eastern Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference 2025 Arwa Ahmed Stéphanie L. Mercier Ravi Ramjeesingh Robert Thompson Donald James Bastin Silvana Spadafora Thais Baccili Cury Megid Vladimir Djedovic Amandeep S. Taggar Conrad Falkson Abdul Rehman Farooq Gordon Emil Locke Stacie Connors Hao Yu Wang Mustapha Tehfe Francine Aubin Setareh Samimi James Michael Holly Campbell Eve St-Hilaire Suneil Khanna Mohammed Saud Ali Al Darai Pierre Whitlock Angela Hyde Luisa Galvis Marie-Philippe Saltiel Adrian Bailey Doha Itani Rakesh Goel Wadima Aldarmaki Shivani Dadwal Rachel Goodwin Timothy R. Asmis doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040228 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 33 4 Conference Report 228 10.3390/curroncol33040228 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/228 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 227: Association of the European Society for Medical Oncology Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS) Scores with Guideline Recommendations in Breast Cancer https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/227 Objectives: To evaluate the association between European Society for Medical Oncology Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS) scores and treatment recommendations from European Society for Medical Oncology, National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) in curative and metastatic breast cancer (BC), and to assess inter-guideline concordance. Methods: We conducted a comparative review of 47 systemic BC therapies with published ESMO-MCBS scores (accessed 30 June 2025). Guideline recommendations from ESMO, NCCN, and ASCO were extracted from the most recent versions and harmonized into ordinal tiers. Associations between MCBS scores and recommendation categories were evaluated using Fisher’s exact test and Spearman’s rank correlation in the palliative setting. Curative therapies were analyzed descriptively due to limited variability. Results: Among 38 palliative therapies, 40% achieved high clinical benefit (MCBS 4–5). A significant association was observed between MCBS scores and NCCN recommendations (p = 0.003; ρ = 0.48), with 62% of NCCN Category 1 therapies demonstrating high benefit versus 13% in other categories. No significant associations were observed with ASCO (p = 0.101; ρ = 0.18) or ESMO guideline recommendations (p = 0.073; ρ = 0.19). Inter-guideline concordance was strongest between ASCO and ESMO (p = 0.033; ρ = 0.48). In the curative setting (n = 9), most therapies received an MCBS grade A and top-tier guideline endorsement. Conclusions: Alignment between ESMO-MCBS and guideline recommendations is moderate and framework-dependent, strongest with NCCN in metastatic BC. Discordance primarily reflects differences between magnitude-of-benefit thresholds and evidence-certainty frameworks. ESMO-MCBS may serve as a complementary tool to enhance value-based clinical and policy decision-making. 2026-04-17 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 227: Association of the European Society for Medical Oncology Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS) Scores with Guideline Recommendations in Breast Cancer

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040227

Authors: Bushra Salman Intissar Yehia Hadil Al Sharqi Roula Al Shidi Miaad A. Al Dhahri Saba Al Ghefeili Meriem Makhloufi Adil Al Ajmi Suhaila Al Farsi Zayana Al Kiyumi Zaid Riyadh Raouf Al Ishaq Omar Abdelhakim Ayaad Khalid Al Baimani

Objectives: To evaluate the association between European Society for Medical Oncology Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS) scores and treatment recommendations from European Society for Medical Oncology, National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) in curative and metastatic breast cancer (BC), and to assess inter-guideline concordance. Methods: We conducted a comparative review of 47 systemic BC therapies with published ESMO-MCBS scores (accessed 30 June 2025). Guideline recommendations from ESMO, NCCN, and ASCO were extracted from the most recent versions and harmonized into ordinal tiers. Associations between MCBS scores and recommendation categories were evaluated using Fisher’s exact test and Spearman’s rank correlation in the palliative setting. Curative therapies were analyzed descriptively due to limited variability. Results: Among 38 palliative therapies, 40% achieved high clinical benefit (MCBS 4–5). A significant association was observed between MCBS scores and NCCN recommendations (p = 0.003; ρ = 0.48), with 62% of NCCN Category 1 therapies demonstrating high benefit versus 13% in other categories. No significant associations were observed with ASCO (p = 0.101; ρ = 0.18) or ESMO guideline recommendations (p = 0.073; ρ = 0.19). Inter-guideline concordance was strongest between ASCO and ESMO (p = 0.033; ρ = 0.48). In the curative setting (n = 9), most therapies received an MCBS grade A and top-tier guideline endorsement. Conclusions: Alignment between ESMO-MCBS and guideline recommendations is moderate and framework-dependent, strongest with NCCN in metastatic BC. Discordance primarily reflects differences between magnitude-of-benefit thresholds and evidence-certainty frameworks. ESMO-MCBS may serve as a complementary tool to enhance value-based clinical and policy decision-making.

]]> Association of the European Society for Medical Oncology Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS) Scores with Guideline Recommendations in Breast Cancer Bushra Salman Intissar Yehia Hadil Al Sharqi Roula Al Shidi Miaad A. Al Dhahri Saba Al Ghefeili Meriem Makhloufi Adil Al Ajmi Suhaila Al Farsi Zayana Al Kiyumi Zaid Riyadh Raouf Al Ishaq Omar Abdelhakim Ayaad Khalid Al Baimani doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040227 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 33 4 Article 227 10.3390/curroncol33040227 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/227 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 226: Combining External Beam Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/226 The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has driven progress in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment outcomes and enabled opportunities for combining therapeutic modalities. Growing evidence substantiates the utility of radiotherapy, particularly at ablative doses, in the management of HCC. Given the potential for radiotherapy to induce an immunostimulatory environment and potentiate immune checkpoint inhibitor activity, the expanding HCC treatment landscape compels exploration of the combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy. This review highlights recent advances in the treatment of HCC using radiotherapy and immunotherapy in combination. Radiation can potentiate an anti-tumor response and tumor microenvironment permissive to immunotherapy. Results from randomized clinical trials and retrospective studies consistently show that combinations of radiotherapy and immunotherapy improved the treatment outcomes of unresectable or advanced HCC—especially HCC with macrovascular invasion. Active research to further improve treatment efficacy and reduce side effects is exemplified by more than 20 ongoing clinical trials combining external beam radiotherapy and immunotherapy to treat HCC. Ongoing research aims at prolonging survival and downstaging advanced or unresectable HCC. 2026-04-17 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 226: Combining External Beam Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040226

Authors: Connie Le Aswin G. Abraham Keith Tankel Nawaid Usmani Kurian Joseph Diane Severin Fatimah AlFaraj Laura A. Dawson

The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has driven progress in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment outcomes and enabled opportunities for combining therapeutic modalities. Growing evidence substantiates the utility of radiotherapy, particularly at ablative doses, in the management of HCC. Given the potential for radiotherapy to induce an immunostimulatory environment and potentiate immune checkpoint inhibitor activity, the expanding HCC treatment landscape compels exploration of the combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy. This review highlights recent advances in the treatment of HCC using radiotherapy and immunotherapy in combination. Radiation can potentiate an anti-tumor response and tumor microenvironment permissive to immunotherapy. Results from randomized clinical trials and retrospective studies consistently show that combinations of radiotherapy and immunotherapy improved the treatment outcomes of unresectable or advanced HCC—especially HCC with macrovascular invasion. Active research to further improve treatment efficacy and reduce side effects is exemplified by more than 20 ongoing clinical trials combining external beam radiotherapy and immunotherapy to treat HCC. Ongoing research aims at prolonging survival and downstaging advanced or unresectable HCC.

]]> Combining External Beam Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Connie Le Aswin G. Abraham Keith Tankel Nawaid Usmani Kurian Joseph Diane Severin Fatimah AlFaraj Laura A. Dawson doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040226 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 33 4 Review 226 10.3390/curroncol33040226 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/226 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 225: Radiotherapy for High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Directions https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/225 Introduction: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents approximately 78% of newly diagnosed bladder cancers and is characterized by high recurrence rates and variable progression risk. While transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by intravesical therapy remains standard management, optimal treatment of high-risk and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-unresponsive disease remains controversial. Radiotherapy (RT), particularly in combination with chemotherapy, has been explored as a bladder-preserving alternative. Material and Methods: We conducted a narrative review of published literature evaluating the role of definitive RT in high-risk NMIBC, with emphasis on T1 disease. Retrospective series, prospective trials, meta-analyses, and contemporary guideline recommendations were examined. For each included study, we extracted data on the extent of TURBT (maximal vs. incomplete/non-specified), use and type of concurrent chemotherapy, radiotherapy technique (3D-conformal, IMRT, or proton), treatment volume (bladder only vs. whole pelvis), and dose/fractionation schedule. Results: Early studies evaluating RT alone demonstrated modest complete response rates. More recent approaches incorporating maximal TURBT followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy report improved outcomes, with complete response rates of approximately 80–88% and 5-year overall survival comparable to surgical series. The phase II NRG/RTOG 0926 trial in recurrent high-risk T1 disease after intravesical therapy failure demonstrated an 81% complete response rate and favorable bladder preservation outcomes. Meta-analytic data suggest 5-year recurrence-free survival around 54% and overall survival near 70%, although evidence remains limited and largely non-randomized. Advances in image-guided and hypofractionated RT may further improve therapeutic outcomes while limiting toxicity. Conclusions: while definitive chemoradiotherapy is a promising option for selected patients, it remains investigational and should be considered only in those who are unfit for or decline radical cystectomy. Prospective randomized studies are needed to better define its role in contemporary management. 2026-04-17 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 225: Radiotherapy for High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Directions

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040225

Authors: Lucas Resende Salgado Osama Zaytoun Ahmed Rabie Nicholas Murphy Anthony Nehlsen Kristin Hsieh Zachary Dovey Anum Aamir Kunal K. Sindhu

Introduction: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents approximately 78% of newly diagnosed bladder cancers and is characterized by high recurrence rates and variable progression risk. While transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by intravesical therapy remains standard management, optimal treatment of high-risk and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-unresponsive disease remains controversial. Radiotherapy (RT), particularly in combination with chemotherapy, has been explored as a bladder-preserving alternative. Material and Methods: We conducted a narrative review of published literature evaluating the role of definitive RT in high-risk NMIBC, with emphasis on T1 disease. Retrospective series, prospective trials, meta-analyses, and contemporary guideline recommendations were examined. For each included study, we extracted data on the extent of TURBT (maximal vs. incomplete/non-specified), use and type of concurrent chemotherapy, radiotherapy technique (3D-conformal, IMRT, or proton), treatment volume (bladder only vs. whole pelvis), and dose/fractionation schedule. Results: Early studies evaluating RT alone demonstrated modest complete response rates. More recent approaches incorporating maximal TURBT followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy report improved outcomes, with complete response rates of approximately 80–88% and 5-year overall survival comparable to surgical series. The phase II NRG/RTOG 0926 trial in recurrent high-risk T1 disease after intravesical therapy failure demonstrated an 81% complete response rate and favorable bladder preservation outcomes. Meta-analytic data suggest 5-year recurrence-free survival around 54% and overall survival near 70%, although evidence remains limited and largely non-randomized. Advances in image-guided and hypofractionated RT may further improve therapeutic outcomes while limiting toxicity. Conclusions: while definitive chemoradiotherapy is a promising option for selected patients, it remains investigational and should be considered only in those who are unfit for or decline radical cystectomy. Prospective randomized studies are needed to better define its role in contemporary management.

]]> Radiotherapy for High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Directions Lucas Resende Salgado Osama Zaytoun Ahmed Rabie Nicholas Murphy Anthony Nehlsen Kristin Hsieh Zachary Dovey Anum Aamir Kunal K. Sindhu doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040225 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 33 4 Review 225 10.3390/curroncol33040225 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/225 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 224: A Randomized Trial Evaluating Personalized Versus Guideline-Based Well Follow-Up Strategies for Patients with Early Breast Cancer: Feasibility Outcomes https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/224 Despite the paucity of high-quality data supporting its benefits, routinely scheduled, in-person post-treatment surveillance of early breast cancer (EBC) patients remains common. Evaluation of different follow-up strategies is required. We present the feasibility phase of an ongoing randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing two different follow-up strategies. Patients with EBC who completed the acute phase of their treatment were randomized to receive either personalized or ASCO guideline-based follow-up care alone. Feasibility endpoints, including rate of accrual, physician participation, patient acceptance of randomization arm, and patient retention 1 year after randomization, are presented. Of 279 patients approached, 261 (93.5%) were eligible and provided consent. Median rate of accrual was 34.5 patients per month, and all healthcare providers who agreed to study participation (n = 11) approached patients. Patients were randomized to receive personalized (n = 131) or guideline-based (n = 130) follow-up. No patients declined their randomization arm. For all 261 randomized patients, the 1-year participant retention rate was 92.0% (240/261). This RCT confirms both patient and healthcare-provider enthusiasm for studies comparing different strategies for post-treatment surveillance. No patients withdrew consent post-randomization due to a preference for one study arm over the other. While clinical effectiveness and patient satisfaction remain to be analyzed, our reported rates of attrition can be used by others when designing similar studies. 2026-04-17 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 224: A Randomized Trial Evaluating Personalized Versus Guideline-Based Well Follow-Up Strategies for Patients with Early Breast Cancer: Feasibility Outcomes

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040224

Authors: Ana-Alicia Beltran-Bless Emma Himmelman Alexander Kim Gregory R. Pond Parvaneh Fallah Terry Ng John Hilton Marie-France Savard Gail Larocque Kelly-Anne Baines Kendra Primeau Deanna Saunders Danielle Allard Lisa Vandermeer Mark Clemons

Despite the paucity of high-quality data supporting its benefits, routinely scheduled, in-person post-treatment surveillance of early breast cancer (EBC) patients remains common. Evaluation of different follow-up strategies is required. We present the feasibility phase of an ongoing randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing two different follow-up strategies. Patients with EBC who completed the acute phase of their treatment were randomized to receive either personalized or ASCO guideline-based follow-up care alone. Feasibility endpoints, including rate of accrual, physician participation, patient acceptance of randomization arm, and patient retention 1 year after randomization, are presented. Of 279 patients approached, 261 (93.5%) were eligible and provided consent. Median rate of accrual was 34.5 patients per month, and all healthcare providers who agreed to study participation (n = 11) approached patients. Patients were randomized to receive personalized (n = 131) or guideline-based (n = 130) follow-up. No patients declined their randomization arm. For all 261 randomized patients, the 1-year participant retention rate was 92.0% (240/261). This RCT confirms both patient and healthcare-provider enthusiasm for studies comparing different strategies for post-treatment surveillance. No patients withdrew consent post-randomization due to a preference for one study arm over the other. While clinical effectiveness and patient satisfaction remain to be analyzed, our reported rates of attrition can be used by others when designing similar studies.

]]> A Randomized Trial Evaluating Personalized Versus Guideline-Based Well Follow-Up Strategies for Patients with Early Breast Cancer: Feasibility Outcomes Ana-Alicia Beltran-Bless Emma Himmelman Alexander Kim Gregory R. Pond Parvaneh Fallah Terry Ng John Hilton Marie-France Savard Gail Larocque Kelly-Anne Baines Kendra Primeau Deanna Saunders Danielle Allard Lisa Vandermeer Mark Clemons doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040224 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 33 4 Article 224 10.3390/curroncol33040224 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/224 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 223: Reconsidering the Interpretation of “Recurrence-Free Survival” After Mastectomy for DCIS. Comment on Sae-sim et al. Tamoxifen Reduces Breast Cancer Recurrence in Women with DCIS Who Underwent Mastectomy. Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33, 89 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/223 Sae-sim et al [...] 2026-04-17 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 223: Reconsidering the Interpretation of “Recurrence-Free Survival” After Mastectomy for DCIS. Comment on Sae-sim et al. Tamoxifen Reduces Breast Cancer Recurrence in Women with DCIS Who Underwent Mastectomy. Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33, 89

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040223

Authors: Janhavi Venkataraman Kefah Mokbel

Sae-sim et al [...]

]]> Reconsidering the Interpretation of “Recurrence-Free Survival” After Mastectomy for DCIS. Comment on Sae-sim et al. Tamoxifen Reduces Breast Cancer Recurrence in Women with DCIS Who Underwent Mastectomy. Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33, 89 Janhavi Venkataraman Kefah Mokbel doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040223 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 33 4 Comment 223 10.3390/curroncol33040223 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/223 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 222: Protective Effects of Plant-Based Diets Against Colorectal Carcinogenesis via Modulation of Key Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review of Evidence https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/222 Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide and is the second largest contributor to both incidence and mortality, underscoring the urgent need for effective prevention strategies. This comprehensive review provides the most up-to-date evidence on the protective role of plant-based dietary patterns against CRC carcinogenesis, with particular emphasis on underlying cellular and molecular level mechanisms. Accumulating research demonstrates that plant-based foods, rich in dietary fibre, polyphenols, and multiple other bioactive compounds, promote gut microbial eubiosis, support immune regulation, and modulate adipose tissue homeostasis. These effects are accompanied by intestinal barrier integrity, enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids, and the induction of apoptosis in malignant cells. Moreover, plant-derived nutrients reduce the abundance of pro-inflammatory microbial taxa, decrease oxidative, nitrosative and carbonyl stress, and downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and signalling pathways, implicated in tumourigenesis. As a result, plant-based dietary patterns have high potential to reduce CRC risk through modulating the intricate interplay between epigenetics, inflammation, immune dysregulation, metabolic and hormonal disruptions, and gut microbiota, suggesting a highly promising, cost-effective and equitable strategy for CRC prevention. 2026-04-17 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 222: Protective Effects of Plant-Based Diets Against Colorectal Carcinogenesis via Modulation of Key Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review of Evidence

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040222

Authors: Marina Kamel Clarence Wong Eduardo Grunvald Andrea Galli Sahar Iqbal Arshdeep Rattol Tanya Jackson Sebastian Straube Ellina Lytvyak

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide and is the second largest contributor to both incidence and mortality, underscoring the urgent need for effective prevention strategies. This comprehensive review provides the most up-to-date evidence on the protective role of plant-based dietary patterns against CRC carcinogenesis, with particular emphasis on underlying cellular and molecular level mechanisms. Accumulating research demonstrates that plant-based foods, rich in dietary fibre, polyphenols, and multiple other bioactive compounds, promote gut microbial eubiosis, support immune regulation, and modulate adipose tissue homeostasis. These effects are accompanied by intestinal barrier integrity, enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids, and the induction of apoptosis in malignant cells. Moreover, plant-derived nutrients reduce the abundance of pro-inflammatory microbial taxa, decrease oxidative, nitrosative and carbonyl stress, and downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and signalling pathways, implicated in tumourigenesis. As a result, plant-based dietary patterns have high potential to reduce CRC risk through modulating the intricate interplay between epigenetics, inflammation, immune dysregulation, metabolic and hormonal disruptions, and gut microbiota, suggesting a highly promising, cost-effective and equitable strategy for CRC prevention.

]]> Protective Effects of Plant-Based Diets Against Colorectal Carcinogenesis via Modulation of Key Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review of Evidence Marina Kamel Clarence Wong Eduardo Grunvald Andrea Galli Sahar Iqbal Arshdeep Rattol Tanya Jackson Sebastian Straube Ellina Lytvyak doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040222 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 Current Oncology 2026-04-17 33 4 Review 222 10.3390/curroncol33040222 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/222 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 221: Diagnostic and Clinical Impact of Imaging Modality on PSA Density: TRUS Versus MRI in Gray-Zone Prostate Cancer https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/221 Background: In this study, it was aimed to compare transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)- and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) in patients with gray-zone PSA levels (4–10 ng/mL), evaluate their diagnostic performance for clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa), and assess the clinical implications of reclassification across commonly used thresholds. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 202 men who underwent both TRUS and multiparametric MRI between January 2020 and June 2025. Prostate volume was measured using the ellipsoid formula for TRUS and contour-based planimetry for MRI. PSA density (PSAD) was calculated as total PSA (tPSA, ng/mL) divided by prostate volume (mL) for each modality: TRUS-PSAD and MRI-PSAD. Agreement between modalities was evaluated using Bland–Altman plots and correlation analyses. Reclassification at PSAD thresholds of 0.15, 0.20, and 0.30 ng/mL/mL was assessed using Cohen’s κ and net reclassification improvement (NRI). Diagnostic performance for csPCa (ISUP grade group ≥ 2) was evaluated with ROC analysis and the DeLong test. Inter- and intra-observer reproducibility was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Cohen’s κ. Clinical utility was assessed by decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: MRI-derived prostate volumes were significantly lower than TRUS-derived volumes (median 47.0 vs. 52.5 mL, p < 0.001), resulting in higher MRI-PSAD values (median 0.14 vs. 0.12 ng/mL/mL, p < 0.001). Bland–Altman analysis demonstrated a negative bias for prostate volume (−3.2 mL) and a positive bias for PSAD (+0.03). Strong correlations were observed between TRUS and MRI measurements (r = 0.96 for volume and r = 0.94 for PSAD). MRI-PSAD frequently reclassified patients into higher risk categories, yielding positive net reclassification improvement for cancer cases across all thresholds, while introducing some negative reclassification among non-cancer cases. ROC analysis showed comparable overall diagnostic performance between TRUS-PSAD and MRI-PSAD (AUC 0.681 vs. 0.679, p = 0.91). However, MRI-PSAD demonstrated higher sensitivity at predefined thresholds at the expense of reduced specificity, reflecting a threshold-dependent shift rather than improved discrimination. Reproducibility was higher for MRI-derived measurements (ICC = 0.94; κ = 0.83) compared with TRUS (ICC = 0.86; κ = 0.71). Decision curve analysis indicated that MRI-PSAD, particularly when combined with PI-RADS ≥ 3, provided the greatest net clinical benefit at lower threshold probabilities (5–15%). Conclusions: MRI-derived PSA density produces systematically higher values than TRUS-based measurements due to inherent differences in prostate volume estimation. While this results in increased sensitivity at standard thresholds, overall discrimination remains unchanged. These findings support the use of modality-specific PSAD thresholds rather than uniform cutoffs across imaging techniques. In clinical practice, MRI-PSAD may provide additional value when interpreted in conjunction with PI-RADS, primarily through improved threshold calibration rather than enhanced diagnostic accuracy. 2026-04-16 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 221: Diagnostic and Clinical Impact of Imaging Modality on PSA Density: TRUS Versus MRI in Gray-Zone Prostate Cancer

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040221

Authors: Davut Unsal Capkan Mehmet Solakhan

Background: In this study, it was aimed to compare transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)- and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) in patients with gray-zone PSA levels (4–10 ng/mL), evaluate their diagnostic performance for clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa), and assess the clinical implications of reclassification across commonly used thresholds. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 202 men who underwent both TRUS and multiparametric MRI between January 2020 and June 2025. Prostate volume was measured using the ellipsoid formula for TRUS and contour-based planimetry for MRI. PSA density (PSAD) was calculated as total PSA (tPSA, ng/mL) divided by prostate volume (mL) for each modality: TRUS-PSAD and MRI-PSAD. Agreement between modalities was evaluated using Bland–Altman plots and correlation analyses. Reclassification at PSAD thresholds of 0.15, 0.20, and 0.30 ng/mL/mL was assessed using Cohen’s κ and net reclassification improvement (NRI). Diagnostic performance for csPCa (ISUP grade group ≥ 2) was evaluated with ROC analysis and the DeLong test. Inter- and intra-observer reproducibility was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Cohen’s κ. Clinical utility was assessed by decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: MRI-derived prostate volumes were significantly lower than TRUS-derived volumes (median 47.0 vs. 52.5 mL, p < 0.001), resulting in higher MRI-PSAD values (median 0.14 vs. 0.12 ng/mL/mL, p < 0.001). Bland–Altman analysis demonstrated a negative bias for prostate volume (−3.2 mL) and a positive bias for PSAD (+0.03). Strong correlations were observed between TRUS and MRI measurements (r = 0.96 for volume and r = 0.94 for PSAD). MRI-PSAD frequently reclassified patients into higher risk categories, yielding positive net reclassification improvement for cancer cases across all thresholds, while introducing some negative reclassification among non-cancer cases. ROC analysis showed comparable overall diagnostic performance between TRUS-PSAD and MRI-PSAD (AUC 0.681 vs. 0.679, p = 0.91). However, MRI-PSAD demonstrated higher sensitivity at predefined thresholds at the expense of reduced specificity, reflecting a threshold-dependent shift rather than improved discrimination. Reproducibility was higher for MRI-derived measurements (ICC = 0.94; κ = 0.83) compared with TRUS (ICC = 0.86; κ = 0.71). Decision curve analysis indicated that MRI-PSAD, particularly when combined with PI-RADS ≥ 3, provided the greatest net clinical benefit at lower threshold probabilities (5–15%). Conclusions: MRI-derived PSA density produces systematically higher values than TRUS-based measurements due to inherent differences in prostate volume estimation. While this results in increased sensitivity at standard thresholds, overall discrimination remains unchanged. These findings support the use of modality-specific PSAD thresholds rather than uniform cutoffs across imaging techniques. In clinical practice, MRI-PSAD may provide additional value when interpreted in conjunction with PI-RADS, primarily through improved threshold calibration rather than enhanced diagnostic accuracy.

]]> Diagnostic and Clinical Impact of Imaging Modality on PSA Density: TRUS Versus MRI in Gray-Zone Prostate Cancer Davut Unsal Capkan Mehmet Solakhan doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040221 Current Oncology 2026-04-16 Current Oncology 2026-04-16 33 4 Article 221 10.3390/curroncol33040221 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/221 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 220: Cost-Effectiveness of Radiotherapy and Its Impact on Patient Quality of Life: A Real-World Cost Utility Analysis in Greece https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/220 Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of radiotherapy (RT) from the perspectives of payers, the healthcare system, patients, and society, and to assess associated quality-of-life (QoL) outcomes. The analysis examined direct medical and non-medical costs, as well as QoL, before, during, and up to six months after RT. Given the inclusion of multiple cancer types, the study reflects a heterogeneous real-world population. An exploratory comparison across RT techniques was also conducted to provide contextual economic insight. Methods: This analysis included data from 301 cancer patients undergoing RT using various techniques, including two-dimensional radiotherapy (2D), 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), at the University General Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Clinical and cost data were collected retrospectively, while QoL data were collected prospectively using validated instruments at baseline, end of treatment, and six months post-treatment. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were estimated. The primary analysis compared RT with a hypothetical “no RT” comparator derived from published evidence, while comparisons across RT techniques were conducted as exploratory analyses. Costs and QALYs were evaluated over a 6-month time horizon; therefore, discounting was not applied. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated, and probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to account for parameter uncertainty. Results: The cost per QALY gained with RT compared with the hypothetical “no RT” comparator varied substantially across techniques and cancer types. In the primary analysis, 2D radiotherapy yielded the lowest ICER (€13,043.27/QALY), while VMAT demonstrated an ICER of €29,945.12/QALY. In contrast, IMRT was associated with a substantially higher ICER (€135,529.51/QALY), suggesting limited cost-effectiveness under commonly accepted willingness-to-pay thresholds, whereas 3D-CRT was found to be dominant. Subgroup analyses revealed marked heterogeneity, with ICERs ranging from €3234.45 to €30,232.50 per QALY gained across cancer types. In certain subgroups, RT was either cost-saving or dominant, particularly in breast cancer (cost-saving with similar QALYs) and in skin cancer and sarcoma (dominant strategies). Sensitivity analyses highlighted considerable uncertainty, especially for 2D radiotherapy, primarily driven by small sample sizes and variability in QALY estimates. Conclusions: This study provides short-term, real-world evidence on the cost-effectiveness and quality-of-life outcomes of radiotherapy in a Greek healthcare setting. While simpler techniques such as 2D radiotherapy may appear economically favorable, their limited effectiveness and substantial uncertainty may reduce their overall value. In contrast, advanced techniques—particularly VMAT—demonstrate a more consistent balance between cost and clinical outcomes, supporting their role within value-based, patient-centered oncology care. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to population heterogeneity, small subgroup sizes, the short (6-month) time horizon, and the use of a hypothetical comparator. Further research with longer follow-up and disease-specific analyses is warranted. 2026-04-16 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 220: Cost-Effectiveness of Radiotherapy and Its Impact on Patient Quality of Life: A Real-World Cost Utility Analysis in Greece

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040220

Authors: Elissavet Vardaki Maria Tolia Christos Michalakelis Athanassios Vozikis

Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of radiotherapy (RT) from the perspectives of payers, the healthcare system, patients, and society, and to assess associated quality-of-life (QoL) outcomes. The analysis examined direct medical and non-medical costs, as well as QoL, before, during, and up to six months after RT. Given the inclusion of multiple cancer types, the study reflects a heterogeneous real-world population. An exploratory comparison across RT techniques was also conducted to provide contextual economic insight. Methods: This analysis included data from 301 cancer patients undergoing RT using various techniques, including two-dimensional radiotherapy (2D), 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), at the University General Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Clinical and cost data were collected retrospectively, while QoL data were collected prospectively using validated instruments at baseline, end of treatment, and six months post-treatment. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were estimated. The primary analysis compared RT with a hypothetical “no RT” comparator derived from published evidence, while comparisons across RT techniques were conducted as exploratory analyses. Costs and QALYs were evaluated over a 6-month time horizon; therefore, discounting was not applied. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated, and probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to account for parameter uncertainty. Results: The cost per QALY gained with RT compared with the hypothetical “no RT” comparator varied substantially across techniques and cancer types. In the primary analysis, 2D radiotherapy yielded the lowest ICER (€13,043.27/QALY), while VMAT demonstrated an ICER of €29,945.12/QALY. In contrast, IMRT was associated with a substantially higher ICER (€135,529.51/QALY), suggesting limited cost-effectiveness under commonly accepted willingness-to-pay thresholds, whereas 3D-CRT was found to be dominant. Subgroup analyses revealed marked heterogeneity, with ICERs ranging from €3234.45 to €30,232.50 per QALY gained across cancer types. In certain subgroups, RT was either cost-saving or dominant, particularly in breast cancer (cost-saving with similar QALYs) and in skin cancer and sarcoma (dominant strategies). Sensitivity analyses highlighted considerable uncertainty, especially for 2D radiotherapy, primarily driven by small sample sizes and variability in QALY estimates. Conclusions: This study provides short-term, real-world evidence on the cost-effectiveness and quality-of-life outcomes of radiotherapy in a Greek healthcare setting. While simpler techniques such as 2D radiotherapy may appear economically favorable, their limited effectiveness and substantial uncertainty may reduce their overall value. In contrast, advanced techniques—particularly VMAT—demonstrate a more consistent balance between cost and clinical outcomes, supporting their role within value-based, patient-centered oncology care. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to population heterogeneity, small subgroup sizes, the short (6-month) time horizon, and the use of a hypothetical comparator. Further research with longer follow-up and disease-specific analyses is warranted.

]]> Cost-Effectiveness of Radiotherapy and Its Impact on Patient Quality of Life: A Real-World Cost Utility Analysis in Greece Elissavet Vardaki Maria Tolia Christos Michalakelis Athanassios Vozikis doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040220 Current Oncology 2026-04-16 Current Oncology 2026-04-16 33 4 Article 220 10.3390/curroncol33040220 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/220 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 219: Unusual Case of Neuromeningeal Late Relapse of POLE Mutated Endometrioid Carcinoma: A Case Report and Systematic Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/219 Background: POLE-mutated endometrial carcinomas are associated with exceptionally favorable outcomes, forming the basis for treatment de-escalation in early-stage disease. Nevertheless, rare adverse clinical courses have been reported. This study describes an unusual case of late metastatic recurrence in a POLE-mutated tumor and provides a review of similar cases in the literature. Methods: We present a detailed clinical, radiological, pathological, and molecular description of a patient who developed metastatic recurrence 16 years after initial surgery. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify reports of recurrence, progression, or cancer-related death in POLE-mutated endometrial carcinoma, with extraction of recurrence patterns, genomic features, treatment, and outcomes. Results: The patient experienced sequential pulmonary, cerebral, and leptomeningeal metastases despite harboring a canonical POLE hotspot mutation, proficient mismatch repair status, wild-type TP53, no additional known driver mutation beyond PTEN alterations. The literature review identified a small number of similarly adverse cases. Reported recurrences were heterogeneous, though distant and occasionally central nervous system involvement were noted. Conclusions: While POLE-mutated tumors overall retain an excellent prognosis, rare cases may follow an atypical and aggressive course. Improved molecular annotation and integrated risk-stratification models are needed to better identify this minority of higher-risk patients. 2026-04-16 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 219: Unusual Case of Neuromeningeal Late Relapse of POLE Mutated Endometrioid Carcinoma: A Case Report and Systematic Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040219

Authors: Emma Donati Michel Fabbro Noémie Drappier Alexis Marguerit Cristina Leaha Stéphanie Nougaret Pierre-Emmanuel Colombo Stanislas Quesada

Background: POLE-mutated endometrial carcinomas are associated with exceptionally favorable outcomes, forming the basis for treatment de-escalation in early-stage disease. Nevertheless, rare adverse clinical courses have been reported. This study describes an unusual case of late metastatic recurrence in a POLE-mutated tumor and provides a review of similar cases in the literature. Methods: We present a detailed clinical, radiological, pathological, and molecular description of a patient who developed metastatic recurrence 16 years after initial surgery. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify reports of recurrence, progression, or cancer-related death in POLE-mutated endometrial carcinoma, with extraction of recurrence patterns, genomic features, treatment, and outcomes. Results: The patient experienced sequential pulmonary, cerebral, and leptomeningeal metastases despite harboring a canonical POLE hotspot mutation, proficient mismatch repair status, wild-type TP53, no additional known driver mutation beyond PTEN alterations. The literature review identified a small number of similarly adverse cases. Reported recurrences were heterogeneous, though distant and occasionally central nervous system involvement were noted. Conclusions: While POLE-mutated tumors overall retain an excellent prognosis, rare cases may follow an atypical and aggressive course. Improved molecular annotation and integrated risk-stratification models are needed to better identify this minority of higher-risk patients.

]]> Unusual Case of Neuromeningeal Late Relapse of POLE Mutated Endometrioid Carcinoma: A Case Report and Systematic Review Emma Donati Michel Fabbro Noémie Drappier Alexis Marguerit Cristina Leaha Stéphanie Nougaret Pierre-Emmanuel Colombo Stanislas Quesada doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040219 Current Oncology 2026-04-16 Current Oncology 2026-04-16 33 4 Case Report 219 10.3390/curroncol33040219 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/219 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 218: Economic Disparities in Palliative Care Utilization Among Cancer Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Socioeconomic Stratification Analysis https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/218 Economic inequities in healthcare access persist globally, yet the impact of income on palliative care (PC) utilization in Middle Eastern contexts remains empirically understudied. This cross-sectional study of 200 cancer patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, employed a socioeconomic stratification analysis to examine income-stratified differences in PC awareness and access. Using chi-square and linear-by-linear association tests, results revealed pronounced income gradients; awareness increased from 41.9% in the low-income group to 71.9% in the high-income group (p = 0.001), demonstrating a significant dose–response trend. Access disparities were even more striking, with only 35.5% of low-income patients utilizing services compared to 76.1% of high-income patients (p < 0.001), representing a 40.6 percentage-point gap. After multivariable adjustment, after controlling for age, gender, education, and geographic living region, the results of logistic regression analysis showed that cancer patients with high income were more than three times as likely to access PC services compared with lower-income cancer patients (OR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.83–6.02; p < 0.001). Geographic stratification further indicated that income disparities were significantly amplified in peripheral regions compared to the Central region (p = 0.072 for interaction), where service scarcity exacerbates economic barriers. These findings underscore that economic barriers operate through awareness gaps and structural obstacles like transportation and opportunity costs. Addressing these inequities requires multifaceted strategies, including financial support and geographic service expansion, to ensure equitable PC distribution under the Vision 2030 framework. 2026-04-15 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 218: Economic Disparities in Palliative Care Utilization Among Cancer Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Socioeconomic Stratification Analysis

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040218

Authors: Thurayya Eid Norah M. Alyahya Abdulaziz M. Alodhailah Bader M. Almutairy Faihan F. Alshaibany Waleed M. Alshehri

Economic inequities in healthcare access persist globally, yet the impact of income on palliative care (PC) utilization in Middle Eastern contexts remains empirically understudied. This cross-sectional study of 200 cancer patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, employed a socioeconomic stratification analysis to examine income-stratified differences in PC awareness and access. Using chi-square and linear-by-linear association tests, results revealed pronounced income gradients; awareness increased from 41.9% in the low-income group to 71.9% in the high-income group (p = 0.001), demonstrating a significant dose–response trend. Access disparities were even more striking, with only 35.5% of low-income patients utilizing services compared to 76.1% of high-income patients (p < 0.001), representing a 40.6 percentage-point gap. After multivariable adjustment, after controlling for age, gender, education, and geographic living region, the results of logistic regression analysis showed that cancer patients with high income were more than three times as likely to access PC services compared with lower-income cancer patients (OR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.83–6.02; p < 0.001). Geographic stratification further indicated that income disparities were significantly amplified in peripheral regions compared to the Central region (p = 0.072 for interaction), where service scarcity exacerbates economic barriers. These findings underscore that economic barriers operate through awareness gaps and structural obstacles like transportation and opportunity costs. Addressing these inequities requires multifaceted strategies, including financial support and geographic service expansion, to ensure equitable PC distribution under the Vision 2030 framework.

]]> Economic Disparities in Palliative Care Utilization Among Cancer Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Socioeconomic Stratification Analysis Thurayya Eid Norah M. Alyahya Abdulaziz M. Alodhailah Bader M. Almutairy Faihan F. Alshaibany Waleed M. Alshehri doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040218 Current Oncology 2026-04-15 Current Oncology 2026-04-15 33 4 Article 218 10.3390/curroncol33040218 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/218 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 217: Ablation-First Balloon-Assisted Acetabuloplasty for Painful Acetabular Metastases: Clinical Outcomes and Mechanical Rationale https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/217 Purpose: To evaluate the safety, technical feasibility, and clinical outcomes of a strict two-step protocol—CT/fluoroscopic-guided thermal ablation followed by Balloon-Assisted Acetabuloplasty (BAA)—for the treatment of painful acetabular metastases, utilized as an immediate mechanical stabilization bridge prior to radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 16 consecutive patients treated for severe mechanical pain (VAS ≥ 6) and impaired mobility due to osteolytic acetabular metastases. The physiological rationale mandated a strict procedural sequence: (1) preliminary thermal devitalization using radiofrequency or microwave ablation to reduce tumor pressure and vascularity, followed subsequently by (2) balloon-assisted cavity compaction and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement injection. Clinical outcomes included VAS for pain and the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) assessed before treatment and up to 6 months post-procedure. Results: Technical success was 100% with a mean procedural time of 58 ± 14 min. No major complications occurred. At a mean follow-up of 8.2 months, all 16 patients were alive. The procedure yielded dramatic acute pain relief: mean baseline VAS dropped from 7.4 ± 0.8 to 2.3 ± 1.0 at 1 week, and to 0.9 ± 0.9 at 1 month (p < 0.001), remaining stable at 6 months. Functional mobility was rapidly restored, with mean FMS improving from 2.9 ± 0.7 pre-procedure to 1.1 ± 0.3 at 1 month (p < 0.001), allowing independent ambulation in 87.5% of patients. Conclusion: The strict “ablation-first” BAA strategy is safe and highly effective. It abolishes load-bearing pain and restores biomechanical stability immediately, allowing previously immobilized patients to rapidly regain independent ambulation and seamlessly transition to necessary consolidative radiotherapy. 2026-04-15 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 217: Ablation-First Balloon-Assisted Acetabuloplasty for Painful Acetabular Metastases: Clinical Outcomes and Mechanical Rationale

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040217

Authors: Claudio Pusceddu Eliodoro Faiella Pierluigi Maria Rinaldi Jesús Ares-Vidal José Maria Maiques Llacér Igor Radalov Albert Solano López Salvatore Marsico

Purpose: To evaluate the safety, technical feasibility, and clinical outcomes of a strict two-step protocol—CT/fluoroscopic-guided thermal ablation followed by Balloon-Assisted Acetabuloplasty (BAA)—for the treatment of painful acetabular metastases, utilized as an immediate mechanical stabilization bridge prior to radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 16 consecutive patients treated for severe mechanical pain (VAS ≥ 6) and impaired mobility due to osteolytic acetabular metastases. The physiological rationale mandated a strict procedural sequence: (1) preliminary thermal devitalization using radiofrequency or microwave ablation to reduce tumor pressure and vascularity, followed subsequently by (2) balloon-assisted cavity compaction and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement injection. Clinical outcomes included VAS for pain and the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) assessed before treatment and up to 6 months post-procedure. Results: Technical success was 100% with a mean procedural time of 58 ± 14 min. No major complications occurred. At a mean follow-up of 8.2 months, all 16 patients were alive. The procedure yielded dramatic acute pain relief: mean baseline VAS dropped from 7.4 ± 0.8 to 2.3 ± 1.0 at 1 week, and to 0.9 ± 0.9 at 1 month (p < 0.001), remaining stable at 6 months. Functional mobility was rapidly restored, with mean FMS improving from 2.9 ± 0.7 pre-procedure to 1.1 ± 0.3 at 1 month (p < 0.001), allowing independent ambulation in 87.5% of patients. Conclusion: The strict “ablation-first” BAA strategy is safe and highly effective. It abolishes load-bearing pain and restores biomechanical stability immediately, allowing previously immobilized patients to rapidly regain independent ambulation and seamlessly transition to necessary consolidative radiotherapy.

]]> Ablation-First Balloon-Assisted Acetabuloplasty for Painful Acetabular Metastases: Clinical Outcomes and Mechanical Rationale Claudio Pusceddu Eliodoro Faiella Pierluigi Maria Rinaldi Jesús Ares-Vidal José Maria Maiques Llacér Igor Radalov Albert Solano López Salvatore Marsico doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040217 Current Oncology 2026-04-15 Current Oncology 2026-04-15 33 4 Article 217 10.3390/curroncol33040217 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/217 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 216: Molecular Profiling and Survival Outcomes in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Multicenter Real-World Study from Turkey https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/216 Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) enables molecular characterization and may identify clinically actionable alterations; however, real-world multicenter data linking genomic subgroups to survival outcomes remain limited. We aimed to characterize the molecular landscape of NGS-tested PDAC in a Turkish multicenter cohort and evaluate the association of key molecular alterations, including KRAS status and KRAS variant subgroups, with survival outcomes. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study including patients with pathologically diagnosed PDAC between 2017 and 2025 who underwent tumor-based NGS in routine clinical practice. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of metastasis, defined as the date of diagnosis for de novo metastatic disease and the date of first documented distant recurrence for recurrent cases. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated from the initiation of first-line systemic therapy for metastatic disease to progression or death. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were constructed for OS and PFS using clinically relevant covariates selected a priori. Results: A total of 98 patients underwent molecular profiling, and survival analyses were performed in 92 patients with available OS/PFS data. KRAS mutations were detected in 83.7% (82/98) of patients, with predominant variants G12D (47.6%), G12V (30.5%), and G12R (12.2%). TP53 mutations were present in 59.2% (58/98) of tumors, and all tumors were microsatellite stable. Tumor mutational burden data were available for 72 patients; the median TMB was 3.83 mutations/Mb, and 15.3% of evaluable tumors had a TMB ≥ 10 mutations/Mb. Excluding KRAS, clinically actionable alterations were identified in 4.1% of patients, whereas an additional 32.7% harbored potentially actionable or investigational alterations. Median OS was 14.0 months (95% CI, 11.7–16.3), and median PFS was 6.0 months (95% CI, 4.3–7.7). In unadjusted analyses, OS and PFS did not differ significantly according to KRAS mutation status (OS, p = 0.967; PFS, p = 0.652), TP53 mutation status (OS, p = 0.404; PFS, p = 0.510), or KRAS variant subgroup (OS, p = 0.332; PFS, p = 0.194). In multivariable Cox analyses, KRAS mutation status was not independently associated with OS (aHR 1.13, 95% CI 0.56–2.28; p = 0.727) or PFS (aHR 1.09, 95% CI 0.59–2.01; p = 0.780), whereas ECOG performance status remained the strongest adverse clinical factor. Conclusions: In this multicenter real-world PDAC cohort, the molecular landscape was dominated by KRAS and TP53 alterations, whereas clinically actionable non-KRAS alterations were identified in only a minority of patients. After adjustment for major clinical covariates, KRAS mutation status was not independently associated with OS or PFS. Molecular profiling may still be useful for identifying uncommon potentially targetable alterations; however, larger clinically annotated multicenter studies are needed to better define its prognostic and treatment-directing value in routine practice. 2026-04-15 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 216: Molecular Profiling and Survival Outcomes in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Multicenter Real-World Study from Turkey

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040216

Authors: Selami Bayram Bahadır Köylü Maral Martin Mıldanoğlu Mustafa Serkan Alemdar Tahir Yerlikaya Fatih Selçukbiricik Ahmet Bilici Ali Murat Tatli Mustafa Ozdogan

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) enables molecular characterization and may identify clinically actionable alterations; however, real-world multicenter data linking genomic subgroups to survival outcomes remain limited. We aimed to characterize the molecular landscape of NGS-tested PDAC in a Turkish multicenter cohort and evaluate the association of key molecular alterations, including KRAS status and KRAS variant subgroups, with survival outcomes. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study including patients with pathologically diagnosed PDAC between 2017 and 2025 who underwent tumor-based NGS in routine clinical practice. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of metastasis, defined as the date of diagnosis for de novo metastatic disease and the date of first documented distant recurrence for recurrent cases. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated from the initiation of first-line systemic therapy for metastatic disease to progression or death. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were constructed for OS and PFS using clinically relevant covariates selected a priori. Results: A total of 98 patients underwent molecular profiling, and survival analyses were performed in 92 patients with available OS/PFS data. KRAS mutations were detected in 83.7% (82/98) of patients, with predominant variants G12D (47.6%), G12V (30.5%), and G12R (12.2%). TP53 mutations were present in 59.2% (58/98) of tumors, and all tumors were microsatellite stable. Tumor mutational burden data were available for 72 patients; the median TMB was 3.83 mutations/Mb, and 15.3% of evaluable tumors had a TMB ≥ 10 mutations/Mb. Excluding KRAS, clinically actionable alterations were identified in 4.1% of patients, whereas an additional 32.7% harbored potentially actionable or investigational alterations. Median OS was 14.0 months (95% CI, 11.7–16.3), and median PFS was 6.0 months (95% CI, 4.3–7.7). In unadjusted analyses, OS and PFS did not differ significantly according to KRAS mutation status (OS, p = 0.967; PFS, p = 0.652), TP53 mutation status (OS, p = 0.404; PFS, p = 0.510), or KRAS variant subgroup (OS, p = 0.332; PFS, p = 0.194). In multivariable Cox analyses, KRAS mutation status was not independently associated with OS (aHR 1.13, 95% CI 0.56–2.28; p = 0.727) or PFS (aHR 1.09, 95% CI 0.59–2.01; p = 0.780), whereas ECOG performance status remained the strongest adverse clinical factor. Conclusions: In this multicenter real-world PDAC cohort, the molecular landscape was dominated by KRAS and TP53 alterations, whereas clinically actionable non-KRAS alterations were identified in only a minority of patients. After adjustment for major clinical covariates, KRAS mutation status was not independently associated with OS or PFS. Molecular profiling may still be useful for identifying uncommon potentially targetable alterations; however, larger clinically annotated multicenter studies are needed to better define its prognostic and treatment-directing value in routine practice.

]]> Molecular Profiling and Survival Outcomes in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Multicenter Real-World Study from Turkey Selami Bayram Bahadır Köylü Maral Martin Mıldanoğlu Mustafa Serkan Alemdar Tahir Yerlikaya Fatih Selçukbiricik Ahmet Bilici Ali Murat Tatli Mustafa Ozdogan doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040216 Current Oncology 2026-04-15 Current Oncology 2026-04-15 33 4 Article 216 10.3390/curroncol33040216 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/216 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 215: First-Line Pembrolizumab Monotherapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multicenter Real-World Study from Vietnam https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/215 Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in real-world clinical practice in Vietnam. Methods: We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC who received first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy in Vietnam between January 2018 and August 2024. The primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety profile. Results: A total of 73 patients were included, with a median age of 69 years (range, 47–92). Most patients had good performance status (ECOG PS 0–1, 75.3%) and high PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%, 86.3%). The overall response rate was 60.3%, and the disease control rate was 79.5%. Median PFS was 11.3 months (95% CI, 6.9–15.8), and median OS was 25.4 months (95% CI, 20.8–30.0). Multivariate analysis identified never-smoking status (HR 3.14, 95% CI 1.16–8.50; p = 0.024), squamous histology (HR 4.09, 95% CI 1.18–14.17; p = 0.026), and low PD-L1 expression (TPS 1–49%) (HR 3.67, 95% CI 1.14–11.78; p = 0.029) as independent predictors of inferior overall survival. Immune-related adverse events, including pneumonitis, hepatitis, nephritis, fever, skin reactions, and myositis, were mostly mild and manageable, with grade 3 toxicity occurring in only 4.2% of patients. Better survival was observed in patients with high PD-L1 expression and non-squamous histology. However, the association with non-squamous histology should be interpreted with caution due to the very small number of squamous cases. Conclusions: First-line pembrolizumab monotherapy demonstrated favorable effectiveness and acceptable safety in patients with advanced NSCLC in real-world clinical practice in Vietnam. Clinical outcomes were particularly favorable in patients with high PD-L1 expression, non-squamous histology, and a history of smoking. Nevertheless, the survival benefit associated with non-squamous histology should be interpreted cautiously, given the limited number of patients with squamous histology. These findings support the use of pembrolizumab monotherapy in selected patient populations within resource-limited settings. 2026-04-14 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 215: First-Line Pembrolizumab Monotherapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multicenter Real-World Study from Vietnam

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040215

Authors: Thi Huong Pham Cam Phuong Pham Thi Thu Huong Nguyen Khanh Toan Nguyen

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in real-world clinical practice in Vietnam. Methods: We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC who received first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy in Vietnam between January 2018 and August 2024. The primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety profile. Results: A total of 73 patients were included, with a median age of 69 years (range, 47–92). Most patients had good performance status (ECOG PS 0–1, 75.3%) and high PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%, 86.3%). The overall response rate was 60.3%, and the disease control rate was 79.5%. Median PFS was 11.3 months (95% CI, 6.9–15.8), and median OS was 25.4 months (95% CI, 20.8–30.0). Multivariate analysis identified never-smoking status (HR 3.14, 95% CI 1.16–8.50; p = 0.024), squamous histology (HR 4.09, 95% CI 1.18–14.17; p = 0.026), and low PD-L1 expression (TPS 1–49%) (HR 3.67, 95% CI 1.14–11.78; p = 0.029) as independent predictors of inferior overall survival. Immune-related adverse events, including pneumonitis, hepatitis, nephritis, fever, skin reactions, and myositis, were mostly mild and manageable, with grade 3 toxicity occurring in only 4.2% of patients. Better survival was observed in patients with high PD-L1 expression and non-squamous histology. However, the association with non-squamous histology should be interpreted with caution due to the very small number of squamous cases. Conclusions: First-line pembrolizumab monotherapy demonstrated favorable effectiveness and acceptable safety in patients with advanced NSCLC in real-world clinical practice in Vietnam. Clinical outcomes were particularly favorable in patients with high PD-L1 expression, non-squamous histology, and a history of smoking. Nevertheless, the survival benefit associated with non-squamous histology should be interpreted cautiously, given the limited number of patients with squamous histology. These findings support the use of pembrolizumab monotherapy in selected patient populations within resource-limited settings.

]]> First-Line Pembrolizumab Monotherapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multicenter Real-World Study from Vietnam Thi Huong Pham Cam Phuong Pham Thi Thu Huong Nguyen Khanh Toan Nguyen doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040215 Current Oncology 2026-04-14 Current Oncology 2026-04-14 33 4 Article 215 10.3390/curroncol33040215 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/215 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 214: Acquired Resistance to Afatinib Mediated by EGFR T790M in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients Harboring EGFR-KDD: A Case Report and Literature Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/214 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-kinase domain duplication (KDD) represents an atypical mutation distinct from classical EGFR mutations in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Although first- and second-generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have demonstrated clinical activity in EGFR-KDD, the mechanisms of acquired resistance in this setting remain poorly characterized. Herein, we present a LUAD patient with EGFR-KDD who achieved a sustained initial response to afatinib lasting 67 months before developing acquired resistance. Re-biopsy with next-generation sequencing (NGS) uncovered EGFR T790M, accompanied by EGFR amplification and EGFR M766T. The patient was switched to firmonertinib, with subsequent tumor regression. We reviewed published EGFR-KDD cases that had both acquired resistance to first- or second-generation EGFR-TKIs and corresponding repeat biopsy findings. Five of the eleven cases harbored EGFR T790M, yielding a prevalence of 45%, which is similar to that seen in classical EGFR mutations. This case suggests that EGFR T790M mediates acquired resistance to first- and second-generation EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-KDD, mirroring the resistance pattern observed in classical EGFR mutations. 2026-04-14 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 214: Acquired Resistance to Afatinib Mediated by EGFR T790M in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients Harboring EGFR-KDD: A Case Report and Literature Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040214

Authors: Qian Liu Lu Lv Guanchao Pang Pingli Wang

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-kinase domain duplication (KDD) represents an atypical mutation distinct from classical EGFR mutations in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Although first- and second-generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have demonstrated clinical activity in EGFR-KDD, the mechanisms of acquired resistance in this setting remain poorly characterized. Herein, we present a LUAD patient with EGFR-KDD who achieved a sustained initial response to afatinib lasting 67 months before developing acquired resistance. Re-biopsy with next-generation sequencing (NGS) uncovered EGFR T790M, accompanied by EGFR amplification and EGFR M766T. The patient was switched to firmonertinib, with subsequent tumor regression. We reviewed published EGFR-KDD cases that had both acquired resistance to first- or second-generation EGFR-TKIs and corresponding repeat biopsy findings. Five of the eleven cases harbored EGFR T790M, yielding a prevalence of 45%, which is similar to that seen in classical EGFR mutations. This case suggests that EGFR T790M mediates acquired resistance to first- and second-generation EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-KDD, mirroring the resistance pattern observed in classical EGFR mutations.

]]> Acquired Resistance to Afatinib Mediated by EGFR T790M in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients Harboring EGFR-KDD: A Case Report and Literature Review Qian Liu Lu Lv Guanchao Pang Pingli Wang doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040214 Current Oncology 2026-04-14 Current Oncology 2026-04-14 33 4 Case Report 214 10.3390/curroncol33040214 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/214 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 213: Improving Quality of End-of-Life Care Through the K-HOPE Consultative Palliative Care Model: A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Hospital https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/213 As population aging accelerates, the demand for high-quality end-of-life (EOL) care continues to rise. However, a substantial proportion of patients with terminal cancer still experience death in acute-care hospitals without adequate palliative care. Consultative palliative care (CPC) represents a feasible model for delivering palliative care without requiring dedicated inpatient units, yet evidence evaluating its clinical impact remains limited. In this study, we developed a structured hospital-based CPC model tailored to the Korean healthcare system, the Korea Holistic Optimized Palliative care for End-of-life (K-HOPE) model, and prospectively evaluated its clinical impact. K-HOPE was delivered by an interdisciplinary CPC team in a tertiary hospital. Unmet needs were assessed using the Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale (IPOS), and longitudinal changes were analyzed using mixed-effects models for repeated measures. Among patients who died during hospitalization, quality of death was evaluated using the Good Death Scale (GDS). A total of 84 patients with terminal cancer received K-HOPE. The total IPOS score significantly decreased over time (β = −10.4, 95% CI −12.8 to −8.0; p < 0.001), indicating reduced overall burden and unmet needs. Significant improvements were observed in psychological distress (p = 0.010) and communication and information needs (p < 0.001), whereas changes in physical symptoms and practical concerns were not statistically significant. Among 22 patients who died during hospitalization, 59.1% achieved a good quality of death (GDS ≥ 12). Longer duration of CPC involvement was significantly associated with higher quality of death and remained an independent predictor in multivariable analysis. These findings suggest that the K-HOPE CPC model improves communication and overall EOL care experiences among hospitalized patients with terminal cancer, indicating that meaningful improvements in EOL care can occur even during short periods of CPC involvement. Structured CPC integrated into routine oncology practice represents a feasible strategy for improving EOL care in tertiary hospitals, and a standardized CPC framework may enhance the consistency and reproducibility of care delivery within the Korean healthcare system. 2026-04-13 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 213: Improving Quality of End-of-Life Care Through the K-HOPE Consultative Palliative Care Model: A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Hospital

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040213

Authors: Yoo Jeong Lee In Cheol Hwang Eun Jeong Lee Soon-Young Hwang Youn Seon Choi

As population aging accelerates, the demand for high-quality end-of-life (EOL) care continues to rise. However, a substantial proportion of patients with terminal cancer still experience death in acute-care hospitals without adequate palliative care. Consultative palliative care (CPC) represents a feasible model for delivering palliative care without requiring dedicated inpatient units, yet evidence evaluating its clinical impact remains limited. In this study, we developed a structured hospital-based CPC model tailored to the Korean healthcare system, the Korea Holistic Optimized Palliative care for End-of-life (K-HOPE) model, and prospectively evaluated its clinical impact. K-HOPE was delivered by an interdisciplinary CPC team in a tertiary hospital. Unmet needs were assessed using the Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale (IPOS), and longitudinal changes were analyzed using mixed-effects models for repeated measures. Among patients who died during hospitalization, quality of death was evaluated using the Good Death Scale (GDS). A total of 84 patients with terminal cancer received K-HOPE. The total IPOS score significantly decreased over time (β = −10.4, 95% CI −12.8 to −8.0; p < 0.001), indicating reduced overall burden and unmet needs. Significant improvements were observed in psychological distress (p = 0.010) and communication and information needs (p < 0.001), whereas changes in physical symptoms and practical concerns were not statistically significant. Among 22 patients who died during hospitalization, 59.1% achieved a good quality of death (GDS ≥ 12). Longer duration of CPC involvement was significantly associated with higher quality of death and remained an independent predictor in multivariable analysis. These findings suggest that the K-HOPE CPC model improves communication and overall EOL care experiences among hospitalized patients with terminal cancer, indicating that meaningful improvements in EOL care can occur even during short periods of CPC involvement. Structured CPC integrated into routine oncology practice represents a feasible strategy for improving EOL care in tertiary hospitals, and a standardized CPC framework may enhance the consistency and reproducibility of care delivery within the Korean healthcare system.

]]> Improving Quality of End-of-Life Care Through the K-HOPE Consultative Palliative Care Model: A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Hospital Yoo Jeong Lee In Cheol Hwang Eun Jeong Lee Soon-Young Hwang Youn Seon Choi doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040213 Current Oncology 2026-04-13 Current Oncology 2026-04-13 33 4 Article 213 10.3390/curroncol33040213 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/213 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 212: Axillary Reverse Mapping Improves Quality of Life by Significantly Reducing Clinically Relevant Lymphedema After Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Older Women with Breast Cancer https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/212 Background: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is one of the most debilitating long-term morbidities after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), severely impairing quality of life through reduced mobility, independence, and chronic burden, especially in older women. Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) aims to preserve upper extremity lymphatics while maintaining oncologic safety. Evidence in older adult populations with long-term follow-up remains limited. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 138 female patients (median age 72.5 years) undergoing ALND for invasive breast cancer between January 2018 and January 2024. Patients were divided into ARM (n = 72) and non-ARM (n = 66) groups. BCRL was graded 0–3 according to adapted International Society of Lymphology (ISL) criteria (2013 consensus document). Assessments were performed preoperatively and at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months using blinded circumference measurements and bioimpedance spectroscopy. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable. Mean follow-up was 46.5 ± 8.8 months. Clinically relevant BCRL (Grades 2–3) was dramatically lower in the ARM group (18.1% vs. 60.6%, p < 0.0001), while subclinical changes (Grade 1) were similar (31.9% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.55). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed significantly better clinically relevant lymphedema-free survival with ARM (log-rank p = 0.00019), with curve separation after 30–40 months—indicating a sustained long-term benefit for quality of life in this frail population. Recurrence rates were comparable (8.3% vs. 10.6%, p = 0.776). Multivariable Cox regression confirmed ARM as an independent protective factor (adjusted HR 0.22, 95% CI 0.11–0.44, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: In older women with breast cancer, ARM significantly reduces clinically relevant lymphedema—a major determinant of long-term quality of life—without compromising oncologic safety. These findings support the routine consideration of ARM during ALND to preserve upper-extremity function, mobility, and independence in this vulnerable population, thereby balancing aggressive oncologic treatment with enhanced long-term quality of life and reduced treatment-related morbidity. 2026-04-10 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 212: Axillary Reverse Mapping Improves Quality of Life by Significantly Reducing Clinically Relevant Lymphedema After Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Older Women with Breast Cancer

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040212

Authors: Merve Tokocin Turan Pehlivan Atilla Celik

Background: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is one of the most debilitating long-term morbidities after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), severely impairing quality of life through reduced mobility, independence, and chronic burden, especially in older women. Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) aims to preserve upper extremity lymphatics while maintaining oncologic safety. Evidence in older adult populations with long-term follow-up remains limited. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 138 female patients (median age 72.5 years) undergoing ALND for invasive breast cancer between January 2018 and January 2024. Patients were divided into ARM (n = 72) and non-ARM (n = 66) groups. BCRL was graded 0–3 according to adapted International Society of Lymphology (ISL) criteria (2013 consensus document). Assessments were performed preoperatively and at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months using blinded circumference measurements and bioimpedance spectroscopy. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable. Mean follow-up was 46.5 ± 8.8 months. Clinically relevant BCRL (Grades 2–3) was dramatically lower in the ARM group (18.1% vs. 60.6%, p < 0.0001), while subclinical changes (Grade 1) were similar (31.9% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.55). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed significantly better clinically relevant lymphedema-free survival with ARM (log-rank p = 0.00019), with curve separation after 30–40 months—indicating a sustained long-term benefit for quality of life in this frail population. Recurrence rates were comparable (8.3% vs. 10.6%, p = 0.776). Multivariable Cox regression confirmed ARM as an independent protective factor (adjusted HR 0.22, 95% CI 0.11–0.44, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: In older women with breast cancer, ARM significantly reduces clinically relevant lymphedema—a major determinant of long-term quality of life—without compromising oncologic safety. These findings support the routine consideration of ARM during ALND to preserve upper-extremity function, mobility, and independence in this vulnerable population, thereby balancing aggressive oncologic treatment with enhanced long-term quality of life and reduced treatment-related morbidity.

]]> Axillary Reverse Mapping Improves Quality of Life by Significantly Reducing Clinically Relevant Lymphedema After Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Older Women with Breast Cancer Merve Tokocin Turan Pehlivan Atilla Celik doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040212 Current Oncology 2026-04-10 Current Oncology 2026-04-10 33 4 Article 212 10.3390/curroncol33040212 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/212 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 211: Mixed-Methods Evaluation of the Delivery of Cancer Care to Teenagers and Young Adults in England and Wales: BRIGHTLIGHT_2021 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/211 Background: Healthcare policy in the United Kingdom recognizes that teenagers and young adults (TYAs: 16–24 years at diagnosis) require specialist care. In England, Principal Treatment Centers (PTCs) exist, delivering enhanced care exclusively within the PTC or as ‘joint care’ with designated hospitals (DHs). Central to this is the TYA multidisciplinary team (MDT) and an outreach model coordinating care between hospitals. We previously reported similar outcomes regardless of care location. Aims: To compare TYA experiences of care with healthcare professionals’ perspectives of the service they deliver. Methods: Mixed methods across England and Wales were used. The TYA-MDT identified TYAs who then received a postal invite to a cross-sectional survey capturing experiences of places of care, treatment, healthcare professional support (HCP), mental health, sexuality/fertility, clinical trials and care coordination. Comparisons were made based on exposure to care in a specialist TYA environment within 6 months of diagnosis: all-TYA-PTC (all care in the TYA-PTC, n = 70, 28%), no-TYA-PTC (no care in the TYA-PTC (n = 87, 35%): care delivered in a children/adult unit only), and joint care (care in a TYA-PTC and in a children’s/adult unit, n = 91, 36%). HCP perspectives were captured by rapid ethnography. Results: A total of 250/1056 (24%) TYAs participated. Overall, 200 (80%) rated their teams as excellent/good for helping them prepare for treatment. No evidence of significant differences existed between categories of care for proportions receiving support from key TYA-related professionals: TYA cancer nurse specialists (all-TYA-PTC n = 58, 91%; joint care n = 71, 88%; no-TYA-PTC n = 64, 82%) and social workers (all-TYA-PTC n = 30, 55%; joint care n = 36, 48%; no-TYA-PTC n = 28, 38%). A trend of diminishing support from youth support co-coordinators existed (all-TYA-PTC 63%; joint care 49%; no-TYA-PTC 40%, p = 0.069). This may explain why few differences in patient experiences existed across categories of care. Forty-nine HCPs participated. They were more critical in their interpretation of care, highlighting inequity in resources and challenges in some pathways and coordination. Conclusions: Similar access to age-appropriate support across care settings is likely to reflect recruitment methods. When TYAs are known to the MDT, age-appropriate care can be mobilized beyond TYA units, which could explain the equitable outcomes observed across different care locations in young people who responded to the survey. Nevertheless, gaps persist in communication and coordination, particularly within joint care models, and in the involvement of allied health professionals such as dieticians and physiotherapists, whose input is essential for rehabilitation and return to normal life. Strengthening these areas will require continued investment in workforce capacity and digital infrastructure to support genuinely coordinated, developmentally appropriate TYA cancer care. 2026-04-10 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 211: Mixed-Methods Evaluation of the Delivery of Cancer Care to Teenagers and Young Adults in England and Wales: BRIGHTLIGHT_2021

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040211

Authors: Rachel M. Taylor Elysse Bautista-Gonzalez Julie A. Barber Jamie Cargill Rozalia Dobrogowska Richard G. Feltbower Laura Haddad Nicolas Hall Maria Lawal Martin G. McCabe Sophie Moniz Louise Soanes Dan P. Stark Bethany Wickramasinghe Cecilia Vindrola-Padros Lorna A. Fern

Background: Healthcare policy in the United Kingdom recognizes that teenagers and young adults (TYAs: 16–24 years at diagnosis) require specialist care. In England, Principal Treatment Centers (PTCs) exist, delivering enhanced care exclusively within the PTC or as ‘joint care’ with designated hospitals (DHs). Central to this is the TYA multidisciplinary team (MDT) and an outreach model coordinating care between hospitals. We previously reported similar outcomes regardless of care location. Aims: To compare TYA experiences of care with healthcare professionals’ perspectives of the service they deliver. Methods: Mixed methods across England and Wales were used. The TYA-MDT identified TYAs who then received a postal invite to a cross-sectional survey capturing experiences of places of care, treatment, healthcare professional support (HCP), mental health, sexuality/fertility, clinical trials and care coordination. Comparisons were made based on exposure to care in a specialist TYA environment within 6 months of diagnosis: all-TYA-PTC (all care in the TYA-PTC, n = 70, 28%), no-TYA-PTC (no care in the TYA-PTC (n = 87, 35%): care delivered in a children/adult unit only), and joint care (care in a TYA-PTC and in a children’s/adult unit, n = 91, 36%). HCP perspectives were captured by rapid ethnography. Results: A total of 250/1056 (24%) TYAs participated. Overall, 200 (80%) rated their teams as excellent/good for helping them prepare for treatment. No evidence of significant differences existed between categories of care for proportions receiving support from key TYA-related professionals: TYA cancer nurse specialists (all-TYA-PTC n = 58, 91%; joint care n = 71, 88%; no-TYA-PTC n = 64, 82%) and social workers (all-TYA-PTC n = 30, 55%; joint care n = 36, 48%; no-TYA-PTC n = 28, 38%). A trend of diminishing support from youth support co-coordinators existed (all-TYA-PTC 63%; joint care 49%; no-TYA-PTC 40%, p = 0.069). This may explain why few differences in patient experiences existed across categories of care. Forty-nine HCPs participated. They were more critical in their interpretation of care, highlighting inequity in resources and challenges in some pathways and coordination. Conclusions: Similar access to age-appropriate support across care settings is likely to reflect recruitment methods. When TYAs are known to the MDT, age-appropriate care can be mobilized beyond TYA units, which could explain the equitable outcomes observed across different care locations in young people who responded to the survey. Nevertheless, gaps persist in communication and coordination, particularly within joint care models, and in the involvement of allied health professionals such as dieticians and physiotherapists, whose input is essential for rehabilitation and return to normal life. Strengthening these areas will require continued investment in workforce capacity and digital infrastructure to support genuinely coordinated, developmentally appropriate TYA cancer care.

]]> Mixed-Methods Evaluation of the Delivery of Cancer Care to Teenagers and Young Adults in England and Wales: BRIGHTLIGHT_2021 Rachel M. Taylor Elysse Bautista-Gonzalez Julie A. Barber Jamie Cargill Rozalia Dobrogowska Richard G. Feltbower Laura Haddad Nicolas Hall Maria Lawal Martin G. McCabe Sophie Moniz Louise Soanes Dan P. Stark Bethany Wickramasinghe Cecilia Vindrola-Padros Lorna A. Fern doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040211 Current Oncology 2026-04-10 Current Oncology 2026-04-10 33 4 Article 211 10.3390/curroncol33040211 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/211 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 210: Co-Occurrence of Nuclear-Catenin and H3K27me3 Expression in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Observational Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/210 Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous malignancy characterized by alterations in oncogenic signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms involved in gene regulation. Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway represents a central molecular event in colorectal tumorigenesis, while histone-associated epigenetic modifications may contribute to tumor progression and variability. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Wnt pathway activation and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation in colorectal cancer and to examine their associations with clinicopathological and molecular characteristics. A retrospective observational study was performed on 83 colorectal adenocarcinoma cases using immunohistochemical evaluation of nuclear β-catenin and H3K27me3 expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples, together with molecular analysis of KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations and microsatellite instability status. Nuclear β-catenin expression was observed in 39.8% of cases, while H3K27me3 exhibited negative, mosaic, or diffuse nuclear staining patterns. Nuclear β-catenin expression was significantly associated with patient sex and age, whereas H3K27me3 expression patterns were significantly associated with tumor location, histological grade, disease stage, and metastatic status. These results indicate that Wnt pathway activation and H3K27me3-associated epigenetic alterations frequently coexist in colorectal cancer and support the value of integrated molecular and epigenetic assessment. 2026-04-08 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 210: Co-Occurrence of Nuclear-Catenin and H3K27me3 Expression in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Observational Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040210

Authors: Ramona Abrudan Luca Abrudan Andreea Cămărășan Ovidiu Camarasan Corina Florica Ioniță Luca Vilceanu Ovidiu Laurean Pop

Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous malignancy characterized by alterations in oncogenic signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms involved in gene regulation. Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway represents a central molecular event in colorectal tumorigenesis, while histone-associated epigenetic modifications may contribute to tumor progression and variability. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Wnt pathway activation and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation in colorectal cancer and to examine their associations with clinicopathological and molecular characteristics. A retrospective observational study was performed on 83 colorectal adenocarcinoma cases using immunohistochemical evaluation of nuclear β-catenin and H3K27me3 expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples, together with molecular analysis of KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations and microsatellite instability status. Nuclear β-catenin expression was observed in 39.8% of cases, while H3K27me3 exhibited negative, mosaic, or diffuse nuclear staining patterns. Nuclear β-catenin expression was significantly associated with patient sex and age, whereas H3K27me3 expression patterns were significantly associated with tumor location, histological grade, disease stage, and metastatic status. These results indicate that Wnt pathway activation and H3K27me3-associated epigenetic alterations frequently coexist in colorectal cancer and support the value of integrated molecular and epigenetic assessment.

]]> Co-Occurrence of Nuclear-Catenin and H3K27me3 Expression in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Observational Study Ramona Abrudan Luca Abrudan Andreea Cămărășan Ovidiu Camarasan Corina Florica Ioniță Luca Vilceanu Ovidiu Laurean Pop doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040210 Current Oncology 2026-04-08 Current Oncology 2026-04-08 33 4 Article 210 10.3390/curroncol33040210 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/210 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 209: Linking Inflammation to Reduced Food Intake in Advanced Cancer: A Prospective Observational Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/209 Background: Undernutrition and cachexia are common in advanced cancer and often linked to systemic inflammation. While inflammation is associated with poorer prognosis, accelerated weight loss, and reduced treatment tolerance, its direct impact on food intake remains insufficiently investigated. Aim: To examine the association between systemic inflammation and energy and protein intake over time in patients with advanced cancer. Methods: A total of 170 patients from the Palliative Radiotherapy and Inflammation Study were included. Nutritional status was assessed using PG-SGA SF. Dietary intake was recorded using repeated 24 h recalls. Systemic inflammation was defined as CRP > 10 mg/L. Mixed linear models were applied to evaluate the association between inflammation energy and protein intake over time. Results: Systemic inflammation (CRP >10 mg/L) was present in 87 (51%) patients and associated with significantly lower energy (−3.6 kcal/kg, p = 0.04) and lower protein intake (−0.25 g/kg, p = 0.003). Patients with inflammation were more often undernourished and had shorter survival. Conclusions: Systemic inflammation is likely associated with clinically relevant reductions in energy and protein intake in advanced cancer. CRP may help identify patients for whom standard nutritional support is insufficient. 2026-04-08 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 209: Linking Inflammation to Reduced Food Intake in Advanced Cancer: A Prospective Observational Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040209

Authors: Asta Bye Trude Rakel Balstad Ida Ervik Raaness Tora Skeidsvoll Solheim Ragnhild Habberstad Pål Klepstad Erik Torbjørn Løhre Olav Faisal Dajani Stein Kaasa Nina Aass Ola Magne Vagnildhaug

Background: Undernutrition and cachexia are common in advanced cancer and often linked to systemic inflammation. While inflammation is associated with poorer prognosis, accelerated weight loss, and reduced treatment tolerance, its direct impact on food intake remains insufficiently investigated. Aim: To examine the association between systemic inflammation and energy and protein intake over time in patients with advanced cancer. Methods: A total of 170 patients from the Palliative Radiotherapy and Inflammation Study were included. Nutritional status was assessed using PG-SGA SF. Dietary intake was recorded using repeated 24 h recalls. Systemic inflammation was defined as CRP > 10 mg/L. Mixed linear models were applied to evaluate the association between inflammation energy and protein intake over time. Results: Systemic inflammation (CRP >10 mg/L) was present in 87 (51%) patients and associated with significantly lower energy (−3.6 kcal/kg, p = 0.04) and lower protein intake (−0.25 g/kg, p = 0.003). Patients with inflammation were more often undernourished and had shorter survival. Conclusions: Systemic inflammation is likely associated with clinically relevant reductions in energy and protein intake in advanced cancer. CRP may help identify patients for whom standard nutritional support is insufficient.

]]> Linking Inflammation to Reduced Food Intake in Advanced Cancer: A Prospective Observational Study Asta Bye Trude Rakel Balstad Ida Ervik Raaness Tora Skeidsvoll Solheim Ragnhild Habberstad Pål Klepstad Erik Torbjørn Løhre Olav Faisal Dajani Stein Kaasa Nina Aass Ola Magne Vagnildhaug doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040209 Current Oncology 2026-04-08 Current Oncology 2026-04-08 33 4 Article 209 10.3390/curroncol33040209 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/209 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 208: Minimizing Lymphatic Morbidity: Incidence of Lower Extremity Lymphedema After vNOTES-Assisted Sentinel Node Mapping in Endometrial Cancer https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/208 Background: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping has emerged as a less invasive alternative to systematic lymphadenectomy and is increasingly incorporated into surgical staging algorithms. Vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) provides transvaginal access to the retroperitoneum and may facilitate SLN mapping while potentially reducing postoperative morbidity, including lower extremity lymphedema (LEL). Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of vNOTES hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) and retroperitoneal SLN mapping and to report early postoperative lymphedema outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed endometrial cancer. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 113 patients who underwent vNOTES-assisted hysterectomy with BSO and SLN mapping using methylene blue dye at a tertiary referral center between January 2022 and January 2023. Lymphedema was evaluated using the Gynecologic Cancer Lymphedema Questionnaire at 6 and 12 months postoperatively, supported by clinical examination. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed to summarize clinical characteristics and symptom profiles. Results: The mean patient age was 55.0 ± 10.5 years and the mean BMI was 30.94 ± 2.54 kg/m2. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma was the most common histological subtype (75.5%), and most tumors were grade 1 (57.1%). SLN mapping was successful in 102 of 113 patients (overall detection rate 90.3%), with bilateral detection in 79.6% and unilateral detection in 10.6% of cases. Limb swelling was reported in 4.1% of patients, while only one patient (1.0%) met the criteria for self-reported mild lymphedema. No clinical signs of inguinal lymphedema were detected. Conclusions: vNOTES hysterectomy combined with retroperitoneal SLN mapping was associated with a low incidence of postoperative lower extremity lymphedema in this single-arm cohort. These findings suggest that vNOTES-assisted SLN mapping may represent a feasible minimally invasive approach for nodal assessment in selected patients with endometrial cancer. Prospective comparative studies are required to confirm these findings and to evaluate long-term oncologic and lymphatic outcomes. 2026-04-07 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 208: Minimizing Lymphatic Morbidity: Incidence of Lower Extremity Lymphedema After vNOTES-Assisted Sentinel Node Mapping in Endometrial Cancer

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040208

Authors: Duygu Kurtulus Kevser Arkan Ali Deniz Erkmen Gul Cavusoglu Colak Sedat Akgol Behzat Can

Background: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping has emerged as a less invasive alternative to systematic lymphadenectomy and is increasingly incorporated into surgical staging algorithms. Vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) provides transvaginal access to the retroperitoneum and may facilitate SLN mapping while potentially reducing postoperative morbidity, including lower extremity lymphedema (LEL). Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of vNOTES hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) and retroperitoneal SLN mapping and to report early postoperative lymphedema outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed endometrial cancer. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 113 patients who underwent vNOTES-assisted hysterectomy with BSO and SLN mapping using methylene blue dye at a tertiary referral center between January 2022 and January 2023. Lymphedema was evaluated using the Gynecologic Cancer Lymphedema Questionnaire at 6 and 12 months postoperatively, supported by clinical examination. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed to summarize clinical characteristics and symptom profiles. Results: The mean patient age was 55.0 ± 10.5 years and the mean BMI was 30.94 ± 2.54 kg/m2. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma was the most common histological subtype (75.5%), and most tumors were grade 1 (57.1%). SLN mapping was successful in 102 of 113 patients (overall detection rate 90.3%), with bilateral detection in 79.6% and unilateral detection in 10.6% of cases. Limb swelling was reported in 4.1% of patients, while only one patient (1.0%) met the criteria for self-reported mild lymphedema. No clinical signs of inguinal lymphedema were detected. Conclusions: vNOTES hysterectomy combined with retroperitoneal SLN mapping was associated with a low incidence of postoperative lower extremity lymphedema in this single-arm cohort. These findings suggest that vNOTES-assisted SLN mapping may represent a feasible minimally invasive approach for nodal assessment in selected patients with endometrial cancer. Prospective comparative studies are required to confirm these findings and to evaluate long-term oncologic and lymphatic outcomes.

]]> Minimizing Lymphatic Morbidity: Incidence of Lower Extremity Lymphedema After vNOTES-Assisted Sentinel Node Mapping in Endometrial Cancer Duygu Kurtulus Kevser Arkan Ali Deniz Erkmen Gul Cavusoglu Colak Sedat Akgol Behzat Can doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040208 Current Oncology 2026-04-07 Current Oncology 2026-04-07 33 4 Article 208 10.3390/curroncol33040208 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/208 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 207: Impact of a Multimodal Prehabilitation Program on Perioperative Outcomes in Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/207 Background: Major hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgeries cause significant physical stress. In this study, we evaluated how a 4-week multimodal prehabilitation program affects perioperative outcomes across different types of HPB procedures. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 359 patients undergoing HPB surgery (162 historical controls and 197 in the prehabilitation group). To accurately assess the clinical benefits of various procedures, patients were stratified into specific surgical groups: major and minor hepatectomy, pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), and left pancreatectomy (LP). Results: The prehabilitation program significantly improved preoperative nutrition, demonstrated by increased serum albumin levels on the day of surgery (p < 0.001), and the clinical benefits were most pronounced in pancreatic surgeries. Patients undergoing PD in the prehabilitation group had a significantly shorter median hospital stay (8 versus 13 days, p < 0.001). LP patients also experienced shorter hospital stays (5 versus 9 days, p = 0.001) and reduced blood loss (p = 0.002). For minor hepatectomies, the intervention significantly lowered the need for blood transfusions (8.3% versus 18.9%, p = 0.033). The length of stay and complication rates for major hepatectomies remained comparable between groups. Importantly, major morbidities and 90-day mortality were low and similar across all cohorts. Conclusions: Multimodal prehabilitation successfully optimizes preoperative nutrition and accelerates hospital discharge, especially after highly stressful pancreatic surgeries. Because benefits vary by surgical magnitude, prehabilitation pathways should be tailored to prioritize high-risk patients facing complex operations. 2026-04-05 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 207: Impact of a Multimodal Prehabilitation Program on Perioperative Outcomes in Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040207

Authors: Pipit Burasakarn Nattaporn Maneepairoj Vachiraluck Chalokool Anuparp Thienhiran Sermsak Hongjinda Pusit Fuengfoo

Background: Major hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgeries cause significant physical stress. In this study, we evaluated how a 4-week multimodal prehabilitation program affects perioperative outcomes across different types of HPB procedures. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 359 patients undergoing HPB surgery (162 historical controls and 197 in the prehabilitation group). To accurately assess the clinical benefits of various procedures, patients were stratified into specific surgical groups: major and minor hepatectomy, pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), and left pancreatectomy (LP). Results: The prehabilitation program significantly improved preoperative nutrition, demonstrated by increased serum albumin levels on the day of surgery (p < 0.001), and the clinical benefits were most pronounced in pancreatic surgeries. Patients undergoing PD in the prehabilitation group had a significantly shorter median hospital stay (8 versus 13 days, p < 0.001). LP patients also experienced shorter hospital stays (5 versus 9 days, p = 0.001) and reduced blood loss (p = 0.002). For minor hepatectomies, the intervention significantly lowered the need for blood transfusions (8.3% versus 18.9%, p = 0.033). The length of stay and complication rates for major hepatectomies remained comparable between groups. Importantly, major morbidities and 90-day mortality were low and similar across all cohorts. Conclusions: Multimodal prehabilitation successfully optimizes preoperative nutrition and accelerates hospital discharge, especially after highly stressful pancreatic surgeries. Because benefits vary by surgical magnitude, prehabilitation pathways should be tailored to prioritize high-risk patients facing complex operations.

]]> Impact of a Multimodal Prehabilitation Program on Perioperative Outcomes in Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study Pipit Burasakarn Nattaporn Maneepairoj Vachiraluck Chalokool Anuparp Thienhiran Sermsak Hongjinda Pusit Fuengfoo doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040207 Current Oncology 2026-04-05 Current Oncology 2026-04-05 33 4 Article 207 10.3390/curroncol33040207 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/207 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 206: Controlled Ovarian Stimulation After Fertility-Sparing Surgery for Borderline Ovarian Tumors: An Exploratory Cohort Study on Recurrence and Reproductive Outcomes https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/206 Borderline ovarian tumors often affect women of reproductive age for whom fertility preservation may be a major concern. While fertility-sparing surgery is widely accepted, the safety of controlled ovarian stimulation for oocyte cryopreservation after surgery remains uncertain due to potential recurrence risk. This retrospective single-center cohort study explored the association between controlled ovarian stimulation following fertility-sparing surgery and both recurrence risk and reproductive outcomes. Patients treated between January 2011 and June 2024 were included. Baseline characteristics, surgical details, and reproductive outcomes were compared using non-parametric and exact tests. Progression-free survival was assessed with Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards models, modeling stimulation as a time-dependent covariate, and using a 10-month landmark analysis to account for immortal time bias. Of 45 included patients, 19 underwent ovarian stimulation after surgery, with a median interval of 9.9 months to stimulation. Median follow-up was 34.4 months. Recurrence occurred in 21.1% of stimulated patients versus 38.5% of non-stimulated patients (p = 0.338). After adjustment for time-dependent exposure, ovarian stimulation was not associated with increased recurrence risk (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.22–4.09; p = 0.944). Eleven patients (24.4%) achieved at least one pregnancy, 81.8% of which were spontaneous. Controlled ovarian stimulation for oocyte cryopreservation after fertility-sparing surgery for borderline ovarian tumors did not show an increased recurrence risk, although larger studies are needed. 2026-04-03 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 206: Controlled Ovarian Stimulation After Fertility-Sparing Surgery for Borderline Ovarian Tumors: An Exploratory Cohort Study on Recurrence and Reproductive Outcomes

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040206

Authors: Sofia Thiella Giacomo Corrado Paola Villa Inge Peters Diana Giannarelli Rossella Letizia Mancusi Tina Pasciuto Lucrezia Massaro Maria Luisa Di Pietro Maria Lucia Specchia Anna Fagotti

Borderline ovarian tumors often affect women of reproductive age for whom fertility preservation may be a major concern. While fertility-sparing surgery is widely accepted, the safety of controlled ovarian stimulation for oocyte cryopreservation after surgery remains uncertain due to potential recurrence risk. This retrospective single-center cohort study explored the association between controlled ovarian stimulation following fertility-sparing surgery and both recurrence risk and reproductive outcomes. Patients treated between January 2011 and June 2024 were included. Baseline characteristics, surgical details, and reproductive outcomes were compared using non-parametric and exact tests. Progression-free survival was assessed with Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards models, modeling stimulation as a time-dependent covariate, and using a 10-month landmark analysis to account for immortal time bias. Of 45 included patients, 19 underwent ovarian stimulation after surgery, with a median interval of 9.9 months to stimulation. Median follow-up was 34.4 months. Recurrence occurred in 21.1% of stimulated patients versus 38.5% of non-stimulated patients (p = 0.338). After adjustment for time-dependent exposure, ovarian stimulation was not associated with increased recurrence risk (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.22–4.09; p = 0.944). Eleven patients (24.4%) achieved at least one pregnancy, 81.8% of which were spontaneous. Controlled ovarian stimulation for oocyte cryopreservation after fertility-sparing surgery for borderline ovarian tumors did not show an increased recurrence risk, although larger studies are needed.

]]> Controlled Ovarian Stimulation After Fertility-Sparing Surgery for Borderline Ovarian Tumors: An Exploratory Cohort Study on Recurrence and Reproductive Outcomes Sofia Thiella Giacomo Corrado Paola Villa Inge Peters Diana Giannarelli Rossella Letizia Mancusi Tina Pasciuto Lucrezia Massaro Maria Luisa Di Pietro Maria Lucia Specchia Anna Fagotti doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040206 Current Oncology 2026-04-03 Current Oncology 2026-04-03 33 4 Article 206 10.3390/curroncol33040206 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/206 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 205: Instability in Pentanucleotide Markers in a Subset of Microsatellite Instability-High Colorectal Cancer https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/205 Microsatellite instability (MSI) testing is frequently used to screen patients for the early detection of Lynch syndrome, the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. MSI testing compares microsatellite repeat lengths in tumor DNA with those in matched normal tissue from the same patient. Therefore, precise sample identification is critical for obtaining reliable test results. The Penta-C and Penta-D pentanucleotide markers are widely used for sample identification in MSI testing. We investigated instability, defined as allelic mismatches or shifts, discordant fragment sizes, or the appearance of alleles in tumor DNA that were absent in the corresponding normal DNA, in the Penta-C and Penta-D loci across 2609 paired colorectal tumor and matched normal tissue or blood DNA samples. The allele sizes of both markers did not match in 0.3% of microsatellite-stable (MSS) and 12.3% of microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) patients (p < 0.001, difference in proportions, 12.0% (95% CI, 8.9–15.1%)). Non-matching allele sizes in 12.3% of the MSI-H tumors suggest that other repeat markers may also be unstable and not suitable for sample identification in these tumors. 2026-04-02 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 205: Instability in Pentanucleotide Markers in a Subset of Microsatellite Instability-High Colorectal Cancer

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040205

Authors: Ahmet Yilmaz Wendy L. Frankel Benjamin J. Swanson Kristin Miller Jason Bacher Christopher Bigley Lori Nelsen Matthew F. Kalady Joshua F. Coleman Rachel Pearlman Heather Hampel

Microsatellite instability (MSI) testing is frequently used to screen patients for the early detection of Lynch syndrome, the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. MSI testing compares microsatellite repeat lengths in tumor DNA with those in matched normal tissue from the same patient. Therefore, precise sample identification is critical for obtaining reliable test results. The Penta-C and Penta-D pentanucleotide markers are widely used for sample identification in MSI testing. We investigated instability, defined as allelic mismatches or shifts, discordant fragment sizes, or the appearance of alleles in tumor DNA that were absent in the corresponding normal DNA, in the Penta-C and Penta-D loci across 2609 paired colorectal tumor and matched normal tissue or blood DNA samples. The allele sizes of both markers did not match in 0.3% of microsatellite-stable (MSS) and 12.3% of microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) patients (p < 0.001, difference in proportions, 12.0% (95% CI, 8.9–15.1%)). Non-matching allele sizes in 12.3% of the MSI-H tumors suggest that other repeat markers may also be unstable and not suitable for sample identification in these tumors.

]]> Instability in Pentanucleotide Markers in a Subset of Microsatellite Instability-High Colorectal Cancer Ahmet Yilmaz Wendy L. Frankel Benjamin J. Swanson Kristin Miller Jason Bacher Christopher Bigley Lori Nelsen Matthew F. Kalady Joshua F. Coleman Rachel Pearlman Heather Hampel doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040205 Current Oncology 2026-04-02 Current Oncology 2026-04-02 33 4 Article 205 10.3390/curroncol33040205 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/205 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 204: Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Thigh Presenting as a Hemorrhagic Mass: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/204 Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma with a marked propensity for early regional lymph node metastasis. Although MCC most often arises on sun-exposed head and neck skin in older adults, tumors of the lower extremity are uncommon and may be mistaken for benign hemorrhagic lesions. Case presentation: A 54-year-old woman developed a rapidly enlarging, hemorrhagic mass in the left suprapatellar thigh. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an extracompartmental subcutaneous soft-tissue mass without quadriceps muscle invasion. Wide local excision including the quadriceps fascia was performed. Histopathologic examination showed a dermal/subcutaneous small blue round cell neoplasm with brisk mitotic activity. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated diffuse cytoplasmic synaptophysin positivity, paranuclear dot-like CK20 reactivity, chromogranin A positivity, and negative MCPyV staining; TTF-1, S100, melan-A, HMB-45, and hematolymphoid markers were negative. Staging positron emission tomography/computed tomography identified ipsilateral inguinal nodal involvement. Therapeutic inguinal lymph node dissection revealed metastatic MCC in one of four lymph nodes without extranodal extension. The final stage was pT3 pN1b cM0 (AJCC 8th edition), corresponding to stage IIIB disease. Adjuvant radiotherapy (57 Gy in 20 fractions) was delivered to the primary bed and ipsilateral inguinal basin. The patient remains disease-free at 5-year follow-up. Conclusions: Lower-extremity MCC can mimic hemorrhagic or post-traumatic lesions, contributing to diagnostic delay. Persistent or rapidly enlarging “hematoma-like” lesions warrant early biopsy, and timely pathologic nodal staging is essential. Multimodal management can achieve durable control even in node-positive disease 2026-04-01 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 204: Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Thigh Presenting as a Hemorrhagic Mass: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040204

Authors: Hüseyin Emre Tepedelenlioğlu Özlem Orhan Şefik Murat Arıkan Güldal Esendağlı

Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma with a marked propensity for early regional lymph node metastasis. Although MCC most often arises on sun-exposed head and neck skin in older adults, tumors of the lower extremity are uncommon and may be mistaken for benign hemorrhagic lesions. Case presentation: A 54-year-old woman developed a rapidly enlarging, hemorrhagic mass in the left suprapatellar thigh. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an extracompartmental subcutaneous soft-tissue mass without quadriceps muscle invasion. Wide local excision including the quadriceps fascia was performed. Histopathologic examination showed a dermal/subcutaneous small blue round cell neoplasm with brisk mitotic activity. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated diffuse cytoplasmic synaptophysin positivity, paranuclear dot-like CK20 reactivity, chromogranin A positivity, and negative MCPyV staining; TTF-1, S100, melan-A, HMB-45, and hematolymphoid markers were negative. Staging positron emission tomography/computed tomography identified ipsilateral inguinal nodal involvement. Therapeutic inguinal lymph node dissection revealed metastatic MCC in one of four lymph nodes without extranodal extension. The final stage was pT3 pN1b cM0 (AJCC 8th edition), corresponding to stage IIIB disease. Adjuvant radiotherapy (57 Gy in 20 fractions) was delivered to the primary bed and ipsilateral inguinal basin. The patient remains disease-free at 5-year follow-up. Conclusions: Lower-extremity MCC can mimic hemorrhagic or post-traumatic lesions, contributing to diagnostic delay. Persistent or rapidly enlarging “hematoma-like” lesions warrant early biopsy, and timely pathologic nodal staging is essential. Multimodal management can achieve durable control even in node-positive disease

]]> Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Thigh Presenting as a Hemorrhagic Mass: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review Hüseyin Emre Tepedelenlioğlu Özlem Orhan Şefik Murat Arıkan Güldal Esendağlı doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040204 Current Oncology 2026-04-01 Current Oncology 2026-04-01 33 4 Case Report 204 10.3390/curroncol33040204 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/204 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 203: The Yield of Staging Investigations in Patients with Breast Cancer Planned for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/203 Background: Patients with breast cancer planned for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) represent a diverse population including high-risk early breast cancer (EBC) and locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). Staging investigations are routinely performed, but the clinical utility is unclear. Methods: Using a provincial cancer registry, we identified breast cancer patients referred for NAC between 2020 and 2022. Patients with staging investigations were stratified into EBC (anatomic clinical stage I–II) and LABC (stage III). Rates of metastatic (M1) disease and associated factors were assessed. Results: Among 529 EBC patients, 515 (97.4%) underwent staging. The M1 disease rate was 5.4%. The M1 rate for cT1-2N0 was 1.1%, and for cT1-2N1 it was 7.9%. In multivariable analysis, cT1N1 (OR 5.31; 95% CI 1.05–27.0; p = 0.044) and cT2N1 (OR 4.59; 95% CI 1.02–20.67; p = 0.047) were associated with M1 disease in EBC. All 320 LABC patients underwent staging. The M1 disease rate was 22.8%, significantly higher than in EBC (p < 0.001). A higher cT/N stage correlated with M1 disease in LABC, although most subgroups demonstrated rates of ≥10%. Conclusions: These findings support a risk-adapted approach to pre-treatment staging in patients planned for NAC, omitting staging in asymptomatic cT1–2N0 disease, considering it for node-positive EBC, and performing it routinely in LABC. 2026-04-01 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 203: The Yield of Staging Investigations in Patients with Breast Cancer Planned for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040203

Authors: Kadhim Taqi Camelia Ursu Susan Isherwood Rabia Raheel Julia Downey Jeffrey Q. Cao Sasha Lupichuk Omar Khan Nancy Nixon May Lynn Quan Alison Laws

Background: Patients with breast cancer planned for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) represent a diverse population including high-risk early breast cancer (EBC) and locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). Staging investigations are routinely performed, but the clinical utility is unclear. Methods: Using a provincial cancer registry, we identified breast cancer patients referred for NAC between 2020 and 2022. Patients with staging investigations were stratified into EBC (anatomic clinical stage I–II) and LABC (stage III). Rates of metastatic (M1) disease and associated factors were assessed. Results: Among 529 EBC patients, 515 (97.4%) underwent staging. The M1 disease rate was 5.4%. The M1 rate for cT1-2N0 was 1.1%, and for cT1-2N1 it was 7.9%. In multivariable analysis, cT1N1 (OR 5.31; 95% CI 1.05–27.0; p = 0.044) and cT2N1 (OR 4.59; 95% CI 1.02–20.67; p = 0.047) were associated with M1 disease in EBC. All 320 LABC patients underwent staging. The M1 disease rate was 22.8%, significantly higher than in EBC (p < 0.001). A higher cT/N stage correlated with M1 disease in LABC, although most subgroups demonstrated rates of ≥10%. Conclusions: These findings support a risk-adapted approach to pre-treatment staging in patients planned for NAC, omitting staging in asymptomatic cT1–2N0 disease, considering it for node-positive EBC, and performing it routinely in LABC.

]]> The Yield of Staging Investigations in Patients with Breast Cancer Planned for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Kadhim Taqi Camelia Ursu Susan Isherwood Rabia Raheel Julia Downey Jeffrey Q. Cao Sasha Lupichuk Omar Khan Nancy Nixon May Lynn Quan Alison Laws doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040203 Current Oncology 2026-04-01 Current Oncology 2026-04-01 33 4 Article 203 10.3390/curroncol33040203 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/203 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 202: Resuscitation in Oncology: Limits, Ethics, Practice, and Humanity https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/202 Introduction: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is one of the most consequential decisions in clinical medicine—a pivotal moment between life and death where science, ethics, and humanity intersect. Although advances in systems of care, technology, and training have refined technique and logistics, outcomes do not consistently result in meaningful, neurologically intact survival. In oncology—where disease trajectories are heterogeneous, treatment burdens substantial, and organ reserve often limited—these tensions are especially pronounced. Methods and approaches: This manuscript examines resuscitation as a medical, ethical, and human process, with explicit focus on patients with cancer. We review contemporary strategies for early recognition of deterioration (MEWS, NEWS, MET activation), team preparedness through Immediate Life Support (ILS), and structured decision-making at the boundaries of resuscitation. We also address communication with patients and families, the legal framework of Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) orders, and the distinctions among treatment forgoing, palliative sedation, and euthanasia, emphasising oncology-specific considerations such as metastatic burden, treatment intent (curative vs. palliative), performance status, and organ reserve. Results and discussion: The overall effectiveness of resuscitation remains modest (approximately 5–20% survival), highlighting the importance of prevention and early intervention. In cancer care, the limits of resuscitation are both clinical and ethical, requiring proportionality between the likely benefit and the risks of prolonging suffering, careful attention to prognosis and expected neurological outcomes, and rigorous alignment with goals of care. Early and ongoing involvement of palliative services, along with robust long-term care pathways, provides humane, value-concordant alternatives for patients with advanced disease. Psychotherapists and chaplains play integral roles in supporting families and clinical staff. Structured post-event debriefing and system-level safeguards are essential to mitigate burnout and moral distress within oncology teams. Initiating or discontinuing resuscitation in oncology requires expertise, empathy, and moral clarity. Dignity-preserving care depends on aligning interventions with patient values and realistic clinical endpoints. Acceptance of the natural course of dying represents an important component of responsible and patient-centred medical care. 2026-03-31 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 202: Resuscitation in Oncology: Limits, Ethics, Practice, and Humanity

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040202

Authors: Lea Andjelković Milan Krnojelac Iztok Potočnik

Introduction: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is one of the most consequential decisions in clinical medicine—a pivotal moment between life and death where science, ethics, and humanity intersect. Although advances in systems of care, technology, and training have refined technique and logistics, outcomes do not consistently result in meaningful, neurologically intact survival. In oncology—where disease trajectories are heterogeneous, treatment burdens substantial, and organ reserve often limited—these tensions are especially pronounced. Methods and approaches: This manuscript examines resuscitation as a medical, ethical, and human process, with explicit focus on patients with cancer. We review contemporary strategies for early recognition of deterioration (MEWS, NEWS, MET activation), team preparedness through Immediate Life Support (ILS), and structured decision-making at the boundaries of resuscitation. We also address communication with patients and families, the legal framework of Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) orders, and the distinctions among treatment forgoing, palliative sedation, and euthanasia, emphasising oncology-specific considerations such as metastatic burden, treatment intent (curative vs. palliative), performance status, and organ reserve. Results and discussion: The overall effectiveness of resuscitation remains modest (approximately 5–20% survival), highlighting the importance of prevention and early intervention. In cancer care, the limits of resuscitation are both clinical and ethical, requiring proportionality between the likely benefit and the risks of prolonging suffering, careful attention to prognosis and expected neurological outcomes, and rigorous alignment with goals of care. Early and ongoing involvement of palliative services, along with robust long-term care pathways, provides humane, value-concordant alternatives for patients with advanced disease. Psychotherapists and chaplains play integral roles in supporting families and clinical staff. Structured post-event debriefing and system-level safeguards are essential to mitigate burnout and moral distress within oncology teams. Initiating or discontinuing resuscitation in oncology requires expertise, empathy, and moral clarity. Dignity-preserving care depends on aligning interventions with patient values and realistic clinical endpoints. Acceptance of the natural course of dying represents an important component of responsible and patient-centred medical care.

]]> Resuscitation in Oncology: Limits, Ethics, Practice, and Humanity Lea Andjelković Milan Krnojelac Iztok Potočnik doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040202 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 33 4 Review 202 10.3390/curroncol33040202 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/202 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 199: The Benefits and Harms of Screening for Prostate Cancer in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older: A Systematic Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/199 Given ongoing uncertainty about the benefits and harms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, this systematic review updates the evidence to inform guideline recommendations for adults aged ≥ 18 years in primary care. We searched multiple bibliographic databases from inception to 30 May 2022, with an update on 24 July 2024, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative observational studies evaluating PSA-based screening with or without adjunctive technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Studies were selected in duplicate, with data extraction and quality assessment verified by a second reviewer; risk of bias and evidence certainty were assessed using study design-specific tools and GRADE. Four RCTs and one cohort study (17 articles) were included: ERSPC, PLCO and CAP compared PSA screening with no screening, while STHLM3-MRI evaluated a risk-based test combined with MRI targeted biopsy. Meta-analysis showed 0.96 fewer prostate cancer deaths per 1000 individuals invited to screen, corresponding to a 12% relative reduction over 9.5–22 years (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81–0.95). One trial estimated 2.3% to 10.3% overdiagnosis over 10–14 years. Overall certainty of evidence was low or very low. PSA screening may offer a small mortality benefit, but uncertainty and variable harms limit confidence, underscoring the need for high-quality evidence, particularly for MRI and risk-based screening strategies. 2026-03-31 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 199: The Benefits and Harms of Screening for Prostate Cancer in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older: A Systematic Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040199

Authors: Alexandria Bennett Niyati Vyas Nicole Shaver Faris Almoli Taddele Kibret Andrew Loblaw Lisa Del Giudice Xiaomei Yao Becky Skidmore Melissa Brouwers Julian Little David Moher

Given ongoing uncertainty about the benefits and harms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, this systematic review updates the evidence to inform guideline recommendations for adults aged ≥ 18 years in primary care. We searched multiple bibliographic databases from inception to 30 May 2022, with an update on 24 July 2024, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative observational studies evaluating PSA-based screening with or without adjunctive technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Studies were selected in duplicate, with data extraction and quality assessment verified by a second reviewer; risk of bias and evidence certainty were assessed using study design-specific tools and GRADE. Four RCTs and one cohort study (17 articles) were included: ERSPC, PLCO and CAP compared PSA screening with no screening, while STHLM3-MRI evaluated a risk-based test combined with MRI targeted biopsy. Meta-analysis showed 0.96 fewer prostate cancer deaths per 1000 individuals invited to screen, corresponding to a 12% relative reduction over 9.5–22 years (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81–0.95). One trial estimated 2.3% to 10.3% overdiagnosis over 10–14 years. Overall certainty of evidence was low or very low. PSA screening may offer a small mortality benefit, but uncertainty and variable harms limit confidence, underscoring the need for high-quality evidence, particularly for MRI and risk-based screening strategies.

]]> The Benefits and Harms of Screening for Prostate Cancer in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older: A Systematic Review Alexandria Bennett Niyati Vyas Nicole Shaver Faris Almoli Taddele Kibret Andrew Loblaw Lisa Del Giudice Xiaomei Yao Becky Skidmore Melissa Brouwers Julian Little David Moher doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040199 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 33 4 Systematic Review 199 10.3390/curroncol33040199 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/199 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 200: Guidance for Canadian Breast Cancer Practice: National Consensus Recommendations for the Systemic Treatment of Patients with HER2+ Breast Cancer in Both the Early and Metastatic Settings (2025 Update) https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/200 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer is an aggressive subtype associated with a poor prognosis when not optimally treated. Over the past year, major advances—including results from DESTINY-Breast05, DESTINY-Breast09, DESTINY-Breast11, PATINA, and long-term APHINITY follow-up—have changed the treatment landscape regarding the place in therapy of antibody–drug conjugates and the optimal sequencing of systemic therapies. These developments prompted the need for updated evidence-informed consensus recommendations to support consistent, high-quality care across Canada. Research Excellence, Active Leadership Canadian Breast Cancer Alliance (REAL Alliance), comprising clinical-academic oncologists from across Canada and Breast Cancer Canada, updated its 2024 HER2+ recommendations through a modified Delphi process with up to three rounds of anonymous voting. Consensus was defined a priori as ≥75% agreement. This 2025 update incorporates new data in early-stage, metastatic, and central nervous system-involved disease, including revisions to neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment pathways and expanded guidance on the clinical use of antibody–drug conjugates. 2026-03-31 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 200: Guidance for Canadian Breast Cancer Practice: National Consensus Recommendations for the Systemic Treatment of Patients with HER2+ Breast Cancer in Both the Early and Metastatic Settings (2025 Update)

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040200

Authors: Aalok Kumar Katarzyna J. Jerzak Karen A. Gelmon Jean-François Boileau Nathaniel Bouganim Christine Brezden-Masley Jeffrey Q. Cao David W. Cescon Stephen Chia Scott Edwards Anil Abraham Joy Kara Laing Nathalie LeVasseur Sandeep Sehdev Christine Simmons Marc Webster Mita Manna on behalf of Patient Advocacy, Breast Cancer Canada on behalf of Patient Advocacy, Breast Cancer Canada

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer is an aggressive subtype associated with a poor prognosis when not optimally treated. Over the past year, major advances—including results from DESTINY-Breast05, DESTINY-Breast09, DESTINY-Breast11, PATINA, and long-term APHINITY follow-up—have changed the treatment landscape regarding the place in therapy of antibody–drug conjugates and the optimal sequencing of systemic therapies. These developments prompted the need for updated evidence-informed consensus recommendations to support consistent, high-quality care across Canada. Research Excellence, Active Leadership Canadian Breast Cancer Alliance (REAL Alliance), comprising clinical-academic oncologists from across Canada and Breast Cancer Canada, updated its 2024 HER2+ recommendations through a modified Delphi process with up to three rounds of anonymous voting. Consensus was defined a priori as ≥75% agreement. This 2025 update incorporates new data in early-stage, metastatic, and central nervous system-involved disease, including revisions to neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment pathways and expanded guidance on the clinical use of antibody–drug conjugates.

]]> Guidance for Canadian Breast Cancer Practice: National Consensus Recommendations for the Systemic Treatment of Patients with HER2+ Breast Cancer in Both the Early and Metastatic Settings (2025 Update) Aalok Kumar Katarzyna J. Jerzak Karen A. Gelmon Jean-François Boileau Nathaniel Bouganim Christine Brezden-Masley Jeffrey Q. Cao David W. Cescon Stephen Chia Scott Edwards Anil Abraham Joy Kara Laing Nathalie LeVasseur Sandeep Sehdev Christine Simmons Marc Webster Mita Manna on behalf of Patient Advocacy, Breast Cancer Canada on behalf of Patient Advocacy, Breast Cancer Canada doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040200 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 33 4 Guidelines 200 10.3390/curroncol33040200 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/200 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 201: Metabolomic Insights into Head and Neck Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Directions https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/201 Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) continues to pose a major global health challenge, with over 600,000 new cases diagnosed annually and persistently poor survival outcomes despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Growing evidence implicates metabolic reprogramming, including enhanced glycolysis, glutaminolysis, lipid synthesis, and one-carbon/redox flux as a central driver of HNC initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. In contrast, metabolic crosstalk within the hypoxic, acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) further shapes immune evasion and stromal support. Recent innovations in mass spectrometry platforms (LC-MS, GC-MS, NMR) have attracted attention in clinical therapeutics, and spatial metabolomics imaging techniques now enable high-resolution in situ mapping of metabolites, revealing intratumoral heterogeneity and offering new insights into tumor-immune–stromal interactions and potential biomarkers for precision oncology. In this review, we integrate critical methodological considerations from sample collection and data-analysis workflows to analytical pitfalls with a balanced, pathway-focused analysis of HNSCC dysmetabolism, examine tumor immune stromal metabolic interactions, and highlight translational opportunities through emerging biomarkers, targeted inhibitors, and cutting-edge approaches such as single-cell and AI-driven metabolomics to chart a roadmap toward precision oncology for HNSCC. 2026-03-31 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 201: Metabolomic Insights into Head and Neck Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Directions

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040201

Authors: Srikanth Ponneganti Kousalya Lavudi Maharshi Thalla Gayatri Narkhede Reva Dwivedi Rekha Kokkanti Prashant Pandey

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) continues to pose a major global health challenge, with over 600,000 new cases diagnosed annually and persistently poor survival outcomes despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Growing evidence implicates metabolic reprogramming, including enhanced glycolysis, glutaminolysis, lipid synthesis, and one-carbon/redox flux as a central driver of HNC initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. In contrast, metabolic crosstalk within the hypoxic, acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) further shapes immune evasion and stromal support. Recent innovations in mass spectrometry platforms (LC-MS, GC-MS, NMR) have attracted attention in clinical therapeutics, and spatial metabolomics imaging techniques now enable high-resolution in situ mapping of metabolites, revealing intratumoral heterogeneity and offering new insights into tumor-immune–stromal interactions and potential biomarkers for precision oncology. In this review, we integrate critical methodological considerations from sample collection and data-analysis workflows to analytical pitfalls with a balanced, pathway-focused analysis of HNSCC dysmetabolism, examine tumor immune stromal metabolic interactions, and highlight translational opportunities through emerging biomarkers, targeted inhibitors, and cutting-edge approaches such as single-cell and AI-driven metabolomics to chart a roadmap toward precision oncology for HNSCC.

]]> Metabolomic Insights into Head and Neck Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Directions Srikanth Ponneganti Kousalya Lavudi Maharshi Thalla Gayatri Narkhede Reva Dwivedi Rekha Kokkanti Prashant Pandey doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040201 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 33 4 Review 201 10.3390/curroncol33040201 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/201 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 197: Wilms Tumor with Inferior Vena Cava Thrombus: Comparative Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/197 Background: An inferior vena cava thrombus (IVCT) occurs in approximately 4–10% of Wilms tumor (WT) cases. The presence of an IVCT complicates surgical management and potentially affects patient outcomes. We reviewed all patients with a WT with and without an IVCT treated at our center, comparing their characteristics and outcome. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed pediatric patients with a WT treated between November 2014 and July 2023. Patients were categorized according to the presence or absence of an IVCT. Data on demographics, clinical presentation, imaging findings, treatment modalities, and outcomes were collected. Group comparisons for categorical data were carried out using Chi-square tests, Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Kaplan–Meier curves, and differences between groups were assessed with the log-rank test. Results: Among 110 children with a unilateral WT, 17 (15.4%) had an IVCT at presentation. Their median age at diagnosis was 4.2 years. Females predominated (65%) and 11 (65%) had distant metastasis. Thrombus levels were infra-hepatic (52.9%), retro-hepatic (23.6%), supra-hepatic (5.9%), and intra-cardiac (17.6%). Thrombus resolution following neo-adjuvant chemotherapy was achieved in 41.2% of patients, most frequently in infra-hepatic thrombi. Local control followed neo-adjuvant chemotherapy that included doxorubicin. Favorable histology was observed in 70% of patients with an IVCT. Compared with patients without an IVCT, children with an IVCT tend to present at an older age, have hematuria, a larger tumor, positive lymph node (LN) involvement, and metastatic disease (p value, 0.019, 0.008, 0.01, 0.014, and 0.002, respectively). On univariable analysis, older age, the presence of metastatic disease, IVCT, LN involvement, and diffuse anaplasia were associated with inferior EFS and OS. Five-year EFS and OS were significantly lower in patients with IVCT compared to those without (51% ± 12.5% vs. 74.5% ± 4.6%, p = 0.021 and 53.8% ± 15.4% vs. 82% ± 4.9%, p = 0.012, respectively). Conclusions: We observed a higher proportion of IVCT than previously reported. Consistent with prior studies, an IVCT was associated with more aggressive disease features. Although survival was worse in patients with an IVCT, the mere presence of a thrombus as an independent prognostic factor requires evaluation in larger patient cohorts. 2026-03-31 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 197: Wilms Tumor with Inferior Vena Cava Thrombus: Comparative Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040197

Authors: Rahaf Al-Hasan Rula Al-Qawabah Khalil Ghandour Ahmad Kh. Ibrahimi Nasim Sarhan Iyad Sultan Hadeel Halalsheh

Background: An inferior vena cava thrombus (IVCT) occurs in approximately 4–10% of Wilms tumor (WT) cases. The presence of an IVCT complicates surgical management and potentially affects patient outcomes. We reviewed all patients with a WT with and without an IVCT treated at our center, comparing their characteristics and outcome. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed pediatric patients with a WT treated between November 2014 and July 2023. Patients were categorized according to the presence or absence of an IVCT. Data on demographics, clinical presentation, imaging findings, treatment modalities, and outcomes were collected. Group comparisons for categorical data were carried out using Chi-square tests, Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Kaplan–Meier curves, and differences between groups were assessed with the log-rank test. Results: Among 110 children with a unilateral WT, 17 (15.4%) had an IVCT at presentation. Their median age at diagnosis was 4.2 years. Females predominated (65%) and 11 (65%) had distant metastasis. Thrombus levels were infra-hepatic (52.9%), retro-hepatic (23.6%), supra-hepatic (5.9%), and intra-cardiac (17.6%). Thrombus resolution following neo-adjuvant chemotherapy was achieved in 41.2% of patients, most frequently in infra-hepatic thrombi. Local control followed neo-adjuvant chemotherapy that included doxorubicin. Favorable histology was observed in 70% of patients with an IVCT. Compared with patients without an IVCT, children with an IVCT tend to present at an older age, have hematuria, a larger tumor, positive lymph node (LN) involvement, and metastatic disease (p value, 0.019, 0.008, 0.01, 0.014, and 0.002, respectively). On univariable analysis, older age, the presence of metastatic disease, IVCT, LN involvement, and diffuse anaplasia were associated with inferior EFS and OS. Five-year EFS and OS were significantly lower in patients with IVCT compared to those without (51% ± 12.5% vs. 74.5% ± 4.6%, p = 0.021 and 53.8% ± 15.4% vs. 82% ± 4.9%, p = 0.012, respectively). Conclusions: We observed a higher proportion of IVCT than previously reported. Consistent with prior studies, an IVCT was associated with more aggressive disease features. Although survival was worse in patients with an IVCT, the mere presence of a thrombus as an independent prognostic factor requires evaluation in larger patient cohorts.

]]> Wilms Tumor with Inferior Vena Cava Thrombus: Comparative Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Rahaf Al-Hasan Rula Al-Qawabah Khalil Ghandour Ahmad Kh. Ibrahimi Nasim Sarhan Iyad Sultan Hadeel Halalsheh doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040197 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 33 4 Article 197 10.3390/curroncol33040197 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/197 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 198: Preclinical Rationale, Clinical Efficacy, and Safety of the Selective AKT Kinase Inhibitor Capivasertib in Metastatic Hormone Receptor-Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative Breast Carcinoma: A Practical Narrative Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/198 Most patients with advanced/metastatic hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer receive first-line therapy with cycline-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors plus endocrine therapy. Almost universally, these patients eventually progress due to the emergence of resistant cancer clones. Targeting the PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN pathway is a way of overcoming resistance. Recently, the oral, selective AKT kinase inhibitor capivasertib has been approved for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive/human HER2-growth factor receptor-2 advanced BC with alterations in PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN, in combination with fulvestrant after progression on endocrine therapy. We performed a narrative review to recapitulate the available evidence about capivasertib in the management of advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, focusing on studies that address preclinical rationale, pharmacology, and clinically relevant problems. 2026-03-31 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 198: Preclinical Rationale, Clinical Efficacy, and Safety of the Selective AKT Kinase Inhibitor Capivasertib in Metastatic Hormone Receptor-Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative Breast Carcinoma: A Practical Narrative Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040198

Authors: Maria Rosaria Valerio Daniela Sambataro Federica Martorana Martina Greco Chiara Mesi Vittorio Gebbia Paolo Vigneri Giuseppa Scandurra

Most patients with advanced/metastatic hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer receive first-line therapy with cycline-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors plus endocrine therapy. Almost universally, these patients eventually progress due to the emergence of resistant cancer clones. Targeting the PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN pathway is a way of overcoming resistance. Recently, the oral, selective AKT kinase inhibitor capivasertib has been approved for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive/human HER2-growth factor receptor-2 advanced BC with alterations in PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN, in combination with fulvestrant after progression on endocrine therapy. We performed a narrative review to recapitulate the available evidence about capivasertib in the management of advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, focusing on studies that address preclinical rationale, pharmacology, and clinically relevant problems.

]]> Preclinical Rationale, Clinical Efficacy, and Safety of the Selective AKT Kinase Inhibitor Capivasertib in Metastatic Hormone Receptor-Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative Breast Carcinoma: A Practical Narrative Review Maria Rosaria Valerio Daniela Sambataro Federica Martorana Martina Greco Chiara Mesi Vittorio Gebbia Paolo Vigneri Giuseppa Scandurra doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040198 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 33 4 Review 198 10.3390/curroncol33040198 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/198 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 196: Lattice Radiation Therapy Plays a Synergistic Role in the Radical Treatment of Bulky Cervical Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/196 Background: An increasing number of reports showed patients with bulky tumors after lattice radiation therapy (LRT) treatment achieved good local control. However, in these reports, LRT was previously used primarily for palliation. We reported a case that LRT plays a synergistic role in the radical treatment of locally advanced bulky cervical cancer (LABCC) combined with INTERLACE study protocol. Methods: The patient was a 54-year-old female with LABCC and treated with LRT combined with the INTERLACE study protocol. She received three fractions of 3 Gy each to the gross tumor volume (GTV) and three fractions of 9 Gy each to the lattice therapy volume (LTV), on an emergent basis, using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Subsequently, according to the INTERLACE study protocol, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were carried out and the standard follow-up examinations were conducted. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for AEs (CTCAE) version 5.0. Results: The patient initially received LRT, which reduced the tumor burden and controlled bleeding. After this was combined with the INTERLACE study protocol, the complete clinical response (cCR) was achieved and they maintained this status for 13 months after the completion of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), with only manageable grade IV hematological toxicity observed after the completion of CCRT. During this period, only manageable grade IV hematological toxicity (platelet count 16 × 109/L, white blood cell count 0.33 × 109/L) was observed. Conclusions: In this case, LRT combined with INTERLACE study protocol appears to be a safe and effective for the treatment of LABCC which improved the patient’s quality of life without uncontrolled treatment-related toxicity. 2026-03-31 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 196: Lattice Radiation Therapy Plays a Synergistic Role in the Radical Treatment of Bulky Cervical Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040196

Authors: Feifei Wang Qianru Zhan Zhitao Dai Huijuan Zhang Miao Peng Zhijian Chen Jing Jin Xiugui Sheng

Background: An increasing number of reports showed patients with bulky tumors after lattice radiation therapy (LRT) treatment achieved good local control. However, in these reports, LRT was previously used primarily for palliation. We reported a case that LRT plays a synergistic role in the radical treatment of locally advanced bulky cervical cancer (LABCC) combined with INTERLACE study protocol. Methods: The patient was a 54-year-old female with LABCC and treated with LRT combined with the INTERLACE study protocol. She received three fractions of 3 Gy each to the gross tumor volume (GTV) and three fractions of 9 Gy each to the lattice therapy volume (LTV), on an emergent basis, using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Subsequently, according to the INTERLACE study protocol, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were carried out and the standard follow-up examinations were conducted. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for AEs (CTCAE) version 5.0. Results: The patient initially received LRT, which reduced the tumor burden and controlled bleeding. After this was combined with the INTERLACE study protocol, the complete clinical response (cCR) was achieved and they maintained this status for 13 months after the completion of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), with only manageable grade IV hematological toxicity observed after the completion of CCRT. During this period, only manageable grade IV hematological toxicity (platelet count 16 × 109/L, white blood cell count 0.33 × 109/L) was observed. Conclusions: In this case, LRT combined with INTERLACE study protocol appears to be a safe and effective for the treatment of LABCC which improved the patient’s quality of life without uncontrolled treatment-related toxicity.

]]> Lattice Radiation Therapy Plays a Synergistic Role in the Radical Treatment of Bulky Cervical Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review Feifei Wang Qianru Zhan Zhitao Dai Huijuan Zhang Miao Peng Zhijian Chen Jing Jin Xiugui Sheng doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040196 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 Current Oncology 2026-03-31 33 4 Case Report 196 10.3390/curroncol33040196 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/196 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 195: Tumor-Agnostic Landscape with HER2 Amplification in Japan: Real-World Prevalence and Implications for Targeting HER2 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/195 Limited data exist on the prevalence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2/HER2) amplification in patients with all types of solid tumors. This retrospective, observational study (UMIN ID: UMIN000057382) analyzed the prevalence of HER2 amplification across all solid tumors using comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) data from the Center for Cancer Genomics and Advanced Therapeutics database in Japan. We analyzed 89,374 eligible patients with solid tumors: HER2 amplification was detected in 5119 patients (5.7%). The highest rates of HER2 amplification were observed in patients with tumors of the esophagus/stomach (12.9%), followed by tumors of the bladder/urinary tract (10.6%), breast (9.5%), biliary tract (8.4%), and uterus (8.4%). Among the five assay platforms, FoundationOne CDx accounted for 69.7% of all CGP tests and had an HER2 amplification detection rate of 7.4%, compared to the other four platforms (range: 1.9–15.4% of all CGP tests [detection rates: 1.5–2.3%]). Substantial differences were observed in the mutation frequencies of multiple genes between HER2 amplified and HER2 non-amplified tumors. The results highlight that HER2 amplification extends beyond conventional tumor types and enables the identification, via CGP testing, of non-traditional tumor subsets (cancers other than breast and gastric cancer), including rare cancers, that could be candidates for HER2-targeting therapy such as trastuzumab deruxtecan in Japan. 2026-03-30 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 195: Tumor-Agnostic Landscape with HER2 Amplification in Japan: Real-World Prevalence and Implications for Targeting HER2

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040195

Authors: Yutaka Hatanaka Jun Sasano Osamu Takizawa

Limited data exist on the prevalence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2/HER2) amplification in patients with all types of solid tumors. This retrospective, observational study (UMIN ID: UMIN000057382) analyzed the prevalence of HER2 amplification across all solid tumors using comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) data from the Center for Cancer Genomics and Advanced Therapeutics database in Japan. We analyzed 89,374 eligible patients with solid tumors: HER2 amplification was detected in 5119 patients (5.7%). The highest rates of HER2 amplification were observed in patients with tumors of the esophagus/stomach (12.9%), followed by tumors of the bladder/urinary tract (10.6%), breast (9.5%), biliary tract (8.4%), and uterus (8.4%). Among the five assay platforms, FoundationOne CDx accounted for 69.7% of all CGP tests and had an HER2 amplification detection rate of 7.4%, compared to the other four platforms (range: 1.9–15.4% of all CGP tests [detection rates: 1.5–2.3%]). Substantial differences were observed in the mutation frequencies of multiple genes between HER2 amplified and HER2 non-amplified tumors. The results highlight that HER2 amplification extends beyond conventional tumor types and enables the identification, via CGP testing, of non-traditional tumor subsets (cancers other than breast and gastric cancer), including rare cancers, that could be candidates for HER2-targeting therapy such as trastuzumab deruxtecan in Japan.

]]> Tumor-Agnostic Landscape with HER2 Amplification in Japan: Real-World Prevalence and Implications for Targeting HER2 Yutaka Hatanaka Jun Sasano Osamu Takizawa doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040195 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 33 4 Article 195 10.3390/curroncol33040195 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/195 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 194: Ferroptosis-Based Nanotherapeutic Strategies to Overcome Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/194 Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant forms of brain cancer, posing challenges to modern oncology. Current treatments, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy (e.g., Temozolomide or TMZ), often fail due to the inevitable development of drug resistance. TMZ resistance remains a major therapeutic challenge for the reasons that it is the first-line treatment. Recent studies indicate a rising GBM tumour burden and a trend towards earlier age of onset. It highlights the urgent need for evidence-based policymaking and intensified research to address this most difficult-to-treat malignancy in clinical settings. Ferroptosis, a newly recognized type of controlled cell death induced by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a potential approach to overcome apoptosis resistance and restore drug sensitivity in GBM. This mechanism is modulated by key molecules that can be specifically targeted to either enhance oxidative stress or inhibit antioxidant defences, ultimately leading to tumour cell death. This review conducts a meta-analysis of preclinical evidence to better understand the potential of activating ferroptosis as a key target for developing nanoparticles to resensitize TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Current evidence indicates that combining ferroptosis induction with strategically engineered nanocarrier systems can serve as a novel and effective therapeutic approach to overcome TMZ resistance and advance precision-based GBM treatment. 2026-03-30 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 194: Ferroptosis-Based Nanotherapeutic Strategies to Overcome Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040194

Authors: Yashaswi Sharma Arpana Parihar Neha Arya Jagat Kanwar Murali Munisamy Megha Katare-Pandey Ashwani Tandon Mahadev Rao Saikat Das Adesh Shrivastava Rashmi Chowdhary Amit Agrawal Rupinder Kaur Kanwar

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant forms of brain cancer, posing challenges to modern oncology. Current treatments, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy (e.g., Temozolomide or TMZ), often fail due to the inevitable development of drug resistance. TMZ resistance remains a major therapeutic challenge for the reasons that it is the first-line treatment. Recent studies indicate a rising GBM tumour burden and a trend towards earlier age of onset. It highlights the urgent need for evidence-based policymaking and intensified research to address this most difficult-to-treat malignancy in clinical settings. Ferroptosis, a newly recognized type of controlled cell death induced by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a potential approach to overcome apoptosis resistance and restore drug sensitivity in GBM. This mechanism is modulated by key molecules that can be specifically targeted to either enhance oxidative stress or inhibit antioxidant defences, ultimately leading to tumour cell death. This review conducts a meta-analysis of preclinical evidence to better understand the potential of activating ferroptosis as a key target for developing nanoparticles to resensitize TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Current evidence indicates that combining ferroptosis induction with strategically engineered nanocarrier systems can serve as a novel and effective therapeutic approach to overcome TMZ resistance and advance precision-based GBM treatment.

]]> Ferroptosis-Based Nanotherapeutic Strategies to Overcome Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Yashaswi Sharma Arpana Parihar Neha Arya Jagat Kanwar Murali Munisamy Megha Katare-Pandey Ashwani Tandon Mahadev Rao Saikat Das Adesh Shrivastava Rashmi Chowdhary Amit Agrawal Rupinder Kaur Kanwar doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040194 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 33 4 Systematic Review 194 10.3390/curroncol33040194 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/194 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 193: A Scoping Review of Exercise Oncology in the Primary Brain Tumor Patient–Caregiver Dyad https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/193 Background: Primary malignant brain tumors (PBT) impose substantial burdens on patients and caregivers. Caregivers are essential in the delivery of outpatient care for patients with PBT but experience high levels of fatigue, distress, and health decline. Although exercise is known to improve outcomes in cancer patients, interventions tailored specifically to the PBT patient–caregiver dyad remain limited. Dyadic intervention, as well as exercise oncology, are emerging areas of active research in neuro-oncology. This scoping review incorporates both principles to evaluate the existing literature on exercise interventions on primary brain tumor patient–caregiver dyads. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, CINAHL (EBSCO), Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine (EBSCO), and Cochrane Central (Ovid) in December 2025 for studies involving exercise interventions that included adult PBT patients and caregivers. Results: Of the 1126 records screened, eight studies were included: four yoga-based interventions (three feasibility trials and one ongoing multicenter RCT), one pilot ski-based intervention, and three aerobic and resistance training-based interventions (two qualitative and one ongoing trial). The interventions were safe and feasible, with high adherence and retention. The preliminary reported benefits included improvements in fatigue, sleep, quality of life, and caregiver distress for the dyads. Videoconference delivery was effective, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The eight included studies comprised 5–67 dyads, with four being single-arm feasibility studies. Conclusions: Current literature on dyadic exercise intervention in neuro-oncology consists primarily of small-scale feasibility and pilot studies. Initial findings have demonstrated that such interventions are safe. However, preliminary efficacy remains limited due to the risk of bias and lack of statistical power. Larger randomized clinical trials with objective endpoints are needed to define efficacy and guide evidence-based protocols. 2026-03-30 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 193: A Scoping Review of Exercise Oncology in the Primary Brain Tumor Patient–Caregiver Dyad

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040193

Authors: Anh Huan Vo Maximilian Libmann David Carson Kimberly Wang Sushant Puri Nicholas Butowski Kerri Winters-Stone

Background: Primary malignant brain tumors (PBT) impose substantial burdens on patients and caregivers. Caregivers are essential in the delivery of outpatient care for patients with PBT but experience high levels of fatigue, distress, and health decline. Although exercise is known to improve outcomes in cancer patients, interventions tailored specifically to the PBT patient–caregiver dyad remain limited. Dyadic intervention, as well as exercise oncology, are emerging areas of active research in neuro-oncology. This scoping review incorporates both principles to evaluate the existing literature on exercise interventions on primary brain tumor patient–caregiver dyads. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, CINAHL (EBSCO), Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine (EBSCO), and Cochrane Central (Ovid) in December 2025 for studies involving exercise interventions that included adult PBT patients and caregivers. Results: Of the 1126 records screened, eight studies were included: four yoga-based interventions (three feasibility trials and one ongoing multicenter RCT), one pilot ski-based intervention, and three aerobic and resistance training-based interventions (two qualitative and one ongoing trial). The interventions were safe and feasible, with high adherence and retention. The preliminary reported benefits included improvements in fatigue, sleep, quality of life, and caregiver distress for the dyads. Videoconference delivery was effective, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The eight included studies comprised 5–67 dyads, with four being single-arm feasibility studies. Conclusions: Current literature on dyadic exercise intervention in neuro-oncology consists primarily of small-scale feasibility and pilot studies. Initial findings have demonstrated that such interventions are safe. However, preliminary efficacy remains limited due to the risk of bias and lack of statistical power. Larger randomized clinical trials with objective endpoints are needed to define efficacy and guide evidence-based protocols.

]]> A Scoping Review of Exercise Oncology in the Primary Brain Tumor Patient–Caregiver Dyad Anh Huan Vo Maximilian Libmann David Carson Kimberly Wang Sushant Puri Nicholas Butowski Kerri Winters-Stone doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040193 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 33 4 Review 193 10.3390/curroncol33040193 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/193 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 192: Percutaneous Image-Guided Non-Target Renal Biopsy in Cancer Patients: A Tertiary Cancer Center Experience https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/192 Objective: To assess the safety and diagnostic outcomes of image-guided, non-target renal biopsies performed in cancer patients. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified patients who underwent percutaneous, image-guided, non-target renal biopsy between January 2017 and December 2020 in our institution. We recorded demographics, clinical, procedural, and pathologic details. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between various variables and diagnostic yield or development of adverse events. Results: A total of 318 biopsies were performed in 318 patients (178 male, 140 female) with a median BMI of 28.4 kg/m2. Median systolic and diastolic BP at the time of biopsy were 133 mmHg and 74 mmHg, respectively. Tissue was obtained using 18-gauge needles (99%). Adverse events were documented in 57 cases (18%), with 12 cases (3.8%) classified as grade 2 or higher per SIR classification. Diagnosis was achieved in 310 biopsies (97%). The median number of the glomeruli identified by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy was 25, 8, and 3, respectively, and a higher number of identified glomeruli was associated with diagnostic yield in univariate analysis, although not in multivariable analysis. Diastolic BP higher than 80 mmHg and CT imaging guidance were associated with the development of adverse events in univariate analysis, and CT use remained so in the final multivariable analysis (p < 0.001). No other variables, including pre-biopsy anticancer or immunotherapy medications, were associated with increased risk of adverse events. Conclusions: Percutaneous, image-guided, non-target renal biopsy in cancer patients using an 18-gauge needle has a high diagnostic yield and safety profile. 2026-03-30 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 192: Percutaneous Image-Guided Non-Target Renal Biopsy in Cancer Patients: A Tertiary Cancer Center Experience

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040192

Authors: Mohamed E. Abdelsalam Milan N. Patel Ryan D. Murray Shahroz Khalid Aziz Haley Shields Pamela Chien Steven Yevich Zeyad A. Metwalli Zhongya Wang Jamie S. Lin Steven Y. Huang David Irwin Thomas Lu Stephen R. Lee Ala Abudayyeh Peiman Habibollahi Bruno C. Odisio Kamran Ahrar Sanjay Gupta

Objective: To assess the safety and diagnostic outcomes of image-guided, non-target renal biopsies performed in cancer patients. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified patients who underwent percutaneous, image-guided, non-target renal biopsy between January 2017 and December 2020 in our institution. We recorded demographics, clinical, procedural, and pathologic details. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between various variables and diagnostic yield or development of adverse events. Results: A total of 318 biopsies were performed in 318 patients (178 male, 140 female) with a median BMI of 28.4 kg/m2. Median systolic and diastolic BP at the time of biopsy were 133 mmHg and 74 mmHg, respectively. Tissue was obtained using 18-gauge needles (99%). Adverse events were documented in 57 cases (18%), with 12 cases (3.8%) classified as grade 2 or higher per SIR classification. Diagnosis was achieved in 310 biopsies (97%). The median number of the glomeruli identified by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy was 25, 8, and 3, respectively, and a higher number of identified glomeruli was associated with diagnostic yield in univariate analysis, although not in multivariable analysis. Diastolic BP higher than 80 mmHg and CT imaging guidance were associated with the development of adverse events in univariate analysis, and CT use remained so in the final multivariable analysis (p < 0.001). No other variables, including pre-biopsy anticancer or immunotherapy medications, were associated with increased risk of adverse events. Conclusions: Percutaneous, image-guided, non-target renal biopsy in cancer patients using an 18-gauge needle has a high diagnostic yield and safety profile.

]]> Percutaneous Image-Guided Non-Target Renal Biopsy in Cancer Patients: A Tertiary Cancer Center Experience Mohamed E. Abdelsalam Milan N. Patel Ryan D. Murray Shahroz Khalid Aziz Haley Shields Pamela Chien Steven Yevich Zeyad A. Metwalli Zhongya Wang Jamie S. Lin Steven Y. Huang David Irwin Thomas Lu Stephen R. Lee Ala Abudayyeh Peiman Habibollahi Bruno C. Odisio Kamran Ahrar Sanjay Gupta doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040192 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 33 4 Article 192 10.3390/curroncol33040192 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/192 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 190: Robotic Partial Cystectomy and Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Node-Positive Urachal Adenocarcinoma in a 34-Year-Old Woman: A Case Report https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/190 Urachal carcinoma is a rare and aggressive malignancy for which standardized management remains limited, particularly in patients with locally advanced and node-positive disease. We report the case of a 34-year-old woman with urachal adenocarcinoma involving the bladder dome and radiographically suspicious pelvic lymph nodes who underwent robot-assisted partial cystectomy with urachal resection and extended bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection. Because there was no clinical, radiologic, or intraoperative evidence of umbilical involvement, the umbilicus was preserved after preoperative counseling and intraoperative confirmation of a negative proximal margin. Final pathology demonstrated a 4.5 cm enteric-type urachal adenocarcinoma, pT3a pN2 (2/17), with lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and negative surgical margins. Immunohistochemistry and DNA- and RNA-based next-generation sequencing showed microsatellite stability, mismatch-repair proficiency, low tumor mutational burden, and no actionable genomic alteration. Given the absence of an established adjuvant standard, the multidisciplinary tumor board selected adjuvant FOLFOX as a non-standard postoperative strategy based on the overall clinicopathologic context. The patient remained continent, experienced no postoperative complications or treatment-limiting toxicity, and showed normalization of carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels. This case provides a carefully contextualized example of transparent surgical reasoning and restrained multidisciplinary management in a rare malignancy with limited prospective evidence. 2026-03-30 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 190: Robotic Partial Cystectomy and Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Node-Positive Urachal Adenocarcinoma in a 34-Year-Old Woman: A Case Report

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040190

Authors: Stefanie Herrmann Christian Gilfrich Stephan Siepmann Julio Ruben Rodas Garzaro Fabian Eder Stephan Schleder Philipp Aubele Felix Keil Matthias May Anton Kravchuk

Urachal carcinoma is a rare and aggressive malignancy for which standardized management remains limited, particularly in patients with locally advanced and node-positive disease. We report the case of a 34-year-old woman with urachal adenocarcinoma involving the bladder dome and radiographically suspicious pelvic lymph nodes who underwent robot-assisted partial cystectomy with urachal resection and extended bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection. Because there was no clinical, radiologic, or intraoperative evidence of umbilical involvement, the umbilicus was preserved after preoperative counseling and intraoperative confirmation of a negative proximal margin. Final pathology demonstrated a 4.5 cm enteric-type urachal adenocarcinoma, pT3a pN2 (2/17), with lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and negative surgical margins. Immunohistochemistry and DNA- and RNA-based next-generation sequencing showed microsatellite stability, mismatch-repair proficiency, low tumor mutational burden, and no actionable genomic alteration. Given the absence of an established adjuvant standard, the multidisciplinary tumor board selected adjuvant FOLFOX as a non-standard postoperative strategy based on the overall clinicopathologic context. The patient remained continent, experienced no postoperative complications or treatment-limiting toxicity, and showed normalization of carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels. This case provides a carefully contextualized example of transparent surgical reasoning and restrained multidisciplinary management in a rare malignancy with limited prospective evidence.

]]> Robotic Partial Cystectomy and Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Node-Positive Urachal Adenocarcinoma in a 34-Year-Old Woman: A Case Report Stefanie Herrmann Christian Gilfrich Stephan Siepmann Julio Ruben Rodas Garzaro Fabian Eder Stephan Schleder Philipp Aubele Felix Keil Matthias May Anton Kravchuk doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040190 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 33 4 Case Report 190 10.3390/curroncol33040190 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/190 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 191: Life Years Gained and Healthcare Dollars Saved: National Economic Evidence Supporting Comprehensive Genomic Profiling as Standard of Care for Canadian Cancer Patients https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/191 Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) is a meaningful advancement in the field of oncology, enabling critical clinical decision-making regarding precision treatments that have biological rationale. In June 2025, the Colorectal Cancer Resource & Action Network (CCRAN) hosted their annual pan-tumour Biomarkers Conference, a virtual meeting of clinicians, scientists, and patients, to discuss recent progress in overcoming barriers to CGP access for patients in Canada with metastatic cancer. The meeting’s cornerstone was the presentation of the first national costs and benefits analysis of universal CGP for five metastatic tumour types; findings demonstrated this diagnostic’s potential, with the model estimating a gain of 3440 life years while generating $87M–134M of potential healthcare system savings, over a six-year time horizon. Additionally, conference sessions focused on the clinical value of CGP, strategies to leverage the economic analysis results and learn from international experiences, as well as mechanisms to prepare the Canadian healthcare system for future adoption. The conference led to calls to action for a national strategy to reduce disparities in equitable access to CGP, funding allocation for CGP as a standard of care for all patients with metastatic cancer, and pathways to enhance current infrastructure to expedite CGP across the country. 2026-03-30 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 191: Life Years Gained and Healthcare Dollars Saved: National Economic Evidence Supporting Comprehensive Genomic Profiling as Standard of Care for Canadian Cancer Patients

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040191

Authors: Stephanie Snow Shantanu Banerji Yvonne Bombard Don Husereau Jason Karamchandani Eddy Nason Pamela S. Ohashi Gijs van Rooijen Gilad Vainer Cassandra Macaulay Filomena Servidio-Italiano

Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) is a meaningful advancement in the field of oncology, enabling critical clinical decision-making regarding precision treatments that have biological rationale. In June 2025, the Colorectal Cancer Resource & Action Network (CCRAN) hosted their annual pan-tumour Biomarkers Conference, a virtual meeting of clinicians, scientists, and patients, to discuss recent progress in overcoming barriers to CGP access for patients in Canada with metastatic cancer. The meeting’s cornerstone was the presentation of the first national costs and benefits analysis of universal CGP for five metastatic tumour types; findings demonstrated this diagnostic’s potential, with the model estimating a gain of 3440 life years while generating $87M–134M of potential healthcare system savings, over a six-year time horizon. Additionally, conference sessions focused on the clinical value of CGP, strategies to leverage the economic analysis results and learn from international experiences, as well as mechanisms to prepare the Canadian healthcare system for future adoption. The conference led to calls to action for a national strategy to reduce disparities in equitable access to CGP, funding allocation for CGP as a standard of care for all patients with metastatic cancer, and pathways to enhance current infrastructure to expedite CGP across the country.

]]> Life Years Gained and Healthcare Dollars Saved: National Economic Evidence Supporting Comprehensive Genomic Profiling as Standard of Care for Canadian Cancer Patients Stephanie Snow Shantanu Banerji Yvonne Bombard Don Husereau Jason Karamchandani Eddy Nason Pamela S. Ohashi Gijs van Rooijen Gilad Vainer Cassandra Macaulay Filomena Servidio-Italiano doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040191 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 33 4 Conference Report 191 10.3390/curroncol33040191 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/191 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 189: Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes Toward Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas Among the General Population in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/189 Background: Bone and soft tissue sarcomas, while rare, making up less than 2% of adult cancers with an incidence below 5 per 100,000 annually, present a significant challenge due to their varied and often obscure pathology. Additionally, the absence of global sarcoma awareness contributes to delayed interventions, necessitating more-aggressive treatments and increasing mortality risks. Conversely, cancers such as breast and colon have seen improved outcomes through effective screening and early-management strategies. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, out of the total number of participants approached, using a preset questionnaire, by trained medical students to participate in this study, 626 met the inclusion criteria. The questionnaire started with an informed consent process followed by a set of questions regarding sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle. Subsequently, the questionnaire delved into their understanding and awareness of bone and soft tissue sarcomas, focusing on risk factors, recognizable signs and symptoms, and tendencies regarding health-seeking behavior. Results: In this study with 626 participants, demographic insights showed a young cohort, with 43.5% between 21 and 30 years, and a male predominance of 60.1%. Risk factor awareness was moderate; genetics and smoking were recognized as primary risks for sarcomas. Participants showed limited awareness of sarcoma signs, symptoms, and management, with a substantial percentage unsure about the most at-risk age group, gender differences in risk, and recognizability of symptoms. Barriers to seeking medical care included a passive attitude towards healthcare, fear, and accessibility issues. Most participants had limited knowledge of sarcomas, with 58% unaware of risk factors and 72.3% of signs and symptoms. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the necessity for targeted interventions to bridge the knowledge gap and promote early detection practices, which could significantly impact the prognosis of sarcoma patients. 2026-03-30 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 189: Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes Toward Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas Among the General Population in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040189

Authors: Motaz Alaqeel Omar A. Aldosari Abdulrahman Alaseem Waleed Albishi Mohammed N. Alhuqbani Zyad A. Aldosari Badr Alshehri Naif Alsaber Nawaf M. Alwagdani Ibrahim S. Alshaygy

Background: Bone and soft tissue sarcomas, while rare, making up less than 2% of adult cancers with an incidence below 5 per 100,000 annually, present a significant challenge due to their varied and often obscure pathology. Additionally, the absence of global sarcoma awareness contributes to delayed interventions, necessitating more-aggressive treatments and increasing mortality risks. Conversely, cancers such as breast and colon have seen improved outcomes through effective screening and early-management strategies. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, out of the total number of participants approached, using a preset questionnaire, by trained medical students to participate in this study, 626 met the inclusion criteria. The questionnaire started with an informed consent process followed by a set of questions regarding sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle. Subsequently, the questionnaire delved into their understanding and awareness of bone and soft tissue sarcomas, focusing on risk factors, recognizable signs and symptoms, and tendencies regarding health-seeking behavior. Results: In this study with 626 participants, demographic insights showed a young cohort, with 43.5% between 21 and 30 years, and a male predominance of 60.1%. Risk factor awareness was moderate; genetics and smoking were recognized as primary risks for sarcomas. Participants showed limited awareness of sarcoma signs, symptoms, and management, with a substantial percentage unsure about the most at-risk age group, gender differences in risk, and recognizability of symptoms. Barriers to seeking medical care included a passive attitude towards healthcare, fear, and accessibility issues. Most participants had limited knowledge of sarcomas, with 58% unaware of risk factors and 72.3% of signs and symptoms. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the necessity for targeted interventions to bridge the knowledge gap and promote early detection practices, which could significantly impact the prognosis of sarcoma patients.

]]> Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes Toward Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas Among the General Population in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study Motaz Alaqeel Omar A. Aldosari Abdulrahman Alaseem Waleed Albishi Mohammed N. Alhuqbani Zyad A. Aldosari Badr Alshehri Naif Alsaber Nawaf M. Alwagdani Ibrahim S. Alshaygy doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040189 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 Current Oncology 2026-03-30 33 4 Article 189 10.3390/curroncol33040189 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/189 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 188: Regression of a Non-Irradiated Lung Adenocarcinoma During Glioblastoma-Directed Chemoradiotherapy: A Case Report https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/188 Treatment-associated regression of tumors outside the irradiated field has occasionally been reported, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, particularly in the context of central nervous system (CNS)–directed therapy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is commonly treated with radiotherapy and temozolomide, both of which may influence tumor biology and the systemic environment. We report a patient with synchronous primary GBM and early-stage lung adenocarcinoma who underwent craniotomy followed by intensity-modulated radiotherapy with concurrent temozolomide for GBM. During GBM-directed chemoradiotherapy, the untreated pulmonary lesion demonstrated progressive regression without any lung-specific therapy, temporally coinciding with CNS-targeted treatment. Although comprehensive immunophenotyping was not feasible, longitudinal changes in the proportion of peripheral blood lymphocytes were observed during therapy. These findings represent a clinical observation characterized by a temporal association between CNS-directed treatment and regression of a distant, non-irradiated tumor. However, the underlying mechanism remains uncertain, and a contribution from systemic temozolomide exposure cannot be excluded. While treatment-related systemic effects may be considered, no specific causal mechanism can be established based on this single case. This case highlights an unusual clinical observation that may warrant further investigation. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between CNS-directed therapies and systemic tumor behavior. 2026-03-28 Current Oncology, Vol. 33, Pages 188: Regression of a Non-Irradiated Lung Adenocarcinoma During Glioblastoma-Directed Chemoradiotherapy: A Case Report

Current Oncology doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040188

Authors: Mizuki Iwanaga Yosuke Dotsu Takeshi Hiu Nozomi Ueki Yudai Hirano Takatomo Tokito Toru Morikawa Seiya Kaneko Noritaka Honda Kazumasa Akagi Hiromi Tomono Midori Matsuo Hirokazu Taniguchi Shinnosuke Takemoto Shinji Okano Hiroshi Mukae

Treatment-associated regression of tumors outside the irradiated field has occasionally been reported, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, particularly in the context of central nervous system (CNS)–directed therapy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is commonly treated with radiotherapy and temozolomide, both of which may influence tumor biology and the systemic environment. We report a patient with synchronous primary GBM and early-stage lung adenocarcinoma who underwent craniotomy followed by intensity-modulated radiotherapy with concurrent temozolomide for GBM. During GBM-directed chemoradiotherapy, the untreated pulmonary lesion demonstrated progressive regression without any lung-specific therapy, temporally coinciding with CNS-targeted treatment. Although comprehensive immunophenotyping was not feasible, longitudinal changes in the proportion of peripheral blood lymphocytes were observed during therapy. These findings represent a clinical observation characterized by a temporal association between CNS-directed treatment and regression of a distant, non-irradiated tumor. However, the underlying mechanism remains uncertain, and a contribution from systemic temozolomide exposure cannot be excluded. While treatment-related systemic effects may be considered, no specific causal mechanism can be established based on this single case. This case highlights an unusual clinical observation that may warrant further investigation. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between CNS-directed therapies and systemic tumor behavior.

]]> Regression of a Non-Irradiated Lung Adenocarcinoma During Glioblastoma-Directed Chemoradiotherapy: A Case Report Mizuki Iwanaga Yosuke Dotsu Takeshi Hiu Nozomi Ueki Yudai Hirano Takatomo Tokito Toru Morikawa Seiya Kaneko Noritaka Honda Kazumasa Akagi Hiromi Tomono Midori Matsuo Hirokazu Taniguchi Shinnosuke Takemoto Shinji Okano Hiroshi Mukae doi: 10.3390/curroncol33040188 Current Oncology 2026-03-28 Current Oncology 2026-03-28 33 4 Case Report 188 10.3390/curroncol33040188 https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/33/4/188