Current Oncology

9 pages, 554 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Timing of Immunotherapy and Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Real-World Data on Survival Outcomes from the CKCis Database

by Changsu Lawrence Park, Feras Ayman Moria, Sunita Ghosh, Lori Wood, Georg A. Bjarnason, Bimal Bhindi, Daniel Yick Chin Heng, Vincent Castonguay, Frederic Pouliot, Christian K. Kollmannsberger, Dominick Bosse, Naveen S. Basappa, Antonio Finelli, Nazanin Fallah-rad, Rodney H. Breau, Aly-Khan A. Lalani, Simon Tanguay, Jeffrey Graham and Ramy R. Saleh

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(8), 4704-4712; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31080351 - 18 Aug 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1942

Abstract

Immunotherapy-based systemic treatment (ST) is the standard of care for most patients diagnosed with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) has historically shown benefit for select patients with mRCC, but its role and timing are not well understood in the era [...] Read more.

Immunotherapy-based systemic treatment (ST) is the standard of care for most patients diagnosed with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) has historically shown benefit for select patients with mRCC, but its role and timing are not well understood in the era of immunotherapy. The primary objective of this study is to assess outcomes in patients who received ST only, CN followed by ST (CN-ST), and ST followed by CN (ST-CN). The Canadian Kidney Cancer information system (CKCis) database was queried to identify patients with de novo mRCC who received immunotherapy-based ST between January 2014 and June 2023. These patients were classified into three categories as described above. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the impact of the timing of ST and CN on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), after adjusting for the International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk group, age, and comorbidities. Best overall response and complications of ST and CN for these cohorts were collected. A total of 588 patients were included in this study: 331 patients received ST only, 215 patients received CN-ST, and 42 patients received ST-CN. Patient and disease characteristics including age, gender, performance status, IMDC risk category, comorbidity, histology, type of ST, and metastatic sites are reported. OS analysis favored patients who received ST-CN (hazard ratio [HR] 0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13–0.68) and CN-ST (HR 0.68, CI 0.47–0.97) over patients who received ST only. PFS analysis showed a similar trend for ST-CN (HR 0.45, CI 0.26–0.77) and CN-ST (HR 0.9, CI 0.68–1.17). This study examined baseline features and outcomes associated with the use and timing of CN and ST using real-world data via a large Canadian real-world cohort. Patients selected to receive CN after ST demonstrated improved outcomes. There were no appreciable differences in perioperative complications across groups. Limitations include the small number of patients in the ST-CN group and residual confounding and selection biases that may influence the outcomes in patients undergoing CN. Full article

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9 pages, 528 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Temozolomide (TMZ) in the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme—A Literature Review and Clinical Outcomes

by Marcin Jezierzański, Natalia Nafalska, Małgorzata Stopyra, Tomasz Furgoł, Michał Miciak, Jacek Kabut and Iwona Gisterek-Grocholska

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3994-4002; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070296 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 11124

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive primary tumors of the central nervous system. It is associated with a very poor prognosis, with up to half of patients failing to survive the first year after diagnosis. It develops from glial tissue [...] Read more.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive primary tumors of the central nervous system. It is associated with a very poor prognosis, with up to half of patients failing to survive the first year after diagnosis. It develops from glial tissue and belongs to the adult-type diffuse glioma group according to the WHO classification of 2021. Therapy for patients with GBM is currently based on surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, but despite many efforts, there has been minimal progress in tumor management. The most important chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of this tumor is temozolomide (TMZ), a dacarbazine derivative that presents alkylating activity. It is usually administered to patients concurrently with radiation therapy after surgical resection of the tumor, which is defined as the Stupp protocol. Temozolomide demonstrates relatively good efficacy in therapy, but it could also present with several side effects. The resistance of GBM to the drug is currently the subject of work by specialists in the field of oncology, and its use in various regimens and patient groups may bring therapeutic benefits in the future. The aim of this review paper is to summarize the relevance of TMZ in the treatment of GBM based on recent reports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatment for Glioma: Retrospect and Prospect)

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13 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Salvage High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Prostate Cancer after Radiation Failure: A Narrative Review

by Sina Sobhani, Anosh Dadabhoy, Alireza Ghoreifi and Amir H. Lebastchi

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(7), 3669-3681; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31070270 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 2584

Abstract

For patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer, there are multiple treatment options available. The traditional treatment modalities include radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy. Nevertheless, focal therapy, including high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryotherapy, has emerged as a less-invasive method in this setting. Some patients [...] Read more.

For patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer, there are multiple treatment options available. The traditional treatment modalities include radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy. Nevertheless, focal therapy, including high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryotherapy, has emerged as a less-invasive method in this setting. Some patients undergoing primary radiation therapy experience recurrence, but there is currently no consensus on the optimal approach for salvage treatment in such cases. The lack of robust data and randomized controlled trials comparing different whole-gland and focal salvage therapies presents a challenge in determining the ideal treatment strategy. This narrative review examines the prospective and retrospective data available on salvage HIFU following radiation therapy. Based on the literature, salvage HIFU for radio-recurrent prostate cancer has promising oncological outcomes, with an overall 5-year survival rate of around 85%, as well as incontinence rates of about 30% based on the patient’s risk group, follow-up times, definitions used, and other aspects of the study. Salvage HIFU for prostate cancer proves to be an effective treatment modality for select patients with biochemical recurrence following radiotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

16 pages, 2005 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How to Balance Prognostic Factors in Controlled Phase II Trials: Stratified Permuted Block Randomization or Minimization? An Analysis of Clinical Trials in Digestive Oncology

by Elodie Martin, Karine Le Malicot, Catherine Guérin-Charbonnel, François Bocquet, Olivier Bouché, Anthony Turpin, Thomas Aparicio, Jean-Louis Legoux, Laetitia Dahan, Julien Taieb, Côme Lepage, Louis-Marie Dourthe, Caroline Pétorin, Vincent Bourgeois, Jean-Luc Raoul and Valérie Seegers

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(6), 3513-3528; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31060259 - 17 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1737

Abstract

In controlled phase II trials, major prognostic factors need to be well balanced between arms. The main procedures used are SPBR (Stratified Permuted Block Randomization) and minimization. First, we provide a systematic review of the treatment allocation procedure used in gastrointestinal oncology controlled [...] Read more.

In controlled phase II trials, major prognostic factors need to be well balanced between arms. The main procedures used are SPBR (Stratified Permuted Block Randomization) and minimization. First, we provide a systematic review of the treatment allocation procedure used in gastrointestinal oncology controlled phase II trials published in 2019. Second, we performed simulations using data from six phase II studies to measure the impacts of imbalances and bias on the efficacy estimations. From the 40 articles analyzed, all mentioned randomization in both the title and abstract, the median number of patients included was 109, and 77.5% were multicenter. Of the 27 studies that reported at least one stratification variable, 10 included the center as a stratification variable, 10 used minimization, 9 used SBR, and 8 were unspecified. In real data studies, the imbalance increased with the number of centers. The total and marginal imbalances were higher with SBR than with minimization, and the difference increased with the number of centers. The efficiency estimates per arm were close to the original trial estimate in both procedures. Minimization is often used in cases of numerous centers and guarantees better similarity between arms for stratification variables for total and marginal imbalances in phase II trials. Full article

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12 pages, 2765 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Survival after Stereotactic Radiosurgery in the Era of Targeted Therapy: Number of Metastases No Longer Matters

by James de Boisanger, Martin Brewer, Matthew W. Fittall, Amina Tran, Karen Thomas, Sabine Dreibe, Antonia Creak, Francesca Solda, Jessica Konadu, Helen Taylor, Frank Saran, Liam Welsh and Nicola Rosenfelder

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(6), 2994-3005; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31060228 - 28 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1553

Abstract

Randomised control trial data support the use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in up to 4 brain metastases (BMs), with non-randomised prospective data complementing this for up to 10 BMs. There is debate in the neuro-oncology community as to the appropriateness of SRS in [...] Read more.

Randomised control trial data support the use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in up to 4 brain metastases (BMs), with non-randomised prospective data complementing this for up to 10 BMs. There is debate in the neuro-oncology community as to the appropriateness of SRS in patients with >10 BMs. We present data from a large single-centre cohort, reporting survival in those with >10 BMs and in a >20 BMs subgroup. A total of 1181 patients receiving SRS for BMs were included. Data were collected prospectively from the time of SRS referral. Kaplan–Meier graphs and logrank tests were used to compare survival between groups. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model to account for differences in group characteristics. Median survival with 1 BM (n = 379), 2–4 BMs (n = 438), 5–10 BMs (n = 236), and >10 BMs (n = 128) was 12.49, 10.22, 10.68, and 10.09 months, respectively. Using 2–4 BMs as the reference group, survival was not significantly different in those with >10 BMs in either our univariable (p = 0.6882) or multivariable analysis (p = 0.0564). In our subgroup analyses, median survival for those with >20 BMs was comparable to those with 2–4 BMs (10.09 vs. 10.22 months, p = 0.3558). This study contributes a large dataset to the existing literature on SRS for those with multi-metastases and supports growing evidence that those with >10 BMs should be considered for SRS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Tumors)

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8 pages, 412 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Accelerated Fractionated Radiation Therapy for Localized Glottic Carcinoma

by Tatsuji Mizukami, Kentaro Yamagishi, Masaki Tobikawa, Akira Nakazato, Hideharu Abe, Yuka Morita and Jun-ichi Saitoh

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(5), 2636-2643; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31050198 - 6 May 2024

Viewed by 1493

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study is to examine the outcomes of an accelerated fractionated irradiation for N0 glottic carcinoma. Methods: In this retrospective analysis, 29 patients with N0 glottic carcinoma treated by radiation therapy were enrolled. Thirteen patients had T1a disease, six [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study is to examine the outcomes of an accelerated fractionated irradiation for N0 glottic carcinoma. Methods: In this retrospective analysis, 29 patients with N0 glottic carcinoma treated by radiation therapy were enrolled. Thirteen patients had T1a disease, six had T1b disease, and ten had T2 disease. A fractional dose of 2.1 Gy was administered to seven patients. The total doses were 65.1 and 67.2 Gy in four and three patients, respectively. A fractional dose of 2.25 Gy was administered to 22 patients. The total doses were 63 and 67.5 Gy in 21 patients and 1 patient with T2 disease, respectively. Additionally, 13 patients underwent the use of TS-1 (80–100 mg per day). Results: The median follow-up period was 33 months, and the 3-year local control rate was 95.6%. No patient had a lymph node or distant recurrence. As acute adverse events, grades 2 and 3 dermatitis were observed in 18 patients and 1 patient, and grades 2 and 3 mucositis were observed in 15 patients and 1 patient. As a late adverse event, one patient required tracheotomy because of laryngeal edema occurring. Conclusions: Accelerated fractionated irradiation may be an option in the radiation therapy of N0 glottic carcinoma because of its ability to shorten the treatment time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Head and Neck Oncology)

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14 pages, 1685 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Multimodal Approaches to Patient Selection for Pancreas Cancer Surgery

by Hala Muaddi, LaDonna Kearse and Susanne Warner

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(4), 2260-2273; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31040167 - 15 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2004

Abstract

With an overall 5-year survival rate of 12%, pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer that claims more than 50,000 patient lives each year in the United States alone. Even those few patients who undergo curative-intent resection with favorable pathology reports are [...] Read more.

With an overall 5-year survival rate of 12%, pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer that claims more than 50,000 patient lives each year in the United States alone. Even those few patients who undergo curative-intent resection with favorable pathology reports are likely to experience recurrence within the first two years after surgery and ultimately die from their cancer. We hypothesize that risk factors for these early recurrences can be identified with thorough preoperative staging, thus enabling proper patient selection for surgical resection and avoiding unnecessary harm. Herein, we review evidence supporting multidisciplinary and multimodality staging, comprehensive neoadjuvant treatment strategies, and optimal patient selection for curative-intent surgical resections. We further review data generated from our standardized approach at the Mayo Clinic and extrapolate to inform potential future investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Treatments in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma)

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11 pages, 1448 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Survival Outcome Prediction in Glioblastoma: Insights from MRI Radiomics

by Effrosyni I. Styliara, Loukas G. Astrakas, George Alexiou, Vasileios G. Xydis, Anastasia Zikou, Georgios Kafritsas, Spyridon Voulgaris and Maria I. Argyropoulou

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(4), 2233-2243; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31040165 - 14 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2079

Abstract

Background: Extracting multiregional radiomic features from multiparametric MRI for predicting pretreatment survival in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioblastoma (GBM) patients is a promising approach. Methods: MRI data from 49 IDH wild-type glioblastoma patients pre-treatment were utilized. Diffusion and perfusion maps were generated, and [...] Read more.

Background: Extracting multiregional radiomic features from multiparametric MRI for predicting pretreatment survival in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioblastoma (GBM) patients is a promising approach. Methods: MRI data from 49 IDH wild-type glioblastoma patients pre-treatment were utilized. Diffusion and perfusion maps were generated, and tumor subregions segmented. Radiomic features were extracted for each tissue type and map. Feature selection on 1862 radiomic features identified 25 significant features. The Cox proportional-hazards model with LASSO regularization was used to perform survival analysis. Internal and external validation used a 38-patient training cohort and an 11-patient validation cohort. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Age and six radiomic features (shape and first and second order) from T1W, diffusion, and perfusion maps contributed to the final model. Findings suggest that a small necrotic subregion, inhomogeneous vascularization in the solid non-enhancing subregion, and edema-related tissue damage in the enhancing and edema subregions are linked to poor survival. The model’s C-Index was 0.66 (95% C.I. 0.54–0.80). External validation demonstrated good accuracy (AUC > 0.65) at all time points. Conclusions: Radiomics analysis, utilizing segmented perfusion and diffusion maps, provide predictive indicators of survival in IDH wild-type glioblastoma patients, revealing associations with microstructural and vascular heterogeneity in the tumor. Full article

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11 pages, 1036 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Outcomes of Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Brain Metastases Treated with the Upfront Single Agent Pembrolizumab: A Retrospective and Multicentric Study of the ESCKEYP GFPC Cohort

by Simon Nannini, Florian Guisier, Hubert Curcio, Charles Ricordel, Pierre Demontrond, Safa Abdallahoui, Seyyid Baloglu, Laurent Greillier, Christos Chouaid and Roland Schott

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(3), 1656-1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31030126 - 21 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2781

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of brain metastasis (BM). Little is known about immune checkpoint inhibitor activity in the central nervous system, especially in patients receiving monotherapy for tumors with a tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥ 50%. This [...] Read more.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of brain metastasis (BM). Little is known about immune checkpoint inhibitor activity in the central nervous system, especially in patients receiving monotherapy for tumors with a tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥ 50%. This noninterventional, retrospective, multicenter study, conducted with the GFPC, included treatment-naïve patients strongly positive for PD-L1 (TPS ≥ 50%) with BM receiving first-line single-agent pembrolizumab treatment between May 2017 and November 2019. The primary endpoints were centrally reviewed intracranial overall response rates (ORRs), centrally reviewed intracranial progression-free survival (cPFS), extracranial PFS, and overall survival were secondary endpoints. Forty-three patients from five centers were included. Surgical or local radiation therapy was administered to 31 (72%) patients, mostly before initiating ICI therapy (25/31). Among 38/43 (88.4%) evaluable patients, the intracranial ORR was 73%. The median PFS was 8.3 months. The cerebral and extracerebral median PFS times were 9.2 and 5.3 months, respectively. The median OS was 25.5 months. According to multivariate analysis, BM surgery before ICI therapy was the only factor significantly associated with both improved PFS (HR = 0.44) and OS (HR = 0.45). This study revealed the feasibility and outcome of front-line pembrolizumab treatment in this population with BM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thoracic Oncology)

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16 pages, 934 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

BCG and Alternative Therapies to BCG Therapy for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

by Sarah Lidagoster, Reuben Ben-David, Benjamin De Leon and John P. Sfakianos

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(2), 1063-1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31020079 - 16 Feb 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7246

Abstract

Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Treatment decisions are mostly decided based on disease stage (non-muscle invasive or muscle invasive). Patients with muscle-invasive disease will be offered a radical treatment combined with systemic therapy, while in those with non-muscle-invasive disease, an attempt to [...] Read more.

Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Treatment decisions are mostly decided based on disease stage (non-muscle invasive or muscle invasive). Patients with muscle-invasive disease will be offered a radical treatment combined with systemic therapy, while in those with non-muscle-invasive disease, an attempt to resect the tumor endoscopically will usually be followed by different intravesical instillations. The goal of intravesical therapy is to decrease the recurrence and/or progression of the tumor. In the current landscape of bladder cancer treatment, BCG is given intravesically to induce an inflammatory response and recruit immune cells to attack the malignant cells and induce immune memory. While the response to BCG treatment has changed the course of bladder cancer management and spared many “bladders”, some patients may develop BCG-unresponsive disease, leaving radical surgery as the best choice of curative treatment. As a result, a lot of effort has been put into identifying novel therapies like systemic pembrolizumab and Nadofaragene-Firadenovac to continue sparing bladders if BCG is ineffective. Moreover, recent logistic issues with BCG production caused a worldwide BCG shortage, re-sparking interest in alternative BCG treatments including mitomycin C, sequential gemcitabine with docetaxel, and others. This review encompasses both the historic and current role of BCG in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, revisiting BCG alternative therapies and reviewing the novel therapeutics that were approved for the BCG-unresponsive stage or are under active investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Bladder Cancer Landscape)

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12 pages, 961 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Paclitaxel as HIPEC-Drug after Surgical Cytoreduction for Ovarian Peritoneal Metastases: A Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial (HIPECOVA)

by Pedro Villarejo Campos, Susana Sánchez García, Mariano Amo-Salas, Esther García Santos, Carlos López de la Manzanara, Ana Alberca, David Padilla-Valverde, Francisco Javier Redondo Calvo and Jesús Martín

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(2), 660-671; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31020048 - 24 Jan 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2193

Abstract

Multidisciplinary strategies have transformed the management of advanced ovarian cancer. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of paclitaxel in hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) following surgical cytoreduction for ovarian peritoneal metastases in a randomized phase III trial conducted between August 2012 and December 2019. [...] Read more.

Multidisciplinary strategies have transformed the management of advanced ovarian cancer. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of paclitaxel in hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) following surgical cytoreduction for ovarian peritoneal metastases in a randomized phase III trial conducted between August 2012 and December 2019. Seventy-six patients were randomized to either the HIPEC or no HIPEC group. Although median values for the primary endpoints (recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS)) revealed superior outcomes for the HIPEC (RFS: 23 months, OS: 48 months) over the control group (RFS: 19 months, OS: 46 months), these differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.22 and p = 0.579). Notably, the HIPEC group demonstrated significantly higher 5-year OS and 3-year RFS rates (47.2% and 47.5%) compared to patients without HIPEC (34.5% and 21.3%). Stratification according to Peritoneal Surface Disease Severity Score (PSDSS) showed improved OS and RFS for patients with lower PSDSS (I–II) in the HIPEC-treated group (p = 0.033 and p = 0.042, respectively). The Clavien–Dindo classification of adverse event grades revealed no significant differences between HIPEC and controls (p = 0.482). While overall results were not statistically significant, our long-term follow-up emphasized the potential benefit of HIPEC-associated cytoreduction with paclitaxel, particularly in selected ovarian cancer patients with lower PSDSS indices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cytoreductive Surgery Treatment: Advances and Obstacles)

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10 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Primary Mucosal Melanoma: Clinical Experience from a Single Italian Center

by Rosa Falcone, Sofia Verkhovskaia, Francesca Romana Di Pietro, Giulia Poti, Tonia Samela, Maria Luigia Carbone, Maria Francesca Morelli, Albina Rita Zappalà, Zorika Christiana di Rocco, Roberto Morese, Gabriele Piesco, Paolo Marchetti, Cristina Maria Failla and Federica De Galitiis

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(1), 588-597; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31010042 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2168

Abstract

(1) Background: Mucosal melanoma (MM) is a rare tumor, accounting for about 1% of all diagnosed melanomas. The etiology and pathogenesis of this tumor are unknown. It is characterized by an aggressive phenotype with poor prognosis and a low response rate to approved [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Mucosal melanoma (MM) is a rare tumor, accounting for about 1% of all diagnosed melanomas. The etiology and pathogenesis of this tumor are unknown. It is characterized by an aggressive phenotype with poor prognosis and a low response rate to approved treatments. (2) Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features, treatments and outcomes of patients diagnosed with MM from different sub-sites (head and neck, gynecological and gastro-intestinal region) between 2013 and 2023 at our Institute. Survival times were estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression was used to test the independence of significant factors in univariate analysis. (3) Results: Twenty-five patients were included in this study; the disease was equally distributed among females and males. The median age at diagnosis was 74 years old. The majority had MM originating from the head and neck (56%), particularly from the nasal cavity. BRAF V600 mutations were detected in 16% of the study population, limited to gastro-intestinal and gynecological MM. At diagnosis, at least half the patients (52%) had the disease located also at distant sites. The median overall survival (OS) in the whole study population was 22 months, with a longer OS for patients diagnosed at an early stage (38 months, p < 0.001). Longer OSs were reported for head and neck MM compared to other anatomic regions (0.06). Surgery of the primary tumor and radiotherapy were performed in 64% and 36% of the study population, respectively. Radiotherapy was performed only in head and neck MM. At multivariate analysis, the single factor that showed a reduced hazard ratio for death was radiotherapy. (4) Conclusions: The overall survival of MM from different sub-sites treated at our Italian Institution was 22 months, with better outcomes for early-stage disease and head and neck MM. Performing radiotherapy may have a protective effect on OS for head and neck MM. New treatment strategies are urgently needed to improve the outcome in this disease. Full article

16 pages, 340 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Incorporating Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy into the Multidisciplinary Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma

by Rohit K. Raj, Rituraj Upadhyay, Shang-Jui Wang, Eric A. Singer and Shawn Dason

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(12), 10283-10298; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30120749 - 1 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2386

Abstract

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) has challenged the conventional wisdom surrounding the radioresistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In the past decade, there has been a significant accumulation of clinical data to support the safety and efficacy of SABR in RCC. Herein, we review [...] Read more.

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) has challenged the conventional wisdom surrounding the radioresistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In the past decade, there has been a significant accumulation of clinical data to support the safety and efficacy of SABR in RCC. Herein, we review the use of SABR across the spectrum of RCC. We performed an online search of the Pubmed database from January 1990 through April 2023. Studies of SABR/stereotactic radiosurgery targeting primary, extracranial, and intracranial metastatic RCC were included. For SABR in non-metastatic RCC, this includes its use in small renal masses, larger renal masses, and inferior vena cava tumor thrombi. In the metastatic setting, SABR can be used at diagnosis, for oligometastatic and oligoprogressive disease, and for symptomatic reasons. Notably, SABR can be used for both the primary renal tumor and metastasis-directed therapy. Management of RCC is evolving rapidly, and the role that SABR will have in this landscape is being assessed in a number of ongoing prospective clinical trials. The objective of this narrative review is to summarize the evidence corroborating the use of SABR in RCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renal Cell Carcinoma Management)

11 pages, 494 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Combined Interval Cytoreductive Surgery and Carboplatin-Based Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Advanced Primary High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer

by Claudèle Brault, Alexandre Brind’Amour, Lara de Guerke, Marie-Hélène Auclair, Lucas Sideris, Pierre Dubé, Mikaël Soucisse, Jean-François Tremblay, Laurence Bernard, Sabrina Piedimonte and Suzanne Fortin

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(12), 10272-10282; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30120748 - 1 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1925

Abstract

Combining interval cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) improves survival in advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). Although limited, growing evidence regarding carboplatin-based HIPEC highlights its potential. This retrospective study included all patients with advanced primary high-grade serous ovarian cancer who underwent [...] Read more.

Combining interval cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) improves survival in advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). Although limited, growing evidence regarding carboplatin-based HIPEC highlights its potential. This retrospective study included all patients with advanced primary high-grade serous ovarian cancer who underwent interval CRS combined with carboplatin-based HIPEC at our Canadian tertiary care center between 2014 and 2020. We identified 40 patients with a median age of 61 years. The median peritoneal cancer index was 13 and complete cytoreduction was achieved in 38 patients (95%). Median hospital stay was 13 days and there were four admissions to the intensive care unit (10%) and six readmissions (15%). Severe adverse events occurred in eight patients (20%) and there was no perioperative death. Recurrence was seen in 33 patients (82%) with a median DFS of 18.0 months and a median overall survival of 36.4 months. Multivariate analyses showed that age, peritoneal cancer index, completeness of cytoreduction, occurrence of severe complications, and bowel resection did not significantly impact DFS or OS in our cohort. Interval CRS combined with carboplatin-based HIPEC for advanced primary EOC is associated with acceptable morbidity and oncological outcomes. Larger studies are required to determine the long-term outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgery Advances in Gynecologic Tumors)

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15 pages, 1284 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Genomic Profiling and Molecular Characterization of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

by Gaetano Pezzicoli, Federica Ciciriello, Vittoria Musci, Francesco Salonne, Anna Ragno and Mimma Rizzo

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(10), 9276-9290; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30100670 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3310

Abstract

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) treatment has undergone three major paradigm shifts in recent years, first with the introduction of molecular targeted therapies, then with immune checkpoint inhibitors, and, more recently, with immune-based combinations. However, to date, molecular predictors of response to [...] Read more.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) treatment has undergone three major paradigm shifts in recent years, first with the introduction of molecular targeted therapies, then with immune checkpoint inhibitors, and, more recently, with immune-based combinations. However, to date, molecular predictors of response to targeted agents have not been identified for ccRCC. The WHO 2022 classification of renal neoplasms introduced the molecularly defined RCC class, which is a first step in the direction of a better molecular profiling of RCC. We reviewed the literature data on known genomic alterations of clinical interest in ccRCC, discussing their prognostic and predictive role. In particular, we explored the role of VHL, mTOR, chromatin modulators, DNA repair genes, cyclin-dependent kinases, and tumor mutation burden. RCC is a tumor whose pivotal genomic alterations have pleiotropic effects, and the interplay of these effects determines the tumor phenotype and its clinical behavior. Therefore, it is difficult to find a single genomic predictive factor, but it is more likely to identify a signature of gene alterations that could impact prognosis and response to specific treatment. To accomplish this task, the interpolation of large amounts of clinical and genomic data is needed. Nevertheless, genomic profiling has the potential to change real-world clinical practice settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renal Cell Carcinoma Management)

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14 pages, 2366 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis of Mutations in Circulating Tumor DNA from the Plasma of Patients with Head–Neck Cancer Undergoing Chemo-Radiotherapy Using a Pan-Cancer Cell-Free Assay

by Michael I. Koukourakis, Erasmia Xanthopoulou, Ioannis M. Koukourakis, Sotirios P. Fortis, Nikolaos Kesesidis, Christos Kakouratos, Ioannis Karakasiliotis and Constantin N. Baxevanis

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(10), 8902-8915; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30100643 - 29 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2051

Abstract

Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), we investigated DNA mutations in the plasma tumor cell-free circulating DNA (ctDNA) of 38 patients with inoperable squamous cell head neck cancer (SCHNC) before and after the completion of chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Baseline mutations of the TP53 were recorded in [...] Read more.

Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), we investigated DNA mutations in the plasma tumor cell-free circulating DNA (ctDNA) of 38 patients with inoperable squamous cell head neck cancer (SCHNC) before and after the completion of chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Baseline mutations of the TP53 were recorded in 10/38 (26.3%) and persisted in 4/10 patients after CRT. ΤP53 mutations were further detected post CRT in 7/38 additional patients with undetectable mutations at baseline (overall rate 44.7%). Furthermore, 4/38 patients exhibited baseline mutations of the EGFR, AR, FGFR3, and FBXW3, and four new gene mutations were detected after CRT (MTOR, EGFR3, ALK, and SF3B1). Τ4 stage was related with a significantly higher rate of mutations (TP53 and overall). Mutations were observed in 8/30 (26.6%) responders (complete/partial response) vs. in 6/8 (75%) of the rest of the patients (p = 0.03). Significant poorer LRFS was noted for patients with mutations detected before and after CRT (p = 0.02). Patients who had detectable mutations either before or after CRT had significantly worse DMFS (p = 0.04 overall, and p = 0.02 for TP53 mutations). It was concluded that assessment of mutations before and after the end of CRT is essential to characterize patients with a high risk of locoregional recurrence or metastatic progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Cancer Biology and Radiation Therapy)

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11 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identification of Early Biochemical Recurrence Predictors in High-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with Carbon-Ion Radiotherapy and Androgen Deprivation Therapy

by Takanobu Utsumi, Hiroyoshi Suzuki, Hitoshi Ishikawa, Masaru Wakatsuki, Noriyuki Okonogi, Masaoki Harada, Tomohiko Ichikawa, Koichiro Akakura, Yoshitaka Murakami, Hiroshi Tsuji and Shigeru Yamada

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(10), 8815-8825; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30100636 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1971

Abstract

The aim of this retrospective study was to identify clinical predictors of early biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients with high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) treated with carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). A total of 670 high-risk PCa patients treated with CIRT [...] Read more.

The aim of this retrospective study was to identify clinical predictors of early biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients with high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) treated with carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). A total of 670 high-risk PCa patients treated with CIRT and ADT were included in the study. Early BCR was defined as recurrence occurring during adjuvant ADT after CIRT or within 2 years after completion of ADT. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify clinical predictors of early BCR. Patients were also classified according to the Systemic Therapy in Advancing or Metastatic Prostate cancer (STAMPEDE) PCa classification. Early BCR was observed in 5.4% of the patients. Multivariate analysis identified clinical T3b stage and ≥75% positive biopsy cores as clinical predictors of early BCR after CIRT and ADT. The STAMPEDE PCa classification was also significantly associated with early BCR based on univariate analysis. These predictors can help clinicians identify patients who are at risk of early BCR. In the future, combination therapy of ADT with abiraterone may be an option for high-risk PCa patients who are at risk of early BCR, based on the results of the STAMPEDE study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiotherapy for Genitourinary Cancer)

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10 pages, 625 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prioritizing Melanoma Surgeries to Prevent Wait Time Delays and Upstaging of Melanoma during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Katherine Aw, Rebecca Lau and Carolyn Nessim

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(9), 8328-8337; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30090604 - 9 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2483

Abstract

Prompt diagnosis and surgical management of melanoma strongly impact prognosis. Considering the limited resources, emergency closures, and staffing shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, our institution implemented a dedicated care pathway to prioritize cancer surgeries. We aim to assess whether this strategy [...] Read more.

Prompt diagnosis and surgical management of melanoma strongly impact prognosis. Considering the limited resources, emergency closures, and staffing shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, our institution implemented a dedicated care pathway to prioritize cancer surgeries. We aim to assess whether this strategy was effective at preventing surgical wait time delays and upstaging of melanoma. We retrospectively collected data of patients aged ≥18 years with biopsy-proven primary melanoma who underwent wide local excision (WLE) ± sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) between 1 March 2018–29 February 2020 (pre-pandemic) and 1 March 2020–22 March 2022 (pandemic). Patients with distant metastasis, recurrence, in situ disease, and unknown primary were excluded. Wait time from consult to surgery, tumour (T) and nodal (N) stage, and overall stage were collected. Results: We included 419 patients [pre-pandemic (n = 204) and pandemic (n = 215)]. Median wait time (days) [interquartile range] to surgery was 36 [22–48] pre-pandemic and 35 [24–49] during the pandemic (p = 0.888). There were no differences found in T stage (p = 0.060), N stage (p = 0.214), or overall melanoma stage (p = 0.192). We highlight the importance of streamlining melanoma surgery during a pandemic. As the need arises to meet surgical backlogs including benign surgery, dedicated cancer surgery should maintain a priority to not negatively affect cancer outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Skin Cancer)

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16 pages, 5100 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

An Overview of CD133 as a Functional Unit of Prognosis and Treatment Resistance in Glioblastoma

by Thomas Joyce, Sarisha Jagasia, Erdal Tasci, Kevin Camphausen and Andra Valentina Krauze

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(9), 8278-8293; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30090601 - 7 Sep 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4324

Abstract

Biomarkers for resistance in Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are lacking, and progress in the clinic has been slow to arrive. CD133 (prominin-1) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein on the surface of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that has been associated with poor prognosis, therapy resistance, and [...] Read more.

Biomarkers for resistance in Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are lacking, and progress in the clinic has been slow to arrive. CD133 (prominin-1) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein on the surface of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that has been associated with poor prognosis, therapy resistance, and tumor recurrence in GBM. Due to its connection to CSCs, to which tumor resistance and recurrence have been partially attributed in GBM, there is a growing field of research revolving around the potential role of CD133 in each of these processes. However, despite encouraging results in vitro and in vivo, the biological interplay of CD133 with these components is still unclear, causing a lack of clinical application. In parallel, omic data from biospecimens that include CD133 are beginning to emerge, increasing the importance of understanding CD133 for the effective use of these highly dimensional data sets. Given the significant mechanistic overlap, prioritization of the most robust findings is necessary to optimize the transition of CD133 to clinical applications using patient-derived biospecimens. As a result, this review aims to compile and analyze the current research regarding CD133 as a functional unit in GBM, exploring its connections to prognosis, the tumor microenvironment, tumor resistance, and tumor recurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatment for Glioma: Retrospect and Prospect)

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14 pages, 564 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Multi-Centre Randomized Study Comparing Two Standard of Care Chemotherapy Regimens for Lower-Risk HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

by Ricardo Fernandes, Terry L. Ng, Mashari Jemaan Alzahrani, Jacques Raphael, Phillip Blanchette, Morgan Black, Carol Stober, Gregory R. Pond, David Cella, Lisa Vandermeer, Mohammed Ibrahim and Mark Clemons

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(8), 7384-7397; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30080535 - 4 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3046

Abstract

Background: Neither paclitaxel plus trastuzumab (P-H) nor docetaxel-cyclophosphamide plus trastuzumab (TC-H) have been prospectively compared in HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer (EBC). A randomized trial was performed to assess the feasibility of a larger study. Methods: Lower-risk HER2-positive EBC patients were randomized to either [...] Read more.

Background: Neither paclitaxel plus trastuzumab (P-H) nor docetaxel-cyclophosphamide plus trastuzumab (TC-H) have been prospectively compared in HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer (EBC). A randomized trial was performed to assess the feasibility of a larger study. Methods: Lower-risk HER2-positive EBC patients were randomized to either P-H or TC-H treatment arms. The co-primary feasibility outcomes were: ≥75% patient acceptability rate, active trial participation of ≥50% of medical oncologists, ≥75% and ≥90% treatment completion, and receipt rate of planned cycles of chemotherapy, respectively. Secondary outcomes: Febrile neutropenia (FN) rate, treatment-related hospitalizations, health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) questionnaires. Analyses were performed by per protocol and intention-to-treat. Results: Between May 2019 and March 2021, 49 of 52 patients agreed to study participation (94% acceptability rate). Fifteen (65%) of 23 medical oncologists approached patients. Rates of FN were higher (8.3% vs. 0%) in the TC-H vs. P-H arm. Median (IQR) changes in scores from baseline in FACT-Taxane Trial Outcome Index at 24 weeks were −4 (−10, −1) vs. −6.5 (−15, −2) for TC-H and P-H arms, respectively. Conclusions: A randomized trial comparing P-H and TC-H was feasible. Expansion to a larger trial would be feasible to explore patient-reported outcomes of these adjuvant HER2 chemotherapy regimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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17 pages, 651 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

PSMA Targeted Molecular Imaging and Radioligand Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Optimal Patient and Treatment Issues

by Seiji Hoshi, Kei Yaginuma, Satoru Meguro, Akifumi Onagi, Kanako Matsuoka, Junya Hata, Yuichi Sato, Hidenori Akaihata, Masao Kataoka, Soichiro Ogawa, Motohide Uemura and Yoshiyuki Kojima

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(8), 7286-7302; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30080529 - 1 Aug 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4949

Abstract

Theranostics (therapy + diagnosis) targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an emerging therapeutic modality that could alter treatment strategies for prostate cancer. Although PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy (PSMA-RLT) has a highly therapeutic effect on PSMA-positive tumor tissue, the efficacy of PSMA-RLT depends on PSMA [...] Read more.

Theranostics (therapy + diagnosis) targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an emerging therapeutic modality that could alter treatment strategies for prostate cancer. Although PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy (PSMA-RLT) has a highly therapeutic effect on PSMA-positive tumor tissue, the efficacy of PSMA-RLT depends on PSMA expression. Moreover, predictors of treatment response other than PSMA expression are under investigation. Therefore, the optimal patient population for PSMA-RLT remains unclear. This review provides an overview of the current status of theranostics for prostate cancer, focusing on PSMA ligands. In addition, we summarize various findings regarding the efficacy and problems of PSMA-RLT and discuss the optimal patient for PSMA-RLT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiotherapy for Genitourinary Cancer)

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10 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prospective Clinical Trials to Advance the Study of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicity

by Christopher Cluxton and Jarushka Naidoo

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(7), 6862-6871; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30070502 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3329

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a class of drug that produces durable and sustained anti-tumour responses in a wide variety of malignancies. The exponential rise in their use has been mirrored by a rise in immune-related adverse events (IrAEs). Knowledge of such toxicities, [...] Read more.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a class of drug that produces durable and sustained anti-tumour responses in a wide variety of malignancies. The exponential rise in their use has been mirrored by a rise in immune-related adverse events (IrAEs). Knowledge of such toxicities, as well as effective management algorithms for these toxicities, is essential to optimize clinical efficacy and safety. Currently, the guidelines for management of the IrAEs are based largely on retrospective studies and case series. In this article, we review the current landscape of clinical trials investigating the management of IrAEs with an aim to develop standardised, randomised controlled trial-based management algorithms for ICI-related toxicities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tailored Treatments for Lung Cancer: From Early Diagnosis to Resistance Approaches in Advanced Stages)

13 pages, 997 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Strategic Insight into the Combination Therapies for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

by Yoshihito Kano, Mitsukuni Suenaga and Hiroyuki Uetake

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(7), 6546-6558; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30070480 - 7 Jul 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4312

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The 5-year survival rate after curative resection is almost 80%, however, it is still less than satisfactory for metastatic CRC (mCRC). The combination approach including surgery, chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The 5-year survival rate after curative resection is almost 80%, however, it is still less than satisfactory for metastatic CRC (mCRC). The combination approach including surgery, chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, and immunotherapy is a promising strategy due to its synergistic anticancer effect. Moreover, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis has been reported to stratify the post-operative risk of recurrence, thus providing clinically valuable information for deciding to conduct adjuvant chemotherapy. Furthermore, multiple new drugs that potentially target undruggable genes, including KRAS, have been developed. In this review, we discuss the current management of patients with mCRC and future perspectives in the light of a combination therapeutic strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combination Therapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers)

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9 pages, 897 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Effective Primary Treatment Using Radiotherapy in Patients with Eyelid Merkel Cell Carcinoma

by Marie Boileau, Manon Dubois, Henry Abi Rached, Alexandre Escande, Xavier Mirabel and Laurent Mortier

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(7), 6353-6361; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30070468 - 2 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2066

Abstract

Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor. Palpebral localization represents 2.5% of MCCs. Surgery is not always possible due to the localization or comorbidities of elderly patients. We hypothesized that radiotherapy (RT) alone could be a curative treatment [...] Read more.

Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor. Palpebral localization represents 2.5% of MCCs. Surgery is not always possible due to the localization or comorbidities of elderly patients. We hypothesized that radiotherapy (RT) alone could be a curative treatment in patients contraindicated for oncological surgery. Methods: We performed a retrospective monocentric study of patients with localized eyelid MCC treated with curative intent using curative radiotherapy. Results: Overall, 11 patients with histologically confirmed eyelid MCC were treated with curative radiotherapy. The median age was 77 years old (range: 53–94). Curative RT was decided mainly due to difficult localization and significant co-morbidities. The median lesion dose was 57 Gy (range: 47–70). Most patients had adjuvant lymph nodes irradiation with a median dose of 50 Gy (n = 9; 82%). The median follow-up was 62 months (6–152 months). None of the seven deaths were MCC-related. None of our patients relapsed during follow-up. Side effects related to radiotherapy were mild (no grade ≥ 2) and rare (n = 3, 21%). Conclusion: Our data suggest that curative radiotherapy is an effective and safe treatment for Merkel cell carcinoma of the eyelid and periocular region. Radiotherapy alone allows limiting the aesthetic and functional sequelae in elderly and comorbid patients who are contraindicated for oncological surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dermato-Oncology)

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11 pages, 1436 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Use of Salvage Chemotherapy for Patients with Relapsed Testicular Germ Cell Tumor (GCT) in Canada: A National Survey

by Esmail M. Al-Ezzi, Amer Zahralliyali, Aaron R. Hansen, Robert J. Hamilton, Michael Crump, John Kuruvilla, Lori Wood, Lucia Nappi, Christian K. Kollmannsberger, Scott A. North, Eric Winquist, Denis Soulières, Sebastien J. Hotte and Di Maria Jiang

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(7), 6166-6176; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30070458 - 27 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2566

Abstract

Background: Although metastatic germ cell tumor (GCT) is highly curable with initial cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CT), 20–30% of patients relapse. Salvage CT options include conventional (CDCT) and high dose chemotherapy (HDCT), however definitive comparative data remain lacking. We aimed to characterize the contemporary practice [...] Read more.

Background: Although metastatic germ cell tumor (GCT) is highly curable with initial cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CT), 20–30% of patients relapse. Salvage CT options include conventional (CDCT) and high dose chemotherapy (HDCT), however definitive comparative data remain lacking. We aimed to characterize the contemporary practice patterns of salvage CT across Canada. Methods: We conducted a 30-question online survey for Canadian medical and hematological oncologists with experience in treating GCT, assessing treatment availability, patient selection, and management strategies used for relapsed GCT patients. Results: There were 30 respondents from 18 cancer centers across eight provinces. The most common CDCT regimens used were TIP (64%) and VIP (25%). HDCT was available in 13 centers (70%). The HDCT regimen used included carboplatin and etoposide for two cycles (76% in 7 centers), three cycles (6% in 2 centers), and the TICE protocol (11%, in 2 centers). “Bridging” CDCT was used by 65% of respondents. Post-HDCT treatments considered include surgical resection for residual disease (87.5%), maintenance etoposide (6.3%), and surveillance only (6.3%). Conclusions: HDCT is the most commonly used GCT salvage strategy in Canada. Significant differences exist in the treatment availability, selection, and delivery of HDCT, highlighting the need for standardization of care for patients with relapsed testicular GCT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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22 pages, 902 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Skin Cancer Prevention across the G7, Australia and New Zealand: A Review of Legislation and Guidelines

by Santina Conte, Ammar Saed Aldien, Sébastien Jetté, Jonathan LeBeau, Sauliha Alli, Elena Netchiporouk, François Lagacé, Philippe Lefrançois, Lisa Iannattone and Ivan V. Litvinov

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(7), 6019-6040; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30070450 - 23 Jun 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6128

Abstract

Incidence rates of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancers have been on the rise globally in recent decades. While there has been a select focus on personal sun protection awareness, to our knowledge, there is a paucity of legislation in place to help support [...] Read more.

Incidence rates of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancers have been on the rise globally in recent decades. While there has been a select focus on personal sun protection awareness, to our knowledge, there is a paucity of legislation in place to help support citizens’ efforts to protect themselves from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Given this, we conducted a comprehensive review of legislation and guidelines pertaining to a variety of sun protection-related topics in countries of the Group of Seven (G7), Australia and New Zealand. Australia was the only country to have banned tanning beds for individuals of all ages, while other select countries have instituted bans for minors. In workplace policy, there is very little recognition of the danger of occupational UVR exposure in outdoor workers, and thus very few protective measures are in place. With regard to sports and recreation, certain dermatological/professional associations have put forward recommendations, but no legislation was brought forward by government bodies outside of Australia and New Zealand. With regard to youth, while there are various guidelines and frameworks in place across several countries, adherence remains difficult in the absence of concrete legislation and standardization of procedures. Finally, only Australia and a few select jurisdictions in the United States have implemented sales tax exemptions for sunscreen products. In light of our findings, we have made several recommendations, which we anticipate will help reduce the rates of melanoma and keratinocyte cancers in years to come. However, minimizing UVR exposure is not without risk, and we, therefore, suggest the promotion of vitamin D supplementation in conjunction with sun protective practices to limit potential harm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Skin Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment)

14 pages, 1803 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characteristics of Phase IV Clinical Trials in Oncology: An Analysis Using the ClinicalTrials.gov Registry Data

by Brandon Michael Henry, Giuseppe Lippi, Ameen Nasser and Patryk Ostrowski

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(6), 5932-5945; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30060443 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4075

Abstract

The present study analyzed the characteristics of phase IV clinical trials in oncology using data from the ClinicalTrials.gov registry. The included trials were conducted between January 2013 and December 2022 and were examined for key characteristics, including outcome measures, interventions, sample sizes, and [...] Read more.

The present study analyzed the characteristics of phase IV clinical trials in oncology using data from the ClinicalTrials.gov registry. The included trials were conducted between January 2013 and December 2022 and were examined for key characteristics, including outcome measures, interventions, sample sizes, and study design, different cancer types, and geographic regions. The analysis included 368 phase IV oncology studies. An amount of 50% of these studies examined both safety and efficacy, while 43.5% only reported efficacy outcome measures, and 6.5% only described safety outcome measures. Only 16.9% of studies were powered to detect adverse events with a frequency of 1 in 100. Targeted therapies accounted for the majority of included studies (53.5%), with breast (32.91%) and hematological cancers (25.82%) being the most frequently investigated malignancies. Most phase IV oncology studies lacked sufficient power to detect rare adverse events due to their small sample sizes and instead focused on effectiveness. To ensure that there is no gap in drug safety data collection and detection of rare adverse events due to limited phase IV clinical trials, there is a significant need for additional education and participation by both health care providers and patients in spontaneous reporting processes. Full article

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22 pages, 779 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Neurologic Complications of Cancer Immunotherapy

by Aseel N. Alsalem, Leslie A. Scarffe, Hannah R. Briemberg, Ashley E. Aaroe and Rebecca A. Harrison

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(6), 5876-5897; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30060440 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3890

Abstract

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment over the past decade. As it is increasingly introduced into routine clinical practice, immune-related complications have become more frequent. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential, with the goal of reduced patient morbidity. This review aims to discuss the [...] Read more.

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment over the past decade. As it is increasingly introduced into routine clinical practice, immune-related complications have become more frequent. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential, with the goal of reduced patient morbidity. This review aims to discuss the various clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatments, and prognosis of neurologic complications associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T-cell therapies, and T-cell redirecting therapies. We also outline a suggested clinical approach related to the clinical use of these agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Research in Immunotherapy for Brain Tumors)

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23 pages, 9878 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

HR+/HER2– Advanced Breast Cancer Treatment in the First-Line Setting: Expert Review

by Katarzyna J. Jerzak, Nathaniel Bouganim, Christine Brezden-Masley, Scott Edwards, Karen Gelmon, Jan-Willem Henning, John F. Hilton and Sandeep Sehdev

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(6), 5425-5447; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30060411 - 2 Jun 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 13519

Abstract

The approval of CDK4/6 inhibitors has dramatically improved care for the treatment of HR+/HER2– advanced breast cancer, but navigating the rapidly-expanding treatment evidence base is challenging. In this narrative review, we provide best-practice recommendations for the first-line treatment of HR+/HER2– advanced breast cancer [...] Read more.

The approval of CDK4/6 inhibitors has dramatically improved care for the treatment of HR+/HER2– advanced breast cancer, but navigating the rapidly-expanding treatment evidence base is challenging. In this narrative review, we provide best-practice recommendations for the first-line treatment of HR+/HER2– advanced breast cancer in Canada based on relevant literature, clinical guidelines, and our own clinical experience. Due to statistically significant improvements in overall survival and progression-free survival, ribociclib + aromatase inhibitor is our preferred first-line treatment for de novo advanced disease or relapse ≥12 months after completion of adjuvant endocrine therapy and ribociclib or abemaciclib + fulvestrant is our preferred first-line treatment for patients experiencing early relapse. Abemaciclib or palbociclib may be used when alternatives to ribociclib are needed, and endocrine therapy can be used alone in the case of contraindication to CDK4/6 inhibitors or limited life expectancy. Considerations for special populations—including frail and fit elderly patients, as well as those with visceral disease, brain metastases, and oligometastatic disease—are also explored. For monitoring, we recommend an approach across CDK4/6 inhibitors. For mutational testing, we recommend routinely performing ER/PR/HER2 testing to confirm the subtype of advanced disease at the time of progression and to consider ESR1 and PIK3CA testing for select patients. Where possible, engage a multidisciplinary care team to apply evidence in a patient-centric manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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16 pages, 829 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biomarkers for Predicting Anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 Antibody Treatment Effects in Head and Neck Cancer

by Katsunori Tanaka, Hitoshi Hirakawa, Mikio Suzuki, Teruyuki Higa, Shinya Agena, Narumi Hasegawa, Junko Kawakami, Masatomo Toyama, Tomoyo Higa, Hidetoshi Kinjyo, Norimoto Kise, Shunsuke Kondo, Hiroyuki Maeda and Taro Ikegami

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(6), 5409-5424; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30060410 - 2 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2874

Abstract

In recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M-HNSCC), survival outcomes are significantly better in patients who receive anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody therapy than in those who receive standard therapy. However, there is no established biomarker that can predict [...] Read more.

In recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M-HNSCC), survival outcomes are significantly better in patients who receive anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody therapy than in those who receive standard therapy. However, there is no established biomarker that can predict the anti-PD-1 antibody treatment effect and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in these patients. This study investigated the inflammatory and nutritional status in 42 patients with R/M-HNSCC and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) polymorphisms (rs4143815 and rs2282055) in 35 of the 42 patients. The 1- and 2-year overall survival was 59.5% and 28.6%, respectively; the 1- and 2-year first progression-free survival was 19.0% and 9.5%, respectively, and the respective second progression-free survival was 50% and 27.8%. Performance status and inflammatory and nutritional status (assessed by the geriatric nutritional risk index, modified Glasgow prognostic score, and prognostic nutritional index) were identified as significant indicators of survival outcomes in multivariate analysis. Patients with ancestral alleles in PD-L1 polymorphisms had less frequent irAEs. Performance status and inflammatory and nutritional status before treatment were closely related to survival outcomes after PD-1 therapy. These indicators can be calculated using routine laboratory data. PD-L1 polymorphisms may be biomarkers for predicting irAEs in patients receiving anti-PD-1 therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multimodality Treatment in Recurrent Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer)

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10 pages, 936 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Real-World Outcomes of Stage IV NSCLC with PD-L1 ≥ 50% Treated with First-Line Pembrolizumab: Uptake of Second-Line Systemic Therapy

by Rebekah Rittberg, Bonnie Leung, Aria Shokoohi, Alexandra Pender, Selina Wong, Zamzam Al-Hashami, Ying Wang and Cheryl Ho

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(6), 5299-5308; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30060402 - 26 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3546

Abstract

Introduction: Platinum-based chemotherapy was compared to single-agent pembrolizumab in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with PDL1 > 50% in KEYNOTE-024. In this trial, it was found that patients who received single-agent pembrolizumab had improved progression-free survival in addition to overall survival (OS). [...] Read more.

Introduction: Platinum-based chemotherapy was compared to single-agent pembrolizumab in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with PDL1 > 50% in KEYNOTE-024. In this trial, it was found that patients who received single-agent pembrolizumab had improved progression-free survival in addition to overall survival (OS). Based on KEYNOTE-024, only 53% of patients treated originally with pembrolizumab received second-line anticancer systemic therapy with an OS of 26.3 months. Based on these results, the objective of this study was to characterize real-world NSCLC patients who received second-line therapy after single-agent pembrolizumab. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study considering stage IV NSCLC patients diagnosed with BC Cancer between 2018 and 2021 with PD-L1 ≥ 50% who received first-line single agent pembrolizumab. Patient demographics, cancer history, treatment administered, and survival were collected retrospectively. Descriptive statistics were produced. OS was calculated using Kaplan–Meier curves and compared using the log rank test. A multivariate model evaluated characteristics associated with the receipt of second-line therapy. Results: A total of 718 patients were diagnosed with Stage IV NSCLC and received at least one cycle of pembrolizumab. The median duration of treatment was 4.4 months, and the follow-up duration was 16.0 months. There were 567 (79%) patients who had disease progression, of whom 21% received second-line systemic therapy. Within the subset of patients with disease progression, the median duration of treatment was 3.0 months. It would be found that patients who received second-line therapy had better baseline ECOG performance status, were younger at diagnosis, and had a longer duration of pembrolizumab. Within the full population, the OS from the treatment initiation date was 14.0 months. OS was 5.6 months in patients who did not receive additional therapy after progression and 22.2 months in patients who received subsequent therapy. Baseline ECOG performance status was associated with improved OS in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Based on this real-world Canadian population, 21% of patients received second-line systemic therapy, despite second-line therapy being associated with prolonged survival. In this real-world population, we found that 60% fewer patients received second-line systemic therapy when compared to KEYNOTE-024. Although differences always exist when comparing a clinical and non-clinical trial population, our findings suggest undertreating stage IV NSCLC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapy in Thoracic Malignancies)

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20 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Rare Central Nervous System Tumors

by Andrew Rodriguez, Carlos Kamiya-Matsuoka and Nazanin K. Majd

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(6), 5279-5298; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30060401 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3392

Abstract

Establishing novel therapies for rare central nervous system (CNS) tumors is arduous due to challenges in conducting clinical trials in rare tumors. Immunotherapy treatment has been a rapidly developing field and has demonstrated improvements in outcomes for multiple types of solid malignancies. In [...] Read more.

Establishing novel therapies for rare central nervous system (CNS) tumors is arduous due to challenges in conducting clinical trials in rare tumors. Immunotherapy treatment has been a rapidly developing field and has demonstrated improvements in outcomes for multiple types of solid malignancies. In rare CNS tumors, the role of immunotherapy is being explored. In this article, we review the preclinical and clinical data of various immunotherapy modalities in select rare CNS tumors, including atypical meningioma, aggressive pituitary adenoma, pituitary carcinoma, ependymoma, embryonal tumor, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, and meningeal solitary fibrous tumor. Among these tumor types, some studies have shown promise; however, ongoing clinical trials will be critical for defining and optimizing the role of immunotherapy for these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Research in Immunotherapy for Brain Tumors)

23 pages, 1064 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pediatric Brain Tumours: Lessons from the Immune Microenvironment

by Betty Yao, Alberto Delaidelli, Hannes Vogel and Poul H. Sorensen

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(5), 5024-5046; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30050379 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3812

Abstract

In spite of recent advances in tumour molecular subtyping, pediatric brain tumours (PBTs) remain the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. While some PBTs are treatable with favourable outcomes, recurrent and metastatic disease for certain types of PBTs remains challenging and is [...] Read more.

In spite of recent advances in tumour molecular subtyping, pediatric brain tumours (PBTs) remain the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. While some PBTs are treatable with favourable outcomes, recurrent and metastatic disease for certain types of PBTs remains challenging and is often fatal. Tumour immunotherapy has emerged as a hopeful avenue for the treatment of childhood tumours, and recent immunotherapy efforts have been directed towards PBTs. This strategy has the potential to combat otherwise incurable PBTs, while minimizing off-target effects and long-term sequelae. As the infiltration and activation states of immune cells, including tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumour-associated macrophages, are key to shaping responses towards immunotherapy, this review explores the immune landscape of the developing brain and discusses the tumour immune microenvironments of common PBTs, with hopes of conferring insights that may inform future treatment design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Research in Immunotherapy for Brain Tumors)

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21 pages, 717 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Management and Prevention of Cellular-Therapy-Related Toxicity: Early and Late Complications

by Simon R. Mucha and Prabalini Rajendram

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(5), 5003-5023; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30050378 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4438

Abstract

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has dramatically changed prognosis and treatment of relapsed and refractory hematologic malignancies. Currently the 6 FDA approved products target various surface antigens. While CAR-T therapy achieves good response, life-threatening toxicities have been reported. Mechanistically, can be [...] Read more.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has dramatically changed prognosis and treatment of relapsed and refractory hematologic malignancies. Currently the 6 FDA approved products target various surface antigens. While CAR-T therapy achieves good response, life-threatening toxicities have been reported. Mechanistically, can be divided into two categories: (1) toxicities related to T-cell activation and release of high levels of cytokines: or (2) toxicities resulting from interaction between CAR and CAR targeted antigen expressed on non-malignant cells (i.e., on-target, off-tumor effects). Variations in conditioning therapies, co-stimulatory domains, CAR T-cell dose and anti-cytokine administration, pose a challenge in distinguishing cytokine mediated related toxicities from on-target, off-tumor toxicities. Timing, frequency, severity, as well as optimal management of CAR T-cell-related toxicities vary significantly between products and are likely to change as newer therapies become available. Currently the FDA approved CARs are targeted towards the B-cell malignancies however the future holds promise of expanding the target to solid tumor malignancies. Further highlighting the importance of early recognition and intervention for early and late onset CAR-T related toxicity. This contemporary review aims to describe presentation, grading and management of commonly encountered toxicities, short- and long-term complications, discuss preventive strategies and resource utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Multi-disciplinary Approach to the Prevention and Management of Cancer-Related Toxicities)

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13 pages, 780 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Surgical Management of Brain Tumors with Focused Ultrasound

by Yusuf Mehkri, Kevin Pierre, Samuel Joel Woodford, Caroline Grace Davidson, Ogaga Urhie, Sai Sriram, Jairo Hernandez, Chadwin Hanna and Brandon Lucke-Wold

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(5), 4990-5002; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30050377 - 13 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4475

Abstract

Focused ultrasound is a novel technique for the treatment of aggressive brain tumors that uses both mechanical and thermal mechanisms. This non-invasive technique can allow for both the thermal ablation of inoperable tumors and the delivery of chemotherapy and immunotherapy while minimizing the [...] Read more.

Focused ultrasound is a novel technique for the treatment of aggressive brain tumors that uses both mechanical and thermal mechanisms. This non-invasive technique can allow for both the thermal ablation of inoperable tumors and the delivery of chemotherapy and immunotherapy while minimizing the risk of infection and shortening the time to recovery. With recent advances, focused ultrasound has been increasingly effective for larger tumors without the need for a craniotomy and can be used with minimal surrounding soft tissue damage. Treatment efficacy is dependent on multiple variables, including blood–brain barrier permeability, patient anatomical features, and tumor-specific features. Currently, many clinical trials are currently underway for the treatment of non-neoplastic cranial pathologies and other non-cranial malignancies. In this article, we review the current state of surgical management of brain tumors using focused ultrasound. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in the Surgical Treatment of Brain Tumors)

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12 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

COVID-19 and Breast Cancer: Analysis of Surgical Management of a Large Referral Center during the 2020–2021 Pandemic Period

by Fulvio Borella, Luca Bertero, Fabrizia Di Giovanni, Gianluca Witel, Giulia Orlando, Alessia Andrea Ricci, Alessandra Pittaro, Isabella Castellano and Paola Cassoni

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(5), 4767-4778; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30050359 - 5 May 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2640

Abstract

Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide since December 2019 and was officially declared a pandemic in March 2020. Due to the rapid transmission and the high fatality rate, drastic emergency restrictions were issued, with a negative impact on routine clinical activities. In [...] Read more.

Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide since December 2019 and was officially declared a pandemic in March 2020. Due to the rapid transmission and the high fatality rate, drastic emergency restrictions were issued, with a negative impact on routine clinical activities. In particular, in Italy, many authors have reported a reduction in the number of breast cancer diagnoses and critical problems in the management of patients who accessed the breast units during the dramatic first months of the pandemic. Our study aims to analyze the global impact of COVID-19 in the two years of the pandemic (2020–2021) on the surgical management of breast cancer by comparing them with the previous two years. Methods: In our retrospective study, we analyzed all cases of breast cancer diagnosed and surgically treated at the breast unit of “Città della Salute e della Scienza” in Turin, Italy, making a comparison between the 2018–2019 pre-pandemic period and the 2020–2021 pandemic period. Results: We included in our analysis 1331 breast cancer cases surgically treated from January 2018 to December 2021. A total of 726 patients were treated in the pre-pandemic years and 605 in the pandemic period (−121 cases, 9%). No significant differences were observed regarding diagnosis (screening vs. no screening) and timing between radiological diagnosis and surgery for both in situ and invasive tumors. There were no variations in the breast surgical approach (mastectomy vs. conservative surgery), while a reduction in axillary dissection compared to the sentinel lymph node in the pandemic period was observed (p-value < 0.001). Regarding the biological characteristics of breast cancers, we observed a greater number of grades 2–3 (p-value = 0.007), pT stage 3–4 breast cancer surgically treated without previous neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p-value = 0.03), and a reduction in luminal B tumors (p-value = 0.007). Conclusions: Overall, we report a limited reduction in surgical activity for breast cancer treatment considering the entire pandemic period (2020–2021). These results suggest a prompt resumption of surgical activity similar to the pre-pandemic period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection New Insights into Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment)

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15 pages, 604 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Precision Oncology in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

by Hiba Mechahougui, Montemurro Michael and Alex Friedlaender

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(5), 4648-4662; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30050351 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3494

Abstract

GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumors) represent 20% of sarcomatous tumors and 1–2% of primary gastrointestinal cancers. They have an excellent prognosis when localized and resectable, though their prognosis is poor in the metastatic setting, with limited options after the second line until recently. Four [...] Read more.

GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumors) represent 20% of sarcomatous tumors and 1–2% of primary gastrointestinal cancers. They have an excellent prognosis when localized and resectable, though their prognosis is poor in the metastatic setting, with limited options after the second line until recently. Four lines are now standard in KIT-mutated GIST and one in PDGFRA-mutated GIST. An exponential growth of new treatments is expected in this era of molecular diagnostic techniques and systematic sequencing. Currently, the main challenge remains the emergence of resistance linked to secondary mutations caused by selective pressure induced by TKIs. Repeating biopsies to tailor treatments might be a step in the right direction, and liquid biopsies at progression may offer a non-invasive alternative. New molecules with wider KIT inhibition are under investigation and could change the catalog and the sequence of existing treatments. Combination therapies may also be an approach to overcome current resistance mechanisms. Here, we review the current epidemiology and biology of GIST and discuss future management options, with an emphasis on genome-oriented therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combination Therapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers)

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16 pages, 1597 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Fixed-Duration Oral Targeted Therapies on the Economic Burden of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Canada

by Jean Lachaine, Kimberly Guinan, Andrew Aw, Versha Banerji, Isabelle Fleury and Carolyn Owen

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(5), 4483-4498; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30050339 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3044

Abstract

Background: Continuous oral targeted therapies (OTT) represent a major economic burden on the Canadian healthcare system, due to their high cost and administration until disease progression/toxicity. The recent introduction of venetoclax-based fixed-duration combination therapies has the potential to reduce such costs. This study [...] Read more.

Background: Continuous oral targeted therapies (OTT) represent a major economic burden on the Canadian healthcare system, due to their high cost and administration until disease progression/toxicity. The recent introduction of venetoclax-based fixed-duration combination therapies has the potential to reduce such costs. This study aims to estimate the prevalence and the cost of CLL in Canada with the introduction of fixed OTT. Methods: A state transition Markov model was developed and included five health states: watchful waiting, first-line treatment, relapsed/refractory treatment, and death. The number of CLL patients and total cost associated with CLL management in Canada for both continuous- and fixed-treatment-duration OTT were projected from 2020 to 2025. Costs included drug acquisition, follow-up/monitoring, adverse event, and palliative care. Results: The CLL prevalence in Canada is projected to increase from 15,512 to 19,517 between 2020 and 2025. Annual costs were projected at C$880.7 and C$703.1 million in 2025, for continuous and fixed OTT scenarios, respectively. Correspondingly, fixed OTT would provide a total cost reduction of C$213.8 million (5.94%) from 2020 to 2025, compared to continuous OTT. Conclusions: Fixed OTT is expected to result in major reductions in cost burden over the 5-year projection, compared to continuous OTT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Economic Burden of Cancer)

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14 pages, 669 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Triplet Therapy in Metastatic Castrate Sensitive Prostate Cancer (mCSPC)—A Potential New Standard of Care

by Abhenil Mittal, Srikala S. Sridhar, Michael Ong and Di Maria Jiang

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(4), 4365-4378; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30040332 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5533

Abstract

The treatment paradigm for metastatic castrate-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) has evolved rapidly in the past decade with the approval of several life-prolonging therapies including docetaxel chemotherapy and multiple androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPI) in combination with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Recently reported phase-three [...] Read more.

The treatment paradigm for metastatic castrate-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) has evolved rapidly in the past decade with the approval of several life-prolonging therapies including docetaxel chemotherapy and multiple androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPI) in combination with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Recently reported phase-three trials have demonstrated a survival benefit of upfront triplet therapy with ADT, docetaxel plus either abiraterone acetate or darolutamide when compared to ADT plus docetaxel alone. However, multiple questions including the incremental benefit of docetaxel to a combination of ADT and ARPI, the timing of ARPI, optimal patient selection for triplet therapy and clinical and genomic biomarkers still remain to be answered. Moreover, real-world data suggest suboptimal treatment intensification with many patients treated with ADT alone highlighting challenges in implementation. In this article, we review the phase-three data associated with triplet therapy in mCSPC. We also discuss the knowledge gaps that exist despite the completion of these studies and how ongoing studies are likely to change the paradigm in the near future. Finally, we provide a simple algorithm based on current data that clinicians can use in daily practice to select patients for appropriate treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

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22 pages, 982 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

‘Targeting’ Improved Outcomes with Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer—An Updated Review

by Saurav Verma, Daniel Breadner and Jacques Raphael

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(4), 4329-4350; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30040330 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 12631

Abstract

Antibody-Drug conjugates (ADCs) are a relatively new class of drugs with a promise to improve the outcomes in specific cancers. By delivering the cytotoxic agent to tumor cells expressing specific antigens, ADCs achieve a better therapeutic index and more potency. ADCs have been [...] Read more.

Antibody-Drug conjugates (ADCs) are a relatively new class of drugs with a promise to improve the outcomes in specific cancers. By delivering the cytotoxic agent to tumor cells expressing specific antigens, ADCs achieve a better therapeutic index and more potency. ADCs have been approved for several hematological and solid malignancies, including breast, urothelial and gastric carcinoma. Recently, trastuzumab deruxtecan (TDXd) was the first ADC approved for previously treated metastatic HER2-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Many promising ADCs are in the pipeline for clinical development in non-small cell lung cancer, including sacituzumab govitecan, patritumab deruxtecan, datopotamab deruxtecan and tusamitamab ravtansine. There is a hope that these drugs would cater to the unmet need of specific patient populations, including patients with currently untargetable mutations. We hope these drugs, e.g., TROP2 targeted ADCs, will also give more options for therapy in NSCLC to improve outcomes for patients. In this comprehensive review, we will be discussing the recent evidence including targets, efficacy and the safety of newer ADC candidates in NSCLC. We will also briefly discuss the specific toxicities, novel biomarkers, overcoming resistance mechanisms, challenges and the way forward, as these new ADCs and combinations find a way into the clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolving Role of Antibody Drug Conjugates in Cancer Therapy)

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10 pages, 271 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Single-Port Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Where Do We Stand?

by Antonio Franco, Antony A. Pellegrino, Cosimo De Nunzio, Morgan Salkowski, Jamal C. Jackson, Lucas B. Zukowski, Enrico Checcucci, Srinivas Vourganti, Alexander K. Chow, Francesco Porpiglia, Jihad Kaouk, Simone Crivellaro and Riccardo Autorino

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(4), 4301-4310; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30040328 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3655

Abstract

In 2018, the da Vinci Single Port (SP) robotic system was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for urologic procedures. Available studies for the application of SP to prostate cancer surgery are limited. The aim of our study is to summarize [...] Read more.

In 2018, the da Vinci Single Port (SP) robotic system was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for urologic procedures. Available studies for the application of SP to prostate cancer surgery are limited. The aim of our study is to summarize the current evidence on the techniques and outcomes of SP robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (SP-RARLP) procedures. A narrative review of the literature was performed in January 2023. Preliminary results suggest that SP-RALP is safe and feasible, and it can offer comparable outcomes to the standard multiport RALP. Extraperitoneal and transvesical SP-RALP appear to be the two most promising approaches, as they offer decreased invasiveness, potentially shorter length of stay, and better pain control. Long-term, high-quality data are missing and further validation with prospective studies across different sites is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgery for Prostate Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Directions)

11 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, and Beyond

by Sree M. Lanka, Nicholas A. Zorko, Emmanuel S. Antonarakis and Pedro C. Barata

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(4), 4246-4256; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30040323 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5690

Abstract

The therapeutic landscape of several genitourinary malignancies has been revolutionized by the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); however, the utility of immunotherapies in prostate cancer has been limited, partly due to the immunologically “cold” tumor terrain of prostate cancer. As of today, [...] Read more.

The therapeutic landscape of several genitourinary malignancies has been revolutionized by the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); however, the utility of immunotherapies in prostate cancer has been limited, partly due to the immunologically “cold” tumor terrain of prostate cancer. As of today, pembrolizumab is the only immune checkpoint inhibitor approved for the treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in a select group of patients with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), deficient mismatch repair (dMMR), or high tumor mutational burden (TMB). Looking ahead, several combinatorial approaches with ICIs involving radioligands, radiotherapy, PARP inhibitors, interleukin inhibitors, and cancer vaccines are exploring a potential synergistic effect. Furthermore, B7-H3 is an alternative checkpoint that may hold promise in adding to the treatment landscape of mCRPC. This review aims to summarize previous monotherapy and combination therapy trials of ICIs as well as novel immunotherapy combination therapeutic strategies and treatment targets in mCRPC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: State of the Art and Future Perspectives)

13 pages, 802 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Immunotherapy in Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Current Evidence and Perspectives

by Chiara Lazzari, Calogera Claudia Spagnolo, Giuliana Ciappina, Martina Di Pietro, Andrea Squeri, Maria Ilenia Passalacqua, Silvia Marchesi, Vanesa Gregorc and Mariacarmela Santarpia

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(4), 3684-3696; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30040280 - 27 Mar 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7923

Abstract

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Surgery is the most potentially curative therapeutic option for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The five-year survival for these patients remains poor and variable, depending on the stage [...] Read more.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Surgery is the most potentially curative therapeutic option for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The five-year survival for these patients remains poor and variable, depending on the stage of disease at diagnosis, and the risk of recurrence following tumor resection is high. During the last 20 years, there has been a modest improvement in the therapeutic strategies for resectable NSCLC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), alone or in combination with chemotherapy, have become the cornerstone for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC patients. Recently, their clinical development has been shifted in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings where they have demonstrated remarkable efficacy, leading to improved clinical outcomes. Based on the positive results from phase III trials, ICIs have become a therapeutic option in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. On October 2021 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved atezolizumab as an adjuvant treatment following surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy for patients with NSCLC whose tumors express PD-L1 ≥ 1%. In March 2022, nivolumab in combination with platinum-doublet chemotherapy was approved for adult patients with resectable NSCLC in the neoadjuvant setting. The current review provides an updated overview of the clinical trials exploring the role of immunotherapy in patients with early-stage NSCLC, focusing on the biological rationale for their use in the perioperative setting. We will also discuss the role of potential predictive biomarkers to personalize therapy and optimize the incorporation of immunotherapy into the multimodality management of stage I-III NSCLC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapy in Thoracic Malignancies)

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14 pages, 729 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Is It Safe to Switch from a Standard Anterior to Retzius-Sparing Approach in Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy?

by Edward Lambert, Charlotte Allaeys, Camille Berquin, Pieter De Visschere, Sofie Verbeke, Ben Vanneste, Valerie Fonteyne, Charles Van Praet and Nicolaas Lumen

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 3447-3460; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030261 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3001

Abstract

Background: Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RS-RARP) has been shown to lead to better outcomes regarding early continence compared to standard anterior RARP (SA-RARP). The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of implementing RS-RARP in a tertiary center with [...] Read more.

Background: Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RS-RARP) has been shown to lead to better outcomes regarding early continence compared to standard anterior RARP (SA-RARP). The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of implementing RS-RARP in a tertiary center with experience in SA-RARP. Methods: From February 2020, all newly diagnosed non-metastatic prostate cancer patients for whom RARP was indicated were evaluated for RS-RARP. Data from the first 100 RS-RARP patients were prospectively collected and compared with data from the last 100 SA-RARP patients. Patients were evaluated for Clavien Dindo grade ≥3a complications, urinary continence after 2 and 6 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months, erectile function, positive surgical margins (PSMs) and biochemical recurrence (BCR). Results: There was no significant difference in postoperative complications at Clavien-Dindo grade ≥3a (SA-RARP: 6, RS-RARP: 4; p = 0.292). At all time points, significantly higher proportions of RS-RARP patients were continent (p < 0.001). No significant differences in postoperative potency were observed (52% vs. 59%, respectively, p = 0.608). PSMs were more frequent in the RS-RARP group (43% vs. 29%, p = 0.034), especially in locally advanced tumors (pT3: 64.6% vs. 43.8%, p = 0.041—pT2: 23.5% vs. 15.4%, p = 0.329). The one-year BCR-free survival was 82.6% vs. 81.6% in the SA-RARP and RS-RARP groups, respectively (p = 0.567). The median follow-up was 22 [18–27] vs. 24.5 [17–35] months in the RS-RARP and SA-RARP groups, respectively (p = 0.008). Conclusions: The transition from SA-RARP to RS-RARP can be safely performed by surgeons proficient in SA-RARP. Continence results after RS-RARP were significantly better at any time point. A higher proportion of PSMs was observed, although it did not result in a worse BCR-free survival. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgery for Prostate Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Directions)

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30 pages, 1317 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Relation of Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) with Cancer: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Disease Outcome on Twelve Types of Cancer

by Paraskevi Detopoulou, George I. Panoutsopoulos, Marina Mantoglou, Periklis Michailidis, Ifigenia Pantazi, Spyros Papadopoulos and Andrea Paola Rojas Gil

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 3391-3420; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030258 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 13252

Abstract

Inflammatory proteins activate platelets, which have been observed to be directly related to cancer progression and development. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the possible association between Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and cancer (diagnostic capacity of MPV, relation to survival, [...] Read more.

Inflammatory proteins activate platelets, which have been observed to be directly related to cancer progression and development. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the possible association between Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and cancer (diagnostic capacity of MPV, relation to survival, the severity of the disease, and metastasis). A literature review was performed in the online database PubMed and Google Scholar for the period of 2010–2022. In total, 83 studies including 21,034 participants with 12 different types of cancer (i.e., gastric cancer, colon cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, renal cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, thyroid cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, gallbladder cancer, and multiple myeloma) were identified. The role of MPV has been extensively investigated in several types of cancer, such as gastric, colon, breast, and lung cancer, while few data exist for other types, such as renal, gallbladder cancer, and multiple myeloma. Most studies in gastric, breast, endometrium, thyroid, and lung cancer documented an elevated MPV in cancer patients. Data were less clear-cut for esophageal, ovarian, and colon cancer, while reduced MPV was observed in renal cell carcinoma and gallbladder cancer. Several studies on colon cancer (4 out of 6) and fewer on lung cancer (4 out of 10) indicated an unfavorable role of increased MPV regarding mortality. As far as other cancer types are concerned, fewer studies were conducted. MPV can be used as a potential biomarker in cancer diagnosis and could be a useful tool for the optimization of treatment strategies. Possible underlying mechanisms between cancer and MPV are discussed. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the exact role of MPV in cancer progression and metastasis. Full article

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15 pages, 841 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Kidney Injury in Children after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

by Vinson James, Joseph Angelo and Lama Elbahlawan

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 3329-3343; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030253 - 13 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3410

Abstract

Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), used for treatment of many malignant and non-malignant pediatric diseases, is associated with serious complications, limiting this therapy’s benefit. Acute kidney injury (AKI), seen often after HCT, can occur at different stages of the transplant process and contributes to [...] Read more.

Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), used for treatment of many malignant and non-malignant pediatric diseases, is associated with serious complications, limiting this therapy’s benefit. Acute kidney injury (AKI), seen often after HCT, can occur at different stages of the transplant process and contributes to morbidity and mortality after HCT. The etiology of AKI is often multifactorial, including kidney hypoperfusion, nephrotoxicity from immunosuppressive and antimicrobial agents, and other transplant-related complications such as transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy and sinusoidal obstructive syndrome. Early recognition of AKI is crucial to prevent further AKI and associated complications. Initial management includes identifying the etiology of AKI, preventing further kidney hypoperfusion, adjusting nephrotoxic medications, and preventing fluid overload. Some patients will require further support with kidney replacement therapy to manage fluid overload and AKI. Biomarkers of AKI, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin can aid in detecting AKI before a rise in serum creatinine, allowing earlier intervention. Long-term kidney dysfunction is also prominent in this population. Therefore, long-term follow-up and monitoring of renal function (glomerular filtration rate, microalbuminuria) is required along with management of hypertension, which can contribute to chronic kidney disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Multi-disciplinary Approach to the Prevention and Management of Cancer-Related Toxicities)

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19 pages, 692 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Anal Cancer: The Past, Present and Future

by Talha Ashraf Gondal, Noman Chaudhary, Husnaat Bajwa, Aribah Rauf, Duc Le and Shahid Ahmed

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 3232-3250; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030246 - 11 Mar 2023

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8478

Abstract

Anal cancer is a rare cancer that accounts for about 2% of all gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Among anal cancer, squamous cell cancer is the most common malignancy. The incidence of all stages of anal squamous cell cancer has been increasing. Human papillomavirus infection [...] Read more.

Anal cancer is a rare cancer that accounts for about 2% of all gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Among anal cancer, squamous cell cancer is the most common malignancy. The incidence of all stages of anal squamous cell cancer has been increasing. Human papillomavirus infection and immunosuppression are major risk factors for anal cancer. The management of anal cancer has evolved over the past several decades and continues to do so. Chemoradiation therapy remains the mainstay for treatment for most patients with early-stage disease, whereas systemic therapy is the primary treatment for patients with metastatic disease. Patients with persistent disease or recurrence following chemoradiation therapy are treated with salvage surgery. Access to novel cytotoxic combinations and immunotherapy has improved the outcomes of patients with advanced disease. This review provides an overview of advances in the management of anal cancer over the past two decades. This paper reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, and management of localized and advanced anal squamous cell cancer, highlights current knowledge gaps in the management of anal cancer, and discusses future directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

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12 pages, 4250 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Validity of a Self-Assessment Skin Tone Palette Compared to a Colorimeter for Characterizing Skin Color for Skin Cancer Research

by Michelle K. Martin, Tanzida Zaman, Amanda M. Okello and Leslie K. Dennis

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 3189-3200; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030241 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 9295

Abstract

Our goal is to determine whether our objective 9-point Self-Assessment Skin Tone Palette (SASTP) is correlated with a colorimeter’s assessment of a melanin index, so that Hispanic and Black people can be included in skin cancer research where scales were developed for White [...] Read more.

Our goal is to determine whether our objective 9-point Self-Assessment Skin Tone Palette (SASTP) is correlated with a colorimeter’s assessment of a melanin index, so that Hispanic and Black people can be included in skin cancer research where scales were developed for White populations. Subjects were asked to self-identify their skin tones using the SASTP. This study assessed the criterion validity of the SASTP by measuring a range of skin colors compared to a melanin index reported from a colorimeter for the upper-inner arm (non-sun-exposed skin color), and the outer forearm (sun-exposed). Among 188 non-artificial tanners, 50% were White, 30% were Hispanic or White-Hispanic, and 20% were other racial categories. Meanwhile, 70% were female (30% male) and 81% were age 18–29 (19% age 30+). The mean melanin of the upper-inner arm decreased with lighter skin color and stronger tendency to burn. The SASTP in comparison to melanin index values was correlated for both the upper-inner arm (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) and the outer forearm (r = 0.77, p < 0.001). The SASTP provides a 9-point scale that can be considered as an alternative, less expensive method that is comparable to the objective colorimeter melanin index, which may be useful in studies on skin cancer among White, non-White, and Hispanic peoples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Skin Cancer)

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16 pages, 333 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: An Overview of Treatment Options

by Francesco Petrella, Stefania Rizzo, Ilaria Attili, Antonio Passaro, Thomas Zilli, Francesco Martucci, Luca Bonomo, Filippo Del Grande, Monica Casiraghi, Filippo De Marinis and Lorenzo Spaggiari

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 3160-3175; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030239 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 7859

Abstract

Lung cancer is the second-most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The most common histological type is non-small-cell lung cancer, accounting for 85% of all lung cancer cases. About one out of three new cases of non-small-cell lung [...] Read more.

Lung cancer is the second-most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The most common histological type is non-small-cell lung cancer, accounting for 85% of all lung cancer cases. About one out of three new cases of non-small-cell lung cancer are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage—mainly stage III—consisting of a widely heterogeneous group of patients presenting significant differences in terms of tumor volume, local diffusion, and lymph nodal involvement. Stage III NSCLC therapy is based on the pivotal role of multimodal treatment, including surgery, radiotherapy, and a wide-ranging option of systemic treatments. Radical surgery is indicated in the case of hilar lymphnodal involvement or single station mediastinal ipsilateral involvement, possibly after neoadjuvant chemotherapy; the best appropriate treatment for multistation mediastinal lymph node involvement still represents a matter of debate. Although the main scope of treatments in this setting is potentially curative, the overall survival rates are still poor, ranging from 36% to 26% and 13% in stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC, respectively. The aim of this article is to provide an up-to-date, comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art treatments for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in the Treatment of Resectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer)

29 pages, 747 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Artificial Intelligence in Brain Tumor Imaging: A Step toward Personalized Medicine

by Maurizio Cè, Giovanni Irmici, Chiara Foschini, Giulia Maria Danesini, Lydia Viviana Falsitta, Maria Lina Serio, Andrea Fontana, Carlo Martinenghi, Giancarlo Oliva and Michaela Cellina

Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30(3), 2673-2701; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030203 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 7601

Abstract

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) is accelerating the paradigm shift towards patient-tailored brain tumor management, achieving optimal onco-functional balance for each individual. AI-based models can positively impact different stages of the diagnostic and therapeutic process. Although the histological investigation will remain difficult [...] Read more.

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) is accelerating the paradigm shift towards patient-tailored brain tumor management, achieving optimal onco-functional balance for each individual. AI-based models can positively impact different stages of the diagnostic and therapeutic process. Although the histological investigation will remain difficult to replace, in the near future the radiomic approach will allow a complementary, repeatable and non-invasive characterization of the lesion, assisting oncologists and neurosurgeons in selecting the best therapeutic option and the correct molecular target in chemotherapy. AI-driven tools are already playing an important role in surgical planning, delimiting the extent of the lesion (segmentation) and its relationships with the brain structures, thus allowing precision brain surgery as radical as reasonably acceptable to preserve the quality of life. Finally, AI-assisted models allow the prediction of complications, recurrences and therapeutic response, suggesting the most appropriate follow-up. Looking to the future, AI-powered models promise to integrate biochemical and clinical data to stratify risk and direct patients to personalized screening protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-Oncology)

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