Nutrients

15 pages, 2400 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Is Fasting Superior to Continuous Caloric Restriction for Weight Loss and Metabolic Outcomes in Obese Adults? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

by Víctor Siles-Guerrero, Jose M. Romero-Márquez, Rosa Natalia García-Pérez, Cristina Novo-Rodríguez, Juan Manuel Guardia-Baena, María Hayón-Ponce, Carmen Tenorio-Jiménez, Martín López-de-la-Torre-Casares and Araceli Muñoz-Garach

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3533; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203533 - 18 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 30055

Abstract

Background: fasting-based strategies (FBS) and continuous caloric restriction (CCR) are popular methods for weight loss and improving metabolic health. FBS alternates between eating and fasting periods, while CCR reduces daily calorie intake consistently. Both aim to create a calorie deficit, but it is [...] Read more.

Background: fasting-based strategies (FBS) and continuous caloric restriction (CCR) are popular methods for weight loss and improving metabolic health. FBS alternates between eating and fasting periods, while CCR reduces daily calorie intake consistently. Both aim to create a calorie deficit, but it is still uncertain as to which is more effective for short- and long-term weight and metabolic outcomes. Objectives: this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effectiveness of FBS and CCR on these parameters in obese adults. Methods: after screening 342 articles, 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 623 participants were included. Results: both interventions led to weight loss, with a reduction of 5.5 to 6.5 kg observed at the six-month mark. However, the results showed that FBS led to slightly greater short-term reductions in body weight (−0.94 kg, p = 0.004) and fat mass (−1.08 kg, p = 0.0001) compared to CCR, although these differences are not clinically significant. Both interventions had similar effects on lean mass, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and glucose metabolism. However, FBS improved insulin sensitivity, with significant reductions in fasting insulin (−7.46 pmol/L, p = 0.02) and HOMA-IR (−0.14, p = 0.02). Conclusions: despite these short-term benefits, FBS did not show superior long-term outcomes compared to CCR. Both strategies are effective for weight management, but more research is needed to explore the long-term clinical relevance of FBS in obese populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Lifestyle and Eating Habits on Obesity)

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Graphical abstract

29 pages, 1434 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Intestinal Barrier Impairment, Preservation, and Repair: An Update

by Ayah Matar, John A. Damianos, Kara J. Jencks and Michael Camilleri

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3494; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203494 - 15 Oct 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 13114

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Our objective was to review published studies of the intestinal barrier and permeability, the deleterious effects of dietary components (particularly fat), the impact of altered intestinal permeability in disease models and human diseases, the role of the microbiome and epigenomics in control [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Our objective was to review published studies of the intestinal barrier and permeability, the deleterious effects of dietary components (particularly fat), the impact of altered intestinal permeability in disease models and human diseases, the role of the microbiome and epigenomics in control of barrier function, and the opportunities to restore normal barrier function with dietary interventions and products of the microbiota. Methods: We conducted a literature review including the following keywords alone or in combination: intestinal barrier, permeability, microbiome, epigenomics, diet, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, probiotics. Results: Intestinal permeability is modified by a diet including fat, which increases permeability, and nutrients such as fiber, glutamine, zinc, vitamin D, polyphenols, emulsifiers, and anthocyanins, which decrease permeability. There is significant interaction of the microbiome and barrier function, including the inflammatory of luminal/bacterial antigens, and anti-inflammatory effects of commensals or probiotics and their products, including short-chain fatty acids. Epigenomic modification of barrier functions are best illustrated by effects on junction proteins or inflammation. Detailed documentation of the protective effects of diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiota is provided. Conclusion: intestinal permeability is a critical factor in protection against gastrointestinal diseases and is impacted by nutrients that preserve or heal and repair the barrier and nurture anti-inflammatory effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics on Human Health)

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16 pages, 460 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cognitive Functions in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa during Nutritional Rehabilitation

by Katarzyna Jowik-Krzemińska, Dagmara Dylewska, Aleksandra Pawlińska-Maćkowiak, Agnieszka Słopień and Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203435 - 10 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 9401

Abstract

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate cognitive function and laboratory parameters in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa (AN) before and after nutritional rehabilitation (NR) compared to healthy female peers (CG). Methods: We evaluated 36 girls with AN at two-time points, during acute [...] Read more.

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate cognitive function and laboratory parameters in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa (AN) before and after nutritional rehabilitation (NR) compared to healthy female peers (CG). Methods: We evaluated 36 girls with AN at two-time points, during acute malnutrition (AN1) and after NR, in a partially normalized weight status (AN2). We compared their cognitive functions and laboratory parameters to 48 healthy CG subjects. Cognitive function was assessed using a Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB) assessment, depressive symptom levels were assessed using a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) assessment, and eating disorders were assessed using an Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26). Results: The AN1 group scored better in total cognition, attention, estimation, and spatial perception than the CG group (p < 0.05), with scores increasing in the AN2 group. Shifting and visual perception values did not differ between the study groups (p = 0.677, p = 0.506, respectively). Laboratory tests showed no significant abnormalities and did not differ significantly between groups (p > 0.05). There was a negative correlation for EAT-26 and CAB in the AN1 group (rho = −0.43, p = 0.01), but not for BDI. Conclusions: Cognitive function in adolescent girls with AN was better than CG and correlated with EAT-26 score. These results highlight the high compensatory capacity of the adolescent body to maintain cognitive function despite severe malnutrition. Our results suggest that although normalization of body weight is crucial, other factors can significantly influence improvements in cognitive function. Cognitive deficits and laboratory tests may not be biomarkers of early forms of AN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Mental Health Disorders)

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13 pages, 1199 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Six-Week Supplementation with Creatine in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Feasibility Study at 3 Tesla

by Beata R. Godlewska, Amy L. Sylvester, Uzay E. Emir, Ann L. Sharpley, William T. Clarke, Marieke A. G. Martens and Philip J. Cowen

Nutrients 2024, 16(19), 3308; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193308 - 30 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 12955

Abstract

Background: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic medical condition with no specific pharmacological treatment. Creatine, a nutrient essential for maintaining energy homeostasis in the cells, is a candidate for interventions in ME/CFS. Methods: Fourteen participants with ME/CFS received supplementation with 16 [...] Read more.

Background: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic medical condition with no specific pharmacological treatment. Creatine, a nutrient essential for maintaining energy homeostasis in the cells, is a candidate for interventions in ME/CFS. Methods: Fourteen participants with ME/CFS received supplementation with 16 g creatine monohydrate for 6 weeks. Before starting creatine and on the last day of treatment, participants underwent brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) scanning of the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), followed by symptom, cognition, and hand-grip strength assessments. Results: Eleven participants completed the study. Creatine treatment increased creatine concentration in both the pgACC and DLPFC (p = 0.004 and 0.012, respectively), decreased fatigue and reaction time (RT) on congruent and incongruent trials of the Stroop test (p = 0.036 and 0.014, respectively), and increased hand-grip strength (p = 0.0004). There was a positive correlation between increases in pgACC creatine and changes in RT on Stroop congruent and incongruent trials (p = 0.048 and p = 0.022, respectively). Creatine was well tolerated, and none of the participants stopped treatment. Conclusion: Creatine supplementation over six weeks in ME/CFS patients increased brain creatine and improved fatigue and some aspects of cognition. Despite its methodological limitations, this study encourages placebo-controlled investigations of creatine treatment in ME/CFS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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16 pages, 345 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chronic Use of Artificial Sweeteners: Pros and Cons

by Lydia Kossiva, Kostas Kakleas, Foteini Christodouli, Alexandra Soldatou, Spyridon Karanasios and Kyriaki Karavanaki

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183162 - 19 Sep 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 27275

Abstract

Over the past few decades, the scientific community has been highly concerned about the obesity epidemic. Artificial sweeteners are compounds that mimic the sweet taste of sugar but have no calories or carbohydrates; hence, they are very popular among patients suffering from diabetes [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, the scientific community has been highly concerned about the obesity epidemic. Artificial sweeteners are compounds that mimic the sweet taste of sugar but have no calories or carbohydrates; hence, they are very popular among patients suffering from diabetes or obesity, aiming to achieve glycemic and/or weight control. There are four different types of sweeteners: artificial, natural, rare sugars, and polyols. Artificial and natural sweeteners are characterized as non-nutritional sweeteners (NNSs) since they do not contain calories. The extended use of sweeteners has been reported to have a favorable impact on body weight and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and on tooth decay prevention. However, there is concern regarding their side effects. Several studies have associated artificial sweeteners’ consumption with the development of insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), gastrointestinal symptoms, and certain types of cancer. The present review focuses on the description of different types of sweeteners and the benefits and possible deleterious effects of the chronic consumption of NNSs on children’s health. Additionally, possible underlying mechanisms of the unfavorable effects of NNSs on human health are described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Digestion, Absorption, Energy Transformation and Metabolism)

15 pages, 320 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Coffee on Gut Microbiota and Bowel Functions in Health and Diseases: A Literature Review

by Sena Saygili, Shrilakshmi Hegde and Xuan-Zheng Shi

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3155; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183155 - 18 Sep 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 16141

Abstract

Background and objectives: As one of the most popular beverages in the world, coffee has long been known to affect bowel functions such as motility, secretion, and absorption. Recent evidence obtained in human and animal studies suggests that coffee has modulating impacts on [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: As one of the most popular beverages in the world, coffee has long been known to affect bowel functions such as motility, secretion, and absorption. Recent evidence obtained in human and animal studies suggests that coffee has modulating impacts on gut microbiota. We aim to present an overview of the specific effects of coffee on gut microbiota composition, diversity, and growth. We will also critically review the impacts of coffee on bowel functions in health and diseases and discuss whether gut microbiota play a role in the coffee-associated functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Methods: We searched the literature up to June 2024 through PubMed, Web of Science, and other sources using search terms such as coffee, caffeine, microbiota, gastrointestinal infection, motility, secretion, gut–brain axis, absorption, and medication interaction. Clinical research in patients and preclinical studies in rodent animals were included. Results: A majority of the studies found that moderate consumption of coffee (<4 cups a day) increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla such as Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and decreased Bacteroidetes. Moderate coffee consumption also increased Bifidobacterium spp. and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteria. Coffee consumption is reported to increase gut microbiota diversity. Although the effects of coffee on bowel functions have been known for a long time, it is not until recently that we have recognized that some of the effects of coffee may be partly due to its impacts on microbiota. Conclusions: The current literature suggests that moderate coffee consumption has beneficial effects on oral and gut microbiota and motility function. However, excessive coffee intake (>5 cups a day) is implicated in reflux disorders, periodontal diseases, and progression of Crohn’s disease. Further research in the field is needed, as there are many conflicting results regarding the impacts of coffee in the gastrointestinal tract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet–Microbiome Interaction in Gastrointestinal Disorders)

19 pages, 490 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Starch- and Sucrose-Reduced Diet Has Similar Efficiency as Low FODMAP in IBS—A Randomized Non-Inferiority Study

by Bodil Roth, Mohamed Nseir, Håkan Jeppsson, Mauro D’Amato, Kristina Sundquist and Bodil Ohlsson

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 3039; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16173039 - 9 Sep 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 15459

Abstract

A diet with low content of fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) is established treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), with well-documented efficiency. A starch- and sucrose-reduced diet (SSRD) has shown similar promising effects. The primary aim of this randomized, non-inferiority [...] Read more.

A diet with low content of fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) is established treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), with well-documented efficiency. A starch- and sucrose-reduced diet (SSRD) has shown similar promising effects. The primary aim of this randomized, non-inferiority study was to test SSRD against low FODMAP and compare the responder rates (RR = ∆Total IBS-SSS ≥ −50) to a 4-week dietary intervention of either diet. Secondary aims were to estimate responders of ≥100 score and 50% reduction; effects on extraintestinal symptoms; saturation; sugar craving; anthropometric parameters; and blood pressure. 155 IBS patients were randomized to SSRD (n = 77) or low FODMAP (n = 78) for 4 weeks, with a follow-up 5 months later without food restrictions. The questionnaires Rome IV, IBS-severity scoring system (IBS-SSS), and visual analog scale for IBS (VAS-IBS) were completed at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks and 6 months. Weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressures were measured. Comparisons were made within the groups and between changes in the two groups. There were no differences between groups at baseline. The responder rate of SSRD was non-inferior compared with low FODMAPs at week 2 (79.2% vs. 73.1%; p = 0.661;95% confidence interval (CI) = −20–7.2) and week 4 (79.2% vs. 78.2%; p = 1.000;95%CI = −14–12). Responder rate was still high when defined stricter. All gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms were equally improved (p < 0.001 in most variables). SSRD rendered greater reductions in weight (p = 0.006), body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.005), and sugar craving (p = 0.05), whereas waist circumference and blood pressure were equally decreased. Weight and BMI were regained at follow-up. In the SSRD group, responders at 6 months still had lowered weight (−0.7 (−2.5–0.1) vs. 0.2 (−0.7–2.2) kg; p = 0.005) and BMI (−0.25 (−0.85–0.03) vs. 0.07 (−0.35–0.77) kg/m²; p = 0.009) compared with baseline in contrast to non-responders. Those who had tested both diets preferred SSRD (p = 0.032). In conclusion, a 4-week SSRD intervention was non-inferior to low FODMAP regarding responder rates of gastrointestinal IBS symptoms. Furthermore, strong reductions of extraintestinal symptoms were found in both groups, whereas reductions in weight, BMI, and sugar craving were most pronounced following SSRD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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12 pages, 8564 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Natural Astragalus-Based Nutritional Supplement Lengthens Telomeres in a Middle-Aged Population: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

by Christophe de Jaeger, Saskia Kruiskamp, Elena Voronska, Carla Lamberti, Hani Baramki, Jean Louis Beaudeux and Patrick Cherin

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2963; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172963 - 3 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 12935

Abstract

Telomeres are ribonucleoprotein structures that form a protective buffer at the ends of chromosomes, maintaining genomic integrity during the cell cycle. A decrease in average telomere length is associated with with age and with aging-related diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. In [...] Read more.

Telomeres are ribonucleoprotein structures that form a protective buffer at the ends of chromosomes, maintaining genomic integrity during the cell cycle. A decrease in average telomere length is associated with with age and with aging-related diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial over six months to compare the effects of the Astragalus-based supplement versus a placebo on telomere length (TL) in 40 healthy volunteers (mean age 56.1 ± 6.0 years). Twenty subjects received the supplement, and 20 received placebo capsules. All participants completed the study, and no adverse side effects were reported at six months. Subjects taking the Astragalus-based supplement exhibited significantly longer median TL (p = 0.01) and short TL (p = 0.004), along with a lower percentage of short telomeres, over the six-month period, while the placebo group showed no change in TL. This trial confirmed that the supplement significantly lengthens both median and short telomeres by increasing telomerase activity and reducing the percentage of short telomeres (<3 Kbp) in a statistically and possibly clinically significant manner. These results align with a previous open prospective trial, which found no toxicity associated with the supplement’s intake. These findings suggest that this Astragalus-based supplement warrants further investigation for its potential benefits in promoting health, extending life expectancy, and supporting healthy aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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19 pages, 1243 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Health Effects and Mechanisms of Inulin Action in Human Metabolism

by Jaime Alonso-Allende, Fermín I. Milagro and Paula Aranaz

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2935; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172935 - 2 Sep 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 12158

Abstract

Inulin is a plant polysaccharide which, due to its chemical structure, is not digestible by human gut enzymes but by some bacteria of the human microbiota, acting as a prebiotic. Consequently, inulin consumption has been associated with changes in the composition of the [...] Read more.

Inulin is a plant polysaccharide which, due to its chemical structure, is not digestible by human gut enzymes but by some bacteria of the human microbiota, acting as a prebiotic. Consequently, inulin consumption has been associated with changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota related to an improvement of the metabolic state, counteracting different obesity-related disturbances. However, the specific mechanisms of action, including bacterial changes, are not exactly known. Here, a bibliographic review was carried out to study the main effects of inulin on human metabolic health, with a special focus on the mechanisms of action of this prebiotic. Inulin supplementation contributes to body weight and BMI control, reduces blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity, and reduces inflammation markers, mainly through the selective favoring of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producer species from the genera Bifidobacterium and Anaerostipes. These SCFAs have been shown to ameliorate glucose metabolism and decrease hepatic lipogenesis, reduce inflammation, modulate immune activity, and improve anthropometric parameters such as body weight or BMI. In conclusion, the studies collected suggest that inulin intake produces positive metabolic effects through the improvement of the intestinal microbiota and through the metabolites produced by its fermentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutrition: Metabolic Diseases)

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17 pages, 965 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Molecular Mechanisms of Healthy Aging: The Role of Caloric Restriction, Intermittent Fasting, Mediterranean Diet, and Ketogenic Diet—A Scoping Review

by Roxana Surugiu, Mihaela Adela Iancu, Ștefănița Bianca Vintilescu, Mioara Desdemona Stepan, Daiana Burdusel, Amelia Valentina Genunche-Dumitrescu, Carmen-Adriana Dogaru and Gheorghe Gindrovel Dumitra

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2878; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172878 - 28 Aug 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 17931

Abstract

As the population ages, promoting healthy aging through targeted interventions becomes increasingly crucial. Growing evidence suggests that dietary interventions can significantly impact this process by modulating fundamental molecular pathways. This review focuses on the potential of targeted dietary strategies in promoting healthy aging [...] Read more.

As the population ages, promoting healthy aging through targeted interventions becomes increasingly crucial. Growing evidence suggests that dietary interventions can significantly impact this process by modulating fundamental molecular pathways. This review focuses on the potential of targeted dietary strategies in promoting healthy aging and the mechanisms by which specific nutrients and dietary patterns influence key pathways involved in cellular repair, inflammation, and metabolic regulation. Caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, the Mediterranean diet, as well as the ketogenic diet showed promising effects on promoting healthy aging, possibly by modulating mTORC1 AMPK, an insulin signaling pathway. By understanding the intricate interplay between diet and molecular pathways, we can develop personalized dietary strategies that not only prevent age-related diseases, but also promote overall health and well-being throughout the aging process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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11 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Evaluation of the Nutritional and Promotional Profile of Commercial Foods for Infants and Toddlers in the United States

by Daisy H. Coyle, Maria Shahid, Kiana Parkins, Monica Hu, Marina Padovan and Elizabeth K. Dunford

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2782; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162782 - 21 Aug 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 28443

Abstract

Despite growing concerns over the increasing popularity and health impact of commercial foods for infants and toddlers, no nutrition or promotional guidelines currently exist for the United States. In 2022, the WHO Regional Office for Europe published a nutrient and promotion profile model [...] Read more.

Despite growing concerns over the increasing popularity and health impact of commercial foods for infants and toddlers, no nutrition or promotional guidelines currently exist for the United States. In 2022, the WHO Regional Office for Europe published a nutrient and promotion profile model (NPPM) to provide guidance and regulation for commercially produced infant and toddler foods. This study assessed the nutritional and promotional profile of infant and toddler foods (6–36 months of age) collected from the top 10 grocery chains in 2023. Products were assessed against the WHO NPPM nutritional and promotional requirements. The type and number of claims across packaging type were also assessed. Of the 651 products examined, 60% failed to meet the nutritional requirements of the NPPM, and 0% met the promotional requirements. Almost 100% of products had at least 1 claim on-pack that was prohibited under the NPPM, with some products displaying up to 11 prohibited claims. Snack-size packages had the lowest compliance with nutrient requirements. These findings highlight that urgent work is needed to improve the nutritional quality of commercially produced infant and toddler foods in the United States. The high use of prohibited claims also suggests the need to regulate the type and number of claims allowed on-pack. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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12 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Creatine Improves Total Sleep Duration Following Resistance Training Days versus Non-Resistance Training Days among Naturally Menstruating Females

by Ariel J. Aguiar Bonfim Cruz, Samantha J. Brooks, Katelyn Kleinkopf, C. J. Brush, Gena L. Irwin, Malayna G. Schwartz, Darren G. Candow and Ann F. Brown

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2772; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162772 - 20 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 18707

Abstract

Females historically experience sleep disturbances and overall poor sleep compared to males. Creatine has been proposed to impact sleep; however, the effects are not well known. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of creatine supplementation on sleep among naturally [...] Read more.

Females historically experience sleep disturbances and overall poor sleep compared to males. Creatine has been proposed to impact sleep; however, the effects are not well known. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of creatine supplementation on sleep among naturally menstruating females. Twenty-one participants completed a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in which they consumed 5 g creatine + 5 g maltodextrin or placebo, 10 g maltodextrin, daily for 6 weeks. Participants completed resistance training 2x/week using the TONAL^® (Tonal Systems Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) at-home gym. Pre- and post-testing assessed body composition, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), dietary intake, and muscular strength. Sleep was assessed nightly using an ŌURA^® (Oulu, Finland) ring. Compared to the placebo group, those consuming creatine experienced significant increases in total sleep on training days (p = 0.013). No significant changes in chronic sleep and PSQI (pre–post) were observed. There was a significant increase in TONAL^® strength score over time (p < 0.001), with no between-group differences. Participants reduced their total calorie (kcal) (p = 0.039), protein (g/kg) (p = 0.009), carbohydrate (g/kg) (p = 0.023), and fat (g) (p = 0.036) intake over time. Creatine supplementation increases sleep duration on resistance training days in naturally menstruating females. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Nutrition: Current and Novel Insights)

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12 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Egg Consumption and 4-Year Change in Cognitive Function in Older Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study

by Donna Kritz-Silverstein and Ricki Bettencourt

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162765 - 19 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 30863

Abstract

The effect of dietary cholesterol on cognitive function is debatable. While eggs contain high levels of dietary cholesterol, they provide nutrients beneficial for cognitive function. This study examined the effects of egg consumption on change in cognitive function among 890 ambulatory adults (N [...] Read more.

The effect of dietary cholesterol on cognitive function is debatable. While eggs contain high levels of dietary cholesterol, they provide nutrients beneficial for cognitive function. This study examined the effects of egg consumption on change in cognitive function among 890 ambulatory adults (N = 357 men; N = 533 women) aged ≥55 years from the Rancho Bernardo Study who attended clinic visits in 1988–1991 and 1992–1996. Egg intake was obtained in 1988–1991 with a food frequency questionnaire. The Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE), Trails B, and category fluency were administered at both visits to assess cognitive performance. Sex-specific multiple regression analyses tested associations of egg intake with changes in cognitive function after adjustment for confounders. The mean time between visits was 4.1 ± 0.5 years; average ages were 70.1 ± 8.4 in men and 71.5 ± 8.8 in women (p = 0.0163). More men consumed eggs at higher levels than women; while 14% of men and 16.5% of women reported never eating eggs, 7.0% of men and 3.8% of women reported intakes ≥5/week (p = 0.0013). In women, after adjustment for covariates, egg consumption was associated with less decline in category fluency (beta = −0.10, p = 0.0241). Other associations were nonsignificant in women, and no associations were found in men. Results suggest that egg consumption has a small beneficial effect on semantic memory in women. The lack of decline observed in both sexes suggests that egg consumption does not have detrimental effects and may even have a role in the maintenance of cognitive function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Lifestyle on Healthy Aging)

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22 pages, 944 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Evaluating Phthalates and Bisphenol in Foods: Risks for Precocious Puberty and Early-Onset Obesity

by Valeria Calcaterra, Hellas Cena, Federica Loperfido, Virginia Rossi, Roberta Grazi, Antonia Quatrale, Rachele De Giuseppe, Matteo Manuelli and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2732; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162732 - 16 Aug 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 15792

Abstract

Recent scientific results indicate that diet is the primary source of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their use in food processing, pesticides, fertilizers, and migration from packaging to food, particularly in plastic or canned foods. Although EDCs are not listed on [...] Read more.

Recent scientific results indicate that diet is the primary source of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their use in food processing, pesticides, fertilizers, and migration from packaging to food, particularly in plastic or canned foods. Although EDCs are not listed on nutrition labels, their migration from packaging to food could inadvertently lead to food contamination, affecting individuals by inhalation, ingestion, and direct contact. The aim of our narrative review is to investigate the role of phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) in foods, assessing their risks for precocious puberty (PP) and early-onset obesity, which are two clinical entities that are often associated and that share common pathogenetic mechanisms. The diverse outcomes observed across different studies highlight the complexity of phthalates and BPA effects on the human body, both in terms of early puberty, particularly in girls, and obesity with its metabolic disruptions. Moreover, obesity, which is independently linked to early puberty, might confound the relationship between exposure to these EDCs and pubertal timing. Given the potential public health implications, it is crucial to adopt a precautionary approach, minimizing exposure to these EDCs, especially in vulnerable populations such as children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bromatology—All We Should Know about Food and Nutrition)

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18 pages, 946 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Personalized Nutrition: Tailoring Dietary Recommendations through Genetic Insights

by Saiful Singar, Ravinder Nagpal, Bahram H. Arjmandi and Neda S. Akhavan

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2673; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162673 - 13 Aug 2024

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 26264

Abstract

Personalized nutrition (PN) represents a transformative approach in dietary science, where individual genetic profiles guide tailored dietary recommendations, thereby optimizing health outcomes and managing chronic diseases more effectively. This review synthesizes key aspects of PN, emphasizing the genetic basis of dietary responses, contemporary [...] Read more.

Personalized nutrition (PN) represents a transformative approach in dietary science, where individual genetic profiles guide tailored dietary recommendations, thereby optimizing health outcomes and managing chronic diseases more effectively. This review synthesizes key aspects of PN, emphasizing the genetic basis of dietary responses, contemporary research, and practical applications. We explore how individual genetic differences influence dietary metabolisms, thus underscoring the importance of nutrigenomics in developing personalized dietary guidelines. Current research in PN highlights significant gene–diet interactions that affect various conditions, including obesity and diabetes, suggesting that dietary interventions could be more precise and beneficial if they are customized to genetic profiles. Moreover, we discuss practical implementations of PN, including technological advancements in genetic testing that enable real-time dietary customization. Looking forward, this review identifies the robust integration of bioinformatics and genomics as critical for advancing PN. We advocate for multidisciplinary research to overcome current challenges, such as data privacy and ethical concerns associated with genetic testing. The future of PN lies in broader adoption across health and wellness sectors, promising significant advancements in public health and personalized medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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18 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

An Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Its Potential Benefit for Individuals with Mental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases—A Narrative Review

by Sophie M. van Zonneveld, Ellen J. van den Oever, Benno C. M. Haarman, Emmy L. Grandjean, Jasper O. Nuninga, Ondine van de Rest and Iris E. C. Sommer

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2646; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162646 - 10 Aug 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 13697

Abstract

This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding anti-inflammatory dietary patterns and their potential benefits for individuals with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the etiology and progression of these conditions. The review examines [...] Read more.

This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding anti-inflammatory dietary patterns and their potential benefits for individuals with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the etiology and progression of these conditions. The review examines the evidence for the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of dietary components and food groups, focusing on whole foods rather than specific nutrients or supplements. Key dietary components showing potential benefits include fruits and vegetables (especially berries and leafy greens), whole grains, legumes, fatty fish rich in omega-3, nuts (particularly walnuts), olive oil, and fermented foods. These foods are generally rich in antioxidants, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds that may help modulate inflammation, support gut health, and promote neuroprotection. Conversely, ultra-processed foods, red meat, and sugary beverages may be harmful. Based on this evidence, we designed the Brain Anti-Inflammatory Nutrition (BrAIN) diet. The mechanisms of this diet include the modulation of the gut microbiota and the gut–brain axis, the regulation of inflammatory pathways, a reduction in oxidative stress, and the promotion of neuroplasticity. The BrAIN diet shows promise as an aid to manage mental and neurodegenerative disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and Nutritional Intervention)

26 pages, 1510 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Antioxidants in the Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases—A Literature Review

by Ewelina Młynarska, Joanna Hajdys, Witold Czarnik, Piotr Fularski, Klaudia Leszto, Gabriela Majchrowicz, Wiktoria Lisińska, Jacek Rysz and Beata Franczyk

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162587 - 6 Aug 2024

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 9332

Abstract

Antioxidants are endogenous and exogenous substances with the ability to inhibit oxidation processes by interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, in turn, are small, highly reactive substances capable of oxidizing a wide range of molecules in the human body, including nucleic acids, [...] Read more.

Antioxidants are endogenous and exogenous substances with the ability to inhibit oxidation processes by interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, in turn, are small, highly reactive substances capable of oxidizing a wide range of molecules in the human body, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and even small inorganic compounds. The overproduction of ROS leads to oxidative stress, which constitutes a significant factor contributing to the development of disease, not only markedly diminishing the quality of life but also representing the most common cause of death in developed countries, namely, cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this review is to demonstrate the effect of selected antioxidants, such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), flavonoids, carotenoids, and resveratrol, as well as to introduce new antioxidant therapies utilizing miRNA and nanoparticles, in reducing the incidence and progression of CVD. In addition, new antioxidant therapies in the context of the aforementioned diseases will be considered. This review emphasizes the pleiotropic effects and benefits stemming from the presence of the mentioned substances in the organism, leading to an overall reduction in cardiovascular risk, including coronary heart disease, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial hypertrophy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health)

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29 pages, 1477 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating the Quality and Comparative Validity of Manual Food Logging and Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Food Image Recognition in Apps for Nutrition Care

by Xinyi Li, Annabelle Yin, Ha Young Choi, Virginia Chan, Margaret Allman-Farinelli and Juliana Chen

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152573 - 5 Aug 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 11806

Abstract

For artificial intelligence (AI) to support nutrition care, high quality and accuracy of its features within smartphone applications (apps) are essential. This study evaluated popular apps’ features, quality, behaviour change potential, and comparative validity of dietary assessment via manual logging and AI. The [...] Read more.

For artificial intelligence (AI) to support nutrition care, high quality and accuracy of its features within smartphone applications (apps) are essential. This study evaluated popular apps’ features, quality, behaviour change potential, and comparative validity of dietary assessment via manual logging and AI. The top 200 free and paid nutrition-related apps from Australia’s Apple App and Google Play stores were screened (n = 800). Apps were assessed using MARS (quality) and ABACUS (behaviour change potential). Nutritional outputs from manual food logging and AI-enabled food-image recognition apps were compared with food records for Western, Asian, and Recommended diets. Among 18 apps, Noom scored highest on MARS (mean = 4.44) and ABACUS (21/21). From 16 manual food-logging apps, energy was overestimated for Western (mean: 1040 kJ) but underestimated for Asian (mean: −1520 kJ) diets. MyFitnessPal and Fastic had the highest accuracy (97% and 92%, respectively) out of seven AI-enabled food image recognition apps. Apps with more AI integration demonstrated better functionality, but automatic energy estimations from AI-enabled food image recognition were inaccurate. To enhance the integration of apps into nutrition care, collaborating with dietitians is essential for improving their credibility and comparative validity by expanding food databases. Moreover, training AI models are needed to improve AI-enabled food recognition, especially for mixed dishes and culturally diverse foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combining Artificial Intelligence for Nutrition Applications: Recent Advancements)

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19 pages, 327 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ashwagandha’s Multifaceted Effects on Human Health: Impact on Vascular Endothelium, Inflammation, Lipid Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Outcomes—A Review

by Michał Wiciński, Anna Fajkiel-Madajczyk, Zuzanna Kurant, Sara Liss, Paweł Szyperski, Monika Szambelan, Bartłomiej Gromadzki, Iga Rupniak, Maciej Słupski and Iwona Sadowska-Krawczenko

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2481; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152481 - 31 Jul 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 17514

Abstract

Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, has been popular for many years. Numerous studies have shown that the extract of this plant, due to its wealth of active substances, can induce anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, adaptogenic, anti-arthritic, anti-stress, and antimicrobial [...] Read more.

Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, has been popular for many years. Numerous studies have shown that the extract of this plant, due to its wealth of active substances, can induce anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, adaptogenic, anti-arthritic, anti-stress, and antimicrobial effects. This review examines the impact of Ashwagandha extract on the vascular endothelium, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular outcomes. Studies have shown that Ashwagandha extracts exhibit an anti-angiogenic effect by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced capillary sprouting and formation by lowering the mean density of microvessels. Furthermore, the results of numerous studies highlight the anti-inflammatory role of Ashwagandha extract, as the action of this plant causes a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, withanolides, present in Ashwagandha root, have shown the ability to inhibit the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes. Research results have also proved that W. somnifera demonstrates cardioprotective effects due to its antioxidant properties and reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis. It seems that this plant can be successfully used as a potential treatment for several conditions, mainly those with increased inflammation. More research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms by which the substances contained in W. somnifera extracts can act in the human body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant Extracts on Human Health)

11 pages, 712 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Supplementation of a Butyrate-Based Formula in Individuals with Liver Steatosis and Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

by Federica Fogacci, Marina Giovannini, Valentina Di Micoli, Elisa Grandi, Claudio Borghi and Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2454; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152454 - 28 Jul 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5751

Abstract

Postbiotics could exert different metabolic activities in animal models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and in humans affected by metabolic syndrome. This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial that enrolled a sample of 50 Caucasian healthy individuals with NAFLD, defined [...] Read more.

Postbiotics could exert different metabolic activities in animal models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and in humans affected by metabolic syndrome. This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial that enrolled a sample of 50 Caucasian healthy individuals with NAFLD, defined as liver steatosis, and metabolic syndrome. After a 4-week run-in, the enrolled individuals were randomized to take a food for special medical purposes with functional release, one tablet a day, containing calcium butyrate (500 mg/tablet), zinc gluconate (zinc 5 mg/tablet), and vitamin D3 (500 IU/tablet), or an identical placebo for 3 months. Liver and metabolic parameters were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. No subject experienced any adverse events during the trial. In both groups, a significant decrease in total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) plasma levels was observed at the randomization visit vs. pre-run-in visit (p < 0.05). Regarding liver parameters, after treatment, the fatty liver index (FLI) improved significantly vs. baseline values (p < 0.05) and vs. placebo group (p < 0.05) in the active treatment group, and the hepatic steatosis index (HSI) improved significantly vs. baseline values (p < 0.05). Moreover, after active treatment, TC, TG, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (gGT) improved significantly vs. baseline values (p < 0.05), and TC and TG improved vs. placebo group (p < 0.05), as well. In the placebo group, liver parameters remained unchanged after treatment; only TG improved significantly vs. baseline values (p < 0.05). In our study, we observed that the butyrate-based formula improved FLI and plasma lipid patterns in individuals affected by liver steatosis and metabolic syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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26 pages, 1115 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Functional Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Reduction: A Concise Review

by Deborah O. Omachi, Alberta N. A. Aryee and John O. Onuh

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2453; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152453 - 28 Jul 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5779

Abstract

Functional lipids are dietary substances that may have an impact on human health by lowering the risk of chronic illnesses and enhancing the quality of life. Numerous functional lipids have been reported to have potential health benefits in the prevention, management, and treatment [...] Read more.

Functional lipids are dietary substances that may have an impact on human health by lowering the risk of chronic illnesses and enhancing the quality of life. Numerous functional lipids have been reported to have potential health benefits in the prevention, management, and treatment of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. However, there is still insufficient and contradictory information in the literature about their effectiveness and associated mechanisms of action. The objective of this review, therefore, is to evaluate available literature regarding these functional lipids and their health benefits. Various studies have been conducted to understand the links between functional lipids and the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Recent studies on phytosterols have reported that CLA, medium-chain triglycerides, and omega-3 and 6 fatty acids have positive effects on human health. Also, eicosanoids, which are the metabolites of these fatty acids, are produced in relation to the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and may modulate disease conditions. These functional lipids are available either in dietary or supplement forms and have been proven to be efficient, accessible, and inexpensive to be included in the diet. However, further research is required to properly elucidate the dosages, dietary intake, effectiveness, and their mechanisms of action in addition to the development of valid disease biomarkers and long-term effects in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Diets in CVD Prevention: Molecular Mechanisms and Biochemical Insights)

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39 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mitigating Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review of Supplementation and Dietary Protocols

by Federica Conti, Jackson J. McCue, Paul DiTuro, Andrew J. Galpin and Thomas R. Wood

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2430; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152430 - 26 Jul 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 23822

Abstract

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) constitute a significant public health issue and a major source of disability and death in the United States and worldwide. TBIs are strongly associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in a host of negative health outcomes and [...] Read more.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) constitute a significant public health issue and a major source of disability and death in the United States and worldwide. TBIs are strongly associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in a host of negative health outcomes and long-term complications and placing a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems. One promising avenue for the prevention and treatment of brain injuries is the design of TBI-specific supplementation and dietary protocols centred around nutraceuticals and biochemical compounds whose mechanisms of action have been shown to interfere with, and potentially alleviate, some of the neurophysiological processes triggered by TBI. For example, evidence suggests that creatine monohydrate and omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) help decrease inflammation, reduce neural damage and maintain adequate energy supply to the brain following injury. Similarly, melatonin supplementation may improve some of the sleep disturbances often experienced post-TBI. The scope of this narrative review is to summarise the available literature on the neuroprotective effects of selected nutrients in the context of TBI-related outcomes and provide an evidence-based overview of supplementation and dietary protocols that may be considered in individuals affected by—or at high risk for—concussion and more severe head traumas. Prophylactic and/or therapeutic compounds under investigation include creatine monohydrate, omega-3 fatty acids, BCAAs, riboflavin, choline, magnesium, berry anthocyanins, Boswellia serrata, enzogenol, N-Acetylcysteine and melatonin. Results from this analysis are also placed in the context of assessing and addressing important health-related and physiological parameters in the peri-impact period such as premorbid nutrient and metabolic health status, blood glucose regulation and thermoregulation following injury, caffeine consumption and sleep behaviours. As clinical evidence in this research field is rapidly emerging, a comprehensive approach including appropriate nutritional interventions has the potential to mitigate some of the physical, neurological, and emotional damage inflicted by TBIs, promote timely and effective recovery, and inform policymakers in the development of prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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24 pages, 2778 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds Acting through Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Diseases: Current Findings and Future Directions

by Paola Bontempo, Lucia Capasso, Luigi De Masi, Angela Nebbioso and Daniela Rigano

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2399; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152399 - 24 Jul 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4271

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality. These diseases have a multifaceted nature being influenced by a multitude of biochemical, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Epigenetic modifications have a crucial role in the onset and progression of CVD. [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality. These diseases have a multifaceted nature being influenced by a multitude of biochemical, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Epigenetic modifications have a crucial role in the onset and progression of CVD. Epigenetics, which regulates gene activity without altering the DNA’s primary structure, can modulate cardiovascular homeostasis through DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation. The effects of environmental stimuli on CVD are mediated by epigenetic changes, which can be reversible and, hence, are susceptible to pharmacological interventions. This represents an opportunity to prevent diseases by targeting harmful epigenetic modifications. Factors such as high-fat diets or nutrient deficiencies can influence epigenetic enzymes, affecting fetal growth, metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that plant-derived bioactive compounds can modulate epigenetic regulators and inflammatory responses, contributing to the cardioprotective effects of diets. Understanding these nutriepigenetic effects and their reversibility is crucial for developing effective interventions to combat CVD. This review delves into the general mechanisms of epigenetics, its regulatory roles in CVD, and the potential of epigenetics as a CVD therapeutic strategy. It also examines the role of epigenetic natural compounds (ENCs) in CVD and their potential as intervention tools for prevention and therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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30 pages, 1953 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Anticancer Effects and Therapeutic Potential of Kaempferol in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

by Sukhmandeep Kaur, Patricia Mendonca and Karam F. A. Soliman

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152392 - 23 Jul 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5603

Abstract

Breast cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of breast cancer, is an aggressive phenotype that lacks estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth (HER-2) receptors, which is challenging [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of breast cancer, is an aggressive phenotype that lacks estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth (HER-2) receptors, which is challenging to treat with standardized hormonal therapy. Kaempferol is a natural flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects. Besides anti-tumorigenic, antiproliferative, and apoptotic effects, kaempferol protects non-cancerous cells. Kaempferol showed anti-breast cancer effects by inducing DNA damage and increasing caspase 3, caspase 9, and pAMT expression, modifying ROS production by Nrf2 modulation, inducing apoptosis by increasing cleaved PARP and Bax and downregulating Bcl-2 expression, inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase; inhibiting immune evasion by modulating the JAK-STAT3 pathway; and inhibiting the angiogenic and metastatic potential of tumors by downregulating MMP-3 and MMP-9 levels. Kaempferol holds promise for boosting the efficacy of anticancer agents, complementing their effects, or reversing developed chemoresistance. Exploring novel TNBC molecular targets with kaempferol could elucidate its mechanisms and identify strategies to overcome limitations for clinical application. This review summarizes the latest research on kaempferol’s potential as an anti-TNBC agent, highlighting promising but underexplored molecular pathways and delivery challenges that warrant further investigation to achieve successful clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticancer Activities of Dietary Phytochemicals)

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14 pages, 1067 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of the Caffeine Content in Servings of Popular Coffees in Terms of Its Safe Intake—Can We Drink 3–5 Cups of Coffee per Day, as Experts Advise?

by Regina Ewa Wierzejska and Iwona Gielecińska

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2385; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152385 - 23 Jul 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 9184

Abstract

The spreading knowledge of the health benefits of coffee and the development of gastronomy with a wide range of coffees prompt an evaluation of their caffeine content in terms of safe intake. The study analyzed the caffeine content of popular coffees in comparison [...] Read more.

The spreading knowledge of the health benefits of coffee and the development of gastronomy with a wide range of coffees prompt an evaluation of their caffeine content in terms of safe intake. The study analyzed the caffeine content of popular coffees in comparison with recommendations for a safe single dose (200 mg) and daily caffeine intake (400 mg), and guidelines for drinking 3–5 cups of coffee per day. A total of 299 coffee samples from franchise shops and homemade coffees were tested. The “takeaway” coffees had a three times higher mean caffeine content (p < 0.005) compared to homemade coffees. Americano coffee was the “strongest” (143 mg caffeine/serving on average), while coffee prepared by pouring hot water over one teaspoon of ground coffee was the “lightest” (23 mg caffeine/serving on average) (p < 0.05). Over 200 mg of caffeine per serving was found in 4% of samples. Over 400 mg of caffeine would be consumed by people drinking “on the go” 4–5 servings of many types of coffee, except espresso. In this respect, homemade coffees are safer. Therefore, recommendations on drinking coffee should be more practical, and indicate not only the number of cups, but also the “strength” of various types of coffee, in order to avoid the regular intake of high amounts of caffeine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Phytochemicals: Implications for Health and Disease)

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13 pages, 1474 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Manuka Honey Inhibits Human Breast Cancer Progression in Preclinical Models

by Diana C. Márquez-Garbán, Cristian D. Yanes, Gabriela Llarena, David Elashoff, Nalo Hamilton, Mary Hardy, Madhuri Wadehra, Susan A. McCloskey and Richard J. Pietras

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2369; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142369 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 30913

Abstract

Manuka honey (MH) exhibits potential antitumor activity in preclinical models of a number of human cancers. Treatment in vitro with MH at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 5.0% (w/v) led to significant dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of human breast [...] Read more.

Manuka honey (MH) exhibits potential antitumor activity in preclinical models of a number of human cancers. Treatment in vitro with MH at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 5.0% (w/v) led to significant dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, but anti-proliferative effects of MH were less pronounced in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Effects of MH were also tested on non-malignant human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) at 2.5% w/v, and it was found that MH reduced the proliferation of MCF-7 cells but not that of HMECs. Notably, the antitumor activity of MH was in the range of that exerted by treatment of MCF-7 cells with the antiestrogen tamoxifen. Further, MH treatment stimulated apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in vitro, with most cells exhibiting acute and significant levels of apoptosis that correlated with PARP activation. Additionally, the effects of MH induced the activation of AMPK and inhibition of AKT/mTOR downstream signaling. Treatment of MCF7 cells with increased concentrations of MH induced AMPK phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner that was accompanied by inhibition of phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR downstream effector protein S6. In addition, MH reduced phosphorylated STAT3 levels in vitro, which may correlate with MH and AMPK-mediated anti-inflammatory properties. Further, in vivo, MH administered alone significantly inhibited the growth of established MCF-7 tumors in nude mice by 84%, resulting in an observable reduction in tumor volume. Our findings highlight the need for further research into the use of natural compounds, such as MH, for antitumor efficacy and potential chemoprevention and investigation of molecular pathways underlying these actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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16 pages, 1741 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chrononutrition and Cardiometabolic Health: An Overview of Epidemiological Evidence and Key Future Research Directions

by Oluwatimilehin E. Raji, Esther B. Kyeremah, Dorothy D. Sears, Marie-Pierre St-Onge and Nour Makarem

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142332 - 19 Jul 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 10479

Abstract

Chrononutrition is a rapidly evolving field of nutritional epidemiology that addresses the complex relationship between temporal eating patterns, circadian rhythms, and metabolic health, but most prior research has focused on the cardiometabolic consequences of time-restricted feeding and intermittent fasting. The purpose of this [...] Read more.

Chrononutrition is a rapidly evolving field of nutritional epidemiology that addresses the complex relationship between temporal eating patterns, circadian rhythms, and metabolic health, but most prior research has focused on the cardiometabolic consequences of time-restricted feeding and intermittent fasting. The purpose of this topical review is to summarize epidemiological evidence from observational and intervention studies regarding the role of chrononutrition metrics related to eating timing and regularity in cardiometabolic health preservation and cardiovascular disease prevention. Observational studies are limited due to the lack of time-stamped diet data in most population-based studies. Findings from cohort studies generally indicate that breakfast skipping or the later timing of the first eating occasion, a later lunch and dinner, and a greater proportion of caloric intake consumed in the evening are associated with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, including higher risk for coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation. Randomized controlled trials are also limited, as most in the field of chrononutrition focus on the cardiometabolic consequences of time-restricted feeding. Overall, interventions that shift eating timing patterns to earlier in the day and that restrict evening caloric intake tend to have protective effects on cardiometabolic health, but small sample sizes and short follow-up are notable limitations. Innovation in dietary assessment approaches, to develop low-cost validated tools with acceptable participant burden that reliably capture chrononutrition metrics, is needed for advancing observational evidence. Culturally responsive pragmatic intervention studies with sufficiently large and representative samples are needed to understand the impact of fixed and earlier eating timing schedules on cardiometabolic health. Additional research is warranted to understand the modifiable determinants of temporal eating patterns, to investigate the role of chrononutrition in the context of other dimensions of diet (quantity, quality, and food and nutrition security) in achieving cardiometabolic health equity, and to elucidate underlying physiological mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Independent and Joint Roles of Nutrition, Sleep, and Lifestyle in Human Health)

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15 pages, 2042 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Daily Vinegar Ingestion Improves Depression and Enhances Niacin Metabolism in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Haley Barrong, Hannah Coven, Alexandra Lish, Samantha N. Fessler, Paniz Jasbi and Carol S. Johnston

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142305 - 18 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 28079

Abstract

Depressive disorders are the most prevalent mental health conditions in the world. The commonly prescribed antidepressant medications can have serious side effects, and their efficacy varies widely. Thus, simple, effective adjunct therapies are needed. Vinegar, a fermented acetic acid solution, is emerging as [...] Read more.

Depressive disorders are the most prevalent mental health conditions in the world. The commonly prescribed antidepressant medications can have serious side effects, and their efficacy varies widely. Thus, simple, effective adjunct therapies are needed. Vinegar, a fermented acetic acid solution, is emerging as a healthful dietary supplement linked to favorable outcomes for blood glucose management, heart disease risk, and adiposity reduction, and a recent report suggests vinegar may improve symptoms of depression. This randomized controlled study examined the 4-week change in scores for the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in healthy overweight adults ingesting 2.95 g acetic acid (4 tablespoons vinegar) vs. 0.025 g acetic acid (one vinegar pill) daily. A secondary objective explored possible underlying mechanisms using metabolomics analyses. At week 4, mean CES-D scores fell 26% and 5% for VIN and CON participants respectively, a non-significant difference between groups, and mean PHQ-9 scores fell 42% and 18% for VIN and CON participants (p = 0.036). Metabolomics analyses revealed increased nicotinamide concentrations and upregulation of the NAD+ salvage pathway for VIN participants compared to controls, metabolic alterations previously linked to improved mood. Thus, daily vinegar ingestion over four weeks improved self-reported depression symptomology in healthy overweight adults, and enhancements in niacin metabolism may factor into this improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Metabolites, and Human Health — 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 1735 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Gut Microbiome in Sleep Quality and Health: Dietary Strategies for Microbiota Support

by Monika Sejbuk, Adam Siebieszuk and Anna Maria Witkowska

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2259; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142259 - 13 Jul 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 24325

Abstract

Dietary components, including dietary fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols, along with meal timing and spacing, significantly affect the microbiota’s capacity to produce various metabolites essential for quality sleep and overall health. This review explores the role of gut microbiota in regulating sleep [...] Read more.

Dietary components, including dietary fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols, along with meal timing and spacing, significantly affect the microbiota’s capacity to produce various metabolites essential for quality sleep and overall health. This review explores the role of gut microbiota in regulating sleep through various metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan, serotonin, melatonin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid. A balanced diet rich in plant-based foods enhances the production of these sleep-regulating metabolites, potentially benefiting overall health. This review aims to investigate how dietary habits affect gut microbiota composition, the metabolites it produces, and the subsequent impact on sleep quality and related health conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Microbiota in Nutrition and Diet: An Ever-Evolving Relationship)

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38 pages, 4080 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Postbiotics as Molecules Targeting Cellular Events of Aging Brain—The Role in Pathogenesis, Prophylaxis and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

by Pola Głowacka, Katarzyna Oszajca, Agnieszka Pudlarz, Janusz Szemraj and Monika Witusik-Perkowska

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2244; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142244 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5284

Abstract

Aging is the most prominent risk factor for neurodegeneration occurrence. The most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases, are characterized by the incidence of proteinopathy, abnormal activation of glial cells, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, impaired autophagy and cellular senescence excessive [...] Read more.

Aging is the most prominent risk factor for neurodegeneration occurrence. The most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases, are characterized by the incidence of proteinopathy, abnormal activation of glial cells, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, impaired autophagy and cellular senescence excessive for the patient’s age. Moreover, mitochondrial disfunction, epigenetic alterations and neurogenesis inhibition, together with increased blood–brain barrier permeability and gut dysbiosis, have been linked to ND pathogenesis. Since NDs still lack curative treatment, recent research has sought therapeutic options in restoring gut microbiota and supplementing probiotic bacteria-derived metabolites with beneficial action to the host—so called postbiotics. The current review focuses on literature explaining cellular mechanisms involved in ND pathogenesis and research addressing the impact that postbiotics as a whole mixture and particular metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), lactate, polyamines, polyphenols, tryptophan metabolites, exopolysaccharides and bacterial extracellular vesicles, have on the ageing-associated processes underlying ND occurrence. The review also discusses the issue of implementing postbiotics into ND prophylaxis and therapy, depicting them as compounds addressing senescence-triggered dysfunctions that are worth translating from bench to pharmaceutical market in response to “silver consumers” demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Gut Microbiota and Neuropsychiatric Diseases)

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10 pages, 3040 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Strength Performance in Trained Men and Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Salvador Vargas-Molina, Mora Murri, Andrés Gonzalez-Jimenez, José Luis Gómez-Urquiza and Javier Benítez-Porres

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142200 - 10 Jul 2024

Viewed by 13283

Abstract

Ketogenic diets (KDs) are an alternative to improve strength performance and body composition in resistance training participants. The objective of this review and meta-analysis is to verify whether a ketogenic diet produces an increase in the strength of resistance-trained participants. We have evaluated [...] Read more.

Ketogenic diets (KDs) are an alternative to improve strength performance and body composition in resistance training participants. The objective of this review and meta-analysis is to verify whether a ketogenic diet produces an increase in the strength of resistance-trained participants. We have evaluated the effect of the ketogenic diet in conjunction with resistance training on the strength levels in trained participants. Boolean algorithms from various databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were used. Meta-analyses were carried out, one on the 1-RM squat (SQ), with 106 trained participants or athletes, and another on the 1-RM on the bench press (BP), evaluating 119 participants. We did not find significant differences between the groups in the variables of SQ or BP, although the size of the effect was slightly higher in the ketogenic group. Conclusions: KDs do not appear to impair 1-RM performance; however, this test does not appear to be the most optimal tool for assessing hypertrophy-based strength session performance in resistance-trained participants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Physical Activity)

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14 pages, 706 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Importance of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Natalia Ekstedt, Dominika Jamioł-Milc and Joanna Pieczyńska

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2092; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132092 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5455

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic diseases of the digestive system with a multifactorial and not fully understood etiology. There is research suggesting that they may be initiated by genetic, immunological, and lifestyle factors. [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic diseases of the digestive system with a multifactorial and not fully understood etiology. There is research suggesting that they may be initiated by genetic, immunological, and lifestyle factors. In turn, all of these factors play an important role in the modulation of intestinal microflora, and a significant proportion of IBD patients struggle with intestinal dysbiosis, which leads to the conclusion that intestinal microflora disorders may significantly increase the risk of developing IBD. Additionally, in IBD patients, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) produced by intestinal epithelial cells and dendritic cells treat intestinal bacterial antigens as pathogens, which causes a disruption of the immune response, resulting in the development of an inflammatory process. This may result in the occurrence of intestinal dysbiosis, which IBD patients are significantly vulnerable to. In this study, we reviewed scientific studies (in particular, systematic reviews with meta-analyses, being studies with the highest level of evidence) regarding the microflora of patients with IBD vs. the microflora in healthy people, and the use of various strains in IBD therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prebiotics, Probiotics on Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Gut Health)

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22 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Nutrition Research: A Scoping Review

by Andrea Sosa-Holwerda, Oak-Hee Park, Kembra Albracht-Schulte, Surya Niraula, Leslie Thompson and Wilna Oldewage-Theron

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2066; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132066 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 16165

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer systems doing tasks that usually need human intelligence. AI is constantly changing and is revolutionizing the healthcare field, including nutrition. This review’s purpose is four-fold: (i) to investigate AI’s role in nutrition research; (ii) to identify areas [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer systems doing tasks that usually need human intelligence. AI is constantly changing and is revolutionizing the healthcare field, including nutrition. This review’s purpose is four-fold: (i) to investigate AI’s role in nutrition research; (ii) to identify areas in nutrition using AI; (iii) to understand AI’s future potential impact; (iv) to investigate possible concerns about AI’s use in nutrition research. Eight databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Agricola, Scopus, IEEE Explore, Google Scholar and Cochrane. A total of 1737 articles were retrieved, of which 22 were included in the review. Article screening phases included duplicates elimination, title-abstract selection, full-text review, and quality assessment. The key findings indicated AI’s role in nutrition is at a developmental stage, focusing mainly on dietary assessment and less on malnutrition prediction, lifestyle interventions, and diet-related diseases comprehension. Clinical research is needed to determine AI’s intervention efficacy. The ethics of AI use, a main concern, remains unresolved and needs to be considered for collateral damage prevention to certain populations. The studies’ heterogeneity in this review limited the focus on specific nutritional areas. Future research should prioritize specialized reviews in nutrition and dieting for a deeper understanding of AI’s potential in human nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Applications to Public Health Nutrition)

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22 pages, 6977 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ecklonia cava Polyphenols Have a Preventive Effect on Parkinson’s Disease through the Activation of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway

by Yuri Yasuda, Tamaki Tokumatsu, Chiharu Ueda, Manami Sakai, Yutaro Sasaki, Toshio Norikura, Isao Matsui-Yuasa and Akiko Kojima-Yuasa

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2076; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132076 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 9260

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative neurological disorder defined by the deterioration and loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to a range of motor impairments and non-motor symptoms. The underlying mechanism of this neurodegeneration remains unclear. This research examined the [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative neurological disorder defined by the deterioration and loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to a range of motor impairments and non-motor symptoms. The underlying mechanism of this neurodegeneration remains unclear. This research examined the neuroprotective properties of Ecklonia cava polyphenols (ECPs) in mitigating neuronal damage induced by rotenone via the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)–antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway. Using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and PD model mice, we found that ECP, rich in the antioxidant polyphenol phlorotannin, boosted the gene expression and functionality of the antioxidant enzyme NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1. ECP also promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation and increased p62 expression, suggesting that p62 helps sustain Nrf2 activation via a positive feedback loop. The neuroprotective effect of ECP was significantly reduced by Compound C (CC), an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor, which also suppressed Nrf2 nuclear translocation. In PD model mice, ECPs improved motor functions impaired by rotenone, as assessed by the pole test and wire-hanging test, and restored intestinal motor function and colon tissue morphology. Additionally, ECPs increased tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the substantia nigra, indicating a protective effect on dopaminergic neurons. These findings suggest that ECP has a preventative effect on PD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Human Health and Diseases)

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28 pages, 1782 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Gut–Brain Axis in Focus: Polyphenols, Microbiota, and Their Influence on α-Synuclein in Parkinson’s Disease

by Elizabeth Riegelman, Kathy S. Xue, Jia-Sheng Wang and Lili Tang

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132041 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5865

Abstract

With the recognition of the importance of the gut–brain axis in Parkinson’s disease (PD) etiology, there is increased interest in developing therapeutic strategies that target α-synuclein, the hallmark abhorrent protein of PD pathogenesis, which may originate in the gut. Research has demonstrated that [...] Read more.

With the recognition of the importance of the gut–brain axis in Parkinson’s disease (PD) etiology, there is increased interest in developing therapeutic strategies that target α-synuclein, the hallmark abhorrent protein of PD pathogenesis, which may originate in the gut. Research has demonstrated that inhibiting the aggregation, oligomerization, and fibrillation of α-synuclein are key strategies for disease modification. Polyphenols, which are rich in fruits and vegetables, are drawing attention for their potential role in this context. In this paper, we reviewed how polyphenols influence the composition and functional capabilities of the gut microbiota and how the resulting microbial metabolites of polyphenols may potentially enhance the modulation of α-synuclein aggregation. Understanding the interaction between polyphenols and gut microbiota and identifying which specific microbes may enhance the efficacy of polyphenols is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies and precision nutrition based on the microbiome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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16 pages, 587 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Intersection of Food Security and Mental Health in the Pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals

by Helen Onyeaka, Ovinuchi Ejiohuo, Oluseyi Rotimi Taiwo, Nnabueze Darlington Nnaji, Omowale A. Odeyemi, Keru Duan, Ogueri Nwaiwu and Olumide Odeyemi

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2036; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132036 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7963

Abstract

Food insecurity, a multifaceted global challenge, intertwines with mental health concerns, necessitating nuanced strategies for sustainable solutions. The intricate web of challenges posed by these intersections has made it imperative to delineate a strategic way forward, incorporating solutions and robust policy recommendations. This [...] Read more.

Food insecurity, a multifaceted global challenge, intertwines with mental health concerns, necessitating nuanced strategies for sustainable solutions. The intricate web of challenges posed by these intersections has made it imperative to delineate a strategic way forward, incorporating solutions and robust policy recommendations. This study aims to comprehensively examine the intricate relationship between food security and its intersection with mental health on a global scale, offering insights into case studies, responses, and innovative approaches to inform effective strategies for addressing these pressing challenges. This study involved an analysis of a literature search, mainly between 2013 and 2023, with an updated addition of relevant 2024 studies. Examining responses across regions unveils varied interventions, from targeted social safety net programs in West Africa to technology-driven solutions in Asia. Success stories, such as Ghana’s sustainable agricultural practices and Canada’s income transfer programs, underscore the efficacy of multifaceted approaches. Innovative initiatives like community food programs offer promising alternatives to traditional food banks. Furthermore, international cooperation and policy innovations, exemplified by the European Union’s “Farm to Fork Strategy”, demonstrate the potential for collective action in addressing food insecurity. By prioritizing integrated strategies, global collaboration, and evidence-based policymaking, we lay the groundwork for sustainable development where communities thrive nutritionally and mentally. We emphasize continuous research and evaluation and incorporating mental health support into community programs to pave the way for a future where communities are not only food-secure but also mentally resilient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adopting Sustainable Dietary Patterns: Effects of Food Labeling, Food Choices, and Eating Behaviors)

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26 pages, 3247 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Post-Exercise Inflammation, Muscle Damage, Oxidative Response, and Sports Performance in Physically Healthy Adults—A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Diego Fernández-Lázaro, Soledad Arribalzaga, Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso and Enrique Roche

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2044; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132044 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 23630

Abstract

Omega-3 is a family of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have been used to treat a wide variety of chronic diseases, due mainly to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. In this context, omega-3 could be post-exercise recovery agent and sports [...] Read more.

Omega-3 is a family of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have been used to treat a wide variety of chronic diseases, due mainly to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. In this context, omega-3 could be post-exercise recovery agent and sports supplement that could improve performance by preserving and promoting skeletal muscle mass and strength. No conclusive evidence, however, exists about the potential effects of omega-3 on post-exercise biomarkers and sports performance in physically healthy adults. Based on the PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine, and Sports Science (PERSiST) guidelines, we systematically reviewed studies indexed in Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline to assess the effects of omega-3 on post-exercise inflammation, muscle damage, oxidant response, and sports performance in physically healthy adults. The search was performed on original articles published in the last 10 years up to 5 May 2024, with a controlled trial design in which omega-3 supplementation was compared with a control group. Among 14,971 records identified in the search, 13 studies met the selection criteria. The duration of the interventions ranged from 1 day to 26 weeks of supplementation and the doses used were heterogeneous. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the control group in 3 of the 4 studies where these markers were analyzed. C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the control group of 2 of the 13 studies where this marker was analyzed. The delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) gave mixed results. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) showed improvements with supplementation, but tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) displayed no differences. The consumption of n-3 PUFAs improved some indicators of oxidative stress such as reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio. Additional evidence is needed to establish clear recommendations regarding the dose and length of n-3 PUFA supplements. These may benefit the post-exercise inflammatory response, mitigate muscle damage, and decrease oxidative stress caused by exercise. However, studies did not evaluate omega-3 status at baseline or following supplementation and therefore the observations must be treated with caution Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Food First Approach in Sports Nutrition)

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12 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Healthful Plant-Based Diet as an Alternative Dietary Approach in the Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease

by Gabriele Castelnuovo, Nuria Perez-Diaz-del-Campo, Chiara Rosso, Angelo Armandi, Gian Paolo Caviglia and Elisabetta Bugianesi

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2027; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132027 - 26 Jun 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3766

Abstract

Plant-based diets (PBDs) are gaining attention as a sustainable and health-conscious alternative for managing various chronic conditions, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). In the absence of pharmacological treatments, exploring the potential of lifestyle modifications to improve biochemical and pathological outcomes becomes [...] Read more.

Plant-based diets (PBDs) are gaining attention as a sustainable and health-conscious alternative for managing various chronic conditions, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). In the absence of pharmacological treatments, exploring the potential of lifestyle modifications to improve biochemical and pathological outcomes becomes crucial. The adoption of PBDs has demonstrated beneficial effects such as weight control, increased metabolic health and improved coexisting diseases. Nonetheless, challenges persist, including adherence difficulties, ensuring nutritional adequacy, and addressing potential deficiencies. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of PBDs on MASLD, emphasizing the need for tailored dietary interventions with professional support to optimize their effectiveness in preventing and treating metabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in the Pathophysiology and Management of NAFLD)

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16 pages, 1164 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Almond Consumption on Cardiovascular Health and Gut Microbiome: A Comprehensive Review

by Saiful Singar, Saurabh Kadyan, Cole Patoine, Gwoncheol Park, Bahram Arjmandi and Ravinder Nagpal

Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121964 - 20 Jun 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 17294

Abstract

The consumption of almonds has been associated with several health benefits, particularly concerning cardiovascular and intestinal health. In this comprehensive review, we compile and deliberate studies investigating the effects of almond consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and gut health. Almonds are [...] Read more.

The consumption of almonds has been associated with several health benefits, particularly concerning cardiovascular and intestinal health. In this comprehensive review, we compile and deliberate studies investigating the effects of almond consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and gut health. Almonds are rich in monounsaturated fats, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols, which contribute to their health-promoting properties. Regular intake of almonds has been shown to improve lipid profiles by reducing LDL cholesterol and enhancing HDL functionality. Additionally, almonds aid in glycemic control, blood pressure reduction, and chronic inflammation amelioration, which are critical for cardiovascular health. The antioxidant properties of almonds, primarily due to their high vitamin E content, help in reducing oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, almonds positively influence body composition by reducing body fat percentage and central adiposity and enhancing satiety, thus aiding in weight management. Herein, we also contemplate the emerging concept of the gut–heart axis, where almond consumption appears to modulate the gut microbiome, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and increasing short-chain fatty acid production, particularly butyrate. These effects collectively contribute to the anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective benefits of almonds. By encompassing these diverse aspects, we eventually provide a systematic and updated perspective on the multifaceted benefits of almond consumption for cardiovascular health and gut microbiome, corroborating their broader consideration in dietary guidelines and public health recommendations for CVD risk reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome)

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18 pages, 371 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ultra-Processed Foods and Mental Health: Where Do Eating Disorders Fit into the Puzzle?

by David A. Wiss and Erica M. LaFata

Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1955; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121955 - 19 Jun 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 11762

Abstract

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) like pastries, packaged snacks, fast foods, and sweetened beverages have become dominant in the modern food supply and are strongly associated with numerous public health concerns. While the physical health consequences of UPF intake have been well documented (e.g., increased [...] Read more.

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) like pastries, packaged snacks, fast foods, and sweetened beverages have become dominant in the modern food supply and are strongly associated with numerous public health concerns. While the physical health consequences of UPF intake have been well documented (e.g., increased risks of cardiometabolic conditions), less empirical discussion has emphasized the mental health consequences of chronic UPF consumption. Notably, the unique characteristics of UPFs (e.g., artificially high levels of reinforcing ingredients) influence biological processes (e.g., dopamine signaling) in a manner that may contribute to poorer psychological functioning for some individuals. Importantly, gold-standard behavioral lifestyle interventions and treatments specifically for disordered eating do not acknowledge the direct role that UPFs may play in sensitizing reward-related neural functioning, disrupting metabolic responses, and motivating subsequent UPF cravings and intake. The lack of consideration for the influences of UPFs on mental health is particularly problematic given the growing scientific support for the addictive properties of these foods and the utility of ultra-processed food addiction (UPFA) as a novel clinical phenotype endorsed by 14–20% of individuals across international samples. The overarching aim of the present review is to summarize the science of how UPFs may affect mental health, emphasizing contributing biological mechanisms. Specifically, the authors will (1) describe how corporate-sponsored research and financial agendas have contributed to contention and debate about the role of UPFs in health; (2) define UPFs and their nutritional characteristics; (3) review observed associations between UPF intake and mental health conditions, especially with depression; (4) outline the evidence for UPFA; and (5) describe nuanced treatment considerations for comorbid UPFA and eating disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intervention in Mental Health)

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29 pages, 493 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Water-Soluble Vitamins and Vitamin D in Prevention and Treatment of Depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder in Adults

by Alireza Jahan-Mihan, Priscilla Stevens, Saily Medero-Alfonso, Georgina Brace, Laurel Kate Overby, Kristin Berg and Corinne Labyak

Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1902; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121902 - 17 Jun 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 10354

Abstract

Depression is a major global health concern expected to worsen by 2030. In 2019, 28 million individuals were affected by depressive disorders. Dietary and supplemental vitamins show overall favorable preventative and therapeutic effects on depression. B vitamins are crucial for neurological function and [...] Read more.

Depression is a major global health concern expected to worsen by 2030. In 2019, 28 million individuals were affected by depressive disorders. Dietary and supplemental vitamins show overall favorable preventative and therapeutic effects on depression. B vitamins are crucial for neurological function and mood regulation. Deficiencies in these vitamins are linked to depression. Studies on individual B vitamins show promise in improving depressive symptoms, particularly thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate. Vitamin C deficiency may heighten depressive symptoms, but its exact role is not fully understood. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is associated with insufficient sunlight exposure and vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D supplementation for SAD shows inconsistent results due to methodological variations. Further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms of vitamins in depression treatment. Moreover, more research on SAD and light therapy’s efficacy and underlying mechanisms involving photoreceptors, enzymes, and immune markers is needed. Although dietary and supplemental vitamins show overall favorable preventative and therapeutic effects on depression, dietitians treating psychiatric disorders face challenges due to diverse study designs, making direct comparisons difficult. Therefore, this article reviews the current literature to assess the role of dietary and supplemental vitamins in the prevention and treatment of depression. This review found that, although evidence supports the role of B vitamins and vitamins C and D in preventing and treating depression, further research is needed to clarify their mechanisms of action and determine the most effective intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins and Human Health: 2nd Edition)

18 pages, 2464 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Collagen and Vitamin C and Their Combination with Hyaluronic Acid on Skin Density, Texture and Other Parameters: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Katja Žmitek, Janko Žmitek, Hristo Hristov, Mirjam Rogl Butina, Petra Keršmanc and Tina Pogačnik

Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1908; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121908 - 17 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 22351

Abstract

Collagen dietary supplements are becoming increasingly popular as a means to reduce signs of skin ageing. The objective of this three-way, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was to examine and contrast the effects of dietary supplementation with a daily dose of 5 g hydrolysed [...] Read more.

Collagen dietary supplements are becoming increasingly popular as a means to reduce signs of skin ageing. The objective of this three-way, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was to examine and contrast the effects of dietary supplementation with a daily dose of 5 g hydrolysed collagen with 80 mg of vitamin C (CP product) and their combination with 30 mg of hyaluronic acid (CPHA product) over 16 weeks. Validated methods were utilised for the objective evaluation of skin parameters. In total, 87 subjects (women, 40–65 years) completed the entire trial, distributed across the groups as follows: placebo group (n = 29), CPHA group (n = 28), and CP group (n = 30). The results showed beneficial effects of both test products, with notable enhancements in dermis density, skin texture, and a reduction in the severity of wrinkles. In contrast, the administration of either of the products did not yield any significant impacts on skin elasticity or hydration. Observation of the investigated skin parameters did not show superior effects of the addition of hyaluronic acid (HA) to collagen. Therefore, the ability of supplementation with HA to improve the effects on investigated skin parameters beyond the supplementation of collagen alone cannot be confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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16 pages, 619 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Protein Requirements for Maximal Muscle Mass and Athletic Performance Are Achieved with Completely Plant-Based Diets Scaled to Meet Energy Needs: A Modeling Study in Professional American Football Players

by David M. Goldman, Cassandra B. Warbeck and Micaela C. Karlsen

Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121903 - 17 Jun 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 18001

Abstract

American football players consume large quantities of animal-sourced protein in adherence with traditional recommendations to maximize muscle development and athletic performance. This contrasts with dietary guidelines, which recommend reducing meat intake and increasing consumption of plant-based foods to promote health and reduce the [...] Read more.

American football players consume large quantities of animal-sourced protein in adherence with traditional recommendations to maximize muscle development and athletic performance. This contrasts with dietary guidelines, which recommend reducing meat intake and increasing consumption of plant-based foods to promote health and reduce the risk of chronic disease. The capacity of completely plant-based diets to meet the nutritional needs of American football players has not been studied. This modeling study scaled dietary data from a large cohort following completely plant-based diets to meet the energy requirements of professional American football players to determine whether protein, leucine, and micronutrient needs for physical performance and health were met. The Cunningham equation was used to estimate calorie requirements. Nutrient intakes from the Adventist Health Study 2 were then scaled to this calorie level. Protein values ranged from 1.6–2.2 g/kg/day and leucine values ranged from 3.8–4.1 g/meal at each of four daily meals, therefore meeting and exceeding levels theorized to maximize muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle protein synthesis, respectively. Plant-based diets scaled to meet the energy needs of professional American football players satisfied protein, leucine, and micronutrient requirements for muscle development and athletic performance. These findings suggest that completely plant-based diets could bridge the gap between dietary recommendations for chronic disease prevention and athletic performance in American football players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food-Based Interventions in Sport)

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14 pages, 4075 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Long-Term Fasting-Induced Ketosis in 1610 Subjects: Metabolic Regulation and Safety

by Franziska Grundler, Robin Mesnage, Philip M. M. Ruppert, Demetrios Kouretas and Françoise Wilhelmi de Toledo

Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1849; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121849 - 13 Jun 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 20866

Abstract

Background: There is a growing consensus that fasting-induced ketosis has beneficial effects on human physiology. Despite these compelling benefits, fasting-induced ketosis raises concerns in some clinicians because it is often inappropriately compared with the pathologic uncontrolled ketone production in diabetic ketoacidosis. The determinants [...] Read more.

Background: There is a growing consensus that fasting-induced ketosis has beneficial effects on human physiology. Despite these compelling benefits, fasting-induced ketosis raises concerns in some clinicians because it is often inappropriately compared with the pathologic uncontrolled ketone production in diabetic ketoacidosis. The determinants of the inter-individual differences in the intensity of ketosis during long-term fasting is unknown. Methods: We monitored daily variations in fasting ketonemia, as well as ketonuria, which is less invasive, in a large cohort of 1610 subjects, fasting between 4 and 21 days with the Buchinger Wilhelmi program, minimally supplemented with ~75–250 kcal (daily fruit juice, vegetable soup, and honey). Results: Ketonuria was detected in more than 95% of fasting subjects from day 4 onwards. Subjects consuming only soups, without fruit juice or honey, exhibited reduced caloric intake (72 kcal instead of 236 kcal) and carbohydrate intake (15.6 g instead of 56.5 g), leading to more intense ketonuria. Participants with high ketonuria were, in the majority, males, young, had a higher body weight, and had lower HDL-C and urea values. They had a larger decrease in blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin levels, body weight, and waist circumference. Furthermore, in the high-ketonuria group, a larger increase in blood uric acid concentration was observed. Conclusion: Our study showed that long-term fasting triggered ketosis, never reaching pathological levels, and that ketosis is influenced by age, gender, health, and the level of physical activity. Furthermore, it is modulated but not suppressed by minimal carbohydrate intake. Our study paves the way for better understanding how supplementation can modulate the therapeutic effects and tolerability of long-term fasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intermittent Fasting on Human Health and Disease)

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17 pages, 1254 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Carrageenan in the Diet: Friend or Foe for Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

by Nina Kimilu, Katarzyna Gładyś-Cieszyńska, Magdalena Pieszko, Dorota Mańkowska-Wierzbicka and Marcin Folwarski

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1780; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111780 - 6 Jun 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 10368

Abstract

While the exact pathogenesis of IBD remains unclear, genetic, environmental and nutritional factors as well as the composition of the gut microbiome play crucial roles. Food additives, which are increasingly consumed in the Western diet, are being investigated for their potential effects on [...] Read more.

While the exact pathogenesis of IBD remains unclear, genetic, environmental and nutritional factors as well as the composition of the gut microbiome play crucial roles. Food additives, which are increasingly consumed in the Western diet, are being investigated for their potential effects on IBD. These additives can affect gut health by altering the composition of the microbiota, immune responses, and intestinal permeability, contributing to autoimmune diseases and inflammation. Despite the growing number of studies on food additives and IBD, the specific effects of carrageenan have not yet been sufficiently researched. This review addresses this gap by critically analyzing recent studies on the effects of carrageenan on the gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and inflammatory processes. We searched the MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases using the following terms: carrageenan, carrageenan and inflammatory bowel disease, carrageenan and cancer, food additives and microbiome, food additives and intestinal permeability, and food additives and autoimmune diseases. In animal studies, degraded carrageenan has been shown to trigger intestinal ulceration and inflammation, highlighting its potential risk for exacerbating IBD. It can affect the gut microbiota, reduce bacterial diversity, and increase intestinal permeability, contributing to “leaky gut” syndrome. Some studies suggest that carrageenan may inhibit the growth of cancer cells by influencing the progression of the cell cycle, but the anti-cancer effect is still unclear. Carrageenan may also increase glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Further research is needed to determine whether carrageenan should be excluded from the diet of individuals with IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management for Crohn's Disease)

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18 pages, 778 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Cycling: A Systematic Review

by Alberto Valiño-Marques, Alexandre Lamas, José M. Miranda, Alberto Cepeda and Patricia Regal

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111768 - 5 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 8821

Abstract

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the independent or combined use of nutritional ergogenic aids belonging to Group A of the ABCD classification by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in the context of cycling (caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, [...] Read more.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the independent or combined use of nutritional ergogenic aids belonging to Group A of the ABCD classification by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in the context of cycling (caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, beta-alanine, nitrates, and glycerol). A comprehensive search was carried out using three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. All the databases were searched for Randomized Controlled Trials or crossover design studies assessing the effects of supplementation on cycling performance in comparison with placebos in healthy adults. The methodological quality of each study was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Thirty-six articles involving 701 participants were included in this review, examining supplementation with caffeine (n = 5), creatine (n = 2), sodium bicarbonate (n = 6), beta-alanine (n = 3), and nitrates (n = 8). Additionally, supplemental combinations of caffeine and creatine (n = 3), caffeine and sodium bicarbonate (n = 3), caffeine and nitrates (n = 1), creatine and sodium bicarbonate (n = 1), and sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine (n = 4) were analyzed. A benefit for cyclists’ athletic performnce was found when consuming a caffeine supplement, and a potential positive effect was noted after the consumption of sodium bicarbonate, as well as after the combination of caffeine and creatine. However, no statistically significant effects were identified for the remaining supplements, whether administered individually or in combination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health)

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18 pages, 659 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition, Vitamin D, and Calcium in Elderly Patients before and after a Hip Fracture and Their Impact on the Musculoskeletal System: A Narrative Review

by Luisella Cianferotti, Giuseppe Bifolco, Carla Caffarelli, Gherardo Mazziotti, Silvia Migliaccio, Nicola Napoli, Carmelinda Ruggiero and Cristiana Cipriani

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111773 - 5 Jun 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7073

Abstract

Hip fractures are a major health issue considerably impacting patients’ quality of life and well-being. This is particularly evident in elderly subjects, in which the decline in bone and muscle mass coexists and predisposes individuals to fall and fracture. Among interventions to be [...] Read more.

Hip fractures are a major health issue considerably impacting patients’ quality of life and well-being. This is particularly evident in elderly subjects, in which the decline in bone and muscle mass coexists and predisposes individuals to fall and fracture. Among interventions to be implemented in hip fractured patients, the assessment and management of nutritional status is pivotal, particularly in subjects older than 65. Nutrition plays a central role in both primary and secondary preventions of fracture. An adequate protein intake improves muscle mass and strength and the intestinal absorption of calcium. Other nutrients with recognized beneficial effects on bone health are calcium, vitamins D, K, and C, potassium, magnesium, folate, and carotenoids. With reference to calcium, results from longitudinal studies showed that the consumption of dairy foods has a protective role against fractures. Moreover, the most recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses and one umbrella review demonstrated that the combination of calcium and vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces hip fracture risk, with presumed higher efficacy in older and institutionalized subjects. Owing to these reasons, the adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D, protein, and other macro and micronutrients has been successfully implemented in the Fracture Liaison Services (FLSs) that represent the most reliable model of management for hip fracture patients. In this narrative review, papers (randomized controlled trials, prospective and intervention studies, and systematic reviews) retrieved by records from three different databases (PubMed, Embase, and Medline) have been analyzed, and the available information on the screening, assessment, and management of nutritional and vitamin D status and calcium intake in patients with hip fractures is presented along with specific prevention and treatment measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calcium, Vitamin D and Aging in Humans)

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21 pages, 12193 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Combined Effects of Physical Activity and Diet on Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Petros C. Dinas, on behalf of the Students of Module 5104 (Introduction to Systematic Reviews), Marianthi Karaventza, Christina Liakou, Kalliopi Georgakouli, Dimitrios Bogdanos and George S. Metsios

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111749 - 2 Jun 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7799

Abstract

Background: The purpose of our systematic review was to examine the effects of any physical activity/exercise intervention combined with any diet/nutrition intervention on any biological/biochemical index, quality of life (QoL), and depression in breast, lung, colon and rectum, prostate, stomach, and liver cancer [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of our systematic review was to examine the effects of any physical activity/exercise intervention combined with any diet/nutrition intervention on any biological/biochemical index, quality of life (QoL), and depression in breast, lung, colon and rectum, prostate, stomach, and liver cancer patients and/or cancer survivors. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken, using PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook. The systematic review protocol can be found in the PROSPERO database; registration number: CRD42023481429. Results: We found moderate-quality evidence that a combined intervention of physical activity/exercise and nutrition/diet reduced body mass index, body weight, fat mass, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, triglycerides, and depression, while it increased high-density lipoprotein, the physical component of QoL, and general functional assessment of cancer therapy. Conclusions: We conclude that a combined intervention of physical activity/exercise and diet/nutrition may decrease body weight, fat mass, insulin levels, and inflammation, and improve lipidemic profile, the physical component of QoL, and depression in cancer patients and survivors. These outcomes indicate a lower risk for carcinogenesis; however, their applicability depends on the heterogeneity of the population and interventions, as well as the potential medical treatment of cancer patients and survivors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Nutrition as the Key Reference in Special Diets, Quality of Life, and Sustainability)

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33 pages, 720 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ultra-Processed Foods: A Narrative Review of the Impact on the Human Gut Microbiome and Variations in Classification Methods

by Allison L. Brichacek, Melanie Florkowski, Esther Abiona and Karen M. Frank

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111738 - 1 Jun 2024

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 9512

Abstract

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are foods that are industrially processed and are often pre-packaged, convenient, energy-dense, and nutrient-poor. UPFs are widespread in the current Western diet and their proposed contribution to non-communicable diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease is supported by numerous studies. [...] Read more.

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are foods that are industrially processed and are often pre-packaged, convenient, energy-dense, and nutrient-poor. UPFs are widespread in the current Western diet and their proposed contribution to non-communicable diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease is supported by numerous studies. UPFs are hypothesized to affect the body in multiple ways, including by inducing changes in the gut microbiome. This review summarizes the available research on the effect of UPFs on the gut microbiome. We also review current usage of the NOVA food classification system in randomized controlled trials and observational studies and how its implementation effects UPF research. Despite some differences in methodology between studies, results often associate UPF consumption with a number of negative health consequences. There are attempts to standardize a UPF classification system; however, reaching and implementing a consensus is difficult. Future studies focusing on the mechanisms by which UPFs effect the body, including through the microbiome and metabolome, will be essential to refine our understanding of the effects of UPFs on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Diet, Gut Microbes and Human Health)

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13 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mediterranean Dietary Pattern for Healthy and Active Aging: A Narrative Review of an Integrative and Sustainable Approach

by Polina Dobroslavska, Maria Leonor Silva, Filipa Vicente and Paula Pereira

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111725 - 31 May 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5875

Abstract

The global population is on a trajectory of continuous growth, with estimates projecting an increase from 7.7 billion in 2019 to approximately 9.7 billion by 2050. Longevity is also expected to rise rapidly, with advancements in healthcare contributing to increased life expectancies and [...] Read more.

The global population is on a trajectory of continuous growth, with estimates projecting an increase from 7.7 billion in 2019 to approximately 9.7 billion by 2050. Longevity is also expected to rise rapidly, with advancements in healthcare contributing to increased life expectancies and an increase in the maximum lifespan. The aging process is accompanied by different changes, often leading to a decline in daily life activities and an increased susceptibility to disease. Age-related changes can cause cellular damage and subsequent cellular death. Oxidative stress and inflammation play significant roles in this process contributing to molecular damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Active aging has been associated with improved quality of life and a reduced risk of morbidity and premature mortality. In this context, the Mediterranean diet has emerged as a promising approach to promoting healthy aging and sustainability. The phytochemical compounds within the Mediterranean diet have been linked to a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The findings of peer-reviewed articles regarding the use of the Mediterranean diet as a healthy and sustainable dietary pattern written in Portuguese, Spanish or English were included in this narrative literature review. This dietary pattern’s emphasis on the consumption of fresh and local food aligns with both health and environmental sustainability goals. This work provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of the Mediterranean diet and its components in a healthy aging process and highlights the importance of this dietary pattern as a sustainable approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Food Ingredients—a Sustainable Health Approach for Chronic Disease Prevention)

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