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Natural Degradation of Polymers

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2026 | Viewed by 1068

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Guest Editor
Legambiente, Scientific Committee, Via Salaria 403, 00199 Rome, Italy
Interests: environment and sustainable development; waste treatment; polymers; environmental monitoring; ecology; ornithology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Synthetic polymers degrade very slowly in the natural conditions and the main question posed is always regarding how long the integrity of these materials can be maintained, especially when referring to polymeric materials used for building structures, transportation, or medicine. In addition, following the polymer degradation, the production of micro- and nano-plastics should also be considered. Natural degradation of polymers refers to the exposure of polymers to natural outdoor conditions where direct or indirect sunlight, heat, oxygen, moisture, mechanical, or other factors contribute to the degradation of material properties. By simulating natural weathering, all the parameters can be controlled by researchers; however, they cannot set the environmental conditions that change naturally as seasons pass. For instance, packaging is one of the main uses of single-use plastics, i.e., the ones that generate most of the plastic pollution due to the huge production and its short life use. Therefore, we ask—are biopolymers the solution? Certainly, we can say that Homo sapiens represents both the problem and the solution. Raising awareness about the environmental and human health impacts of plastics seems to be the only strategy required to reduce microplastic pollution. This is one more reason to increase knowledge of the mechanisms and dynamics associated with the degradation of polymeric materials in the environment, and to gain deeper understanding of the environmental effects created by the spread of plastic . Moreover, collecting data regarding health effects and  naturally aged polymeric materials into databases that are available to various stakeholders could also be helpful.

This Special Issue responds to the ongoing discussion in the field of plastics regarding “emerging pollutants” and, particularly, the consequence of their degradation in the environment. We welcome interdisciplinary contributions regarding experimental procedures, theoretical suggestions, the circulation and effect of degradation products on the ecosystem, and data collection systems. We thank all the contributors for submitting their work to this upcoming Special Issue of Plastics

Dr. Loris Pietrelli
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Degradation mechanisms
  • plastic degradation
  • biobased and biodegradable polymers
  • marine and freshwaters ecosystems
  • soil ecosystems
  • Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
  • environmental impact

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 4903 KB  
Article
Biodegradation in Freshwater: Comparison Between Compostable Plastics and Their Biopolymer Matrices
by Valerio Bocci, Martina De Vivo, Sara Alfano, Simona Rossetti, Francesca Di Pippo, Loris Pietrelli and Andrea Martinelli
Polymers 2025, 17(16), 2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17162236 - 17 Aug 2025
Viewed by 550
Abstract
Plastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems is an increasing environmental concern, prompting the search for biodegradable polymer (BP) alternatives. However, their degradation in natural aquatic environments remains poorly investigated and understood. This four-month in situ study compared the degradation in a lentic freshwater ecosystem [...] Read more.
Plastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems is an increasing environmental concern, prompting the search for biodegradable polymer (BP) alternatives. However, their degradation in natural aquatic environments remains poorly investigated and understood. This four-month in situ study compared the degradation in a lentic freshwater ecosystem of two compostable items, Mater-Bi® shopping bag and disposable dish, with their respective pure polymer matrices, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and polylactic acid (PLA). Additionally, biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and oil-based polypropylene (PP) were also tested. Changes in morphology, chemical composition and thermal and mechanical properties, as well as microbial colonization, were analyzed over time. A validated cleaning protocol was employed to ensure accurate surface analysis. Results showed detectable but limited degradation of pure polymers and their matrices in commercial products after 120 days of immersion with variations observed among polymer materials. Compostable materials exhibited significant leaching of fillers (starch, inorganic particles), leading to morphological changes and fragmentation. PHBV showed the fastest degradation among tested polyesters. PP exhibited only minor surface changes. Microbial colonization varied with polymer structure and degradability, but long-term degradation was limited by polymer properties and the gradual development of the plastisphere. This study highlights that standard laboratory tests may overestimate the environmental degradability of BPs and emphasizes the importance of in situ assessments, careful cleaning procedures and property characterizations to accurately assess polymer degradation in freshwater systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Degradation of Polymers)
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15 pages, 3303 KB  
Article
Effect of Ozone on Nonwoven Polylactide/Natural Rubber Fibers
by Yulia V. Tertyshnaya, Svetlana G. Karpova and Maria V. Podzorova
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2102; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152102 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 297
Abstract
Ozone is a powerful destructive agent in the oxidative process of polymer composites. The destructive ability of ozone depends primarily on its concentration, duration of exposure, the type of polymer, and its matrix structure. In this work, nonwoven PLA/NR fibers with natural rubber [...] Read more.
Ozone is a powerful destructive agent in the oxidative process of polymer composites. The destructive ability of ozone depends primarily on its concentration, duration of exposure, the type of polymer, and its matrix structure. In this work, nonwoven PLA/NR fibers with natural rubber contents of 5, 10, and 15 wt.% were obtained, which were then subjected to ozone oxidation for 800 min. The effect of ozone treatment was estimated using various methods of physicochemical analysis. The visual effect was manifested in the form of a change in the color of PLA/NR fibers. The method of differential scanning calorimetry revealed a change in the thermophysical characteristics. The glass transition and cold crystallization temperatures of polylactide shifted toward lower temperatures, and the degree of crystallinity increased. It was found that in PLA/NR fiber samples, the degradation process predominates over the crosslinking process, as an increase in the melt flow rate by 1.5–1.6 times and a decrease in the correlation time determined by the electron paramagnetic resonance method were observed. The IR Fourier method recorded a change in the chemical structure during ozone oxidation. The intensity of the ether bond bands changed, and new bands appeared at 1640 and 1537 cm−1, which corresponded to the formation of –C=C– bonds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Degradation of Polymers)
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