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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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21 pages, 1652 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial and Physicochemical Properties of Hemicellulose-Based Films Incorporating Carvacrol
by Syed Ammar Hussain, Brajendra K. Sharma, Phoebe X. Qi, Madhav P. Yadav and Tony Z. Jin
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2073; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152073 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 333
Abstract
Antimicrobial food packaging with natural antimicrobials and biodegradable polymers presents an innovative solution to mitigate microbial contamination, prolong freshness, reduce food waste, and alleviate environmental burden. This study developed antimicrobial hemicellulose-based films by incorporating carvacrol (1% and 2%) as a natural antimicrobial agent [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial food packaging with natural antimicrobials and biodegradable polymers presents an innovative solution to mitigate microbial contamination, prolong freshness, reduce food waste, and alleviate environmental burden. This study developed antimicrobial hemicellulose-based films by incorporating carvacrol (1% and 2%) as a natural antimicrobial agent through micro-emulsification produced by high-pressure homogenization (M-films). For comparison, films with the same formula were constructed using coarse emulsions (C-films) without high-pressure homogenization. These films were investigated for their antimicrobial efficacy, mechanical and barrier properties, and physicochemical attributes to explore their potential as sustainable antimicrobial packaging solutions. The M-films demonstrated superior antimicrobial activity, achieving reductions exceeding 4 Log CFU/mL against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica, compared to the C-films. High-pressure homogenization significantly reduced the emulsion’s particle size, from 11.59 to 2.55 μm, and considerably enhanced the M-film’s uniformity, hydrophobicity, and structural quality. Most importantly, the M-films exhibited lower oxygen transmission (35.14 cc/m2/day) and water vapor transmission rates (52.12 g/m2/day) than the C-films at 45.1 and 65.5 cc/m2/day, respectively, indicating superior protection against gas and moisture diffusion. Markedly improved mechanical properties, including foldability, toughness, and bubble-free surfaces, were also observed, making the M-films suitable for practical applications. This study highlights the potential of high-pressure homogenization as a method for enhancing the functional properties of hemicellulose-based films (i.e., M-films). The fabricated films offer a viable alternative to conventional plastic packaging, paving the way for safer and greener solutions tailored to modern industry needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Coatings: Principles, Development and Applications)
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13 pages, 4630 KiB  
Article
Electrospun Polymeric Composite Fibers Containing Te-Doped Bioactive Glass Powders
by Marta Miola, Elisa Piatti, Francesco Iorio, Aldo R. Boccaccini and Enrica Verné
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2057; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152057 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 253
Abstract
In this work, the electrospinning technique was used to prepare novel polymeric composite fibers containing Te-doped bioactive glass powders. Bioactive glass powders containing tellurium (STe5 glass) were chosen as fillers for the composites, owing to their bioactive, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. The biopolymer [...] Read more.
In this work, the electrospinning technique was used to prepare novel polymeric composite fibers containing Te-doped bioactive glass powders. Bioactive glass powders containing tellurium (STe5 glass) were chosen as fillers for the composites, owing to their bioactive, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. The biopolymer poly (ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) and acetic acid (AA) were used as raw materials for the preparation of the polymeric matrix. FESEM analysis confirmed a good incorporation of the glass powders in the polymeric fibers, of up to 20% by weight. Wettability, mechanical, in vitro stability and preliminary antibacterial tests were also performed. The results showed that the treatment in AA did not affect the bioactivity of the glass powders, the presence of STe5 powders in PCL enhanced the wettability of the fibers, and mechanical properties improved by increasing the amount of STe5 powders, as well as the antibacterial effect. Therefore, the obtained materials appear promising for developing multifunctional composite materials for applications in tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)
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17 pages, 2025 KiB  
Article
Retainment of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Properties from Oil-Fermented Cupriavidus necator Using Additional Ethanol-Based Defatting Process
by Tae-Rim Choi, Gaeun Lim, Yebin Han, Jong-Min Jeon, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Hyun June Park, Jeong Chan Joo, Hee Taek Kim, Jeong-Jun Yoon and Yung-Hun Yang
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2058; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152058 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 300
Abstract
Engineering of Cupriavidus necator could enable the production of various polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs); particularly, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (P(3HB-co-3HH)), a biopolymer with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties compared to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), can be efficiently produced from vegetable oils. However, challenges remain in the [...] Read more.
Engineering of Cupriavidus necator could enable the production of various polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs); particularly, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (P(3HB-co-3HH)), a biopolymer with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties compared to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), can be efficiently produced from vegetable oils. However, challenges remain in the recovery process, particularly in removing residual oil and minimizing degradation of the polymer structure during extraction steps. This study investigated the effects of ethanol-based defatting on the recovery and polymeric properties of P(3HB-co-3HH). The proposed method involves the addition of ethanol to the cell broth to effectively remove residual oil. Ethanol improved the separation of microbial cells from the broth, thereby streamlining the downstream recovery process. Using ethanol in the washing step increased the recovery yield and purity to 95.7% and 83.4%, respectively (compared to 87.4% and 76.2% for distilled water washing), representing improvements of 8.3% and 7.2%. Ethanol washing also resulted in a 19% higher molecular weight compared to water washing, indicating reduced polymer degradation. In terms of physical properties, the elongation at break showed a significant difference: 241.9 ± 27.0% with ethanol washing compared to water (177.7 ± 10.3%), indicating ethanol washing retains flexibility. Overall, an ethanol washing step for defatting could simplify the recovery steps, increase yield and purity, and retain mechanical properties, especially for P(3HB-co-3HH) from oils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Polymeric Biomaterials Using Agro-Industrial Residues)
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18 pages, 4008 KiB  
Article
Carboxymethyl Chitosan Cinnamaldehyde Coated SilverNanocomposites for Antifungal Seed Priming in Wheat: A Dual-Action Approach Toward Sustainable Crop Protection
by María Mondéjar-López, María Paz García-Simarro, Lourdes Gómez-Gómez, Oussama Ahrazem and Enrique Niza
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152031 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 249
Abstract
Biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via a green chemistry strategy using wheat extract and subsequently functionalized with a carboxymethyl chitosan–cinnamaldehyde (CMC=CIN) conjugate through covalent imine bonding. The resulting nanohybrid (AgNP–CMC=CIN) was extensively characterized to confirm successful biofunctionalization: UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed characteristic cinnamaldehyde [...] Read more.
Biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via a green chemistry strategy using wheat extract and subsequently functionalized with a carboxymethyl chitosan–cinnamaldehyde (CMC=CIN) conjugate through covalent imine bonding. The resulting nanohybrid (AgNP–CMC=CIN) was extensively characterized to confirm successful biofunctionalization: UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed characteristic cinnamaldehyde absorption peaks; ATR-FTIR spectra confirmed polymer–terpene bonding; and TEM analysis evidenced uniform nanoparticle morphology. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicated an increase in hydrodynamic size upon coating (from 59.46 ± 12.63 nm to 110.17 ± 4.74 nm), while maintaining low polydispersity (PDI: 0.29 to 0.27) and stable surface charge (zeta potential ~ −30 mV), suggesting colloidal stability and homogeneous polymer encapsulation. Antifungal activity was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus brasiliensis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against F. oxysporum was significantly reduced to 83 μg/mL with AgNP–CMC=CIN, compared to 708 μg/mL for uncoated AgNPs, and was comparable to the reference fungicide tebuconazole (52 μg/mL). Seed priming with AgNP–CMC=CIN led to improved germination (85%) and markedly reduced fungal colonization, while maintaining a favorable phytotoxicity profile. These findings highlight the potential of polysaccharide-terpene-functionalized biogenic AgNPs as a sustainable alternative to conventional fungicides, supporting their application in precision agriculture and integrated crop protection strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials for Environmental Applications)
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61 pages, 2268 KiB  
Review
Biodegradable Polymers: Properties, Applications, and Environmental Impact
by Rashid Dallaev, Nikola Papež, Mohammad M. Allaham and Vladimír Holcman
Polymers 2025, 17(14), 1981; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141981 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 650
Abstract
The accelerating global demand for sustainable materials has brought biodegradable polymers to the forefront of scientific and industrial innovation. These polymers, capable of decomposing through biological processes into environmentally benign byproducts, are increasingly seen as viable alternatives to conventional plastics in sectors such [...] Read more.
The accelerating global demand for sustainable materials has brought biodegradable polymers to the forefront of scientific and industrial innovation. These polymers, capable of decomposing through biological processes into environmentally benign byproducts, are increasingly seen as viable alternatives to conventional plastics in sectors such as packaging, agriculture, and biomedicine. However, despite significant advancements, the field remains fragmented due to the diversity of raw materials, synthesis methods, degradation mechanisms, and application requirements. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of biodegradable polymer development, including their classifications, sources (natural, synthetic, and microbially derived), degradation pathways, material properties, and commercial applications. It highlights critical scientific and technological challenges—such as optimizing degradation rates, ensuring mechanical performance, and scaling up production from renewable feedstocks. By consolidating recent research findings and regulatory considerations, this review serves as a crucial reference point for researchers, material scientists, and policymakers. It strives to bridge knowledge gaps in order to accelerate the deployment of biodegradable polymers as integral components of a circular and low-impact material economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers for Sustainable Solutions: Innovations and Applications)
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23 pages, 5750 KiB  
Article
Effect of Irradiated Nanocellulose on Enhancing the Functionality of Polylactic Acid-Based Composite Films for Packaging Applications
by Ilaria Improta, Mariamelia Stanzione, Elena Orlo, Fabiana Tescione, Marino Lavorgna, Xavier Coqueret and Giovanna G. Buonocore
Polymers 2025, 17(14), 1939; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141939 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 299
Abstract
This study investigates the combined use of electron beam irradiation (EBI) and nanotechnology to develop improved food packaging films. EBI, commonly applied for sterilization, can alter polymer microstructure, while irradiated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) offer enhanced functionality when incorporated into biopolymer matrices. Here, CNCs [...] Read more.
This study investigates the combined use of electron beam irradiation (EBI) and nanotechnology to develop improved food packaging films. EBI, commonly applied for sterilization, can alter polymer microstructure, while irradiated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) offer enhanced functionality when incorporated into biopolymer matrices. Here, CNCs were irradiated with doses up to 50 kGy, leading to the formation of carboxyl and aldehyde groups, confirmed by FTIR analysis, as a consequence of the initial formation of free radicals and peroxides that may subsist in that original form or be converted into various carbonyl groups. Flexible films were obtained by incorporating pristine and EB-irradiated CNCs in an internal mixer, using minute amounts of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) to facilitate the dispersion of the filler within the polymer matrix. The resulting PLA/PEO/CNC films were evaluated for their mechanical, thermal, barrier, and antioxidant properties. The results showed that structural modifications of CNCs led to significant enhancements in the performance of the composite films, including a 30% improvement in water barrier properties and a 50% increase in antioxidant activity. These findings underscore the potential of irradiated CNCs as effective additives in biopolymer-based active packaging, offering a sustainable approach to reduce dependence on synthetic preservatives and potentially extend the shelf life of food products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Polymers for Value Added and Functional Packaging)
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21 pages, 4000 KiB  
Article
Structure-Properties Correlations of PVA-Cellulose Based Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging Applications
by Konstantinos Papapetros, Georgios N. Mathioudakis, Dionysios Vroulias, Nikolaos Koutroumanis, George A. Voyiatzis and Konstantinos S. Andrikopoulos
Polymers 2025, 17(14), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141911 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 400
Abstract
Bio-nanocomposites based on poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and cellulosic nanostructures are favorable for active food packaging applications. The current study systematically investigates the mechanical properties, gas permeation, and swelling parameters of PVA composites with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) or nano lignocellulose (NLC) fibers. Alterations [...] Read more.
Bio-nanocomposites based on poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and cellulosic nanostructures are favorable for active food packaging applications. The current study systematically investigates the mechanical properties, gas permeation, and swelling parameters of PVA composites with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) or nano lignocellulose (NLC) fibers. Alterations in these macroscopic properties, which are critical for food packaging applications, are correlated with structural information at the molecular level. Strong interactions between the fillers and polymer host matrix were observed, while the PVA crystallinity exhibited a maximum at ~1% loading. Finally, the orientation of the PVA nanocrystals in the uniaxially stretched samples was found to depend non-monotonically on the CNC loading and draw ratio. Concerning the macroscopic properties of the composites, the swelling properties were reduced for the D1 food simulant, while for water, a considerable decrease was observed only when high NLC loadings were involved. Furthermore, although the water vapor transmission rates are roughly similar for all samples, the CO2, N2, and O2 gas permeabilities are low, exhibiting further decrease in the 1% and 1–5% loading for CNC and NLC composites, respectively. The mechanical properties were considerably altered as a consequence of the good dispersion of the filler, increased crystallinity of the polymer matrix, and morphology of the filler. Thus, up to ~50%/~170% enhancement of the Young’s modulus and up to ~20%/~50% enhancement of the tensile strength are observed for the CNC/NLC composites. Interestingly, the elongation at break is also increased by ~20% for CNC composites, while it is reduced by ~40% for the NLC composites, signifying the favorable/unfavorable interactions of cellulose/lignin with the matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose and Its Composites: Preparation and Applications)
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18 pages, 5009 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Bending Plate and Its Long-Term Performance Exposed in Alkaline Solution Environment
by Zhan Peng, Anji Wang, Chen Wang and Chenggao Li
Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1844; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131844 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 311
Abstract
Glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composite plates have gradually attracted more attention because of their repeated molding, higher toughness, higher durability, and fatigue resistance compared to glass fiber reinforced thermosetting composites. In practical engineering applications, composite plates have to undergo bending effect at different [...] Read more.
Glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composite plates have gradually attracted more attention because of their repeated molding, higher toughness, higher durability, and fatigue resistance compared to glass fiber reinforced thermosetting composites. In practical engineering applications, composite plates have to undergo bending effect at different angles in corrosive environment of concrete, including bending bars from 0~90°, and stirrups of 90°, which may lead to long-term performance degradation. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the long-term performance of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composite bending plates in an alkali environment. In the current paper, a new bending device is developed to prepare glass fiber reinforced polypropylene bending plates with the bending angles of 60° and 90°. It should be pointed out that the above two bending angles are simulated typical bending bars and stirrups, respectively. The plate is immersed in the alkali solution environment for up to 90 days for long-term exposure. Mechanical properties (tensile properties and shear properties), thermal properties (dynamic mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis) and micro-morphology analysis (surface morphology analysis) were systematically designed to evaluate the influence mechanism of bending angle and alkali solution immersion on the long-term mechanical properties. The results show the bending effect leads to the continuous failure of fibers, and the outer fibers break under tension, and the inner fibers buckle under compression, resulting in debonding of the fiber–matrix interface. Alkali solution (OH− ions) corrode the surface of glass fiber to form soluble silicate, which is proved by the mass fraction of glass fiber decreased obviously from 79.9% to 73.65% from thermogravimetric analysis. This contributes to the highest degradation ratio of tensile strength was 71.6% (60° bending) and 65.6% (90° bending), respectively, compared to the plate with bending angles of 0°. A high curvature bending angle (such as 90°) leads to local buckling of fibers and plastic deformation of the matrix, forming microcracks and fiber–resin interface bonding at the bending area, which accelerates the chemical erosion and debonding process in the interface area, bringing about an additional maximum 10.56% degradation rate of the shear strength. In addition, the alkali immersion leads to the obvious degradation of storage modulus and thermal decomposition temperature of composite plate. Compared with the other works on the long-term mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene, it can be found that the long-term performance of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composites is controlled by the corrosive media type, bending angle and immersion time. The research results will provide durability data for glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composites used in concrete as stirrups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)
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33 pages, 11174 KiB  
Review
Photopolymer Flexographic Printing Plate Mold for PDMS Microfluidic Manufacture
by Ana Belén Peñaherrera-Pazmiño, Gustavo Iván Rosero, Maximiliano Pérez and Betiana Lerner
Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131723 - 20 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1570
Abstract
Flexographic printing, traditionally used in the packaging industry, has emerged as a promising technology for microfluidic device fabrication due to enabling high resolution and being commercially available at a low cost compared to conventional techniques. This review explores the adaptation of a photopolymer [...] Read more.
Flexographic printing, traditionally used in the packaging industry, has emerged as a promising technology for microfluidic device fabrication due to enabling high resolution and being commercially available at a low cost compared to conventional techniques. This review explores the adaptation of a photopolymer flexographic printing plate mold (FMold) for microfluidics, examining its advantages, challenges, and applications. It offers a state-of-the-art view of the application of FMold for microfluidic systems, which offers a unique opportunity in terms of cost-effectiveness, scalability, and rapid prototyping. Applications are diverse: FMold has enabled the fabrication of microfluidic devices used in enhanced oil recovery to prepare rock-on-a-chip models, droplet generation and storage, suspension cell culture, monoclonal antibody production, complex cell differentiation pattern creation, phage screening, drug screening, cell detection, and cancer stem cell culture. Since its first appearance in 2018, FMold has been utilized in 50 publications in different laboratories around the world. Key advancements, current research trends, and future prospects are discussed to provide a comprehensive overview of this evolving tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Polymer Materials for Biomedical Applications)
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17 pages, 3390 KiB  
Article
Controlled Formation of Au Nanonetworks via Discrete BTA-Oligo(Acrylic Acid)3 Supramolecular Templates
by Sadaf Aiman, Soonyoung Choi, Hyosun Lee, Sang-Ho Lee and Eunyong Seo
Polymers 2025, 17(12), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17121662 - 15 Jun 2025
Viewed by 393
Abstract
Precise control over molecular dispersity and supramolecular assembly is essential for designing nanostructures with targeted properties and functionalities. In this study, we explore the impact of molecular dispersity in BTA-oligo(AA)3 oligomers on the formation and structural organization of Au nanomaterials in an [...] Read more.
Precise control over molecular dispersity and supramolecular assembly is essential for designing nanostructures with targeted properties and functionalities. In this study, we explore the impact of molecular dispersity in BTA-oligo(AA)3 oligomers on the formation and structural organization of Au nanomaterials in an aqueous system. Discrete and polydisperse BTA-oligo(AA)3 samples are systematically synthesized and characterized to evaluate their role as templates for nanostructure formation. UV-vis spectroscopy and TEM analyses reveal distinct differences in the resulting nanostructures. Specifically, discrete oligomers facilitate the formation of well-defined, interconnected Au nanonetworks with high structural uniformity, even at elevated concentrations. In contrast, polydisperse oligomers facilitated the formation of isolated Au nanoparticles with limited control over morphology and connectivity. These differences are attributed to the greater molecular uniformity and enhanced self-assembly capabilities of the discrete oligomers, which serve as effective templates for directing Au precursor organization and reduction into ordered nanostructures. This study provides mechanistic insight into how molecular dispersity affects the templating and assembly of gold nanomaterials. The findings offer a promising strategy for developing tailored nanostructures with interconnected morphologies and controlled optical and structural properties, paving the way for advanced applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Structures: Chemistry for Engineering Applications)
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18 pages, 8613 KiB  
Review
Sensitive Chemical and Biological Sensors Based on Phosphorus Dendrimers
by Anne-Marie Caminade
Polymers 2025, 17(12), 1591; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17121591 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 469
Abstract
Dendrimers are a special type of ball-shaped hyperbranched polymers consisting of branched monomers organized stepwise around a multifunctional core. They possess many reactive functions, and they are easily accessible as they are located on the surface of the dendrimers. By modifying their terminal [...] Read more.
Dendrimers are a special type of ball-shaped hyperbranched polymers consisting of branched monomers organized stepwise around a multifunctional core. They possess many reactive functions, and they are easily accessible as they are located on the surface of the dendrimers. By modifying their terminal functions, it is possible to change the specificities of dendrimers to give them the desired properties. Dendrimers have been used as catalysts, in diverse fields of nanomedicine, and for the elaboration or modification of materials. The internal structure of dendrimers should be carefully chosen depending on the sought-after properties. Poly(phosphorhydrazone) (PPH) dendrimers possess a relatively rigid and hydrophobic internal structure and an easily functionalized surface, which make them appealing in the field of materials. Indeed, they can be used as a matrix, as glue for stabilizing multilayers, or as multifunctional tools. This review describes the use of PPH dendrimers and dendrons (dendritic wedges) for elaborating sensitive chemical, electrochemical, and biological sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Applications of Polymer-Based Sensors and Actuators)
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14 pages, 1694 KiB  
Article
An Assessment of Anion Exchange Membranes for CO2 Capture Processes: A Focus on Fumasep® and Sustainion®
by Kseniya Papchenko, Sandra Kentish and Maria Grazia De Angelis
Polymers 2025, 17(11), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17111581 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 871
Abstract
Anion exchange membranes are utilised in cutting-edge energy technologies including electrolysers and fuel cells. Recently, these membranes have also emerged as a promising tool in CO2 capture techniques, such as moisture-driven direct air capture and the separation of CO2 from other [...] Read more.
Anion exchange membranes are utilised in cutting-edge energy technologies including electrolysers and fuel cells. Recently, these membranes have also emerged as a promising tool in CO2 capture techniques, such as moisture-driven direct air capture and the separation of CO2 from other gases, leveraging the moisture-induced sorption/desorption and diffusion of CO2 in its ionic forms. In this study, we examine the absorption and permeation of CO2 and CH4 in two commercially available anion exchange membranes, Fumasep® and Sustainion®, under dry conditions. With the exception of CO2 sorption in Fumasep®, these measurements have not been previously reported. These new data points are crucial for evaluating the fundamental separation capabilities of these materials and for devising innovative CO2 capture strategies, as well as for the simulation of novel combined processes. In a dry state, both materials demonstrate similar CO2 absorption levels, with a higher value for Sustainion®. The CO2 solubility coefficient decreases with pressure, as is typical for glassy polymers. Fumasep® exhibits higher CO2/CH4 ideal solubility selectivity, equal to ~10 at sub-ambient pressures, and higher diffusivity. The CO2 diffusion coefficient increases with the CO2 concentration in both membranes due to swelling of the matrix, varying between 0.7 and 2.2 × 10−8 cm2/s for Fumasep® and between 1.6 and 9.0 × 10−9 cm2/s for Sustainion®. CO2 permeability exhibits a minimum at a pressure of approximately 2–3 bar. The CO2 permeability in the dry state is higher in Fumasep® than in Sustainion®: 3.43 and 0.72 Barrer at a 2-bar transmembrane pressure, respectively. The estimated perm-selectivity was found to reach values of up to 40 at sub-ambient pressures. The CO2 permeability and CO2/CH4 estimated perm-selectivity in both polymers are of a similar order of magnitude to those measured in fluorinated ion exchange membranes such as Nafion®. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Polymer Membranes: Fabrication Technique, Characterization, Functionalization, and Applications in Environmental Science, 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 2036 KiB  
Article
Oxidative Decomposition of Poly(phenylene sulfide) Composites Under Fast Elevation of Temperature
by Aurélie Bourdet, Yann Carpier, Eric Dargent, Benoit Vieille and Nicolas Delpouve
Polymers 2025, 17(11), 1560; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17111560 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 742
Abstract
The thermal resistance of carbon fiber–reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide) to harsh oxidative conditions is investigated through thermogravimetric experiments performed in an oxygen atmosphere. While these materials usually show great resistance against thermal decomposition in a nitrogen atmosphere, the experiments in oxygen reveal the total [...] Read more.
The thermal resistance of carbon fiber–reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide) to harsh oxidative conditions is investigated through thermogravimetric experiments performed in an oxygen atmosphere. While these materials usually show great resistance against thermal decomposition in a nitrogen atmosphere, the experiments in oxygen reveal the total decomposition of both the matrix and the carbon fibers. The Gram–Schmidt signal, obtained by coupling thermogravimetric analysis in standard conditions with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, exhibits multiple events, evidencing that the decomposition proceeds through distinct stages. The first step characterizes the char formation, while the second relates to its oxidative decomposition. A third step, only observed for composites, is interpreted as the signature of the oxidative decomposition of carbon fibers. To mimic the sudden elevation of temperature encountered during a fire, the analyses are performed at rates of up to 500 K min−1. These specific experimental conditions reveal a complex dependence of the thermogravimetric signature on the heating rate. Independent of the atmosphere, nitrogen or oxygen, the characteristic temperature of decomposition follows a bell-shape trend, resulting from the combination of lag effects and thermal-conductivity limitations. Additionally, the increase of the heating rate causes the Gram–Schmidt signal to evolve toward a broad peak with indistinct events. To investigate whether these changes affect the decomposition products, the infrared spectra, continuously recorded to probe the whole decomposition, are compared with those from the database. The char formation is characterized by the production of sulfur dioxide, while carbon dioxide is the main product emitted during both char and fiber oxidative decomposition. Owing to the merging of the decomposition stages, sulfur-dioxide detection is partly supplanted by that of carbon dioxide under fast elevations of temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Thermal Characterization of Polymers and Plastic Waste)
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11 pages, 1479 KiB  
Article
Cashmere Blended with Calcium Alginate Fibers: Eco-Friendly Improvement of Flame Retardancy and Maintenance of Hygroscopicity
by Yujie Cai, Zewen Li, Bin Wang, Chao Xu, Xing Tian and Fengyu Quan
Polymers 2025, 17(11), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17111497 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 465
Abstract
As a natural fiber, cashmere is favored for its softness, finesse, and warmth. However, its poor flame-retardant properties seriously affect the safety of cashmere. Current flame-retardant treatments for cashmere tend to lead to heavy metal pollution and significantly reduce wearer comfort. In this [...] Read more.
As a natural fiber, cashmere is favored for its softness, finesse, and warmth. However, its poor flame-retardant properties seriously affect the safety of cashmere. Current flame-retardant treatments for cashmere tend to lead to heavy metal pollution and significantly reduce wearer comfort. In this work, natural and environmentally friendly calcium alginate fibers were blended with cashmere to obtain blended fibers. The blended fibers exhibited good hygroscopicity and softness. The incorporation of calcium alginate fibers enhanced the flame retardancy of the blends, and the LOI of the blended fibers reached 40.2 without smoldering. It was due to a stable CaO protective layer formed by Ca2+ during combustion and the dense carbon layer with the decomposition intermediates of cashmere, which exerted a flame-retardant effect in the condensed phase. This study provided an eco-friendly approach to producing high-quality flame-retardant cashmere products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Textiles, Fibers and Their Composites)
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23 pages, 1540 KiB  
Article
Polymeric Membrane Contactors for CO2 Separation: A Systematic Literature Analysis of the Impact of Absorbent Temperature
by Edoardo Magnone, Min Chang Shin and Jung Hoon Park
Polymers 2025, 17(10), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17101387 - 18 May 2025
Viewed by 481
Abstract
Global warming, driven significantly by carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, necessitates immediate climate action. Consequently, CO2 capture is essential for mitigating carbon output from industrial and power generation processes. This study investigates the effect of absorbent temperature on CO2 separation [...] Read more.
Global warming, driven significantly by carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, necessitates immediate climate action. Consequently, CO2 capture is essential for mitigating carbon output from industrial and power generation processes. This study investigates the effect of absorbent temperature on CO2 separation performance using gas–liquid polymeric hollow fiber membrane (HFM) contactors. It summarizes the relationship between liquid-phase temperature and CO2 capture efficiency across various physical and chemical absorption processes. Twelve relevant studies (nine experimental, three mathematical), providing a comprehensive database of 104 individual measurements, were rigorously analyzed. Liquid-phase temperature significantly influences CO2 separation performance in HFM contactors. In particular, the present analysis reveals that, overall, for every 10 °C temperature increase, physical absorption performance decreases by approximately 3%, while chemical absorption performance improves by 3%, regardless of other parameters. This empirical law was confirmed by direct comparisons with additional experimental results. Strategies for further development of these processes are also proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials for Environmental Applications)
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16 pages, 10309 KiB  
Article
Chemical Recycling of PLA and Its Copolyesters with Poly(Ethylene Azelate) via Microwave-Assisted Alkaline Hydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis
by Rafail O. Ioannidis, Nikolaos D. Bikiaris, Evangelia Vouvoudi, Alexandra Zamboulis, Nikolaos Nikolaidis and Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
Polymers 2025, 17(10), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17101374 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 925
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a widely used biobased polyester which can be derived from renewable resources. Due to its excellent properties, it has already been adopted in various industrial sectors. While PLA is compostable, its degradation to the environment is very slow, necessitating [...] Read more.
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a widely used biobased polyester which can be derived from renewable resources. Due to its excellent properties, it has already been adopted in various industrial sectors. While PLA is compostable, its degradation to the environment is very slow, necessitating the development of efficient recycling methods. This study focuses on the chemical recycling via microwave-assisted alkaline hydrolysis of PLA and its copolymers with poly(ethylene azelate) (PEAz), aiming to recover both carboxylic acid monomers: lactic acid and azelaic acid. Moreover, our method tunes the degradation of PLA via the synthesis of the novel aliphatic PLA-based copolyesters, targeting engineering-like applications, specifically in the field of printed electronics. Various process parameters were analyzed, including the temperature and the duration of the experiments as well as different phase transfer catalysts. Complete degradation was achieved at low temperatures (110–125 °C) and short times (12–15 min) for the PLA-based copolyesters, offering significant environmental benefits, as considerably less energy is consumed compared to chemical conventional methods. So, by changing the composition of the copolyesters through the incorporation of PEAz blocky segments, the ester bonds became more susceptible to hydrolysis under alkaline conditions assisted with microwave irradiation. Additionally, enzymatic hydrolysis was also studied in parallel for comparative purposes, revealing low degradation rates, thus establishing the microwave-assisted alkaline hydrolysis as a solid and reliable method for tuning the degradation of PLA-based materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Thermal Characterization of Polymers and Plastic Waste)
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17 pages, 9487 KiB  
Article
Polymer Composite Sandwich Panels Composed of Hemp and Plastic Skins and Composite Wood, Recycled Plastic, and Styrofoam Cores
by Ashiqul Islam, Wahid Ferdous, Paulomi (Polly) Burey, Kamrun Nahar, Libo Yan and Allan Manalo
Polymers 2025, 17(10), 1359; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17101359 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 620
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental investigation of six different types of composite sandwich panels manufactured from waste-based materials, which are comprised of two different types of skins (made from hemp and recycled PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) fabrics with bio-epoxy resin) and three different cores [...] Read more.
This paper presents an experimental investigation of six different types of composite sandwich panels manufactured from waste-based materials, which are comprised of two different types of skins (made from hemp and recycled PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) fabrics with bio-epoxy resin) and three different cores (composite wood, recycled plastic, and styrofoam) materials. The skins of these sandwich panels were investigated under five different environmental conditions (normal air, water, hygrothermal, saline solution, and 80 °C elevated temperature) over seven months to evaluate their durability performance. In addition, the tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of those sandwich panels were studied. The bending behavior of cores and sandwich panels was also investigated and compared. The results indicated that elevated temperatures are 30% more detrimental to fiber composite laminates than normal water. Composite laminates made of hemp are more sensitive to environmental conditions than composite laminates made of recycled PET. A higher-density core makes panels more rigid and less susceptible to indentation failure. The flexible plastic cores are found to be up to 25% more effective at increasing the strength of sandwich panels than brittle wood cores. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Polymeric Materials in Building and Construction)
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20 pages, 4862 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of PVDF Membranes with a PVA Layer for the Effective Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds in Semiconductor Wastewater
by Youngmin Choi and Changwoo Nam
Polymers 2025, 17(10), 1332; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17101332 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 772
Abstract
Through the application of advanced membrane modification strategies, high-performance membranes have been developed to effectively remove organic contaminants such as toluene and xylene from wastewater. These membranes demonstrate superior antifouling resistance and long-term operational stability, offering a competitive advantage for semiconductor wastewater treatment. [...] Read more.
Through the application of advanced membrane modification strategies, high-performance membranes have been developed to effectively remove organic contaminants such as toluene and xylene from wastewater. These membranes demonstrate superior antifouling resistance and long-term operational stability, offering a competitive advantage for semiconductor wastewater treatment. This study introduces a novel approach to membrane fabrication using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), recognized for its cost-effectiveness and distinct antifouling properties in contaminant removal. To enhance the performance of the membrane, the solvent (DMA, DMF, NMP) that dissolves PVDF and the immersion time (30 min, 60 min, 90 min) at which phase separation occurs were identified. Additionally, the membranes were treated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through multiple dip coatings to enhance their hydrophilicity before a comparative analysis was conducted. The resulting optimized membranes demonstrated high emulsion fluxes (4412 Lm−2h−1bar−1 for toluene) and achieved oil-removal efficiencies exceeding 90% when tested with various organic solvents, including toluene, cyclohexane, xylene, benzene, and chloroform. The resulting optimized membranes prove to be a reliable means of producing clean water and of efficiently separating organic contaminants from wastewater. Showcasing remarkable antifouling capabilities and suitability for repeated use without significant efficiency loss, this solution effectively addresses cost and fouling challenges, presenting it as a sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment method for the semiconductor industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymers for Wastewater Treatment and Toxicant Removal, 2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 6080 KiB  
Review
Current Status and Future Trends for Modification Technology of Flame Retardant Nylon 66
by Bingtao Feng, Senlong Yu, Hengxue Xiang, Lili Li and Meifang Zhu
Polymers 2025, 17(8), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17081074 - 16 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1093
Abstract
Nylon 66 (PA66) has been widely used in automotive, electronics, textiles and other fields due to its excellent mechanical properties, chemical corrosion resistance and thermal stability. However, the fire hazard caused by its flammability severely limits its further application in high–end and high–risk [...] Read more.
Nylon 66 (PA66) has been widely used in automotive, electronics, textiles and other fields due to its excellent mechanical properties, chemical corrosion resistance and thermal stability. However, the fire hazard caused by its flammability severely limits its further application in high–end and high–risk fields. Therefore, improving the flame retardancy of PA66 to enhance its safety has become the focus of current research. This review aims to better understand the research status and development trends of flame retardant PA66. Firstly, the combustion process and flame retardant mechanism of PA66 were described. Secondly, the latest research progress of flame retardant PA66 was comprehensively reviewed, including blending, copolymerization and post–finishing flame retardant modification methods. Meanwhile, the research status of blending flame retardant PA66 was emphatically introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of different additive flame retardants were analyzed. Finally, the future development direction of flame retardant PA66 is proposed, which provides an important reference for its follow-up study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Manufacturing Processes)
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30 pages, 1614 KiB  
Review
Hydrogel-Based Systems as Smart Food Packaging: A Review
by Beata Niemczyk-Soczynska and Paweł Łukasz Sajkiewicz
Polymers 2025, 17(8), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17081005 - 8 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1826
Abstract
In recent years, non-degradable petroleum-based polymer packaging has generated serious disposal, pollution, and ecological issues. The application of biodegradable food packaging for common purposes could overcome these problems. Bio-based hydrogel films are interesting materials as potential alternatives to non-biodegradable commercial food packaging due [...] Read more.
In recent years, non-degradable petroleum-based polymer packaging has generated serious disposal, pollution, and ecological issues. The application of biodegradable food packaging for common purposes could overcome these problems. Bio-based hydrogel films are interesting materials as potential alternatives to non-biodegradable commercial food packaging due to biodegradability, biocompatibility, ease of processability, low cost of production, and the absorption ability of food exudates. The rising need to provide additional functionality for food packaging has led scientists to design approaches extending the shelf life of food products by incorporating antimicrobial and antioxidant agents and sensing the accurate moment of food spoilage. In this review, we thoroughly discuss recent hydrogel-based film applications such as active, intelligent packaging, as well as a combination of these approaches. We highlight their potential as food packaging but also indicate the drawbacks, especially poor barrier and mechanical properties, that need to be improved in the future. We emphasize discussions on the mechanical properties of currently studied hydrogels and compare them with current commercial food packaging. Finally, the future directions of these types of approaches are described. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Bio-Based Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications, 3rd Edition)
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22 pages, 5025 KiB  
Article
Biodegradable Polymer Composites Based on Poly(butylene succinate) Copolyesters and Wood Flour
by Agnieszka Kozłowska, Krzysztof Gorący and Miroslawa El Fray
Polymers 2025, 17(7), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17070883 - 26 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 938
Abstract
This study investigates the biodegradation behavior of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) copolyesters containing dilinoleic acid (DLA) co-monomeric units and wood flour (WF) as a filler. PBS-DLA is a segmented thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), where the soft amorphous phase is formed by DLA ester segments, while [...] Read more.
This study investigates the biodegradation behavior of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) copolyesters containing dilinoleic acid (DLA) co-monomeric units and wood flour (WF) as a filler. PBS-DLA is a segmented thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), where the soft amorphous phase is formed by DLA ester segments, while the hard phase consists of crystallizable PBS domains. Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) were prepared with WF at weight fractions of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% wt. and analyzed in terms of surface morphology, chemical structure, mechanical performance, and thermal stability before and after biodegradation in soil conditions. The results of microscopic analysis confirmed that the PBS-DLA copolymer and its composites undergo surface biodegradation as manifested by increased surface roughness and microcrack formation, particularly in composites with a higher WF content. ATR FT-IR spectroscopy indicated oxidation and hydrolysis, supporting the hypothesis of progressive surface erosion. Mechanical tests showed a decline in tensile strength and elongation at break, with the most pronounced changes in composites containing 20% WF. Thermal analysis (DSC, DMTA, and TGA) confirmed that the PBS-DLA copolymer retains its thermoplastic elastomeric behavior after a 3-month biodegradation experiment. The storage modulus (E′) remained stable, while only minor variations in melting and crystallization temperatures were observed. These findings reinforce the hypothesis of surface erosion rather than a bulk degradation mechanism. Given their biodegradability and retained thermoplastic behavior, WPC composites based on PBS-DLA copolyester could be promising for eco-friendly applications where controlled degradation is desirable, such as in packaging, agriculture, or biodegradable consumer goods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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46 pages, 7489 KiB  
Review
Environmental Impact of Textile Materials: Challenges in Fiber–Dye Chemistry and Implication of Microbial Biodegradation
by Arvind Negi
Polymers 2025, 17(7), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17070871 - 24 Mar 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3348
Abstract
Synthetic and natural fibers are widely used in the textile industry. Natural fibers include cellulose-based materials like cotton, and regenerated fibers like viscose as well as protein-based fibers such as silk and wool. Synthetic fibers, on the other hand, include PET and polyamides [...] Read more.
Synthetic and natural fibers are widely used in the textile industry. Natural fibers include cellulose-based materials like cotton, and regenerated fibers like viscose as well as protein-based fibers such as silk and wool. Synthetic fibers, on the other hand, include PET and polyamides (like nylon). Due to significant differences in their chemistry, distinct dyeing processes are required, each generating specific waste. For example, cellulose fibers exhibit chemical inertness toward dyes, necessitating chemical auxiliaries that contribute to wastewater contamination, whereas synthetic fibers are a major source of non-biodegradable microplastic emissions. Addressing the environmental impact of fiber processing requires a deep molecular-level understanding to enable informed decision-making. This manuscript emphasizes potential solutions, particularly through the biodegradation of textile materials and related chemical waste, aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6, which promotes clean water and sanitation. For instance, cost-effective methods using enzymes or microbes can aid in processing the fibers and their associated dyeing solutions while also addressing textile wastewater, which contains high concentrations of unreacted dyes, salts, and other highly water-soluble pollutants. This paper covers different aspects of fiber chemistry, dyeing, degradation mechanisms, and the chemical waste produced by the textile industry, while highlighting microbial-based strategies for waste mitigation. The integration of microbes not only offers a solution for managing large volumes of textile waste but also paves the way for sustainable technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive and Functional Biopolymers)
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42 pages, 4134 KiB  
Review
Solvent-Based Recycling as a Waste Management Strategy for Fibre-Reinforced Polymers: Current State of the Art
by Matthew J. Keith, Bushra Al-Duri, Tom O. McDonald and Gary A. Leeke
Polymers 2025, 17(7), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17070843 - 21 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1426
Abstract
The growing use of fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) is driving a demand for the development of sustainable end-of-life strategies. Solvolysis, a chemical recycling method using solvents to decompose the polymer matrix, has emerged as a promising approach for reclaiming both fibres and organic compounds [...] Read more.
The growing use of fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) is driving a demand for the development of sustainable end-of-life strategies. Solvolysis, a chemical recycling method using solvents to decompose the polymer matrix, has emerged as a promising approach for reclaiming both fibres and organic compounds from FRP waste. This work provides a comprehensive overview of solvolysis techniques by discussing the environmental benefits and economic opportunities of this technology, summarising the process conditions, and evaluating the characteristics of the recovered products. The economic viability of solvolysis lies in recovering high-value components; predominantly carbon fibres from CFRPs and organic products from GFRPs, which are suitable for reuse or as a feedstock for new composites. Solvolysis can operate under low temperature and pressure (LTP) or high temperature and pressure (HTP) conditions. The choice of solvent, catalyst, reaction time, and temperature is crucial to achieving high resin decomposition while preserving fibre properties. To achieve an economically viable and environmentally beneficial process, it will be essential to optimise these parameters. A key challenge is maintaining the strength and surface properties of the recovered fibres, as degradation in their performance can limit their suitability for high-performance applications. The implication of this is that, without careful consideration of the recycling process, FRPs cannot be fully circular. They will be continuously downgraded into low-value applications and ultimately incinerated or landfilled. This review further explores the diversity of organic products obtained, which can range from monomers to oligomers to complex mixtures. Efficient separation and upgrading techniques, such as distillation and liquid–liquid extraction, are essential to maximise the value of the recovered organics. These additional processing steps are likely to result in greater financial and resource costs within a commercial recycling system. This review concludes with a summary of commercial solvent-based recycling ventures and an outlook on future research directions, which includes the need to develop processes capable of recovering high-value, long carbon fibres. Successful development of such a process would represent a step-change in the value proposition of a carbon fibre recycling industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Polymer Fibers: Production and Applications)
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16 pages, 4497 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on the Application of Polymer Agents in Offshore Sandstone Reservoirs: Optimization Design for Enhanced Oil Recovery
by Yanyue Li, Changlong Liu, Yaqian Zhang, Baoqing Xue, Jinlong Lv, Chuanhui Miao, Yiqiang Li and Zheyu Liu
Polymers 2025, 17(5), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050673 - 2 Mar 2025
Viewed by 881
Abstract
The conventional polymer gel has high initial viscosity and short gelation time, making it difficult to meet the requirements of deep profile control in offshore reservoirs with large well spacing and strong heterogeneity. This paper evaluates the performance and core plugging capacity of [...] Read more.
The conventional polymer gel has high initial viscosity and short gelation time, making it difficult to meet the requirements of deep profile control in offshore reservoirs with large well spacing and strong heterogeneity. This paper evaluates the performance and core plugging capacity of novel functional polymer gels and microspheres to determine the applicability of core permeability ranges. On the heterogeneous core designed based on the reservoir characteristics of Block B oilfield, optimization was conducted separately for the formulation, dosage, and slug combinations of the polymer gel/microsphere. Finally, oil displacement experiments using polymer and microsphere combinations were conducted on vertically and planar heterogeneous cores to simulate reservoir development effects. The experimental results show the novel functional polymer gel exhibits slow gelation with high gel strength, with viscosity rapidly increasing four days after aging, ultimately reaching a gel strength of 74,500 mPa·s. The novel functional polymer gel and polymer microsphere can effectively plug cores with permeabilities below 6000 mD and 2000 mD, respectively. For heterogeneous cores with an average permeability of 1000 mD, the optimal polymer microsphere has a concentration of 4000 mg/L and a slug size of 0.3 PV; for heterogeneous cores with an average permeability of 4000 mD, the optimal functional polymer gel has a concentration of 7500 mg/L and a slug size of 0.1 PV. In simulations of vertically and planarly heterogeneous reservoirs, the application of polymer agent increases the oil recovery factor by 53% and 38.7% compared to water flooding. This realizes the gradual and full utilization of layers with high, medium, and low permeability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Studies of Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces: 2nd Edition)
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37 pages, 1657 KiB  
Review
Regulatory Frameworks and State-of-the-Art Decontamination Technologies for Recycled Polystyrene for Food Contact Applications
by Javiera Sepúlveda-Carter, José L. Moreno de Castro, Laura Marín, Paula Baños, Marcos Sánchez Rodríguez and Marina P. Arrieta
Polymers 2025, 17(5), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050658 - 28 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1706
Abstract
Recycling post-consumer plastics for food contact applications is crucial for the circular economy; however, it presents challenges due to potential contamination and regulatory requirements. This review outlines the current European and U.S. legislation governing recycled plastics in food contact materials (FCM). The European [...] Read more.
Recycling post-consumer plastics for food contact applications is crucial for the circular economy; however, it presents challenges due to potential contamination and regulatory requirements. This review outlines the current European and U.S. legislation governing recycled plastics in food contact materials (FCM). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) mandates the evaluation and authorization of recycling processes. This includes examining input/output flows, prioritizing the use of previously authorized FCM, and assessing decontamination efficiency through material-specific challenge tests. Additionally, it evaluates new installations intended to apply approved decontamination technologies. In contrast, the voluntary submission to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides guidelines with general advice on methodologies and recommended parameters and challenge tests. Applications to the EFSA for non-PET materials, such as HDPE, PP, and PS, are reviewed, highlighting the challenges of each material. Recycled PS, with its lower diffusivity compared to polyolefins shows promise for food packaging, with potential as a next material approved for use in the European Union. Decontamination technologies for post-consumer PS are explored, including super-cleaning processes, solvent extraction, and industrial methods. The review emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary collaboration to address the uncertainties around potential contaminants and ensure the safety of recycled plastics for food contact applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling of Plastic and Rubber Wastes, 2nd Edition)
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94 pages, 13734 KiB  
Review
Advancing Textile Waste Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities Across Polymer and Non-Polymer Fiber Types
by Mehrdad Seifali Abbas-Abadi, Brecht Tomme, Bahman Goshayeshi, Oleksii Mynko, Yihan Wang, Sangram Roy, Rohit Kumar, Bhargav Baruah, Karen De Clerck, Steven De Meester, Dagmar R. D’hooge and Kevin M. Van Geem
Polymers 2025, 17(5), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050628 - 26 Feb 2025
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6344
Abstract
The growing environmental impact of textile waste, fueled by the rapid rise in global fiber production, underscores the urgent need for sustainable end-of-life solutions. This review explores cutting-edge pathways for textile waste management, spotlighting innovations that reduce reliance on incineration and landfilling while [...] Read more.
The growing environmental impact of textile waste, fueled by the rapid rise in global fiber production, underscores the urgent need for sustainable end-of-life solutions. This review explores cutting-edge pathways for textile waste management, spotlighting innovations that reduce reliance on incineration and landfilling while driving material circularity. It highlights advancements in collection, sorting, and pretreatment technologies, as well as both established and emerging recycling methods. Smart collection systems utilizing tags and sensors show great promise in streamlining logistics by automating pick-up routes and transactions. For sorting, automated technologies like near-infrared and hyperspectral imaging lead the way in accurate and scalable fiber separation. Automated disassembly techniques are effective at removing problematic elements, though other pretreatments, such as color and finish removal, still need to be customized for specific waste streams. Mechanical fiber recycling is ideal for textiles with strong mechanical properties but has limitations, particularly with blended fabrics, and cannot be repeated endlessly. Polymer recycling—through melting or dissolving waste polymers—produces higher-quality recycled materials but comes with high energy and solvent demands. Chemical recycling, especially solvolysis and pyrolysis, excels at breaking down synthetic polymers like polyester, with the potential to yield virgin-quality monomers. Meanwhile, biological methods, though still in their infancy, show promise for recycling natural fibers like cotton and wool. When other methods are not viable, gasification can be used to convert waste into synthesis gas. The review concludes that the future of sustainable textile recycling hinges on integrating automated sorting systems and advancing solvent-based and chemical recycling technologies. These innovations, supported by eco-design principles, progressive policies, and industry collaboration, are essential to building a resilient, circular textile economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Circular and Green Sustainable Polymer Science)
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31 pages, 11807 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation into the Thermal Conductivity and Heating-Softening Bending of Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Rebars
by Mingxue Xu, Anni Wang and Xiaogang Liu
Polymers 2025, 17(5), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050595 - 24 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1100
Abstract
Thermoplastic fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement has a significant advantage over traditional thermosetting FRP reinforcements in that it can be bent on site by heating-softening processing. However, current experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity and heating-softening processing characteristics of thermoplastic FRP reinforcements [...] Read more.
Thermoplastic fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement has a significant advantage over traditional thermosetting FRP reinforcements in that it can be bent on site by heating-softening processing. However, current experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity and heating-softening processing characteristics of thermoplastic FRP reinforcements is quite insufficient. Through heating-softening processing tests, numerical simulation, and theoretical calculation, this study investigated the heating-softening processing time of a thermoplastic glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene (GFRPP) reinforcement. In the heat transfer process, thermal conductivity is typically treated as a constant. However, the experimental results indicated that the thermal conductivity/diffusivity coefficient of the GFRPP reinforcement was temperature-dependent. On this basis, an equivalent modified thermal diffusivity coefficient of glass fiber was proposed to account for the time-temperature-dependent heat conductivity of the GFRPP reinforcement, utilizing a series model. Utilizing the modified thermal diffusivity coefficient, the simulation model presented a heating-softening processing time that coincided well with the experimental results, with a mean ratio of 1.005 and a coefficient of variation of 0.033. Moreover, based on an equivalent homogeneous circular cross-section assumption of the GFRPP reinforcement, an analytical solution to the heat conduction equation was derived. Combining the experimental and simulation results, a semi-analytical and semi-empirical calculation model was also proposed for predicting the heating-softening processing time of a GFRPP reinforcement with a silicone tube cover. The model’s calculated results align with the simulation trends, with an average deviation of 1.0% and a coefficient of variation of 0.026, demonstrating strong potential for engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing, Characterization and Engineering Application of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymer Composites)
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17 pages, 7097 KiB  
Article
Numerical Prediction and Experimental Validation of Deposited Filaments in Direct Ink Writing: Deposition Status and Profile Dimension
by Yongqiang Tu, Haoran Zhang, Xue Shi, Jianyu Fan, Baohua Bao, Gang Lu, Fuwei Han, Hao Wu and Alaa Hassan
Polymers 2025, 17(5), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050573 - 21 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 612
Abstract
The deposition status and profile dimension of deposited filaments have an impact on the quality of the printed parts fabricated by direct ink writing (DIW). Previous works often failed to realize the full quantitative characterizations of the detailed influence of the process parameters [...] Read more.
The deposition status and profile dimension of deposited filaments have an impact on the quality of the printed parts fabricated by direct ink writing (DIW). Previous works often failed to realize the full quantitative characterizations of the detailed influence of the process parameters on the deposition status and profile dimension. Herein, we predict and analyze the deposition status and profile dimension by proposing an improved three-dimensional (3D) numerical model. The prediction accuracy of the proposed numerical model is verified through filament deposition experiments. The maximum relative errors of width and height between the experimental and simulation results of cross-sections are 10.13% and 7.37%, respectively. The effect of process parameters on the deposition status and profile dimension has been quantified. Critical process parameters are identified as the dimensionless nozzle velocity (V*) and the dimensionless height (H*). Three deposition statuses named over-deposition, pressed deposition and freeform deposition are characterized depending on the combination of V* and H*. The current work demonstrates an effective approach for the prediction of the deposition status and profile dimension of the deposited filaments along with the investigation of the effects of process parameters in DIW based on numerical simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Physics and Theory)
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17 pages, 3763 KiB  
Article
Bio-Based and Solvent-Free Epoxy Vitrimers Based on Dynamic Imine Bonds with High Mechanical Performance
by Lei Chen, Na Ning, Gang Zhou, Yan Li, Shicheng Feng, Zhengyan Guo and Yi Wei
Polymers 2025, 17(5), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050571 - 21 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1458
Abstract
Conventional epoxy thermosets, with irreversible crosslinking networks, cannot be reprocessed and recycled. Furthermore, the utilization of petroleum-based materials accelerates the depletion of non-renewable resources. The introduction of dynamic covalent bonds and the use of bio-based materials for thermosets can effectively address the above [...] Read more.
Conventional epoxy thermosets, with irreversible crosslinking networks, cannot be reprocessed and recycled. Furthermore, the utilization of petroleum-based materials accelerates the depletion of non-renewable resources. The introduction of dynamic covalent bonds and the use of bio-based materials for thermosets can effectively address the above issues. Herein, a series of bio-based epoxy vitrimers with dynamic covalent imine bonds were synthesized via a simple solvent-free, one-pot method using vanillin-derived aldehyde monomers, 4,4-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) as raw materials. The effect of crosslinking density, crosslinking structure and imine bond content on the resulting bio-based vitrimers was studied, demonstrating their excellent thermal properties, UV shielding and solvent resistance, as well as outstanding mechanical properties compared to those of the previously reported vitrimers. In particular, the cured neat resin of vitrimer had a maximum tensile strength of 109 MPa and Young’s modulus of 6257 MPa, which are higher than those of previously reported imine-based vitrimers. The dynamic imine bonds endow these vitrimers with good reprocessability upon heating (over 70% recovery) and degradation under acidic conditions, enabling recycling by physical routes and gentle degradation by chemical routes. This study demonstrates a simple and effective process to prepare high-performance bio-based and recycled epoxy thermosets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based and Biodegradable Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications)
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19 pages, 3225 KiB  
Article
Tailoring Thermomechanical, Shape Memory and Self-Healing Properties of Furan-Based Polyketone via Diels-Alder Chemistry with Different Bismaleimide Crosslinkers
by Esteban Araya-Hermosilla, Marco Carlotti, Felipe Orozco, Guilherme Macedo R. Lima, Rodrigo Araya-Hermosilla, Daniela E. Ortega, Diego Cortés-Arriagada, Francesco Picchioni, Ranjita K. Bose, Virgilio Mattoli and Andrea Pucci
Polymers 2025, 17(5), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050565 - 20 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1037
Abstract
Furan/maleimide dynamic covalent chemistry has been extensively used to fabricate re-workable and self-healing thermosets. Understanding the relationship between crosslinker structure, network dynamics, and material final properties, however, remains a challenge. This study introduces self-healing and shape-memory thermosets derived from furan-functionalized polyketones (PKFU) crosslinked [...] Read more.
Furan/maleimide dynamic covalent chemistry has been extensively used to fabricate re-workable and self-healing thermosets. Understanding the relationship between crosslinker structure, network dynamics, and material final properties, however, remains a challenge. This study introduces self-healing and shape-memory thermosets derived from furan-functionalized polyketones (PKFU) crosslinked with aromatic bis-maleimides, i.e., 1,1′-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bis-maleimide (BISM1) and bis(3-ethyl-5-methyl-4-maleimidophenyl)methane (BISM2), via a thermally reversible Diels-Alder reaction. Polyketones were chemically modified with furfurylamine through the Paal-Knorr reaction, achieving varying furan grafting ratios. The resulting networks, characterized by ATR-FTIR, 1H-NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and rheology, demonstrated tunable thermomechanical properties. BISM2-based thermosets exhibited enhanced thermal stability and reversibility over a broad temperature range (20–120 °C), with a shape recovery ratio of up to 89% and complete self-healing at 120 °C within 5 min. These findings highlight the potential of polyketone-based thermosets for applications requiring adaptive thermomechanical properties, efficient self-repair, and sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)
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15 pages, 3735 KiB  
Article
Development of Smart Material Identification Equipment for Sustainable Recycling in Future Smart Cities
by Gaku Manago, Tadao Tanabe, Kazuaki Okubo, Tetsuo Sasaki and Jeongsoo Yu
Polymers 2025, 17(4), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17040462 - 10 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1258
Abstract
Waste recycling is critical for the development of smart cities. Local authorities are responsible for the disposal of waste plastics, but the extent of material recycling is insufficient, and much of the waste generated is incinerated. This conflicts with the trend of decarbonisation. [...] Read more.
Waste recycling is critical for the development of smart cities. Local authorities are responsible for the disposal of waste plastics, but the extent of material recycling is insufficient, and much of the waste generated is incinerated. This conflicts with the trend of decarbonisation. Of particular note are the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, during and after which large quantities of waste plastics, such as plastic containers and packaging, were generated. In order to develop a sustainable smart city, we need an effective scheme where we can separate materials before they are taken to the local authorities and recyclers. In other words, if material identification can be performed at the place of disposal, the burden on recyclers can be reduced, and a smart city can be created. In this study, we developed and demonstrated smart material identification equipment for waste plastic materials made of PET, PS, PP, and PE using GaP THz and sub-THz wavelengths. As basic information, we used a GaP terahertz spectrometer to sweep frequencies from 0.5 THz to 7 THz and measure the spectrum, and the transmittance rate was measured using the sub-THz device. The sub-THz device used a specific frequency below 0.14 THz. This is a smaller, more carriable, and less expensive semiconductor electronic device than the GaP. Moreover, the sub-terahertz device used in the development of this equipment is compact, harmless to the human body, and can be used in public environments. As a result, smart equipment was developed and tested in places such as supermarkets, office entrances, and canteens. The identification of materials can facilitate material recycling. In this study, we found that measuring devices designed to identify the PET and PS components of transparent containers and packaging plastics, and the PP and PE components of PET bottle caps, could effectively identify molecular weights, demonstrating new possibilities for waste management and recycling systems in smart cities. With the ability to collect and analyse data, these devices can be powerful tools for pre-sorting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills)
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16 pages, 3868 KiB  
Article
Development of Zein–PEG400/PVA–Chitosan Bilayer Films for Intelligent Packaging
by Rong Sun, Liangliang Li, Jiangjie Zhou, Yongfeng Zhang, Haiya Sun, Datong Zhang and Qi Wu
Polymers 2025, 17(3), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17030387 - 31 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1655
Abstract
Zein exhibits excellent biodegradability, thermal stability, UV resistance, and water barrier properties, making it a promising candidate for food packaging applications. However, pure zein films suffer from brittleness and poor mechanical strength, which limit their practical use. In this study, a unique bilayer [...] Read more.
Zein exhibits excellent biodegradability, thermal stability, UV resistance, and water barrier properties, making it a promising candidate for food packaging applications. However, pure zein films suffer from brittleness and poor mechanical strength, which limit their practical use. In this study, a unique bilayer packaging film (ZP/P-C) was developed using a layer-by-layer solution casting technique, where hydrophobic zein was coated onto a polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan composite layer (P-C). Incorporating PEG400 into the zein layer improved the interfacial compatibility of the bilayer film, increasing its uniformity and toughness. The resulting bilayer films demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties, flexibility, and water vapor barrier performance. Specifically, the ZP7.5/P-C bilayer film showed an elongation at break of 68.74% and a modulus of elasticity of 187.19 MPa. It had a water vapor permeability of 6.60 × 10−11 g·m·m−2·s−1·Pa−1 and provided near-complete UV protection within the 200–350 nm range. Furthermore, an intelligent detection bilayer film was created by integrating anthocyanin extract into the zein layer. Adding anthocyanin improved the film’s antioxidant properties and allowed it to respond colorimetrically to total volatile basic nitrogen. The bilayer film ZPBA1.0/P-C displayed an excellent antioxidant activity (45.8%) and remarkable color change (ΔE = 20.2) in response to ammonia, effectively indicating shrimp spoilage in 48 h (ΔE > 10). This investigation spotlights the potential of zein-based bilayer films in active and intelligent food packaging, offering innovative strategies to improve food safety and extend the shelf life of perishable goods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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12 pages, 7575 KiB  
Article
Polymer Composite Films with P(VDF-TrFE) and Molecular Ferroelectric Tris(hydroxymethyl) Nitromethane: Improvement of Their Ferroelectric Properties
by Marianela Escobar-Castillo, Samet Duman and Doru C. Lupascu
Polymers 2025, 17(3), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17030354 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1202
Abstract
Polymer composites of P(VDF-TrFE) and Tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane as filler material with different concentrations have been prepared. Tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane is an organic ferroelectric material with low preparation cost and easy processing, and it is also lightweight. Its properties enable it to be a potential [...] Read more.
Polymer composites of P(VDF-TrFE) and Tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane as filler material with different concentrations have been prepared. Tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane is an organic ferroelectric material with low preparation cost and easy processing, and it is also lightweight. Its properties enable it to be a potential candidate for use as filler material in polymers to improve their ferroelectric, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties. We investigated the effect of filler content on the ferroelectric and dielectric properties of the polymer. Our results show that Tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane retains its crystallinity after embedding it in the polymer matrix. It does not alter the crystalline ferroelectric β-phase of the polymer. All composites possess higher polarization compared to pure P(VDF-TrFE). Up to 11.4 µC/cm2 remnant polarization and a dielectric constant of 14 at 1000 Hz have been obtained with the free-standing 10 wt% composite film. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Characterization and Application II)
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31 pages, 1619 KiB  
Review
Devulcanization of Waste Tire Rubber via Microwave and Biological Methods: A Review
by Mostafa Vahdatbin, Pouria Hajikarimi and Ellie H. Fini
Polymers 2025, 17(3), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17030285 - 22 Jan 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2503
Abstract
This paper presents a thorough literature review on devulcanization methods applied to waste tire rubber: “microwave devulcanization” and “biological desulfurization”. To do so, 80 papers published from the year 1990 to 2024 in journals with subscription and open access status across 12 databases [...] Read more.
This paper presents a thorough literature review on devulcanization methods applied to waste tire rubber: “microwave devulcanization” and “biological desulfurization”. To do so, 80 papers published from the year 1990 to 2024 in journals with subscription and open access status across 12 databases were reviewed. This paper compares the efficacy and reviews the basic concepts, advantages, processes, and variable parameters of these two methods. In microwave devulcanization, microwave energy breaks the sulfur crosslinks between polymer chains. The latter breakage is mainly enabled by the presence of carbon black in the tire, which is an excellent microwave absorbent. In biological desulfurization, bacteria or fungi convert the crosslinks to elemental sulfur substances or sulfate. In general, microwave devulcanization of rubber leads to a lower crosslink density and thus a higher degree of devulcanization. On the one hand, breaking the crosslinks requires a significantly shorter time than biological desulfurization. Crosslink scission occurs throughout the sample in microwave devulcanization but only on the sample surface in biological desulfurization. Microwave devulcanization is not sensitive to rubber additives and does not require detoxification before devulcanization. On the other hand, biological desulfurization requires detoxification before devulcanization since it involves living organisms that may not tolerate certain rubber additives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Performance Rubber Materials: From Fundamental to Advanced Applied Science)
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36 pages, 6105 KiB  
Review
An Overview of Potential Applications of Environmentally Friendly Hybrid Polymeric Materials
by Raluca Nicoleta Darie-Niță and Stanisław Frąckowiak
Polymers 2025, 17(2), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17020252 - 20 Jan 2025
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2318
Abstract
The applications of polymeric materials are being constantly reviewed and improved. In the present world, the word hybrid, and the general idea of combining two or more inherently different approaches, designs, and materials is gaining significant attention. The area of sustainable materials with [...] Read more.
The applications of polymeric materials are being constantly reviewed and improved. In the present world, the word hybrid, and the general idea of combining two or more inherently different approaches, designs, and materials is gaining significant attention. The area of sustainable materials with a low environmental impact is also rapidly evolving with many new discoveries, including the use of materials of a natural origin and countless combinations thereof. This review tries to summarize the current state of knowledge about hybrid polymeric materials and their applications with special attention to the materials that can be considered “environmentally friendly”. As the current application field is quite broad, the review was limited to the following topics: packaging, medical applications, sensors, water purification, and electromagnetic shielding. Furthermore, this review points out the new prospects and challenges for the use of the mentioned materials in terms of creating novel solutions with different nano and micro-materials of mostly natural and renewable origin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials and Their Applications, 2nd Edition)
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20 pages, 2190 KiB  
Article
Sustainable 3D Scaffolds Based on β-Chitin and Collagen I for Wound Dressing Applications
by Marianna Barbalinardo, Giuseppe Falini and Devis Montroni
Polymers 2025, 17(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17020140 - 8 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1227
Abstract
The development of greener substitutes for plastics is gaining massive importance in today’s society. This also involves the medical field, where disposable materials are used to grant sterility. Here, a novel protocol using only a water-based solvent for the preparation of bio-based composite [...] Read more.
The development of greener substitutes for plastics is gaining massive importance in today’s society. This also involves the medical field, where disposable materials are used to grant sterility. Here, a novel protocol using only a water-based solvent for the preparation of bio-based composite foams of actual β-chitin and collagen type I is presented. The influence of the ratio of this chitin polymorph to the collagen on the final material is then studied. The samples with 50:50 and 75:25 ratios produce promising results, such as remarkable water absorption (up to 7000 wt.%), exposed surface (up to 7 m2·g−1), and total pore volume (over 80 vol.%). The materials are also tested using wet mechanical compression, exhibiting a Young’s modulus and tenacity (both calculated between 2% and 25% of deformation) of up to 20 Pa and 9 kPa, respectively. Fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and osteoblasts are grown on these scaffolds. The viability of fibroblasts and keratinocytes is observed for 72 h, whereas the viability of osteoblasts is observed for up to 21 days. Under the two conditions mentioned, cell activity and adhesion work even better than under its counterpart condition of pure collagen. In conclusion, these materials are promising candidates for sustainable regenerative medicine scaffolds or, specifically, as biodegradable wound dressings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymer Composites for Biomedicine Applications)
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19 pages, 2565 KiB  
Article
Fine-Tuning the Physicochemical Properties of Poly(lactic Acid) Nanoparticles for the Controlled Release of the BET Inhibitor JQ1: Influence of PVA Concentration
by Nedjla Kedjar, Eleonora Iannuzzi, Martin Kreuzer, Carlos Alonso-Moreno and Carmen Moya-Lopez
Polymers 2025, 17(1), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17010123 - 6 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1054
Abstract
The compounds targeting the bromo and extra terminal domain proteins (BET), such as the JQ1, present potent anti-cancer activity in preclinical models, however, the application of JQ1 at the clinical level is limited by its short half-life, rapid clearance, and non-selective inhibition of [...] Read more.
The compounds targeting the bromo and extra terminal domain proteins (BET), such as the JQ1, present potent anti-cancer activity in preclinical models, however, the application of JQ1 at the clinical level is limited by its short half-life, rapid clearance, and non-selective inhibition of BET family proteins, leading to off-target effects and resistance. To address these challenges, the optimization of JQ1 delivery has been accomplished through polylactide (PLA) nanoparticles. PLA derivatives with varying molecular weights were synthesized via ring-opening polymerization using a zinc-based initiator and characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared spectroscopy. PLA nanoparticles (NPs) were subsequently formulated, and the effects of key parameters—including PLA molecular weight, organic phase concentration, and surfactant concentration—on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and encapsulation efficiency were systematically investigated. PLA molecular weight and organic phase concentration mainly influenced the NPs size whilst the thermodynamic state of the NPs was unaffected by these two parameters. The surfactant concentration is correlated to the encapsulation efficacy of JQ1 as well as the release profile, suggesting the potential tool that the variation of these parameters represent for customizing the release of JQ1 according to specific needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Polymeric Nanomaterials for Energy, Biomedical and Environmental Applications)
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17 pages, 8938 KiB  
Article
Designing Microparticles of Luteolin and Naringenin in Different Carriers via Supercritical Antisolvent Process
by Stefania Mottola and Iolanda De Marco
Polymers 2024, 16(24), 3600; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16243600 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 680
Abstract
Antioxidants are contained in fruits and vegetables and are commonly obtained through food. However, it is frequently necessary to supplement the diet with substances that are often poorly soluble in water and sensitive to light and oxygen. For this reason, in this work, [...] Read more.
Antioxidants are contained in fruits and vegetables and are commonly obtained through food. However, it is frequently necessary to supplement the diet with substances that are often poorly soluble in water and sensitive to light and oxygen. For this reason, in this work, luteolin (LUT) and naringenin (NAR), two compounds with antioxidant activity and potential health benefits, were precipitated through the supercritical antisolvent technique using polyvinylpyrrolidone and β-cyclodextrin as the carriers. The precipitation occurred from dimethylsulfoxide using supercritical carbon dioxide as the antisolvent. The influence of pressure (9–12 MPa), active substance/carrier concentration in the solution (20–200 mg/mL), and their ratio (1/1 and 1/2 mol/mol) on morphology, particle mean size, and distribution were investigated. Under the optimized operating conditions, spherical microparticles with a mean diameter equal to 2.7 ± 0.9 μm (for LUT) and 5.5 ± 1.9 μm (for NAR) were obtained. The active ingredients were protected from the external environment by the presence of the carrier, and the dissolution rate was notably increased by processing them with β-cyclodextrin. It was sixty times faster and three times faster than that of the antioxidant alone for LUT and NAR, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
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16 pages, 5814 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Hot-Drawing Process on the Pore Parameters, Gas Absorption and Mechanical Performances of Activated Carbon-Loaded Porous Poly(m-Phenylene Isophthalamide) Composite Fibres
by Xiaosong Li, Bo Li, Qibin Xu, Lingcheng Meng, Deyang Wu, Pengqing Liu, Fabien Salaün and Shengchang Zhang
Polymers 2024, 16(24), 3452; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16243452 - 10 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1058
Abstract
Poor breathability, inadequate flexibility, bulky wearability, and insufficient gas-adsorption capacity always limit the developments and applications of conventional chemical protective clothing (CPC). To create a lightweight, breathable, and flexible fabric with a high gas-absorption capacity, activated carbon (AC)-loaded poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) porous composite [...] Read more.
Poor breathability, inadequate flexibility, bulky wearability, and insufficient gas-adsorption capacity always limit the developments and applications of conventional chemical protective clothing (CPC). To create a lightweight, breathable, and flexible fabric with a high gas-absorption capacity, activated carbon (AC)-loaded poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) porous composite fibres were fabricated from a mixed wet-spinning process integrated with a solvent-free phase separation process. By manipulating the pore parameters of as-spun composite fibres, the exposure-immobilization of AC particles on the fibre surface can offer a higher gas-absorption capacity and better AC-loading stability. To improve the mechanical properties of AC-loaded porous as-spun fibres and further optimize the pore-locking structures, the impact of the hot-drawing process on the evolution of pore parameters and the corresponding properties (including the gas absorption capacity, the mechanical performance, and the stability of AC particles during loading) was clarified. After the hot-drawing process, the inhomogeneous pore morphologies composed of mesopores/micropores from as-spun fibres changed into homogeneous and decreased mesopores. With the decrease in structural defects in homogeneous morphologies, the tensile strength of AC-loaded PMIA porous-drawn fibres increased to 1.5 cN/dtex. Meanwhile, the greater total pore volume and specific surface area after hot drawing also maintained the gas-absorption capacity of drawn composite fibres at 98.53 mg/g. Furthermore, the AC-loaded PMIA porous composite fibres also showed comparable performance to the commercial FFF02 absorption layer in terms of static absorption behaviour for different gas molecules and absorption–desorption multi-cycling evaluations. In addition, due to the size reduction in mesopores after the hot-drawing process, the loading stability of AC particles in the stretched composite fibres was more substantial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technical Textile Science and Technology)
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42 pages, 49473 KiB  
Review
Electrospun Micro/Nanofiber-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: A Review
by Xiuhong Li, Youqi He, Kai Li, Shuailong Zhang, Xinyu Hu, Yi Li, Daode Zhang and Yong Liu
Polymers 2024, 16(22), 3155; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223155 - 13 Nov 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1971
Abstract
Hydrogen is regarded as an ideal energy carrier to cope with the energy crisis and environmental problems due to its high energy density, cleanliness, and renewability. Although there are several primary methods of industrial hydrogen production, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is an efficient, [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is regarded as an ideal energy carrier to cope with the energy crisis and environmental problems due to its high energy density, cleanliness, and renewability. Although there are several primary methods of industrial hydrogen production, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is an efficient, eco-friendly, and sustainably green method for the preparation of hydrogen which has attracted considerable attention. However, this technique is characterized by slow reaction kinetics and high energy potential owing to lack of electrocatalysts with cost-effective and high performance which impedes its scale-up. To address this issue, various studies have focused on electrospun micro/nanofiber-based electrocatalysts for HER due to their excellent electron and mass transport, high specific surface area, as well as high porosity and flexibility. To further advance their development, recent progress of highly efficient HER electrospun electrocatalysts is reviewed. Initially, the characteristics of potential high-performance electrocatalysts for HER are elucidated. Subsequently, the advantages of utilizing electrospinning technology for the preparation of electrocatalysts are summarized. Then, the classification of electrospun micro/nanofiber-based electrocatalysts for HER are analyzed, including metal-based electrospun electrocatalyst (noble metals and alloys, transition metals, and alloys), metal–non-metal electrocatalysts (metal sulfide-based electrocatalysts, metal oxide-based electrocatalysts, metal phosphide-based electrocatalysts, metal nitride-based electrocatalysts, and metal carbide-based electrocatalysts), metal-free electrospun micro/nanofiber-based electrocatalysts, and hybrid electrospun micro/nanofiber-based electrocatalysts. Following this, enhancement strategies for electrospun micro/nanofiber-based electrocatalysts are discussed. Finally, current challenges and the future research directions of electrospun micro/nanofiber-based electrocatalysts for HER are concluded. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Electrolyte: Recent Progress and Applications (2nd Edition))
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16 pages, 11639 KiB  
Article
Tribological and Hygroscopic Behavior of Polybutylene Terephthalate/Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (PBT/ASA) Nanocomposites with Graphene Nanofiller
by Pyoung-Chan Lee, Seo-Hwa Hong, Ji Taek Oh, Donghyeok Shin, Jae-Uk Jung, Youn Ki Ko, Jin Uk Ha, Myeong-Gi Kim and Beom-Gon Cho
Polymers 2024, 16(22), 3149; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223149 - 12 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1293
Abstract
Fogging in automotive headlamps is a significant issue that affects both aesthetics and functionality. This study investigates the use of graphene-based nanocomposites to mitigate fogging by enhancing the hygroscopic properties of polybutylene terephthalate/acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (PBT/ASA) composites commonly used in headlamps. The incorporation [...] Read more.
Fogging in automotive headlamps is a significant issue that affects both aesthetics and functionality. This study investigates the use of graphene-based nanocomposites to mitigate fogging by enhancing the hygroscopic properties of polybutylene terephthalate/acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (PBT/ASA) composites commonly used in headlamps. The incorporation of functionalized graphene improved the tensile and flexural strength of the nanocomposites, though it led to a reduction in elongation and melt flow. Additionally, the solid lubrication properties and increased surface hardness of the graphene contributed to enhanced wear resistance. The presence of graphene in the nanocomposites also reduced moisture diffusion, lowering the rates of both hygroscopic and desorption when compared to commercial PBT/ASA composites. Furthermore, the nanocomposites exhibited a reduction in maximum moisture uptake. These improvements are expected to reduce the absolute humidity inside the headlamp, thereby effectively mitigating the fogging issue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Polymer Nanocomposites)
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35 pages, 1165 KiB  
Review
Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Furniture Applications
by Mariana Ichim, Emil Ioan Muresan and Elena Codau
Polymers 2024, 16(22), 3113; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223113 - 6 Nov 2024
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6404
Abstract
Increasing environmental awareness has driven a shift in furniture production from traditional materials, such as wood and wood-based panels, to sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives, such as natural-fiber-reinforced (NFR) composites. Environmental consciousness has become a key factor in both production and consumer choices, [...] Read more.
Increasing environmental awareness has driven a shift in furniture production from traditional materials, such as wood and wood-based panels, to sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives, such as natural-fiber-reinforced (NFR) composites. Environmental consciousness has become a key factor in both production and consumer choices, with growing demand for sustainably sourced materials, eco-friendly manufacturing processes, and durable furniture that helps reduce the impact of disposable products on the environment. This paper analyzes various requirements for natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites used in furniture applications, including performance, structural–functional, ecological, economical, and safety requirements. It discusses factors influencing the performance of composite materials, such as the selection of matrix and reinforcing fibers, the matrix-to-reinforcement ratio, and the choice of manufacturing technology, as well as the compatibility and bonding between the matrix and fibers. Additionally, several standards commonly used to determine the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of these materials are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material-Process-Structure Integrated Design for Advanced Polymeric Composites)
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33 pages, 7096 KiB  
Review
Processing and Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoate/ZnO Nanocomposites: A Review of Their Potential as Sustainable Packaging Materials
by Mieke Buntinx, Chris Vanheusden and Dries Hermans
Polymers 2024, 16(21), 3061; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16213061 - 30 Oct 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2639
Abstract
The escalating environmental concerns associated with conventional plastic packaging have accelerated the development of sustainable alternatives, making food packaging a focus area for innovation. Bioplastics, particularly polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), have emerged as potential candidates due to their biobased origin, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. PHAs stand [...] Read more.
The escalating environmental concerns associated with conventional plastic packaging have accelerated the development of sustainable alternatives, making food packaging a focus area for innovation. Bioplastics, particularly polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), have emerged as potential candidates due to their biobased origin, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. PHAs stand out for their good mechanical and medium gas permeability properties, making them promising materials for food packaging applications. In parallel, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) have gained attention for their antimicrobial properties and ability to enhance the mechanical and barrier properties of (bio)polymers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to the research on PHA/ZnO nanocomposites. It starts with the importance and current challenges of food packaging, followed by a discussion on the opportunities of bioplastics and PHAs. Next, the synthesis, properties, and application areas of ZnO NPs are discussed to introduce their potential use in (bio)plastic food packaging. Early research on PHA/ZnO nanocomposites has focused on solvent-assisted production methods, whereas novel technologies can offer additional possibilities with regard to industrial upscaling, safer or cheaper processing, or more specific incorporation of ZnO NPs in the matrix or on the surface of PHA films or fibers. Here, the use of solvent casting, melt processing, electrospinning, centrifugal fiber spinning, miniemulsion encapsulation, and ultrasonic spray coating to produce PHA/ZnO nanocomposites is explained. Finally, an overview is given of the reported effects of ZnO NP incorporation on thermal, mechanical, gas barrier, UV barrier, and antimicrobial properties in ZnO nanocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate). We conclude that the functionality of PHA materials can be improved by optimizing the ZnO incorporation process and the complex interplay between intrinsic ZnO NP properties, dispersion quality, matrix–filler interactions, and crystallinity. Further research regarding the antimicrobial efficiency and potential migration of ZnO NPs in food (simulants) and the End-of-Life will determine the market potential of PHA/ZnO nanocomposites as active packaging material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing, Characterization and Modeling of Polymer Nanocomposites)
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36 pages, 13579 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Possibilities of Using Recovered Collagen for Contaminants Removal—A Sustainable Approach for Wastewater Treatment
by Annette Madelene Dancila and Magdalena Bosomoiu
Polymers 2024, 16(20), 2923; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16202923 - 18 Oct 2024
Viewed by 2656
Abstract
Collagen is a non-toxic polymer that is generated as a residual product by several industries (e.g., leather manufacturing, meat and fish processing). It has been reported to be resistant to bacteria and have excellent retention capacity. However, the recovered collagen does not meet [...] Read more.
Collagen is a non-toxic polymer that is generated as a residual product by several industries (e.g., leather manufacturing, meat and fish processing). It has been reported to be resistant to bacteria and have excellent retention capacity. However, the recovered collagen does not meet the requirements to be used for pharmaceutical and medical purposes. Due to the scarcity of water resources now affecting all continents, water pollution is a major concern. Another major field that could integrate the collagen generated as a by-product is wastewater treatment. Applications of collagen-based materials in wastewater treatment have been discussed in detail, and comparisons with already frequently used materials have been made. Over the last years, collagen-based materials have been tested for removal of both organic (e.g., pharmaceutical substances, dyes) and inorganic compounds (e.g., heavy metals, noble metals, uranium). They have also been tested for the manufacture of oil-water separation materials; therefore, they could be used for the separation of emulsified oily wastewater. Because they have been analysed for a wide range of substances, collagen-based materials could be good candidates for removing contaminants from wastewater streams that have seasonal variations in composition and concentration. The use of recovered collagen in wastewater treatment makes the method eco-friendly and cost efficient. This paper also discusses some of the challenges related to wastewater treatment: material stability, reuse and disposal. The results showed that collagen-based materials are renewable and reusable without significant loss of initial properties. In the sorption processes, the incorporation of experiments with real wastewater has demonstrated that there is a significant competition among the substances present in the sample. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymers for Wastewater Treatment and Toxicant Removal)
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15 pages, 1166 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Starch-Based Films from Cereals and Tubers: A Comparative Study on Cherry Tomato Preservation
by Kelly J. Figueroa-Lopez, Ángel Villabona-Ortíz and Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
Polymers 2024, 16(20), 2913; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16202913 - 16 Oct 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2323
Abstract
Biodegradable films are sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics, particularly in food preservation, where the barrier and mechanical properties are crucial for maintaining the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory qualities of the product. This study evaluated films made from starches of corn, potato, cassava, yam, [...] Read more.
Biodegradable films are sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics, particularly in food preservation, where the barrier and mechanical properties are crucial for maintaining the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory qualities of the product. This study evaluated films made from starches of corn, potato, cassava, yam, and wheat to determine their effectiveness in preserving cherry tomatoes. Amylose content, a key factor influencing the crystallinity and properties of the films, varied among the sources, with wheat starch having the highest (28.2%) and cassava the lowest (18.3%). The wheat starch film emerged as the best formulation, exhibiting the highest tensile strength and the lowest water vapor permeability (4.1 ± 0.3 g∙mm∙m−2∙h−1∙KPa−1), contributing to superior barrier performance. When applied to cherry tomatoes, the films based on wheat and corn starch showed the least moisture loss over fifteen days, highlighting their potential in fresh food preservation. These results suggest that starch-based films, specifically those rich in amylose, have significant potential as biodegradable packaging materials for food product conservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
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45 pages, 18357 KiB  
Review
Advances in the Application of Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) (SPEEK) and Its Organic Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
by Xiang Li, Tengling Ye, Xuan Meng, Dongqing He, Lu Li, Kai Song, Jinhai Jiang and Chuanyu Sun
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2840; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192840 - 8 Oct 2024
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6414
Abstract
This review discusses the progress of research on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and its composite membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). SPEEK is a promising material for replacing traditional perfluorosulfonic acid membranes due to its excellent thermal stability, mechanical property, [...] Read more.
This review discusses the progress of research on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and its composite membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). SPEEK is a promising material for replacing traditional perfluorosulfonic acid membranes due to its excellent thermal stability, mechanical property, and tunable proton conductivity. By adjusting the degree of sulfonation (DS) of SPEEK, the hydrophilicity and proton conductivity of the membrane can be controlled, while also balancing its mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability. Researchers have developed various composite membranes by combining SPEEK with a range of organic and inorganic materials, such as polybenzimidazole (PBI), fluoropolymers, and silica, to enhance the mechanical, chemical, and thermal stability of the membranes, while reducing fuel permeability and improving the overall performance of the fuel cell. Despite the significant potential of SPEEK and its composite membranes in PEMFCs, there are still challenges and room for improvement, including proton conductivity, chemical stability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Technology and Applications)
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15 pages, 8620 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Low-Cost Porous Carbon Polypropylene Composite Sheets with High Photothermal Conversion Performance for Solar Steam Generation
by Shuqing Xu, Shiyun Wu, Bin Xu, Jiang Ma, Jianjun Du and Jianguo Lei
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2813; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192813 - 4 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1534
Abstract
The development of absorber materials with strong light absorption properties and low-cost fabrication processes is highly significant for the application of photothermal conversion technology. In this work, a mixed powder consisting of NaCl, polypropylene (PP), and scale-like carbon flakes was ultrasonically pressed into [...] Read more.
The development of absorber materials with strong light absorption properties and low-cost fabrication processes is highly significant for the application of photothermal conversion technology. In this work, a mixed powder consisting of NaCl, polypropylene (PP), and scale-like carbon flakes was ultrasonically pressed into sheets, and the NaCl was then removed by salt dissolution to obtain porous carbon polypropylene composite sheets (P-CPCS). This process is simple, green, and suitable for the low-cost, large-area fabrication of P-CPCS. P-CPCS has a well-distributed porous structure containing internal and external connected water paths. Under the dual effects of the carbon flakes and porous structure, P-CPCS shows excellent photothermal conversion performance in a broad wavelength range. P-CPCS-40 achieves a high temperature of 128 °C and a rapid heating rate of 12.4 °C/s under laser irradiation (808 nm wavelength, 1.2 W/cm2 power). When utilized for solar steam generation under 1 sun irradiation, P-CPCS-40 achieves 98.2% evaporation efficiency and a 1.81 kg m−2 h−1 evaporation rate. This performance means that P-CPCS-40 outperforms most other previously reported absorbers in terms of evaporation efficiency. The combination of carbon flakes, which provide a photothermal effect, and a porous polymer structure, which provides light-capturing properties, opens up a new strategy for desalination, sewage treatment, and other related fields. Full article
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19 pages, 2379 KiB  
Article
Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterisation of Interpenetrating Hydrogel Networks (IHNs) Based on Polymethacrylates and Pluronics, and Their Physicochemical Stability under Aqueous Conditions
by David S. Jones, Marion Westwood, Shu Li and Gavin P. Andrews
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192796 - 1 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1160
Abstract
This study describes the physicochemical characterisation of interpenetrating hydrogel networks (IHNs) composed of either poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate, p(HEMA)) or poly(methacrylic acid, p(MAA)), and Pluronic block copolymers (grades F127, P123 and L121). IHNs were prepared by mixing the acrylate monomer with Pluronic block copolymers followed by [...] Read more.
This study describes the physicochemical characterisation of interpenetrating hydrogel networks (IHNs) composed of either poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate, p(HEMA)) or poly(methacrylic acid, p(MAA)), and Pluronic block copolymers (grades F127, P123 and L121). IHNs were prepared by mixing the acrylate monomer with Pluronic block copolymers followed by free radical polymerisation. p(HEMA)–Pluronic blends were immiscible, evident from a lack of interaction between the two components (Raman spectroscopy) and the presence of the glass transitions (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) of the two components. Conversely, IHNs of p(MAA) and each Pluronic were miscible, displaying a single glass transition and secondary bonding between the carbonyl group of p(MAA) and the ether groups in the Pluronic block copolymers (Raman and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy). The effect of storage of the IHNs in Tris buffer on the physical state of each Pluronic and on the loss of Pluronic from the IHNs were studied using DSC and gravimetric analysis, respectively. Pluronic loss from the IHNs was dependent on the grade of Pluronic, time of immersion in Tris buffer, and the nature of the IHN (p(HEMA) or p(MAA)). At equilibrium, the loss was greater from p(HEMA) than from p(MAA) IHNs, whereas increasing ratio of poly(propylene oxide) to poly(ethylene oxide) decreased Pluronic loss. The retention of each Pluronic grade was shown to be primarily due to its micellization; however, hydrogen bonding between Pluronic and p(MAA) (but not p(HEMA)) IHNs contributed to their retention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of Block Copolymers II)
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26 pages, 2290 KiB  
Article
Study of the Effect of Phosvitin as a Potential Carrier on the Permeation Process of Somatotropin (STH) and Corticotropin (ACTH) from Biodegradable Polymers Used as Vehicles for STH and ACTH in Semi-Solid Formulations for Skin Application
by Wioletta Siemiradzka, Karolina Kędzierska, Wojciech Rynk and Barbara Dolińska
Polymers 2024, 16(18), 2640; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182640 - 18 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1314
Abstract
Phosvitin shows chelating abilities, an affinity for ACTH (corticotropin), growth factors, antioxidant properties, and acidic nature. An attempt was made to use this protein in hydrogels as a transporter of other protein substances: somatotropin (STH) and (ACTH). The aim of the study was [...] Read more.
Phosvitin shows chelating abilities, an affinity for ACTH (corticotropin), growth factors, antioxidant properties, and acidic nature. An attempt was made to use this protein in hydrogels as a transporter of other protein substances: somatotropin (STH) and (ACTH). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of phosvitin on the permeation of ACTH and STH from semi-solid forms of the drug applied to the skin. Four hydrogel substrates were prepared using natural polymers: sodium alginate, methylcellulose, and starch. Based on the evaluation of physicochemical parameters, the hydrogel with the most favorable properties was selected and loaded with the active substances STH and ACTH, followed by the addition of phosvitin. A study of the permeation of STH and ACTH through the artificial cellulose membrane and through porcine skin was carried out without and with the addition of phosvitin. The effect of protein substances on rheological and textural parameters was studied. The evaluation of physicochemical parameters showed a favorable effect of STH and Phosvitin on the stability of the hydrogel with 4% methylcellulose and no effect of ACTH. All prepared formulations showed a reaction close to the natural pH of human skin. In the porcine skin permeation study, the addition of Phosvitin to the hydrogel with STH caused a slight increase in the amount of STH permeated and an increase in the time for STH to permeate porcine skin by 30 min. Phosvitin caused an increase in the amount of ACTH permeated through porcine skin almost twofold. Phosvitin may prove to be a promising permeation promoter for model protein-peptide substances when applied to the skin surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable and Natural Polymers, 2nd Edition)
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20 pages, 8870 KiB  
Article
Oil Sorption Properties of Centrifugally Spun Polyisobutylene-Based Thermoplastic Elastomer Microfibers
by József Kántor, Gusztáv Fekete and Attila Levente Gergely
Polymers 2024, 16(18), 2624; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182624 - 17 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1260
Abstract
Fiber-based sorbent materials are an essential part of containing oil spills, thus preventing ecological damage. Poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) thermoplastic elastomer fibers were successfully produced by centrifugal spinning. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the fibers were bead free and smooth-surfaced, with an [...] Read more.
Fiber-based sorbent materials are an essential part of containing oil spills, thus preventing ecological damage. Poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) thermoplastic elastomer fibers were successfully produced by centrifugal spinning. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the fibers were bead free and smooth-surfaced, with an average fiber diameter of 5.9 ± 2.3 μm. Contact angle measurements proved the highly hydrophobic (water contact angle of 126.8 ± 6.4°) and highly oleophilic nature of the fiber mat. The sorption and retention capacities of the fiber mat were tested for various oils and benchmarked against polypropylene as the industry standard and polystyrene, which is widely used in the literature. The oil uptake of the fiber mat showed a strong correlation with the viscosity of the oil, resulting in sorption capacities of 10.1 ± 0.8 g/g for sunflower oil, 19.9 ± 2.1 g/g for motor oil, and 23.8 ± 1.8 g/g for gear oil. Oil–water separation tests were also conducted, resulting in ~100% oil removal. The thermoplastic elastomer fiber mat outperformed the industry standard; however, the polystyrene fiber mat demonstrated the best oil sorption performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Spinning Technologies and Functional Polymer Fiber Development)
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