Nutrients

23 pages, 1752 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Comparing the Effects of Dairy and Soybean on Bone Health in Women: A Food- and Component-Level Network Meta-Analysis

by Li You, Langrun Wang, Shiwen Zhou, Yiran Guan, Yan Liu, Ruixin Zhu, Huiyu Chen, Jie Guo, Keji Li, Xingyu Bao, Haotian Feng, Ignatius M. Y. Szeto, Jian He, Ran Wang and Jingjing He

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2833; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172833 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dairy and soybean are important potential dietary sources of bone health. However, their comparative effectiveness and the role of specific components remain unclear. In this network meta-analysis (NMA), we aimed to compare the effects of various dairy and soy products (food [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dairy and soybean are important potential dietary sources of bone health. However, their comparative effectiveness and the role of specific components remain unclear. In this network meta-analysis (NMA), we aimed to compare the effects of various dairy and soy products (food level) and their key bioactive components (component level) on bone health in healthy women. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (up to 28 February 2025) for randomized controlled trials. A frequentist random-effects NMA was used to compare interventions for lumbar spine (LS) and total body (TB) bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers [osteocalcin (OC), deoxypyridinoline (DPD)]. Mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals were pooled. Interventions were ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). Results: Sixty RCTs involving 6284 participants (mean age: 54.2 years) were included. At the food level, no dairy or soy interventions significantly improved outcomes versus control, although milk + yogurt ranked numerically highest based on SUCRA values. At the bioactive-component level, the combination of casein + whey protein (MD 0.04 g/cm², 95% CI 0.01–0.06) and soybean protein (MD: 0.03 g/cm², 95% CI: 0.01–0.05) significantly increased TB BMD. Whey protein alone (SUCRA 74.4% for LS BMD) and casein + whey protein (SUCRA 86.3% for TB BMD and 75.9% for DPD) were among the highest-ranked interventions for bone health. Conclusions: The combination of milk and yogurt may be relatively promising among dairy products for bone health. Whey protein appears to be a key bioactive component beneficial for women’s bone health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis)

24 pages, 602 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Diet, Oral Health, and General Development in Romanian School-Age Children

by Ana-Gabriela Seni, Andreea Sălcudean, Ramona-Amina Popovici, Dora-Mihaela Cîmpian, Teodora Olariu, Iustin Olariu, Mariana Păcurar, Andreea Mihaela Kiș, Silviu-Constantin Bădoiu, Viorel Jinga, Alexandru Blidaru, Silviu-Ionel Dumitrescu, Ramona-Camelia Anculia, Norina Forna, Liana Todor and Monica Tarcea

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2832; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172832 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of dental caries has increased among children, largely due to nutritional habits or inadequate access to dental care. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dental caries associated with various factors that lead to their appearance, such as [...] Read more.

Background: The prevalence of dental caries has increased among children, largely due to nutritional habits or inadequate access to dental care. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dental caries associated with various factors that lead to their appearance, such as food intake and body composition, among Romanian school-age children from two counties, Bistriţa Năsăud and Mureş. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1100 children aged 6–10 years from two Romanian counties. Dental caries experience was assessed using the DMFT and dmft indices based on WHO criteria. Dietary intake and oral health behaviors were evaluated through a food frequency questionnaire completed by parents. Associations between dietary variables and dental caries were assessed using independent sample t-tests and Mann–Whitney U tests. A binary logistic regression model was used to estimate the likelihood of caries in the permanent dentition (DMFT > 0), with covariates including county, parental education, daily sugar intake, consumption of dairy products, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-height ratio. Results: It was found that the children who daily consume cheese recorded a DMFT value lower than the children who did not consume (p < 0.05). Moreover, those who consume sugary foods recorded higher values of DMFT as compared with those who did not (p < 0.05). The body weight, BMI, and waist circumference are positively correlated with DMFT, but negatively with dmft (p < 0.05). The overall prevalence of caries was 79.8% in primary dentition and 63.6% in permanent dentition, with slightly higher rates observed in Bistriţa-Năsăud County compared to Mureş. It seems that the predictors of the caries’s presence among children include the mother’s education level, sugar intake frequency, and body fat ratio. Conclusions: Based on significant associations found, one can affirm that the dental caries of the Romanian school-age children is due to sugary food intake and body composition. In addition, the direct relationship between dental caries and childhood obesity showed through the correlation of BMI and dental health indices denotes that school-age children should reduce sugary foods and increase dairy products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Children's Growth and Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1303 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Ethanol Extract of Propolis and Its Anti-Inflammatory Effects in LPS-Induced BV2 Microglial Cells via the TLR4 Signaling Pathway

by Xiaolan Xu, Chunxia Li, Yuxuan Zhu, Shuangshuang Zhao, Fangjing Wu, Qian He, Lizhen Wei, Xinle Duan and Jianghong Li

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2831; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172831 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Propolis contains abundant flavonoid and phenolic compounds, whose composition and concentration vary significantly in different geographical origins, thereby affecting its bioactive properties including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. In this study, the flavonoid and phenolic content in the ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) [...] Read more.

Propolis contains abundant flavonoid and phenolic compounds, whose composition and concentration vary significantly in different geographical origins, thereby affecting its bioactive properties including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. In this study, the flavonoid and phenolic content in the ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) from Henan (HN) and Shandong (SD) provinces was quantitatively analyzed, and the results showed that concentrations of both bioactive components in HN were slightly higher than those in SD. The non-targeted metabolomics technology was further employed to analyze the components of EEP, and a total of 10683 metabolites were detected. In the comparison between the samples of HN and SD, there were a total of 1436 differential metabolites, with 553 decreased and 883 increased in the HN sample. Among them, there were 205 differential metabolites related to flavonoids and phenols, with 108 decreased and 97 increased in the HN sample. However, a greater number of carboxylic acids and derivatives, fatty derivatives and organooxygen metabolites were found at higher relative levels in the HN sample. As a result, the EEP of the HN sample was selected to investigate its inhibitory effect on inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglia cells. The results showed that LPS promoted the M1 polarization of BV2 microglia. However, treatment with EEP at concentrations of 10 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL, and 2.5 µg/mL could partially restore the cell morphology to its non-activated state. Meanwhile, LPS stimulation increased the protein levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α significantly, as well as the relative gene expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS and TLR4. After treatment with the EEP, the expression levels of these three proteins and six genes were significantly decreased. These findings revealed that EEP effectively inhibited the M1 polarization of LPS-induced BV2 cells and decreased the expression of inflammatory factors, indicating its potential as a therapeutic agent for neuroinflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional and Health Value of Natural Products From Medicinal Plants on Human Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 301 KB

Open AccessArticle

Patient and Family Perspectives on Integrated Transitional Care for Anorexia Nervosa in Mantova, Italy

by Debora Bussolotti, Giovanni Barillà, Antonia Di Genni, Martina Comini, Alberto Gallo, Mariateresa Torre, Laura Orlando, Beatrice Mastrolorenzo, Eva Corradini, Barbara Bazzoli, Francesco Bonfà, Andrea Mora, Luca Pasqualini, Elisa Mariantoni, Alessandro Cuomo, Despoina Koukouna and Paola Accorsi

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2830; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172830 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) hand-over to adult mental health service (AMHS) remains an ongoing shortfall in eating disorder (ED) treatment, typically in tandem with diagnostic drift, heightened suicide risk, and carer burn-out. We created one 14-to-25 Transition—ED track [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) hand-over to adult mental health service (AMHS) remains an ongoing shortfall in eating disorder (ED) treatment, typically in tandem with diagnostic drift, heightened suicide risk, and carer burn-out. We created one 14-to-25 Transition—ED track within our own unit, where a single multidisciplinary team continuously follows each patient and family across the CAMHS–AMHS boundary (via weekly joint paediatric and adult clinician meeting) without changing the individual psychotherapist, family therapist, or dietitian at the age 18 transition. We investigated the manner in which patients and parents perceive this model. Methods: A survey of two naturalistic parent cohorts—CAMHS (n = 16) and Transition—Adult arm (n = 15)—also joined, alongside the original group of young adults who had entered the programme during its set-up phase (n = 9). Here, the 14–25 pathway denotes one unified route of care across adolescence and young adulthood; the Transition—Adult arm is its ≥ 18-years component. All index patients had a primary DSM-5-TR diagnosis of restricting-type anorexia nervosa. Participants completed the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8; range 8–32) and four bespoke Continuity-of-Care items (1–4 Likert). Results: Overall, the caregivers in both cohorts were pleased (median CSQ-8 = 28.5 [CAMHS] vs. 27.0 [Transition]; p = 0.75). Continuity items were universally well rated across cohorts. Cohort parents reported a median of two unchanged core clinicians (i.e., the individual psychotherapist, the family therapist, or the dietitian), which was nonsignificantly positively correlated with CSQ-8 scores (ρ = 0.22). Early-group patients mirrored caregiver impressions (mean CSQ-8 = 27.0 ± 3.9). Conclusions: It is feasible and highly acceptable to both caregivers and anorexia nervosa young adults to have the same key staff and family-centred sessions over the 14-to-25 age span. Constrained by single-site study and small sample size, these preliminary data provide a rationale for wider implementation and controlled follow-up studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Eating Disorders and Obesity on Quality of Life and Mental Health)

22 pages, 3227 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Tart Cherry and Fructooligosaccharides Promote Bone Health via the Gut Microbiota and Increased Bone Formation

by Pelumi Adedigba, John A. Ice, Sanmi E. Alake, Bethany Hatter, Proapa Islam, Ashlee N. Ford Versypt, Trina A. Knotts, Jerry Ritchey, Edralin A. Lucas and Brenda J. Smith

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2829; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172829 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and dried tart cherry (TC) are examples of simple and complex (i.e., within a food matrix) prebiotics that have demonstrated promising osteoprotective activity. In this study, we examined how dietary supplementation with TC or FOS shapes the gut-bone axis to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and dried tart cherry (TC) are examples of simple and complex (i.e., within a food matrix) prebiotics that have demonstrated promising osteoprotective activity. In this study, we examined how dietary supplementation with TC or FOS shapes the gut-bone axis to promote bone accrual in young adult mice, and the role of the gut microbiota in mediating these responses. Methods: Studies were performed using 10-wk-old female C57BL/6 mice (n = 10–12/group) fed a control diet or control diet supplemented with 10% TC or FOS for 10 wks alone or in combination with an antibiotic/anti-fungal cocktail to suppress the gut microbiota. The bone phenotype was characterized by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, micro-computed tomography and static and dynamic bone histomorphometry. The gut-microbiota was profiled and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were assessed based on 16S rRNA profiling and gas chromatographic techniques, respectively. Results: FOS and TC enhanced bone structure, with FOS yielding more pronounced benefits across cortical and trabecular compartments. These skeletal improvements with FOS occurred in the absence of systemic changes in bone turnover markers but were accompanied by increases in local bone formation, osteoblast and osteocyte numbers, and bone mineralization in the femur. Both diets altered gut microbiota composition and increased fecal concentrations of the most abundant SCFAs (i.e., acetate, propionate and butyrate), but the response was greater with FOS. Suppression of the gut microbiota and fecal SCFAs with the antibiotic/anti-fungal cocktail inhibited the effects of FOS and TC on cortical bone, but induced unexpected improvements in the trabecular bone. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate differential effects of simple and complex prebiotics on the gut-bone axis in young adult female mice and support a role for SCFA in the cortical bone response, but not in the trabecular bone response with this model of gut microbiota suppression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1189 KB

Open AccessArticle

Trends and Inequalities of Co-Occurring Obesity and Elevated Blood Pressure Among Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 7–18 Years from 1985 to 2019 and Projections to 2030

by Tianyu Huang, Jiajia Dang, Jiaxin Li, Shan Cai, Yunfei Liu, Ziyue Chen, Yihang Zhang, Ruolan Yang, Peijin Hu, Jun Ma and Yi Song

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2828; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172828 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: The co-occurrence of obesity and elevated blood pressure (EBP) in childhood represents a critical but underrecognized public health concern, with potential long-term consequences for cardiometabolic health. Understanding its trends and disparities is essential for early prevention strategies. Methods: This study [...] Read more.

Background: The co-occurrence of obesity and elevated blood pressure (EBP) in childhood represents a critical but underrecognized public health concern, with potential long-term consequences for cardiometabolic health. Understanding its trends and disparities is essential for early prevention strategies. Methods: This study analyzed data from 1,692,660 Han Chinese children and adolescents aged 7–18 years collected across seven waves of the Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) from 1985 to 2019. Joinpoint regression was used to estimate temporal trends, and logistic generalized additive models were fitted to predict prevalence through 2030. Results: The prevalence of co-occurring obesity and EBP increased from 0.06% in 1985 to 2.36% in 2019 and is projected to reach 5.87% by 2030. A slowdown in the growth rate was observed approximately in 2000. Notably, rural areas experienced a faster and more recent rise, especially among girls, suggesting widening disparities. Conclusions: The growing dual burden of obesity and EBP in Chinese youth, especially in rural areas, calls for urgent and integrated interventions. Public health efforts must prioritize early prevention, with equitable policies that engage schools, families, and communities, particularly in underserved populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

18 pages, 431 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sex-Based Associations Between Education Level, EAT–Lancet Diet, and 20-Year Cardiovascular Risk: The ATTICA Study (2002–2022)

by Evangelia G. Sigala, Christos Pitsavos, Fotios Barkas, Evangelos Liberopoulos, Petros P. Sfikakis, Costas Tsioufis and Demosthenes Panagiotakos

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2827; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172827 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To investigate the associations between educational attainment and 20-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence, mortality, lifetime risk, and burden, and to explore the mediating role of healthy and sustainable dietary habits through a sex-specific lens. Methods: A total of 3042 CVD-free [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: To investigate the associations between educational attainment and 20-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence, mortality, lifetime risk, and burden, and to explore the mediating role of healthy and sustainable dietary habits through a sex-specific lens. Methods: A total of 3042 CVD-free adults from the ATTICA Study were included at the 2001/2002 baseline. Educational level was treated as both continuous and ordinal variable. Adherence to the EAT–Lancet diet pattern (EAT-LDP) was assessed at baseline. Participants were followed for 20 years, with complete data on CVD outcomes available for 1988 individuals. Generalized structural equation and nested Cox regression models were used to estimate the direct and indirect effects between education attainment and 20-year CVD incidence. Moderation analysis was also conducted by incorporating interaction terms in Cox models. Results: An inverse educational gradient in CVD risk and burden was observed, particularly among females for lifetime risk estimates. Each additional year of education was associated with higher EAT-LDP adherence (β = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.40–0.50) and increased odds of physical activity (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.01). These behaviors mediated part of the relationship between education and long-term CVD incidence. Among females, the cardioprotective role of EAT-LDP adherence was more evident at lower educational levels, suggesting potential effect modification. Conclusions: Educational disparities in long-term CVD outcomes are partly mediated by sustainable dietary habits. These findings highlight the need for gender-responsive and equity-focused strategies in cardiovascular prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Healthy and Sustainable Diets: Environmental and Nutritional Perspectives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Could 4-Week Walnut Consumption Influence Oxidative and Inflammatory Status in Middle-Aged Adults with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors? Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial

by Letiția Mateș, Ionel Fizeșan, Daniel-Corneliu Leucuța, Andreea-Elena Petru, Dana Maria Muntean, Doina Albert-Ani, Oana Andreea Alexa, Marius Emil Rusu, Lorena Filip and Daniela-Saveta Popa

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2826; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172826 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are interconnected processes with significant roles in various chronic diseases, particularly those associated with aging, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Recent evidence suggests that walnuts (from Juglans regia L.), due to their rich content of phytochemicals, have [...] Read more.

Background: Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are interconnected processes with significant roles in various chronic diseases, particularly those associated with aging, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Recent evidence suggests that walnuts (from Juglans regia L.), due to their rich content of phytochemicals, have antiaging potential by attenuating OS and chronic low-grade inflammation, known as inflammaging. Objectives: We aimed to assess the impact of daily walnut consumption for 4 weeks on biomarkers of OS and inflammation in a cohort of middle-aged individuals at risk of developing MetS. Methods: In this crossover randomized controlled trial (RCT), 22 participants (mean age: 48.81 ± 4.3 years) underwent two 28-day dietary interventions separated by a one-month washout period. One intervention period included daily consumption of 45 g of walnuts, while the other (control period) involved a normal-calorie diet without walnuts. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and interleukin (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were determined from serum before and after each intervention period. Results: Assessment of changes obtained for the selected biomarkers following the walnut and control-diet periods (final-baseline) showed slight changes, but without any statistical significance, among the 20 participants included in the analysis. Conclusions: This first RCT targeting a group of middle-aged adults at risk of developing MetS shows that short-term (4 weeks) daily walnut consumption did not significantly alter oxidative stress and inflammation parameters, thus potentially contributing to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of daily walnut consumption over a longer period (>3 months) on oxidative and inflammatory status in the middle-aged population and its potential to positively impact MetS biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Assessment for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Conditions)

12 pages, 285 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Neophobia Towards New Food Technologies in Italy: The CoNF&TTI Cross-Sectional Study

by Carmela Protano, Federica Valeriani, Patrizia Calella, Giuseppina Caggiano, Annalisa Bargellini, Aida Bianco, Lavinia Bianco, Salvatore Borzì, Anastasia Cataldo, Maria Eugenia Colucci, Laura Dallolio, Chiara de Waure, Gabriella Di Giuseppe, Pasqualina Laganà, Giuseppe La Spada, Francesca Licata, Isabella Marchesi, Alice Masini, Maria Teresa Montagna, Christian Napoli, Stefania Oliva, Giovanna Paduano, Stefania Paduano, Cesira Pasquarella, Concetta Paola Pelullo, Michela Persiani, Vincenzo Romano Spica, Rossella Sacchetti, Giacomo Scaioli, Concetta Arianna Scicchitano, Roberta Siliquini, Francesco Triggiano, Licia Veronesi, Katia Vitale and Francesca Gallè Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2825; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172825 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Food technology neophobia (FTN), defined as the reluctance to accept or consume foods produced with novel or emerging food technologies, represents a psychological barrier to the adoption of sustainable and innovative dietary practices. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of food [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Food technology neophobia (FTN), defined as the reluctance to accept or consume foods produced with novel or emerging food technologies, represents a psychological barrier to the adoption of sustainable and innovative dietary practices. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of food technology neophobia and its associated factors among Italian university students. Methods: A total of 1788 undergraduates from 13 universities completed a validated online questionnaire between February and October 2024. The instrument included the Food Technology Neophobia Scale (FTNS), environmental attitude items, and demographic and dietary questions. Results: The mean FTNS score was 51.2 ± 14.0, suggesting moderate levels of neophobia. Multivariate logistic regression identified several factors inversely associated with neophobia: male gender (OR = 0.73, p = 0.003), paternal university education (OR = 0.73, p = 0.024), studying in Northern Italy (OR = 0.64, p < 0.001), dietary supplement use (OR = 0.74, p = 0.003), and pro-environmental attitudes (OR = 0.97, p < 0.001). Conversely, being a commuter student was associated with increased neophobia (OR = 1.29, p = 0.031). Conclusions: These findings highlight the influence of socio-demographic, behavioral, and attitudinal factors on the acceptance of new food technologies. Tailored strategies are recommended to address FTN in specific subgroups, particularly among female, commuter, and Southern Italian students, to enhance receptivity to food innovation and support sustainable dietary transitions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic The Link Between Dietary Patterns and Health Outcomes)

19 pages, 277 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intuitive Eating Intervention in Physically Active Adults: Effects on Anthropometry, Athletic Performance, Eating Attitudes, and Body Image

by Meltem Pırıl Şenol, Ece Öneş, Murat Baş and Gözde Arıtıcı Çolak

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2824; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172824 - 29 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: There is growing interest in non-diet approaches to support health, well-being, and performance in different populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-week intuitive eating (IE) intervention on participants’ body composition, body image, eating behaviors, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: There is growing interest in non-diet approaches to support health, well-being, and performance in different populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-week intuitive eating (IE) intervention on participants’ body composition, body image, eating behaviors, and athletic performance. Methods: The study included both an intervention group and a control group. It was conducted between September and December 2021. Participants were recruited from a sports center in Istanbul, where they had applied for nutrition and exercise counseling. Inclusion criteria included being 18–65 years old, not having engaged in regular physical activity in the past month, having no chronic disease, and not using any regular medications. Participants were not randomly assigned to groups; allocation was based on availability and willingness to attend the intervention sessions. The study involved 57 participants who were healthy adults between 18 and 65 years old and followed a structured exercise program. At the beginning of the study, a demographic questionnaire was administered. The anthropometric measurements were taken at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. In addition, validated performance and psychometric assessment tools were used, including the Cooper test for cardiovascular endurance, the Davies test for upper-body agility, and the 1-RM bench press for muscular strength, alongside standardized self-report questionnaires for eating attitudes (EAT-26), IE (IES-2), and body image (BCS). Results: The intervention group did not show any statistically significant changes in body composition (p > 0.05). The post-intervention means of the intervention and control groups were not statistically different (p > 0.05). The intervention group showed significant improvements in cardiovascular endurance, agility, and strength performance scores compared to the control group after the intervention (p < 0.05). The intervention group showed significant improvements in body image scores (p < 0.05) and eating attitude scores (p < 0.05). The post-intervention eating attitude and body image scores of the intervention group were significantly different from those of the control group (p < 0.05). The results of the correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between intuitive eating and body image (r = 0.455; p < 0.05) and a significant negative correlation between IE and disordered eating attitudes (r = −0.449; p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that longer-term interventions may be beneficial and warrant further investigation. IE may serve as a promising strategy to enhance psychological well-being and performance outcomes without focusing on weight control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Exercise, and Health: Nutritional Supplements, Exercise Training, Skeletal Muscle Health, and Performance)

16 pages, 411 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Anti-Inflammatory Diet, Dietary Diversity, and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Pregnant Women

by Binyan Zhang, Ke Men, Chao Li, Kun Xu, Baibing Mi, Jiaxin Cai, Leilei Pei, Shunming Zhang, Yonghong Ma, Ying Li, Shaonong Dang and Hong Yan

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2823; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172823 - 29 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background：Dietary inflammatory potential and dietary diversity during pregnancy may program depression, yet these associations remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to assess an anti-inflammatory diet and dietary diversity in relation to depressive symptoms. Methods：We analyzed data from 2244 pregnant women in [...] Read more.

Background：Dietary inflammatory potential and dietary diversity during pregnancy may program depression, yet these associations remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to assess an anti-inflammatory diet and dietary diversity in relation to depressive symptoms. Methods：We analyzed data from 2244 pregnant women in the prospective longitudinal study. Depressive symptoms were defined as an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥9.5. An anti-inflammatory diet was assessed using the reverse energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (rEDII), derived from food frequency questionnaires. Dietary diversity was classified as either adequate or inadequate. Generalized estimating equations were performed. Results：Our findings demonstrated that a higher rEDII was associated with lower EPDS scores (β: −0.25; 95% CI: −0.37, −0.12) and a 13% reduction in the risk of depressive symptoms (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.93). Adequate dietary diversity was linked to a 22% lower risk of depressive symptoms (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.95). A significant interaction was observed between rEDII and dietary diversity in relation to depressive symptoms. Among women with inadequate dietary diversity, a higher rEDII was associated with a 15% reduction in depressive symptom risk (RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.90). Conclusions：An anti-inflammatory diet was associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms; this association was greater among women with inadequate dietary diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Importance of Nutrition in Fertility and Pregnancy)

11 pages, 298 KB

Open AccessArticle

Speed Eating Is Associated with Poor Mental Health Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Yuko Fujita and Tomohiro Takeshima

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2822; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172822 - 29 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to determine whether mental health status contributes to speed eating in adolescents and young adults. Methods: This study enrolled 106 subjects (53 males and 53 females), ranging in age from 12 to 24 years. After a self-administered lifestyle questionnaire [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to determine whether mental health status contributes to speed eating in adolescents and young adults. Methods: This study enrolled 106 subjects (53 males and 53 females), ranging in age from 12 to 24 years. After a self-administered lifestyle questionnaire and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) were administered, a swallowing threshold test was performed. The swallowing threshold was determined based on the concentration of dissolved glucose obtained from the gummy jellies. Low swallowing threshold was characterized by glucose levels falling within the bottom 20th percentile. GHQ-12 was categorized into poor (score 4–12) and normal (score 0–3). Following the univariate analysis, a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the factors linked to a low swallowing threshold. Results: Binomial logistic regression analysis revealed that the factors associated with a low swallowing threshold included poor mental health (odds ratio [OR] = 8.47, p = 0.007, confidence interval [CI] = 2.437–32.934) and no physical activity (OR = 5.604, p = 0.008, CI = 1.562–22.675). Conclusions: Speed eating is closely associated with risk behaviors for poor mental health in adolescents and young adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet Effects on Oral Cavity and Systemic Health)

17 pages, 855 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ozone Nanobubble Water as a Sustainable Strategy to Enhance Metabolism, Muscle Function, and Exercise Performance in Mice

by Cheng-Jeng Tsai, Peng-Cheng Hsu, Meng-l Kuo and Yi-Ming Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2821; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172821 - 29 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Nanobubble water (NBW) is being studied increasingly for its potential benefits in sports nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate whether supplementation with ozone-enriched NBW (O₃-NBW) could improve integrated exercise capacity—encompassing endurance performance, muscle strength, and postexercise recovery as well [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Nanobubble water (NBW) is being studied increasingly for its potential benefits in sports nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate whether supplementation with ozone-enriched NBW (O₃-NBW) could improve integrated exercise capacity—encompassing endurance performance, muscle strength, and postexercise recovery as well as body composition and metabolic adaptations in mice. Methods: Male ICR mice (n = 24) were allocated into Control, Air-NBW, or O₃-NBW (0.2–1 mg/L ozone) groups for 4 weeks. Results: O₃-NBW treatment considerably enhanced forelimb grip strength and treadmill running endurance compared to the Control group (both p < 0.05). Analyses of body composition revealed a higher proportion of lean mass and muscle glycogen storage in NBW groups, notably with O₃-NBW. Serum markers gathered post-exercise demonstrated a reduction in ammonia and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), suggesting improved nitrogen metabolism. Levels of resting serum creatine kinase (CK) and uric acid were also lower in O₃-NBW mice, indicating potential benefits for muscle recovery. In addition, O₃-NBW treatment significantly enhanced oxygen consumption (VO₂) and reduced the respiratory quotient (RQ), signifying amplified fat oxidation, while also lowering total energy expenditure (all p < 0.05). Spontaneous wheel-running activity remained consistent across all the groups. Conclusions: Taken as a whole, these findings emphasize that O₃-NBW supplementation offers ergogenic and metabolic advantages by improving integrated exercise capacity and efficiency of gas exchange, without adverse effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Innovative Diet and Health Supplements for Athletic Performance)

12 pages, 940 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Zinc Status and Occurrence of Thyroid Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Aline Alves Soares, Yasmin Guerreiro Nagashima, Grasiela Piuvezam, Camila Xavier Alves, Kleyton Santos de Medeiros, Márcia Marília Gomes Dantas Lopes and Jose Brandao-Neto

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2820; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172820 - 29 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background and Objective: Thyroid cancer (TC) represents the most common group of endocrine tumors, and its incidence has increased over the last four decades. The imbalance of trace elements, such as zinc (Zn), has been investigated due to the thyroid’s sensitivity to [...] Read more.

Background and Objective: Thyroid cancer (TC) represents the most common group of endocrine tumors, and its incidence has increased over the last four decades. The imbalance of trace elements, such as zinc (Zn), has been investigated due to the thyroid’s sensitivity to these elements. Zn is essential for thyroid hormone action and may be involved in the pathogenesis of TC. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to contribute to the discussion on the association between low serum Zn concentrations and the occurrence of TC. Materials and Methods: The search was carried out in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, LILACS and Web of Science databases, including observational studies published until December 2024. The primary outcome was low serum Zn concentration and the occurrence of TC. Three independent reviewers selected the studies and extracted the data from the original publications. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Data analysis was performed using R software (V.4.3.1), and heterogeneity was calculated using the I² statistic, with results based on random effects models. Results: A total of 10 studies (n = 7 case–control and n = 3 cross-sectional) with sample sizes ranging from 44 to 294 individuals were included. The results indicated that serum Zn levels were not significantly lower in patients with TC compared with healthy controls (mean difference: −251.77; 95% confidence interval: −699.09, 195.54; I² = 100%, very low certainty). Conclusions: Further investigations, including rigorously designed observational studies with representative samples and improved control of potential confounding variables are indispensable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin/Mineral Intake and Dietary Quality in Relation to Cancer Risk)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 237 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of Pelemir-Enriched Bread on Postprandial Glucose and Hormonal Responses in Adults with Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Normal Weight: A Two-Phase Exploratory Study

by Ozlem Soyluk Selcukbiricik, Fulya Calikoglu, Cemile Idiz, Gulay Dura, Gokmen Sir, Onder Yuksel Eryigit, Isik Kulaksiz, Mustafa Hakan Yilmazturk, Ayse Kubat Uzum, Kubilay Karsidag and Ilhan Satman

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2819; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172819 - 29 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Pelemir (Cephalaria syriaca) is a bitter-tasting ancestral legume with a high polyphenol content and emerging potential as a functional food ingredient. This study investigated the acute metabolic effects of pelemir-enriched bread in adults. Methods: In this two-phase non-randomized trial, 60 [...] Read more.

Background: Pelemir (Cephalaria syriaca) is a bitter-tasting ancestral legume with a high polyphenol content and emerging potential as a functional food ingredient. This study investigated the acute metabolic effects of pelemir-enriched bread in adults. Methods: In this two-phase non-randomized trial, 60 participants in three groups (n = 20 per group: healthy controls [HCs], individuals with obesity [OB], and individuals with type 2 diabetes [T2D]) consumed regular or pelemir-enriched bread on two separate test days. Postprandial glucose, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1, PYY, ghrelin, leptin, triglyceride, and IL-6 were measured over 120 min. Subjective appetite ratings were evaluated using visual analog scales (VASs). The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) values were compared using Wilcoxon tests and linear mixed-effects models. Results: Pelemir-enriched bread significantly increased iAUCs for insulin (p = 0.014), C-peptide (p = 0.046), and GLP-1 (p = 0.039) compared to regular bread. There was no significant change in iAUC for glucose. Group-stratified analyses showed a higher postprandial iAUC of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide in the OB group compared to the HC group. VAS-based appetite ratings did not show significant changes in hunger, fullness, or desire to eat, but a borderline significant reduction was observed in prospective food consumption after pelemir-enriched bread (p = 0.050). Conclusions: Acute consumption of pelemir-enriched bread may modulate postprandial insulin and incretin responses. Its modest impact on subjective appetite regulation supports further investigation of pelemir as a functional food rich in polyphenols, especially in populations with metabolic dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

22 pages, 653 KB

Open AccessArticle

Energy and Nutrient Intake Gaps and Socioeconomic Determinants of Ultra-Processed and Less-Processed Foods Consumed in Ethiopia: Evidence from National Food Consumption Survey

by Kifle Habte Balcha, Stefanie Vandevijvere, Annette van Onselen, Muthulisi Siwela, Masresha Tessema, Nqobile Monate Mkolo, Tibebu Moges, Edith J. M. Feskens, Dejen Tesfaw and Inge D. Brouwer

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2818; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172818 - 29 Aug 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) is associated with poor diet quality and a risk for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study explores the energy contribution of NOVA foods and the nutrient gaps. Methods: The study sourced data from the previous Ethiopian National Food [...] Read more.

Introduction: Consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) is associated with poor diet quality and a risk for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study explores the energy contribution of NOVA foods and the nutrient gaps. Methods: The study sourced data from the previous Ethiopian National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS). It covered 8254 households, 8254 women of reproductive age (15–45 years old), and 7272 children (6–45 months old). Results: The most consumed UPF in children were biscuits, cookies, soft drinks, and semi-solid palm oil; while cow and human milk, whole wheat bread, a range of legumes, tubers, and cereal-based foods were among NOVA1. In both children and women, the largest dietary energy intake was from NOVA1 (74.6% and 79.0%), processed culinary ingredients (18.3% and 14.0%), processed foods (1.9% and 3.5%), and UPF (5.1% and 3.5%), respectively. Higher intake of energy from UPF was found in urban residences, wealthier households, and women with higher education. However, NOVA1 was more dominantly consumed in rural than in urban areas. Micronutrient and macronutrient gaps were observed compared to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI). The intake of fruits and vegetables was also considerably low compared to the WHO recommendation (≥400 g/day for adults, and ≥250 g/day for children). Conclusions: Adequate intake of micronutrients, fruits, and vegetables is essential to meet the RNI and could have reduced existing body micronutrient deficiencies, such as vitamin A, zinc, iodine, calcium, vitamin D, and selenium prevalence. Whether UPF intake in urban areas is associated with insufficient availability and access to NOVA1 foods or just due to the higher provision of UPF and gained popularity needs additional investigation. Further study is recommended to simulate the impact of increased fruits and vegetables and/or reduced intake of selected UPF, salts, and oils on NCD markers or mortality in the country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 232 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inner Dialogues and Nutritional Anxiety in Sports Tourism: Understanding Runners’ Habits in Pre-Race Food-Related Stress Abroad

by Mateusz Rozmiarek

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2817; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172817 - 29 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: For runners competing abroad in sports events, the hours before a race are marked by heightened psychological tension, where even food choices can feel crucial to success. While pre-race nutrition is often addressed in terms of physiological needs, little is known [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: For runners competing abroad in sports events, the hours before a race are marked by heightened psychological tension, where even food choices can feel crucial to success. While pre-race nutrition is often addressed in terms of physiological needs, little is known about the inner psychological processes that accompany food decisions in unfamiliar cultural and environmental contexts. This study explores the inner dialogues, anxieties, and coping mechanisms of international runners facing the question of whether and what to eat before competition. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with twelve international participants (from the United Kingdom, Germany, and Ukraine) of the Poznan Half Marathon 2025. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Participants possessed a minimum of two years’ experience competing in international events. Results: Three thematic areas were identified: (1) anticipatory anxiety and fear of making nutritional mistakes before the race, (2) internal negotiation between prior nutritional knowledge and situational trust, and (3) ritualization and individualized norms as fundamental mechanisms of psychological regulation. These themes influenced how runners experienced pre-race nutrition, shaping their emotional states, decision-making processes, and coping strategies in the context of international competition. Conclusions: Pre-race nutrition decisions are deeply embedded in emotional and cognitive landscapes shaped by stress, cultural context, and individual history. Recognizing these inner dynamics can help coaches, sports nutritionists, and event organizers better support the psychological well-being of traveling athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Habits, Nutritional Knowledge, and Nutrition Education)

16 pages, 984 KB

Open AccessArticle

Resistance Exercise Training and Greek Yogurt Consumption Modulate Markers of Systemic Inflammation in Healthy Young Males—A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

by Emily C. Fraschetti, Ali A. Abdul-Sater, Christopher G. R. Perry and Andrea R. Josse

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2816; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172816 - 29 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Chronic exercise training reduces markers of systemic inflammation; however, less is known about how to optimize this adaptation using nutrition. Dairy products, especially fermented ones, like Greek yogurt (GY), contain anti-inflammatory constituents. This secondary analysis aimed to examine the influence of post-exercise [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Chronic exercise training reduces markers of systemic inflammation; however, less is known about how to optimize this adaptation using nutrition. Dairy products, especially fermented ones, like Greek yogurt (GY), contain anti-inflammatory constituents. This secondary analysis aimed to examine the influence of post-exercise GY consumption vs. an isoenergetic carbohydrate pudding (CP; control) on markers of systemic inflammation during an exercise training intervention. Methods: Thirty healthy young males completed 12 weeks of resistance and plyometric exercise training and were randomized to consume GY (n = 15) or CP (n = 15). Rested/fasted blood samples were acquired at baseline, and weeks 1 and 12, and inflammatory biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1ra], IL-1Beta [IL-1β], IL-10, and C-reactive protein [CRP]) were measured. Linear mixed models were run on the absolute concentrations, and linear regressions were performed on the absolute change (baseline to week 12), allowing us to account for important covariates. Results: In both groups, CRP (pro) and IL-1ra (anti) increased at week 1 vs. baseline and week 12, while IL-1β (pro) decreased at week 12 vs. baseline (main time effects). We observed significant interactions for IL-6, TNF-α, and the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio, indicating that at week 12, IL-6 (pro) was lower in GY, whereas TNF-α and TNF-α/IL-10 (both pro-inflammatory) were higher in CP vs. week 1 and baseline, respectively. Additionally, within our linear regression models, higher baseline concentrations of IL-1ra (anti), IL-10 (anti) and CRP (pro) predicted greater change over the intervention. Conclusions: These results indicate that our intervention benefited circulating inflammatory markers, and GY supplementation may enhance these effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nutrient Intake on Exercise Recovery and Adaptation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 850 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Food Retail Policies Implementation in China Using the Healthy Food Environment Policy Index

by Shuyi Zhou, Na Zhang, Zhenhui Li, Wenli Zhu, Suying Chang, Ali Shirazi, Shijie Gao, Yurong Xi, Yujie Fang, Man Zhang and Guansheng Ma

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2815; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172815 - 29 Aug 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Despite the importance of food environments in shaping dietary behaviors and diet-related noncommunicable diseases, no standardized and validated method has been used to assess this policy domain in China. This study aimed to benchmark China’s food retail policies against international benchmarking [...] Read more.

Objectives: Despite the importance of food environments in shaping dietary behaviors and diet-related noncommunicable diseases, no standardized and validated method has been used to assess this policy domain in China. This study aimed to benchmark China’s food retail policies against international benchmarking to identify implementation gaps and propose evidence-based strategies for improving food environments. Methods: Using the standardized and validated Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI), we assessed four food retail indicators: restrictive zoning for fast-food outlets (RETAIL 1), healthy food accessibility (RETAIL 2), institutional support systems (RETAIL 3), and food service promotion (RETAIL 4). A multidisciplinary expert panel (n = 13) from academia, public health, and industry conducted structured assessments using a standardized scoring tool (1–5). Scores were converted to implementation percentages and categorized into four levels. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, and mean ± SD) were summarized. Results: Sixteen food retail policies were analyzed, with 62.5% (n = 10) of provincial policies focusing on fast-food zoning and healthy food access, and 37.5% (n = 6) of national policies targeting government support and healthy food promotion. Regulations comprised 55% (n = 11), mainly addressing zoning and access, while guidelines accounted for 45% (n = 9), primarily promotional. Overall, the food retail domain was rated as low level (2.3 ± 1.1, 45.8% implementation). Among the four indicators, healthy food access in outlets (2.6 ± 1.3, 52.4%) and promotion of healthy food in services (2.5 ± 1.0, 50.8%) were at medium implementation levels. In contrast, local fast-food zoning restrictions (1.7 ± 0.6, 33.8%) and government support for healthy food (2.3 ± 1.1, 46.2%) remained at low levels. Conclusions: China’s food retail policies showed inconsistent implementation levels, with strong provincial execution in accessibility and promotion but weak national coordination in zoning and support systems. To align with the WHO and China’s goals, priorities are unified national frameworks, enforceable standards, equity-focused monitoring, and strengthened multi-sector collaboration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Policies and Education for Health Promotion)

Journal Description

Nutrients

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Conference Reports

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI