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  • Editorial
  • Open Access
58 Citations
12,433 Views
7 Pages

This editorial paper provides a synopsis of the contributions to the Bioengineering special issue “Advances in Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production”. It illustrates the embedding of the issue’s individual research articles in the current global rese...

  • Review
  • Open Access
98 Citations
11,608 Views
33 Pages

Haloarchaea, the extremely halophilic branch of the Archaea domain, encompass a steadily increasing number of genera and associated species which accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolyesters in their cytoplasm. Such ancient organisms, which thrive i...

  • Review
  • Open Access
662 Citations
45,296 Views
43 Pages

Recent Advances and Challenges towards Sustainable Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production

  • Constantina Kourmentza,
  • Jersson Plácido,
  • Nikolaos Venetsaneas,
  • Anna Burniol-Figols,
  • Cristiano Varrone,
  • Hariklia N. Gavala and
  • Maria A. M. Reis

Sustainable biofuels, biomaterials, and fine chemicals production is a critical matter that research teams around the globe are focusing on nowadays. Polyhydroxyalkanoates represent one of the biomaterials of the future due to their physicochemical p...

  • Review
  • Open Access
476 Citations
62,008 Views
49 Pages

Start a Research on Biopolymer Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): A Review

  • Giin-Yu Amy Tan,
  • Chia-Lung Chen,
  • Ling Li,
  • Liya Ge,
  • Lin Wang,
  • Indah Mutiara Ningtyas Razaad,
  • Yanhong Li,
  • Lei Zhao,
  • Yu Mo and
  • Jing-Yuan Wang

12 March 2014

With the impending fossil fuel crisis, the search for and development of alternative chemical/material substitutes is pivotal in reducing mankind’s dependency on fossil resources. One of the potential substitute candidates is polyhydroxyalkanoate (PH...

  • Review
  • Open Access
71 Citations
11,922 Views
24 Pages

Biomedical Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoate in Tissue Engineering

  • Thiruchelvi Pulingam,
  • Jimmy Nelson Appaturi,
  • Thaigarajan Parumasivam,
  • Azura Ahmad and
  • Kumar Sudesh

24 May 2022

Tissue engineering technology aids in the regeneration of new tissue to replace damaged or wounded tissue. Three-dimensional biodegradable and porous scaffolds are often utilized in this area to mimic the structure and function of the extracellular m...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,687 Views
12 Pages

Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Caenibius tardaugens from Steroidal Endocrine Disruptors

  • Juan Ibero,
  • Virginia Rivero-Buceta,
  • José Luis García and
  • Beatriz Galán

The α-proteobacterium Caenibius tardaugens can use estrogens and androgens as the sole carbon source. These compounds are steroidal endocrine disruptors that are found contaminating soil and aquatic ecosystems. Here, we show that C. tardaugens,...

  • Editorial
  • Open Access
23 Citations
7,786 Views
6 Pages

During the two years that have passed since the first volume of “Advances in Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production” was published, the progress in PHA-related research was indeed tremendous, calling for the next, highly bioprocess- and bi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,977 Views
15 Pages

26 April 2019

Medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs) have gained great attention as a new green alternative to petrochemical-derived polymers. Due to their outstanding material properties they can be used in a wide range of applications. Pseudomonas ...

  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,748 Views
16 Pages

Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Methanotrophs: Recent Updates and Perspectives

  • Sanjay K. S. Patel,
  • Deepshikha Singh,
  • Diksha Pant,
  • Rahul K. Gupta,
  • Siddhardha Busi,
  • Rahul V. Singh and
  • Jung-Kul Lee

11 September 2024

Methanotrophs are bacteria that consume methane (CH4) as their sole carbon and energy source. These microorganisms play a crucial role in the carbon cycle by metabolizing CH4 (the greenhouse gas), into cellular biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2). Polyh...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
7,951 Views
17 Pages

Extremophilic microorganisms such as those that thrive in high-salt and high-alkaline environments are promising candidates for the recovery of useful biomaterials including polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). PHAs are ideal alternatives to synthetic plast...

  • Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,122 Views
21 Pages

A Review of Bioelectrochemical Strategies for Enhanced Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production

  • Alejandro Chamizo-Ampudia,
  • Raúl. M. Alonso,
  • Luisa Ariza-Carmona,
  • África Sanchiz and
  • María Isabel San-Martín

The growing demand for sustainable bioplastics has driven research toward more efficient and cost-effective methods of producing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Among the emerging strategies, bioelectrochemical technologies have been identified as a pr...

  • Review
  • Open Access
51 Citations
20,880 Views
18 Pages

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of biopolymers produced in various microorganisms as carbon and energy reserve when the main nutrient, necessary for growth, is limited. PHAs are attractive substitutes for conventional petrochemical plastics,...

  • Review
  • Open Access
73 Citations
13,329 Views
28 Pages

Together with other so-called “bio-plastics”, Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are expected to soon replace established polymers on the plastic market. As a prerequisite, optimized process design is needed to make PHAs attractive in terms of costs and qu...

  • Review
  • Open Access
20 Citations
5,247 Views
34 Pages

This review paper provides an overview of various types of photobioreactors (PBRs) that could be used for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) using anoxygenic photoheterotrophs, with a focus on the design and operation of these systems. Th...

  • Review
  • Open Access
16 Citations
6,396 Views
30 Pages

Advancing Sustainability: Utilizing Bacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoate for Food Packaging

  • Krešimir Stublić,
  • Jasmina Ranilović,
  • Vesna Ocelić Bulatović and
  • Dajana Kučić Grgić

3 September 2024

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are promising biodegradable polymers known for their biodegradability and eco-friendly properties. Recent studies indicate that PHAs can reduce the environmental impact by up to 50% compared to petroleum-based plastics. T...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,059 Views
17 Pages

Dynamics of Microbial Communities in Phototrophic Polyhydroxyalkanoate Accumulating Cultures

  • Juliana R. Almeida,
  • Joana C. Fradinho,
  • Gilda Carvalho,
  • Adrian Oehmen and
  • Maria A. M. Reis

Phototrophic mixed cultures (PMC) are versatile systems which can be applied for waste streams, valorisation and production of added-value compounds, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). This work evaluates the influence of different operational cond...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,162 Views
12 Pages

Influence of Chemical Modifications of Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Derived Fatty Acids on Their Antimicrobial Properties

  • Wojciech Snoch,
  • Karolina Stępień,
  • Justyna Prajsnar,
  • Jakub Staroń,
  • Maciej Szaleniec and
  • Maciej Guzik

5 June 2019

Sugar esters are bioactive compounds derived from renewable resources. They consist of a sugar moiety with attached non-polar part – usually a fatty acid. These compounds find uses in cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries as surfactants...

  • Editorial
  • Open Access
16 Citations
5,827 Views
8 Pages

Steadily increasing R&D activities in the field of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolyesters are committed to growing global threats from climate change, aggravating plastic pollution, and the shortage of fossil resources. These prevaili...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,549 Views
22 Pages

Performance of Recycled Polylactic Acid/Amorphous Polyhydroxyalkanoate Blends

  • Simran Chatrath,
  • Mansour Alotaibi and
  • Carol Forance Barry

28 April 2024

Blends of polylactic acid (PLA) with amorphous polyhydroxyalkanoate (aPHA) are less brittle than neat PLA, thus enabling their use as biodegradable packaging. This work investigated the impact of recycling on the properties of neat PLA and PLA/aPHA b...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,571 Views
12 Pages

Optimization of Propagation Medium for Enhanced Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Pseudomonas oleovorans

  • Daniela Chmelová,
  • Barbora Legerská,
  • Miroslav Ondrejovič and
  • Stanislav Miertuš

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) represent a promising alternative to commercially used petroleum-based plastics. Pseudomonas oleovorans is a natural producer of medium-chain-length PHA (mcl-PHA) under cultivation conditions with nitrogen limitation and...

  • Review
  • Open Access
54 Citations
10,437 Views
55 Pages

Emergent Approaches to Efficient and Sustainable Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production

  • Dattatray K. Bedade,
  • Cody B. Edson and
  • Richard A. Gross

Petroleum-derived plastics dominate currently used plastic materials. These plastics are derived from finite fossil carbon sources and were not designed for recycling or biodegradation. With the ever-increasing quantities of plastic wastes entering l...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,574 Views
18 Pages

Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Actinobacterial Isolates in Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate

  • Dzunani Mabasa,
  • Amrita Ranjan,
  • Marilize Le Roes-Hill,
  • Thandekile Mthethwa and
  • Pamela Jean Welz

28 May 2024

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers are environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastics. In support of a circular bioeconomy, they can be produced by growing microbial strains in waste materials, including lignocellulosic biomass, such...

  • Review
  • Open Access
83 Citations
16,884 Views
29 Pages

26 October 2018

Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are promising biodegradable polymers that may alleviate some of the environmental burden of petroleum-derived polymers. The requirements for carbon substrates and energy for bioreactor operations are major facto...

  • Review
  • Open Access
63 Citations
12,895 Views
16 Pages

Global pollution from fossil plastics is one of the top environmental threats of our time. At their end-of-life phase, fossil plastics, through recycling, incineration, and disposal result in microplastic formation, elevated atmospheric CO2 levels, a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,258 Views
13 Pages

Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Eucalyptus Bark’s Enzymatic Hydrolysate

  • Thomas Rodrigues,
  • Cristiana A. V. Torres,
  • Susana Marques,
  • Francisco Gírio,
  • Filomena Freitas and
  • Maria A. M. Reis

12 April 2024

In recent years, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have gained notoriety because of their desirable properties that include proven biodegradability, biocompatibility, and thermal stability, which make them suitable alternatives to fossil-based polymers. H...

  • Review
  • Open Access
121 Citations
15,957 Views
28 Pages

Modification and Potential Application of Short-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoate (SCL-PHA)

  • Shichao Wang,
  • Wei Chen,
  • Hengxue Xiang,
  • Junjie Yang,
  • Zhe Zhou and
  • Meifang Zhu

28 July 2016

As the only kind of naturally-occurring biopolyester synthesized by various microorganisms, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) shows a great market potential in packaging, fiber, biomedical, and other fields due to its biodegradablity, biocompatibility, and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
4,577 Views
17 Pages

Polyhydroxyalkanoate Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Interaction with Lung Surfactant

  • Olga Cañadas,
  • Andrea García-García,
  • M. Auxiliadora Prieto and
  • Jesús Pérez-Gil

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are polyesters produced intracellularly by many bacterial species as energy storage materials, which are used in biomedical applications, including drug delivery systems, due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability....

  • Review
  • Open Access
32 Citations
11,640 Views
36 Pages

Current Status and Challenges in the Commercial Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Bioplastic: A Review

  • Shina Gautam,
  • Alok Gautam,
  • Juily Pawaday,
  • Rekha Karshanbhai Kanzariya and
  • Zhitong Yao

15 August 2024

The escalating worldwide concerns over the difficult degradation and pollution of plastic and its associated environmental and health risks have amplified the urgent need to develop biodegradable alternatives to traditional plastics. Polyhydroxyalkan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,264 Views
13 Pages

Genotypic and Phenotypic Detection of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production in Bacterial Isolates from Food

  • Daniela Máčalová,
  • Magda Janalíková,
  • Jana Sedlaříková,
  • Iveta Rektoříková,
  • Marek Koutný and
  • Pavel Pleva

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are widely used in medical and potentially in other applications due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Understanding PHA biosynthetic pathways may lead to the detection of appropriate conditions (substrates)...

  • Review
  • Open Access
61 Citations
7,094 Views
20 Pages

Advances in Polyhydroxyalkanoate Nanocarriers for Effective Drug Delivery: An Overview and Challenges

  • Priyanka Prakash,
  • Wing-Hin Lee,
  • Ching-Yee Loo,
  • Hau Seung Jeremy Wong and
  • Thaigarajan Parumasivam

5 January 2022

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are natural polymers produced under specific conditions by certain organisms, primarily bacteria, as a source of energy. These up-and-coming bioplastics are an undeniable asset in enhancing the effectiveness of drug deliv...

  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
4,495 Views
13 Pages

11 June 2019

In this study, we report the synthesis of a novel bio-based material from polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) with good shape-memory effect (SME) and rapid recovery. In this PHA-based polyurethane (PHP), telechelic-hydroxylated polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA-diols...

  • Article
  • Open Access
62 Citations
7,366 Views
14 Pages

Boron Nitride Doped Polyhydroxyalkanoate/Chitosan Nanocomposite for Antibacterial and Biological Applications

  • Abdul Mukheem,
  • Syed Shahabuddin,
  • Noor Akbar,
  • Azizi Miskon,
  • Norazilawati Muhamad Sarih,
  • Kumar Sudesh,
  • Naveed Ahmed Khan,
  • Rahman Saidur and
  • Nanthini Sridewi

21 April 2019

The present research focused on the fabrication of biocompatible polyhydroxyalkanoate, chitosan, and hexagonal boron nitride incorporated (PHA/Ch-hBN) nanocomposites through a simple solvent casting technique. The fabricated nanocomposites were compr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,287 Views
14 Pages

Polyhydroxyalkanoate Decelerates the Release of Paclitaxel from Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles

  • Si Yeong Lee,
  • So Yun Kim,
  • Sook Hee Ku,
  • Eun Ji Park,
  • Dong-Jin Jang,
  • Sung Tae Kim and
  • Seong-Bo Kim

Biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) are preferred as drug carriers because of their effectiveness in encapsulating drugs, ability to control drug release, and low cytotoxicity. Although poly(lactide co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based NPs have been used for con...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
1,880 Views
17 Pages

Fabrication and Evaluation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Nanoparticles for Curcumin Delivery in Biomedical Applications

  • Fawzia Sha’at,
  • Dana Miu,
  • Mihaela Carmen Eremia,
  • Georgeta Neagu,
  • Adrian Albulescu,
  • Radu Albulescu,
  • Mihaela Deaconu,
  • Mariana Gratiela Vladu and
  • Ramona-Daniela Pavaloiu

This study investigates the fabrication and characterization of polymeric nanoparticles based on polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) loaded with curcumin for biomedical applications. PHAs, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, were synthesized via bacte...

  • Review
  • Open Access
11 Citations
5,197 Views
17 Pages

17 May 2023

The extensive utilization of traditional petroleum-based plastics has resulted in significant damage to the natural environment and ecological systems, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have emerg...

  • Article
  • Open Access
59 Citations
7,715 Views
14 Pages

Construction of Efficient Platform Escherichia coli Strains for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Engineering Branched Pathway

  • Hye-Rim Jung,
  • Su-Yeon Yang,
  • Yu-Mi Moon,
  • Tae-Rim Choi,
  • Hun-Suk Song,
  • Shashi Kant Bhatia,
  • Ranjit Gurav,
  • Eun-Jung Kim,
  • Byung-Gee Kim and
  • Yung-Hun Yang

18 March 2019

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a potential substitute for petroleum-based plastics and can be produced by many microorganisms, including recombinant Escherichia coli. For efficient conversion of substrates and maximum PHA production, we performed mult...

  • Article
  • Open Access
383 Views
16 Pages

11 December 2025

In this study, the milling process of eco-friendly polymer composites enriched with an organic filler was analyzed. Polyhydroxyalkanoate was filled with 0.5%, 1%, and 2% of diatomite and produced via injection molding. Then, the milling process was p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,788 Views
14 Pages

Hazop Analysis of a Bioprocess for Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production from Organic Waste: Part A

  • Roberto Lauri,
  • Emma Incocciati,
  • Biancamaria Pietrangeli,
  • Lionel Nguemna Tayou,
  • Francesco Valentino,
  • Marco Gottardo and
  • Mauro Majone

The number of bioprocesses for the circular economy of organic waste has grown in recent years. Implementation of new processes and technologies should consider occupational health and safety issues from the initial design stages. Among the process h...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
4,634 Views
17 Pages

Silver Nanoparticle-Coated Polyhydroxyalkanoate Based Electrospun Fibers for Wound Dressing Applications

  • Ozlem Ipek Kalaoglu-Altan,
  • Havva Baskan,
  • Timo Meireman,
  • Pooja Basnett,
  • Bahareh Azimi,
  • Alessandra Fusco,
  • Niccola Funel,
  • Giovanna Donnarumma,
  • Andrea Lazzeri and
  • Karen De Clerck
  • + 2 authors

28 August 2021

Wound dressings are high performance and high value products which can improve the regeneration of damaged skin. In these products, bioresorption and biocompatibility play a key role. The aim of this study is to provide progress in this area via nano...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,956 Views
19 Pages

Visco-Elastic and Thermal Properties of Microbiologically Synthesized Polyhydroxyalkanoate Plasticized with Triethyl Citrate

  • Madara Žiganova,
  • Remo Merijs-Meri,
  • Jānis Zicāns,
  • Ivan Bochkov,
  • Tatjana Ivanova,
  • Armands Vīgants,
  • Enno Ence and
  • Evita Štrausa

29 June 2023

The current research is devoted to the investigation of the plasticization of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) with triethyl citrate (TEC). Three different PHB or PHBV-based systems with 10, 20, and 30 wt.%...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,897 Views
18 Pages

Reducing off-Flavour in Commercially Available Polyhydroxyalkanoate Materials by Autooxidation through Compounding with Organoclays

  • Lidia García-Quiles,
  • Arantzazu Valdés,
  • Ángel Fernández Cuello,
  • Alfonso Jiménez,
  • María del Carmen Garrigós and
  • Pere Castell

31 May 2019

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are nowadays considered competent candidates to replace traditional plastics in several market sectors. However, commercial PHA materials exhibit unsatisfactory smells that can negatively affect the quality of the final p...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
6,252 Views
32 Pages

31 July 2025

The environmental burden of conventional plastics has sparked interest in sustainable alternatives such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). However, despite ample research in bioprocess development and the use of inexpensive waste streams, production co...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,341 Views
20 Pages

Rapidly growing industrial biotechnology and bio-manufacturing require simple and cost-effective bioseparation tools. A novel strategy of bioseparation based on the streptavidin-decorated polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) nano-granules was developed in this...

  • Article
  • Open Access
36 Citations
6,156 Views
16 Pages

Two-Stage Bio-Hydrogen and Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production: Upcycling of Spent Coffee Grounds

  • Beom-Jung Kang,
  • Jong-Min Jeon,
  • Shashi Kant Bhatia,
  • Do-Hyung Kim,
  • Yung-Hun Yang,
  • Sangwon Jung and
  • Jeong-Jun Yoon

29 January 2023

Coffee waste is an abundant biomass that can be converted into high value chemical products, and is used in various renewable biological processes. In this study, oil was extracted from spent coffee grounds (SCGs) and used for polyhydroxyalkanoate (P...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,354 Views
21 Pages

Hazop Analysis of a Bioprocess for Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production from Organic Waste: Part B

  • Roberto Lauri,
  • Emma Incocciati,
  • Biancamaria Pietrangeli,
  • Lionel Nguemna Tayou,
  • Francesco Valentino,
  • Marco Gottardo and
  • Mauro Majone

The production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from industrial waste streams has attracted the attention of researchers and process industries because they could replace traditional plastics. The integrated treatment of civil wastewater along with or...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,411 Views
16 Pages

Comprehensive Evaluation of Wet-Spun Polyhydroxyalkanoate Fibres: Morphology, Crystallinity, and Thermal Properties

  • Marta A. Teixeira,
  • Inês Leite,
  • Raquel Gonçalves,
  • Helena Vilaça,
  • Catarina Guise and
  • Carla Silva

21 August 2025

In response to increasing environmental concerns, significant efforts have been made to reduce our reliance on fossil fuel-based plastics, driving the development of sustainable alternatives such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). This study investigat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,133 Views
13 Pages

30 May 2022

The unique structures and multifunctionalities of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene, have aroused increasing interest in the construction of novel scaffolds for biomedical applications due to their biocompatible and antimicrobial a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
1,368 Views
23 Pages

Biopolyester (PHAs = polyhydroxyalkanoates) composed of hydroxy fatty acids represent a rather complex class of storage polymers synthesized by various eubacteria and archaea and are deposited as water-insoluble cytoplasmic nano-sized inclusions. The...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,004 Views
15 Pages

Polyhydroxyalkanoate/Antifungal Polyene Formulations with Monomeric Hydroxyalkanoic Acids for Improved Antifungal Efficiency

  • Marina Pekmezovic,
  • Melina Kalagasidis Krusic,
  • Ivana Malagurski,
  • Jelena Milovanovic,
  • Karolina Stępień,
  • Maciej Guzik,
  • Romina Charifou,
  • Ramesh Babu,
  • Kevin O’Connor and
  • Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic

Novel biodegradable and biocompatible formulations of “old” but “gold” drugs such as nystatin (Nys) and amphotericin B (AmB) were made using a biopolymer as a matrix. Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) were used to formulate both pol...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
4,528 Views
15 Pages

Biodegradable Polylactic Acid-Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Nanocomposites with Bio-Hydroxyapatite: Preparation and Characterization

  • Preeyaporn Injorhor,
  • Tatiya Trongsatitkul,
  • Jatuporn Wittayakun,
  • Chaiwat Ruksakulpiwat and
  • Yupaporn Ruksakulpiwat

2 March 2023

Biodegradable polymers play a significant role in medical applications, especially internal devices because they can be broken down and absorbed into the body without producing harmful degradation products. In this study, biodegradable polylactic aci...

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