Search Results (88,081)

This paper concerns a three-cycle design research that explores the feasibility of designing a learning environment that could support preschoolers to (a) build basic ecological knowledge and (b) develop familiarity with the concept of sustainability and other socio-environmental concepts that might contribute to their socio-environmental awareness. We focus on the third research cycle, emphasizing the implementation of the learning environment and the resulting ‘design theory’ for combining biology and sustainability education at young ages. Grounded in constructivism, our design utilizes approaches like ‘problem-posing,’ ‘possible futures,’ and ‘problem seekers–problem solvers–action takers’ as design principles. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pre-/post-interviews with the 30 participating preschoolers indicated improvements in their ecological understanding as well as in their familiarity with sustainability-related concepts. Moreover, the iterative design process led to the articulation of the ‘Concept-As-a-Tool’ (CAT) strategy, a design theory that conceptualizes sustainability as a decision-making tool connecting ecological knowledge and socio-environmental action-oriented thinking in early childhood education. The findings provide initial support for this design theory within the context of the present study. Full article

Maintaining water ecological health is essential for the sustainable development of plain water-network regions, where natural hydrological conditions and intensive human activities jointly shape ecological processes. To address the limited understanding of driving pathways, system-level contributions, and key internal factors affecting water ecological health, this study focused on the Lixiahe Plain, a typical plain water-network region in China. A water ecological health assessment system was developed based on the DPSIRM framework, and the Water Ecological Health Index (WEHI) was calculated at a 1 km grid scale from 2000 to 2020. PLS-SEM, RDA-VPA, and XGBoost-SHAP were further integrated to identify subsystem pathways, independent and interactive explanatory contributions, and key driving factors. The results showed that WEHI exhibited an overall fluctuating upward trend, increasing from 0.541 in 2000 to 0.594 in 2020, with the lowest value of 0.511 observed in 2010. Spatially, high-WEHI areas were mainly distributed in the southern and central–eastern regions and gradually expanded. PLS-SEM revealed stage-dependent differences in the direction and magnitude of subsystem effects, with the explained variance increasing from 21.7% in 2010 to 70.9% in 2020. The state and impact subsystems were the main carriers of WEHI variation. XGBoost-SHAP further identified vegetation coverage, RSEI, and soil moisture as key explanatory factors. The integrated results reveal the multilevel mechanisms underlying water ecological health in the Lixiahe Plain and provide a scientific basis for spatially differentiated ecological restoration and sustainable water and ecosystem management in plain water-network regions. Full article

The development of efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen production is a key challenge for sustainable energy technologies. In this study, strontium titanate (SrTiO${}_3$) was synthesized via a citrate-assisted sol-gel method and subsequently modified by deposition-precipitation using nominal HAuCl${}_4$ precursor concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM. The resulting materials were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, SEM with EDS, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Au incorporation did not produce detectable changes in the SrTiO${}_3$ crystalline phase or its optical band gap, which remained at 3.19–3.20 eV. The additional absorption band centered near 550 nm was consistent with the localized surface plasmon resonance of metallic Au nanoparticles. Microscopy indicated increasing surface coverage and aggregation at the highest nominal precursor concentration. Under irradiation with a low-pressure Hg lamp, all Au-containing materials presented substantially greater H${}_2$ evolution than pristine SrTiO${}_3$, whereas the comparatively small differences among the Au-modified samples indicated an apparent activity plateau across the evaluated concentration range. Because the Au-associated absorption band near 550 nm lies outside the main 254 nm emission of the lamp and the SrTiO${}_3$ band gap remained mostly unchanged, the enhanced H${}_2$ evolution is consistent with improved interfacial charge separation in the Au/SrTiO${}_3$ system. A Schottky-junction-mediated pathway is proposed based on the observed activity trends and the electronic properties reported for Au/SrTiO${}_3$ interfaces, rather than to a plasmonic or band-gap-tuning effect. The selected STO/Au 2.0 mM material retained approximately 97% of its initial apparent H${}_2$ evolution rate after three consecutive cycles, indicating favorable short-term activity retention. Overall, this comparatively simple synthesis route provides a practical baseline for investigating the influence of nominal Au precursor concentration on H${}_2$ evolution over SrTiO${}_3$. Full article

Carminic acid (CA) is a high-value natural anthraquinone pigment used in foods, cosmetics, textiles, and pharmaceuticals, but its current industrial supply depends largely on extraction from the scale insect Dactylopius coccus, creating constraints in yield, cost, sustainability, and allergen control. This review summarizes recent progress from pathway elucidation to microbial production. We first outline the structure, occurrence, applications, and biosynthetic logic of CA, emphasizing the convergence of type III polyketide assembly with insect-associated tailoring reactions, especially C-glycosylation. We then compare heterologous production strategies in Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Aspergillus nidulans, focusing on chassis-specific advantages, bottlenecks, precursor supply, malonyl-CoA engineering, dynamic regulation, enzyme compatibility, compartmentalization, and downstream processing. Structurally related anthraquinone pigments are further discussed to extract broader design principles for pathway diversification and synthetic biology. Finally, we highlight key challenges for industrial translation, including low titers, incomplete enzyme characterization, host–pathway incompatibility, and scalable purification, and propose integrated strategies combining precursor-pathway rewiring, AI-assisted enzyme engineering, biosensor-based regulation, and process optimization to develop competitive microbial cell factories. Full article

Hydrogen is considered one of the most promising energy carriers for sustainable and carbon-neutral energy systems. However, the large-scale deployment of hydrogen technologies is limited by the lack of efficient, safe, and cost-effective hydrogen storage methods. This review examines current hydrogen storage technologies and the physical and chemical mechanisms underlying hydrogen adsorption. Traditional storage approaches, including compressed gas and liquid hydrogen, are briefly analyzed with respect to their advantages, limitations, safety concerns, and energy requirements. Special focus is given to solid-state hydrogen storage systems based on metal hydrides, which offer high storage capacities and enhanced operational safety. Recent advances in intermetallic hydrides, magnesium-based materials and complex hydrides are discussed, along with challenges related to thermodynamic stability, sorption kinetics, thermal management, and cycling durability. This review also highlights recent developments in nanoporous carbon materials and the role of the hydrogen spillover mechanism in improving adsorption performance. Experimental studies reporting hydrogen adsorption capacities above 7 wt.% and up to 11.2 wt.% are analyzed. Based on the reviewed literature, key research directions are identified for optimizing the adsorption properties of advanced materials and accelerating the development of efficient and sustainable hydrogen storage technologies for future energy applications. Full article

The Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) framework provides a useful tool for representing the complex interdependencies involved in wastewater treatment selection, particularly when social, ecological, climatic, and economic criteria are considered simultaneously. In this study, the FCM approach was applied to compare two wastewater treatment approaches in Ahvaz, Iran: constructed wetlands (CWs) as a nature-based solution and energy-based wastewater treatment plants. The developed model included 30 components and 127 causal links, and was used to examine four scenarios representing CWs, energy-based treatment, a hybrid approach, and direct wastewater discharge. The results showed that both CWs and energy-based solutions had similar effects on public health, while the hybrid scenario produced the greatest improvement. CWs had a positive effect on ecosystem restoration and showed better performance in heavy metal removal, whereas energy-based solutions had a greater negative influence on environmental conditions and climate-related components. In addition, the economic results indicated that CWs were more favorable in terms of capital cost, energy consumption, and operational cost. Sensitivity analysis using ±10% variations in causal weights showed that the main scenario-response patterns remained generally unchanged. Overall, the findings suggest that CWs and energy-based systems each have specific advantages and limitations, while the hybrid approach offers the most balanced performance across the evaluated criteria. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the FCM approach for supporting wastewater management decisions and for identifying trade-offs among treatment alternatives in sustainable water resource planning. Full article

Background/Objectives: The transition toward healthier and more sustainable diets has increased the need for reformulated bakery and confectionery products formulated with alternative ingredients. However, validated instruments for assessing consumer acceptance of these products remain limited. This study aimed to develop and psychometrically validate a multidimensional assessment framework integrating food choice motives, green (environmental) values, health consciousness, perceived nutritional value, willingness to pay a premium, and purchase intention. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 504 consumers in Romania using an online questionnaire. The instrument was developed by adapting established scales and by developing a new Perceived Nutritional Value scale. Dimensionality was evaluated using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses. Temporal stability was assessed in an independent test–retest subsample (n = 30; 14-day interval), and the proposed conceptual model was evaluated using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with 5000 bootstrap resamples. Robustness was examined through a sensitivity analysis excluding respondents younger than 18 years (N = 441). Results: EFA (KMO = 0.933) and CFA (CFI = 0.965, TLI = 0.959, RMSEA = 0.061, SRMR = 0.033) supported the proposed six-factor structure. All constructs demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α: 0.898–0.938), convergent validity (AVE: 0.790–0.889), discriminant validity (HTMT < 0.77), and good-to-excellent test–retest reliability (ICC: 0.82–0.91). Perceived nutritional value was positively and significantly associated with both willingness to pay and purchase intention, and willingness to pay partially mediated the association between perceived nutritional value and purchase intention. The structural model explained 46.1% of the variance in purchase intention; all hypothesized relationships were supported, and the findings remained stable in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: The proposed framework demonstrated good psychometric performance and provides a theory-informed measurement framework for assessing consumer acceptance of reformulated bakery and confectionery products. It may support future nutrition research, consumer studies, and the evaluation of food reformulation strategies aimed at promoting healthier and more sustainable dietary choices. Full article

The intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and gamification in language education has attracted increasing attention, but its link to sustainability is still largely unexamined. This study looks at whether and how much this area of research tackles two aspects of sustainability: the ability of AI-driven gamified tools promoting lasting independent language learning (pedagogical sustainability) and their potential to reduce educational inequalities in line with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) (social sustainability). Using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, a bibliometric analysis of 105 documents retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) (2018–2026), processed with bibliometrix R package (4.6.0) and VOSviewer (1.6.20), and a thorough qualitative content analysis of 27 studies were combined. The bibliometric mapping uncovered four thematic clusters around gamification design, motivational theory, serious games, and AI-driven vocabulary learning. No sustainability-related terms had enough density to form a clear cluster. The qualitative analysis showed that SDG 4 is missing from all 27 reviewed documents. Only three (11.1%) operationalizing pedagogical sustainability and mediation as a CEFR competence are absent. These findings suggest that sustainability is still on the fringe of this field and support a research agenda focusing on long-term measurement, self-directed learning support, low-resource design and mediation in AI-driven gamified environments. Full article

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 have improved outcomes across squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the head and neck, lung, esophagus, and skin, yet durable responses remain confined to a subset of patients in every subtype. Objective response rates vary substantially across SCCs despite overlapping genomic alterations, comparable tumor mutational burden, and high PD-L1 expression, indicating that tumor-intrinsic biomarkers alone do not explain this variability. Growing evidence points to the tumor immune microenvironment, and in particular the myeloid compartment, as a critical determinant of immunotherapy responsiveness. In this review, we synthesize current evidence on myeloid-mediated immune regulation across SCC subtypes, focusing on tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells/tumor-associated neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and the mechanisms by which these populations impair antigen presentation, restrict T cell infiltration, and sustain immunologically “cold” tumor states. We further examine therapeutic strategies aimed at reprogramming rather than simply depleting suppressive myeloid populations, including radiation therapy, STING agonism, and myeloid-targeted agents (CSF1R, PI3Kγ, and CXCR2 inhibition), each of which has shown encouraging preclinical and early clinical activity in combination with ICI. Collectively, this evidence supports a model in which the myeloid compartment functions as an actionable, convergent determinant of ICI resistance across SCC subtypes, rather than merely a passive biomarker. We propose that through the integration of spatial and single-cell profiling of myeloid states with clinical history it will be possible to predict response to immune checkpoint therapy and personalize myeloid-directed combination strategies, though the specific biomarkers needed to match individual patients to a given myeloid-targeted approach remain to be defined. We further discuss the toxicity considerations associated with both immune checkpoint blockade and radiation-based combination approaches, the early-phase status of most myeloid-targeted agents currently in clinical development, and the extent to which mechanistic insight, derived predominantly from HNSCC, generalizes to squamous cell carcinomas arising at other anatomic sites. Full article

Alkaloid biosynthesis is a central topic in plant specialized metabolism because many alkaloids have ecological, pharmacological, and biotechnological relevance. Isoquinoline alkaloids (IAs) and Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) are both connected to aromatic amino acid metabolism, but they differ in taxonomic distribution, scaffold-forming chemistry, pathway resolution, and biotechnological development. This review compares the historical and methodological trajectories that have shaped IA and AA pathway elucidation, from compound isolation, radiotracer experiments, and biochemical inference to transcriptomics, metabolomics, functional enzymology, isotope-guided active-tissue identification, regulatory studies, and heterologous pathway reconstruction. In IAs, especially benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, broad genomic and transcriptomic resources have supported candidate gene discovery and functional characterization of several branches, including morphinan, protoberberine, benzophenanthridine, and aporphine-related pathways. In contrast, AA biosynthesis has advanced more recently through function-driven approaches that clarified key steps such as N4OMT-mediated 4′-O-methylation, NBS/NR-mediated norbelladine formation, CYP96T-dependent regioselective oxidative coupling, and transient reconstruction of major scaffold-forming branches. Remaining gaps include the unresolved enzymatic formation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde in AAs and incomplete functional validation across less-studied IA scaffold classes. By integrating biochemical logic, omics-guided discovery, enzyme evolution, tissue specificity, regulation, and synthetic biology, this review identifies priorities for future alkaloid pathway discovery and sustainable production. Full article

In the context of the global shift toward sustainable energy systems and circular economy strategies, anaerobic digestion is a well-established biotechnology for the valorisation of organic residues, the production of biogas as a renewable energy carrier, and the generation of nutrient-rich digestate. This study aimed to evaluate the stability and methane yield of a two-stage co-digestion process using a substrate mixture developed based on the actual feedstock composition of a full-scale agricultural biogas plant. The daily feed mixture consisted of maize silage (8.2%), sugar beet pulp (4.9%), cellulose pulp (6.6%), distillery stillage (38.6%), corn syrup (6.4%), cattle slurry (22.5%) and sterilised animal by-products (12.8%). Digestate was recirculated separately as part of the reactor operation. Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted in a two-stage anaerobic digestion system operated at 42 °C and 50 °C. The physicochemical properties of the substrates and digestate were determined, biogas quantity and composition were monitored, and the microbial community structure was assessed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The process remained stable throughout the experimental period, with pH values ranging from 8.23 to 8.53, alkalinity between 2600 and 2940 mg CaCO₃/dm³, and a VFAs/alkalinity ratio of 0.17–0.93. Despite ammonium nitrogen concentrations reaching 4346 mg N-NH₄⁺/L, no clear concurrent reduction in gas or methane production was observed. Methane accounted for approximately 70–80% of the biogas produced. The overall specific methane yield reached 346.4 NL CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS added. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed a diverse microbial community containing taxa previously associated with hydrolysis, fermentation and syntrophic interactions, including Proteiniphilum and Syntrophaceticus. The results demonstrate stable process performance and methane production in this site-specific laboratory-scale case study based on the feedstock composition and process configuration of a full-scale agricultural biogas plant. Full article

Background/Objectives: Food allergy prevention is no longer understood as the simple avoidance of allergenic foods. The first 1000 days (from conception to, approximately, 24 months of age) include prenatal, perinatal and postnatal windows in which diet, epithelial barrier integrity, microbial ecology, immune maturation and family-level implementation interact. This narrative review was developed as a Commission-proposed SIAIP-oriented clinical framework, rather than a formal guideline or consensus statement. Evidence from guidelines, systematic reviews, randomised trials, birth cohorts and mechanistic studies was organised by developmental window and interpreted according to endpoint validity, confounding, feasibility and clinical readiness. Prenatal factors include maternal allergen non-avoidance, whole-diet quality, micronutrient and fatty acid status, antibiotic exposure, environmental context and maternal microbiome. Perinatal factors include mode of delivery, intrapartum and neonatal antibiotics, gestational maturity, early colonisation, breastfeeding initiation and routine vaccination. Postnatal factors include eczema, skin barrier inflammation, the timing and regularity of allergen introduction, breastfeeding management, infant diet diversity, siblings, daycare, pets, smoke and pollution, physical activity and equitable implementation. The strongest actionable evidence remains eczema-linked risk recognition and timely, sustained oral exposure to peanut and well-cooked egg. Maternal and environmental factors are clinically important, but many are contextual rather than prescriptive; they should guide non-restrictive, non-blaming counselling rather than deterministic risk labelling. Full article

Stable and efficient supply chain relationships are essential for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to strengthen competitive advantage and achieve sustainable growth. However, how resource-constrained SMEs overcome internal resource constraints and enhance competitiveness through supply chain integration remains underexplored. Taking China’s Supply Chain Innovation and Application Pilot Program (SCIAPP) as a quasi-natural experiment, this study uses panel data of SMEs from 2014 to 2024 and employs a SCIAPP significantly improves SMEs’ competitive advantage (${\beta }_1$ = 0.016, p < 0.01). Mechanism analyses reveal that SCIAPP enhances competitive advantage by mitigating the bullwhip effect and increasing innovation investment. The positive effect is stronger for firms with higher supply chain dependence, for non-capital-intensive firms, and for smaller firms. Further analysis shows that improvements in competitive advantage contribute to higher firm value. This study extends research on SMEs’ competitive advantage by demonstrating how government-led supply chain governance facilitates capability development among resource-constrained firms. The findings also provide implications for policymakers seeking to improve supply chain governance and promote the high-quality development of SMEs. Full article

Geopolitical disruptions of natural gas supply have repeatedly forced importing countries to reorganize their electricity systems, yet it remains unclear whether such disruptions are followed by movement of structurally different economies toward comparable energy-security and sustainability outcomes. This study compares Germany, a high-income economy exposed to the 2022 curtailment of Russian pipeline gas, with Jordan, a developing import-dependent economy exposed to the repeated sabotage of the Arab Gas Pipeline after 2011, using harmonized generation-mix and carbon intensity data for Germany over 1985–2024 and Jordan over 2000–2022, supplemented by weekly German market data. The generation fuel mix concentration is measured with a Herfindahl-based Supply Concentration Index (SCI), structural change is estimated with segmented interrupted time series (ITS) regressions inferred through Newey–West heteroskedasticity- and autocorrelation-consistent standard errors, and the joint security–sustainability position of each country is summarized with a newly proposed Energy Vulnerability–Transition Index (EVTI) that combines diversification, renewable penetration, and carbon intensity performance. The results show that Jordan’s 2011 disruption was associated with a baseline estimated change in its carbon intensity trajectory from +3.32 to −12.63 gCO₂/kWh per year and with renewable growth of +2.39 percentage points per year from a near-zero base, while Germany’s 2022 disruption was associated with a temporary carbon intensity shock, visible in a coal reactivation index that peaked at 1.26 and a sixfold wholesale price increase, followed by a policy-supported return to the pre-existing decarbonization pathway. The Germany–Jordan EVTI ratio narrowed from 6.5× in 2014 to 1.8× in 2022, and this convergence is robust to alternative component weightings. The findings indicate that geopolitical gas disruptions, despite their high short-run costs, were followed in both contexts by measurable movement toward more diversified and lower-carbon electricity systems, with direct implications for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7. Full article

Integrated watershed sustainability assessments are still incipient in Ecuador, where scarce and heterogeneous data are limiting factors. This study introduces the Watershed Sustainability Index (WSI) to the Chibunga Basin in Chimborazo, Ecuador, marking its first application in this region. A key aspect of this study is the development of a clear and reproducible method for applying the index, particularly in inter-Andean basins where data are limited. The four dimensions—Hydrology, Environment, Life, and Policy—were assessed through the Pressure–State–Response (PSR) framework by combining secondary statistics, field sampling, GIS land-use analysis, and a two-round Delphi consultation with ten experts to operationalize the institutional (Policy) component. The basin scored 0.38 (low sustainability), with a critical Hydrology dimension (0.08), poor Policy dimension (0.33), moderate–low Life dimension (0.42), and moderate Environment dimension (0.67). The central finding goes beyond these scores: the operationalized PSR framework pinpointed where the management cycle breaks down in practice. Systematically null response scores reveal that unsustainability stems from the failure to translate an existing regulatory framework into formal institutional action, rather than from regulatory absence or physical water scarcity alone, further constrained by unfavorable socioeconomic conditions. The procedure turns the WSI from a scoring tool into a diagnostic one, providing a replicable reference for data-scarce Andean basins. Full article