In the present study, an extension of the idea of dynamic neurons is proposed by replacing the weights with a weight function that is applied simultaneously to all neuron inputs. A new type of artificial neuron called an integral neuron is modeled, i...
Quantized neural networks (QNNs) are widely used to achieve computationally efficient solutions to recognition problems. Overall, eight-bit QNNs have almost the same accuracy as full-precision networks, but working several times faster. However, the...
Background: The vast majority of GBMs recur within 2 years following standard treatment, including radiotherapy. Seizures and epilepsy are common in GBM patients, suggesting tumor-cell-induced neuron toxicity. Additionally, the tumor cells and neuron...
The formation of neuron networks is a process of fundamental importance for understanding the development of the nervous system and for creating biomimetic devices for tissue engineering and neural repair. The basic process that controls the network...
In the past few years, significant advancements in microscopic imaging technology have led to the production of numerous high-resolution images capturing brain neurons at the micrometer scale. The reconstructed structure of neurons from neuronal imag...
We present a novel closed-loop system designed to integrate biological and artificial neurons of the oscillatory type into a unified circuit. The system comprises an electronic circuit based on the FitzHugh-Nagumo model, which provides stimulation to...
An acoustoelectric approach to neuron function is proposed that combines aspects of the widely accepted electrical-circuit-based Hodgkin–Huxley model for the generation and propagation of action potentials via electric polarization with mechani...
Motor neuron disease (MND) comprises a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases with no effective cure. As progressive motor neuron cell death is one of pathological characteristics of MND, molecules which protect these cells are attractive therapeu...
Conventional deep learning models rely heavily on the McCulloch–Pitts (MCP) neuron, limiting their interpretability and biological plausibility. The Dendritic Neuron Model (DNM) offers a more realistic alternative by simulating nonlinear and co...
The brain is an intricate network with complex organizational principles facilitating a concerted communication between single-neurons, distinct neuron populations, and remote brain areas. The communication, technically referred to as connectivity, b...
When a main artery of the brain occludes, a cellular response involving multiple cell types follows. Cells directly affected by the lack of glucose and oxygen in the neuronal core die by necrosis. In the periphery surrounding the ischemic core (the s...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. PD patients exhibit motor symptoms such as akinesia/bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability due to a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Alth...
The primary cilium plays critical roles in the homeostasis and development of neurons. Recent studies demonstrate that cilium length is regulated by the metabolic state of cells, as dictated by processes such as glucose flux and O-GlcNAcylation (OGN)...
Motor neurons typically have very long axons, and fine-tuning axonal transport is crucial for their survival. The obstruction of axonal transport is gaining attention as a cause of neuronal dysfunction in a variety of neurodegenerative motor neuron d...
Recent studies have revealed synaptic dysfunction to be a hallmark of various psychiatric diseases, and that glial cells participate in synapse formation, development, and plasticity. Glial cells contribute to neuroinflammation and synaptic homeostas...
Gliomas are the most common malignant primary brain tumors in adults. The treatment of high-grade gliomas is very limited due to their diffuse infiltration, high plasticity, and resistance to conventional therapies. Although they were long considered...
Mechanical interactions play a key role in many processes associated with neuronal growth and development. Over the last few years there has been significant progress in our understanding of the role played by the substrate stiffness in neuronal grow...
Power spectra of spike trains reveal important properties of neuronal behavior. They exhibit several peaks, whose shape and position depend on applied stimuli and intrinsic biophysical properties, such as input current density and channel noise. The...
The features of the main models of spiking neurons are discussed in this review. We focus on the dynamical behaviors of five paradigmatic spiking neuron models and present recent literature studies on the topic, classifying the contributions based on...
Canards are a type of transient dynamics that occur in singularly perturbed systems, and they are specific types of solutions with varied dynamic behaviours at the boundary region. This paper introduces the emergence and development of canard phenome...
Depression is a mental illness that has a serious negative impact on physical and mental health. The pathophysiology of depression is still unknown, and therapeutic medications have drawbacks, such as poor effectiveness, strong dependence, adverse dr...
The interactions between neuronal, glial, and vascular cells play a key role in regulating blood flow in the retina. In the present study, we examined the role of the interactions between neuronal and glial cells in regulating the retinal vascular to...
Hemoglobin (Hb) is the oxygen transport protein in erythrocytes. In blood, Hb is a tetramer consisting of two Hb-alpha (Hb-α) chains and two Hb-beta (Hb-β) chains. A number of studies have also shown that Hb-α is also expressed in ne...
Motor neuron diseases are a group of progressive neurological disorders that degenerate motor neurons. The neuroblastoma × spinal cord hybrid cell line NSC-34 is widely used as an experimental model in studies of motor neuron diseases. However,...
Microglia are a unique cell population in the central nervous system (CNS) and serve as its resident immune cells. They have long been recognized for their critical contributions to CNS development and the maintenance of neuronal network health, part...
To counteract oxidative stress and associated brain diseases, antioxidant systems rescue neuronal cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and preserving gene regulation. It is necessary to understand the communication and...
In recent years, deep learning models have achieved remarkable successes in various applications, such as pattern recognition, computer vision, and signal processing. However, high-performance deep architectures are often accompanied by a large stora...
Optogenetics is a recently developed technique that is widely used to study neuronal function. In optogenetic experiments, neurons encode opsins (channelrhodopsins, halorhodopsins or their derivatives) by means of viruses, plasmids or genetic modific...
Axonal myelination by oligodendrocytes increases the speed and reliability of action potential propagation, and so plays a pivotal role in cortical information processing. The extent and profile of myelination vary between different cortical layers a...
A prolonged developmental timeline for GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-expressing inhibitory neurons (GABAergic interneurons) is an amplified trait in larger, gyrencephalic animals. In several species, the generation, migration, and maturation of interneu...
ALS is a severe neuromuscular disease classically characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons, leading to incremental muscle weakness and eventually death. Current treatment options for ALS have proven to have limited effect, merely delayi...
This study examines a new approach to hybrid neuromorphic devices by studying the impact of omeprazole–proteinoid complexes on Izhikevich neuron models. We investigate the influence of these metabolic structures on five specific patterns of neu...
In this paper, we present an electrical circuit of a leaky integrate-and-fire neuron with one VO2 switch, which models the properties of biological neurons. Based on VO2 neurons, a two-layer spiking neural network consisting of nine input and three o...
Recent neurological studies have shown the importance of dendrites in neural computation. In this paper, a neuron model with dendrite morphology, called the logic dendritic neuron model (LDNM), is proposed for classification. This model consists of f...
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the motor system. It is primarily due to substantial loss of midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and to decreased innervation to the striatum. Althou...
Ageing is associated with notorious alterations in neurons, i.e., in gene expression, mitochondrial function, membrane degradation or intercellular communication. However, neurons live for the entire lifespan of the individual. One of the reasons why...
Exploring how neurons in the mammalian body interact with the artificial interface of implants can be used to learn about fundamental cell behavior and to refine medical applications. For fundamental and applied research, it is crucial to determine t...
Dopamine is present in a subgroup of neurons that are vital for normal brain functioning. Disruption of the dopaminergic system, e.g., by chemical compounds, contributes to the development of Parkinson’s disease and potentially some neurodevelo...
Several genetic diseases affecting the human nervous system are incurable and insufficiently understood. Among them, nine rare diseases form the polyglutamine (polyQ) family: Huntington’s disease (HD), spinocerebellar ataxia types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7...
During brain development, sodium–vitamin C transporter (SVCT2) has been detected primarily in radial glial cells in situ, with low-to-absent expression in cerebral cortex neuroblasts. However, strong SVCT2 expression is observed during the first post...
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a highly neurotropic, exclusively human herpesvirus. Primary infection causes varicella (chickenpox), wherein VZV replicates in multiple organs, particularly the skin. Widespread infection in vivo is confirmed by the a...
The vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is formed by a presynaptic motor nerve terminal and a postsynaptic muscle specialization. Cumulative evidence reveals that Wnt ligands secreted by the nerve terminal control crucial steps of NMJ synaptogene...
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that affect the cranial and/or spinal motor neurons (spMNs), spinal sensory neurons and the muscular system. Although they have been investigated for decades, we still lack a compreh...
Allgrove or triple A syndrome (AS or AAA) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome with variable phenotype due to mutations in AAAS gene which encodes a protein called ALADIN. Generally, it’s characterized by of adrenal insufficiency in consequence of...
To mimic the homeostatic functionality of biological neurons, a split-gate field-effect transistor (S-G FET) with a charge trap layer is proposed within a neuron circuit. By adjusting the number of charges trapped in the Si3N4 layer, the threshold vo...
Diet-induced obesity can originate from the dysregulated activity of hypothalamic neuronal circuits, which are critical for the regulation of body weight and food intake. The exact mechanisms underlying such neuronal defects are not yet fully underst...
Microglia act as the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They play an important role in maintaining brain homeostasis but also in mediating neuroimmune responses to insult. The interactions between neurons and microglia represent a key...
The extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes a dynamic scaffold composed of both cellular and non-cellular elements that not only ensure tissue integrity but also regulate signaling events crucial for development and homeostasis. While its dysregulatio...
Neuroinflammation plays a central role in many neurological disorders, ranging from traumatic brain injuries to neurodegeneration. Electrophysiological activity is an essential measure of neuronal function, which is influenced by neuroinflammation. I...
To date, both in monkeys and humans, very few studies have addressed the issue of the lateralization of the cortical parietal and premotor areas involved in the organization of voluntary movements and in-action understanding. In this review, we will...
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