6,118 Results Found

Lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) is the presence of tumor emboli in the endothelial-lined space at the tumor body’s invasive edge. LVSI is one of three Sedlis criteria components—a prognostic tool for early cervical cancer (CC)—...

The tumor immune microenvironment is pivotal in cancer initiation, advancement, and regulation. Its molecular and cellular composition is critical throughout the disease, as it can influence the balance between suppressive and cytotoxic immune respon...

The remodeled cancer cell metabolism affects the tumor microenvironment and promotes an immunosuppressive state by changing the levels of macro- and micronutrients and by releasing hormones and cytokines that recruit immunosuppressive immune cells. N...

The relationship between tumor microenvironments (TMEs) of regional lymph node metastases (LNMs) and primary tumors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unclear. This study compared tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the im...

Despite the important evolution of immunotherapeutic agents, brain tumors remain, in general, refractory to immune therapeutics. Recent discoveries have revealed that the glioma microenvironment includes a wide variety of immune cells in various stat...

Breast cancer (BC), one of the most widespread and devastating diseases affecting women worldwide, presents a significant public health challenge. This review explores the emerging frontiers of research focused on deciphering the intricate interplay...

Scientific understanding of how the immune microenvironment interacts with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has substantially increased over the last decade as a result of research investigations and applying immunotherapies, which modulate how the immune...

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumour with a poor prognosis, associated with asbestos exposure. Nowadays, treatment is based on chemotherapy with a median overall survival of less than two years. This review highlights...

Head-and-neck cancers constitute a heterogeneous group of aggressive tumors with high incidence and low survival rates, collectively being the sixth most prevalent cancer type globally. About 90% of head-and-neck cancers are classified as squamous ce...

Background/Objectives: In recent years, efforts by the scientific community to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of clonal expansion and selection within tumors have led to the theory of “tumor ecosystems”, implicating, among other fact...

Ovarian cancer (OC) has a specific type of metastasis, via transcoelomic, and most of the patients are diagnosed at advanced stages with multiple tumors spread within the peritoneal cavity. The role of Malignant Ascites (MA) is to serve as a transpor...

The tumor microenvironment is a complex system that is affected by various factors, including hypoxia, acidosis, and immune and inflammatory responses, which have significant effects on tumor adhesion, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and autophag...

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most incurable tumor (due to the difficulty in complete surgical resection and the resistance to conventional chemo/radiotherapies) that displays a high relapse frequency. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been consid...

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens and has a major role in clearing transformed cells, besides its essential role in activating the adaptive immune system. Macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and gran...

Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most prevalent hematological cancers worldwide, characterized by the clonal expansion of neoplastic plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). A combination of factors is implicated in disease progression, including BM...

Recently, the therapeutic combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab was widely used to treat advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). According to recent clinical trials, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and molecular target agents are expected...

A variety of innate immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, natural killer cells, and neutrophils in the tumor microenvironments, contribute to tumor progression. However, while several recent reports have...

New insights into the field of iron metabolism within the tumor microenvironment have been uncovered in recent years. Iron promotes the production of reactive oxygen species, which may either trigger ferroptosis cell death or contribute to malignant...

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been shown to dysregulate a number of pathways associated with tumor development, progression, and metastasis. Axl is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in many cancer types and has been associated with therapy resist...

In thyroid cancer, the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a crucial role in cancer development, progression and response to treatment. Like many other cancers, thyroid cancer creates a complex network of interactions with immune cells directl...

Acute myeloid leukemia is a life-threatening malignant disorder arising in a complex and dysregulated microenvironment that, in part, promotes the leukemogenesis. Treatment of relapsed and refractory AML, despite the current overall success rates in...

Head and neck cancer is a highly heterogeneous malignant tumor. Numerous studies have shown that the immune microenvironment of head and neck cancer has a significant impact on its occurrence and development, as well as its prognosis. However, there...

Chemotherapy is much more effective in immunocompetent mice than in immunodeficient ones, and it is now acknowledged that an efficient immune system is necessary to optimize chemotherapy activity and efficacy. Furthermore, chemotherapy itself may rei...

CD99 is a membrane protein critical for various immunological functions, including T-cell activation, protein trafficking, cell apoptosis, and leukocyte movement. It is also highly expressed in certain malignant tumors, contributing to the developmen...

The immune system plays a fundamental role in neoplastic disease. In the era of immunotherapy, the adaptive immune response has been in the spotlight whereas the role of innate immunity in cancer development and progression is less known. The tumor m...

Advanced prostate cancers have a poor survival rate and a lack of effective treatment options. In order to broaden the available treatments, immunotherapies have been investigated. These include cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric...

The development of cancer is a multifactorial phenomenon, while it constitutes a major global health problem. Viruses are an important factor that is involved in tumorigenesis and is associated with 12.1% of all cancer cases. Major examples of oncoge...

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in mediating pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. Immune escape, wh...

The incidence of liver cancer is continuously rising where hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the most common form of liver cancer accounting for approximately 80–90% of the cases. HCC is strongly prejudiced by the tumor microenvironment an...

While cancer immunotherapies have become central to treatment, challenges associated with the ability of tumors to evade the immune system remain significant obstacles. At the heart of this issue is the tumor immune microenvironment, the complex inte...

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain cancer in adults, with very limited therapeutic options. It is characterized by a severe immunosuppressive milieu mostly triggered by suppressive CD163⁺ tumor-associated macrop...

Gynecologic carcinosarcomas, specifically of endometrial and ovarian origin, are aggressive and rare tumors. Treatment data are limited and are often extrapolated from other histologies and smaller retrospective studies. While the optimal therapy app...

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a rare heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms characterized by their aggressive course and poor response to treatment. This determines the relevance of research aimed at studying the pathogenesis of STSs. By now, i...

Background: the development and progression of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is driven by somatic driver mutations and the tumor-immune microenvironment. To date, data on somatic mutations has not been leveraged and integrated with information...

As a prevalent oral chronic infectious disease, periodontitis is characterized by a complex pathogenesis, including microbial infection, host immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, and abnormal bone metabolism. Given their excellent biocompatibility...

Leukocytes are part of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are critical determinants of tumor progression. Because of the immunoregulatory properties of cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may have an important role in shaping the TME. Me...

Glioblastoma belongs to the most malignant intracranial tumors characterized by indispensable growth and aggressiveness that highly associates with dismal prognosis and therapy resistance. Tumor heterogeneity that often challenges therapeutic schemes...

Tumor immune infiltration plays a key role in the progression of solid tumors, including ovarian cancer, and immunotherapies are rapidly emerging as effective treatment modalities. However, the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a predomin...

A hallmark of cancer is the ability of tumor cells to avoid immune destruction. Activated immune cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines which foster the proliferation of tumor cells. Specific antigens e...

Tissue regeneration is a highly complex and dynamic process critically influenced by the immune microenvironment and its multifaceted interactions with fibroblasts. Traditionally regarded as structural cells responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM)...

In the last 50 years information on the fish immune system has increased importantly, particularly that on species of marked commercial interest (i.e., salmonids, cods, catfish, sea breams), that occupy a key position in the vertebrate phylogenetical...

Classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (cHL) accounts for 10% of all lymphoma diagnosis. The peculiar feature of the disease is the presence of large multinucleated Reed–Sternberg and mononuclear Hodgkin cells interspersed with a reactive microenvironment (ME)...

Lymphoma is a neoplasm arising from B or T lymphocytes or natural killer cells characterized by clonal lymphoproliferation. This tumor comprises a diverse and heterogeneous group of malignancies with distinct clinical, histopathological, and molecula...

Integration of the tumor microenvironment as a fundamental part of the tumorigenic process has undoubtedly revolutionized our understanding of cancer biology. Increasing evidence indicates that neoplastic cells establish a dependency relationship wit...

Almost half of all patients with colorectal cancer present with or eventually develop metastasis, most frequently in the liver. Understanding the histopathological growth patterns and tumor immune microenvironment of colorectal liver metastases may h...

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and the second leading cause of death by cancer. Despite recent advances, the mortality rate remains high, underlining the need to develop new therapeutic approaches. The complex interaction be...

Gliomas are the most common primary brain malignancy and are universally fatal. Despite significant breakthrough in understanding tumor biology, treatment breakthroughs have been limited. There is a growing appreciation that major limitations on effe...

Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown impressive clinical success against haematological malignancies such as B cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, their efficacy against non-haematological solid malignancies has be...

HNSCCs are the major progressive malignancy of the upper digestive and respiratory organs. Malignant phenotypes of HNSCCs are regulated by the pro- and anti-tumoral activities of the immune modulatory cytokines associated with TMEs, i.e., a represent...

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, with liver metastasis being one of its primary metastatic patterns and a significant cause of death. For most patients with unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastasis, a compreh...