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1,187 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,937 Views
15 Pages

19 June 2023

The impact of the digital dividends from Internet development on urban and rural residents is influenced by the existing urban–rural dual structure, resulting in heterogeneous and time-varying impacts on urban–rural consumption inequality...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,540 Views
19 Pages

8 September 2017

In periods of rapid urbanization, investment in urban infrastructure should not only meet the increasing demands of all urban people, but also be equally allocated between cities to achieve social equity and sustainable development. This paper aimed...

  • Editorial
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,264 Views
5 Pages

After the impact of the 2007 crisis and post-crisis austerity policies, cities are being reconfigured under the auspices of inequality. Social divides are widening, and there is a growing population of excluded and poor people. The urban and welfare...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
7,864 Views
20 Pages

30 August 2022

Spatial inequality, spatial injustice, and spatial inequity are topics that have been of great interest for academics in various research fields. Among them, the uneven distribution and accessibility of urban public facilities (abbreviated as “...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,390 Views
17 Pages

21 August 2021

Although much of the recent research has explored the relationship between domestic tourism and income inequality among regions, provinces, and cities, few studies have examined the impact of domestic tourism on income inequality between urban and ru...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
4,151 Views
18 Pages

Measuring Intra-Urban Inequality with Structural Equation Modeling: A Theory-Grounded Indicator

  • Matheus Pereira Libório,
  • Oseias da Silva Martinuci,
  • Sandro Laudares,
  • Renata de Mello Lyrio,
  • Alexei Manso Correa Machado,
  • Patrícia Bernardes and
  • Petr Ekel

17 October 2020

Composite indicators are almost always determined by methods that aggregate a reasonable number of manifest variables that can be weighted—or not—as new synthesis variables. A problem arises when these aggregations and weightings do not c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,708 Views
23 Pages

6 August 2024

With the deepening of environmental governance, the overall environmental quality of the region has been improved. However, internal environmental inequality, especially urban–rural environmental inequality, has continued to come to the fore. N...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,643 Views
21 Pages

Effects of Urban Development Praxis on Economic Inequality in Latin American Cities

  • Gustavo Alberto Cadenas Delascio,
  • Luis E. Hernández-Ponce and
  • Gerardo L. Febres

In a highly and rapidly urbanized world, the effect of the action of urban development is determinant for the physical, social, and economic conditions of its citizens, among which is inequality. It is even more crucial for developing regions such as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,467 Views
23 Pages

5 June 2022

Income inequality in China has become increasingly serious since the beginning of the economic reform period in the 1970s, with urban–rural income inequality playing a large role. Urbanization policy and monetary policy are currently important...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,739 Views
30 Pages

28 December 2024

In many countries, the urban–rural income inequality affects healthy and sustainable economic development and is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention. As a new industrial development model, rural industrial convergence can provide...

  • Article
  • Open Access
220 Views
34 Pages

10 January 2026

Reducing urban–rural income inequality is a central objective of sustainable development and a critical challenge for inclusive growth in emerging economies. This study examines the impact of the digital economy on urban–rural income ineq...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,184 Views
21 Pages

11 February 2025

Income inequality and carbon emission are two critical challenges that need to be solved to achieve SDGs. Unfortunately, few studies have explored the effect of urban–rural income inequality (URII) on carbon emission performance (CEP) from a ho...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
4,684 Views
19 Pages

17 February 2019

China is vulnerable to climate change. Developing the ability to assess social vulnerability and inequality amid climate change will be imperative to ensure that adjustment policies can be developed for various groups and build resilient livelihoods...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,564 Views
20 Pages

16 May 2024

This research investigates environmental inequalities within Guangzhou’s Huangpu District against the backdrop of rapid urbanisation and industrial expansion in Asia. This study identifies environmental hotspots, particularly in socially vulner...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
4,732 Views
20 Pages

1 November 2019

The current study argues that the capitalisation effect of urban public facilities on housing will be considerable when the accessibility or availability of facilities has a serious stake in the location or property rights of houses. The supply level...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,385 Views
18 Pages

Background: Health inequality is seen as a challenge for implementing the Healthy China Strategy. This study analyzes the income-related health inequality among urban–rural resident basic medical insurance (URRBMI) participants. Methods: This s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
59 Citations
5,294 Views
19 Pages

13 December 2018

Economic resilience is a critical indicator of the sustainable development of an urban economy. This paper measures the urban economic resilience (UER) of 286 major cities in China from six indicators—economic growth, opening up, social develop...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
5,789 Views
16 Pages

This study was motivated by the profound disparity of farmers’ income in northern Thailand. We aimed to investigate the inequalities in the distribution of estimated income among urban farmers in the Mueang district area of Nan province using the Lor...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,995 Views
25 Pages

14 October 2025

Persistent regional imbalances and widening urban–rural income gaps hinder progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 10 (Reduced Inequalities). In response, China has implemented a typical regional cooperation program—East–West C...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,912 Views
19 Pages

Urban displacement—when a household is forced to relocate due to conditions affecting its home or surroundings—often results from rising housing costs, particularly in wealthy, prosperous cities. However, its dynamics are complex and ofte...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,999 Views
15 Pages

13 December 2022

Resettlement has become inevitable and necessary for urban market redevelopment to be implemented in developing countries, yet it impacts the livelihoods of the displaced population. In Ghana, studies have contributed significantly to the social proc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,002 Views
17 Pages

7 May 2024

Urban green spaces (UGSs) play a significant role in promoting public health by facilitating outdoor activities, but issues of spatial and socioeconomic inequality within UGSs have drawn increasing attention. However, current methods for assessing UG...

  • Article
  • Open Access
494 Views
29 Pages

12 December 2025

This study investigates how housing prices influence urban–rural income inequality (URG) in mainland China by explicitly incorporating spatial interdependence and nonlinear adjustment mechanisms, features often neglected in previous research. U...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,361 Views
18 Pages

Global material consumption needs to be reduced to be within its planetary boundary. Urbanization and human inequality are two profound economic-social phenomena, which have potential impacts on material consumption. This paper aims to empirically ex...

  • Article
  • Open Access
72 Citations
30,692 Views
14 Pages

The Impact of Urbanization on Income Inequality: A Study in Vietnam

  • Nguyen Minh Ha,
  • Nguyen Dang Le and
  • Pham Trung-Kien

This paper explores the impact of urbanization on income inequality in Vietnam, using the regression estimation method with panel data including Driscoll and Kraay, and Pooled Mean Group. The research data cover 63 provinces in Vietnam from 2006 to 2...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,918 Views
17 Pages

Attention to physical and mental health is becoming more intensive. In China, factors and mechanisms are now a focus of research. We used dynamic air quality monitoring data and the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) to assess the spatial differenc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,196 Views
21 Pages

Differential Urban-Rural Inequalities and Driving Mechanisms of PM2.5 Exposure in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration, China

  • Xiaofan Sun,
  • Chengyuan Wang,
  • Yaqin Ji,
  • Qiuling Dang,
  • Zhicong Fu,
  • Xuegang Mao,
  • Enheng Wang,
  • Yan Jiang and
  • Weizhao Fan

27 August 2025

Exposure to PM2.5 poses severe risks to public health and sustainable development, with exposure inequalities exacerbated by variations in atmospheric activity and uneven regional development. However, the urban-rural inequalities and natural-human d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
13,435 Views
18 Pages

There is much discussion regarding the Sustainable Development Goals’ (SDGs) capacity to promote inclusive development. While some argue that they represent an opportunity for goal-led alignment of stakeholders and evidence-based decision-makin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,750 Views
11 Pages

25 July 2021

Background and Objectives: Reduction in health inequalities is a highly important task in public health policies worldwide. In Lithuania, inequalities in mortality by place of residence are among the greatest, compared to other European Union (EU) co...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,564 Views
18 Pages

19 February 2025

Residential segregation refers to the spatial separation between two or more social groups in urban areas. Originating from scholars of the Chicago School, this topic has since consolidated over time within the fields of urban and sociological studie...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,544 Views
15 Pages

16 November 2020

Nowadays, urban sprawl, urban densification, housing shortages, and land scarcity are some problems that intervene in the practice of urban planning. Those specific problems are currently more than ever emergent because they imply the notion of spati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
106 Citations
18,291 Views
15 Pages

Exposure to heat is a growing public health concern as climate change accelerates worldwide. Different socioeconomic and racial groups often face unequal exposure to heat as well as increased heat-related sickness, mortality, and energy costs. We pro...

  • Abstract
  • Open Access
413 Views
2 Pages

In the context of Latin American urbanization, Mexico’s five largest metropolitan areas—Tijuana, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla-Tlaxcala, and León—exhibit sprawling growth patterns characterized by low-density expansion, peri...

  • Article
  • Open Access
62 Citations
10,489 Views
17 Pages

Recent studies have suggested that some disadvantaged socio-demographic groups face serious environmental-related inequities in Hong Kong due to the rising ambient urban temperatures. Identifying heat-vulnerable groups and locating areas of Surface U...

  • Article
  • Open Access
54 Citations
5,877 Views
13 Pages

(1) Background: We aim to measure the urban-rural inequality of opportunity in healthcare in China based on the theory of Equality of Opportunity (EOp). (2) Methods: Following the compensation principle, we establish a decomposition strategy for the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,526 Views
27 Pages

Africa’s rapid urbanization often exceeds the capacity of governments to provide essential services and infrastructure, exacerbating structural inequalities and exposing vulnerable populations to serious health risks. This paper examines the ca...

  • Article
  • Open Access
72 Citations
12,922 Views
19 Pages

Spatial differences in urban environmental conditions contribute to health inequalities within cities. The purpose of the paper is to map environmental inequalities relevant for health in the City of Dortmund, Germany, in order to identify needs for...

  • Article
  • Open Access
734 Views
24 Pages

DBSCAN Clustering and Entropy Optimization for Geospatial Analysis of Urban–Rural Healthcare Inequities in Latin America

  • Caleigh S. Roach,
  • Jacob J. Shawwa,
  • Matthew A. Kis,
  • Connor S. Nee,
  • George Dong,
  • Kate Stillman and
  • Eric C. Brown

19 November 2025

Healthcare access in Latin America is highly unequal, with rural and peri-urban populations disproportionately excluded from essential and specialized services. To address the persistent gaps often obscured by conventional urban–rural classific...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
7,793 Views
21 Pages

29 April 2025

This study examines the impact of housing price increases on income inequality using the dynamic system GMM for OECD countries (2010–2021). We test the hypothesis that housing price appreciation affects income distribution differently based on...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,622 Views
11 Pages

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Chronic Liver Diseases and Cirrhosis Mortality in European Urban Areas before and after the Onset of the 2008 Economic Recession

  • Carme Borrell,
  • Laia Palència,
  • Lucia Bosakova,
  • Mercè Gotsens,
  • Joana Morrison,
  • Claudia Costa,
  • Dagmar Dzurova,
  • Patrick Deboosere,
  • Michala Lustigova and
  • Paula Santana
  • + 2 authors

Objective: To analyse the trends in chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis mortality, and the associated socioeconomic inequalities, in nine European cities and urban areas before and after the onset of the 2008 financial crisis. Methods: This is an ec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
97 Citations
15,264 Views
12 Pages

Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 in a European Urban Area: Two Waves, Two Patterns

  • Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo,
  • Mercè Gotsens,
  • M Isabel Pasarín,
  • Maica Rodríguez-Sanz,
  • Lucía Artazcoz,
  • Patricia Garcia de Olalla,
  • Cristina Rius and
  • Carme Borrell

Background: The objective of this paper is to analyze social inequalities in COVID-19 incidence, stratified by age, sex, geographical area, and income in Barcelona during the first two waves of the pandemic. Methods: We collected data on COVID-19 cas...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,128 Views
21 Pages

12 August 2021

Most studies examining the relationship between domestic tourism and urban-rural income inequality have found a positive correlation. However, the causal link between them is difficult to establish due to many potential sources of endogeneity. By inc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
6,486 Views
24 Pages

Comparing Inequality in Future Urban Transport Modes by Doughnut Economy Concept

  • Ali Alamdar Moghaddam,
  • Hamid Mirzahossein and
  • Robert Guzik

3 November 2022

Inequality is a problem facing the world community, especially in developing countries, that affects urban transport and vice versa. Which possible urban transportation mode will cause the least inequality? This is a vital question. The development o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,408 Views
15 Pages

13 February 2025

The economic inequalities impede the equal distribution of water among various household groups, potentially leading to inequal access to this vital resource. By integrating a multi-regional input–output model with household expenditure, we inv...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,316 Views
18 Pages

30 May 2023

Using a multilevel modelling approach, this study investigates the impact of urban inequalities on changes to rail ridership across Chicago’s “L” stations during the pandemic, the mass vaccination rollout, and the full reopening of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
660 Views
12 Pages

Stigmatized views of emotionality form within familial, cultural, and societal contexts and serve as a mechanism impacting youth mental health and substance misuse with notable ties to health equity. Yet critical questions remain regarding the impact...

  • Article
  • Open Access
585 Views
19 Pages

12 December 2025

Comprehending the spatial–temporal transformation of urban resilience (UR) is fundamental for promoting sustainable urban growth in the Chinese context. In this study, a multi-dimensional index framework is developed to cover economic, social,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
712 Views
25 Pages

28 May 2025

The intersection of energy, environment, and industry presents distinct challenges and opportunities in rural and urban settings, highlighting disparities in access, impact, and policy effectiveness. This paper examines the systemic inequities betwee...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
8,589 Views
20 Pages

Research suggests that there is a relationship between the health of urban populations and the availability of green and water spaces in their daily environment. In this paper, we analyze the potential intra-urban relationships between children’s hea...

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