Creatine Improves Total Sleep Duration Following Resistance Training Days versus Non-Resistance Training Days among Naturally Menstruating Females
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Supplementation
2.4. Resistance Training Program
2.5. Daily Testing
2.5.1. Daily Sleep Assessment
2.5.2. Ovulation Urine Testing
2.6. Pre- and Post-Testing
2.6.1. Health Questionnaires
2.6.2. Dietary Intake Assessment
2.6.3. Body Composition
2.6.4. Muscular Strength
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sleep
3.1.1. Sleep Quality
3.1.2. Sleep Duration
3.2. Participant Demographics
3.3. Strength
3.4. Body Composition
3.5. Dietary Intake Assessment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 21) | Placebo (n = 9) | Creatine (n = 12) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 20 ± 2 | 21 ± 2 | 20 ± 2 |
Height (cm) | 164.2 ± 5.4 | 165.8 ± 4.1 | 161.9 ± 6.3 |
Body mass (kg) | 66.8 ± 14.0 | 68.6 ± 15.6 | 65.4 ± 13.3 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 5.3 | 23.9 ± 3.8 | 25.9 ± 6.8 |
Menstrual cycle phase | F: 62% | F: 56% | F: 66% |
L: 14% | L: 11% | L: 17% |
Placebo | Creatine | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre (n = 9) | Post (n = 9) | Ovulation (n = 4) | Pre (n = 12) | Post (n = 12) | Ovulation (n = 12) | |
DXA Measures | ||||||
BM (kg) | 68.6 ± 15.6 | 69.6 ± 15.3 ^ | ----- | 65.4 ± 13.3 | 66.8 ± 13.0 ^ | ----- |
FM (%) | 31.9 ± 4.6 | 32.61 ± 5.1 | ----- | 34.8 ± 6.1 | 35.2 ± 6.1 | ----- |
FM (kg) | 22.3 ± 7.7 | 23.2 ± 8.0 ^ | ----- | 23.4 ± 8.6 | 24.1 ± 8.6 ^ | ----- |
ST (%) | 63.8 ± 4.3 | 63.9 ± 4.7 | ----- | 62.1 ± 6.4 | 61.5 ± 5.6 | ----- |
LST (kg) | 43.9 ± 7.9 | 43.7 ± 7.7 | ----- | 39.9 ± 5.1 | 40.5 ± 5.3 | ----- |
VAT (cm2) | 56.5 ± 29.8 | 65.5 ± 33.0 | ----- | 102.3 ± 68.7 | 91.7 ± 46.2 | ----- |
ALSTI (kg/m2) | 6.9 ± 1.0 | 6.8 ± 0.9 | ----- | 6.3 ± 1.0 | 6.4 ± 0.9 | ----- |
BCI (kg) | ----- | −0.86 ± 1.7 | ----- | ----- | −0.17 ± 2.3 | ----- |
BIA Measures | ||||||
TBW (kg) | 32.5 ± 4.2 | 33.7 ± 4.6 ^ | 33.4 ± 3.1 # | 33.6 ± 3.6 | 34.1 ± 2.9 ^ | 34.7 ± 2.7 # |
ICW (kg) | 20.3 ± 2.6 | 21.2 ± 2.8 ^ | 21.1 ± 2.1 # | 21.1 ± 2.3 | 21.5 ± 1.8 ^ | 21.9 ± 1.8 # |
ECW (kg) | 12.1 ± 1.6 | 12.5 ± 1.7 ^ | 12.4 ± 1.2 # | 12.5 ± 1.3 | 12.6 ± 1.1 ^ | 12.8 ± 0.9 # |
Placebo | Creatine | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre (n = 9) | Post (n = 9) | Pre (n = 12) | Post (n = 12) | |
Calories (kcal) | 1826 ± 383 | 1561 ± 698 ^ | 1929 ± 1020 | 1394 ± 608 ^ |
Protein (g) | 64 ± 26 | 50 ± 24 ^ | 70 ± 28 | 51 ± 20 ^ |
Protein (g/kg) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 ^ | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.4 ^ |
Carbohydrate (g) | 241 ± 54 | 191 ± 90 | 217 ± 133 | 160 ± 78 |
Carbohydrate (g/kg) | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 1.0 ^ | 3.5 ± 2.5 | 2.6 ± 1.5 ^ |
Fat (g) | 64 ± 24 | 55 ± 30 ^ | 73 ± 30 | 53 ± 22 ^ |
Habitual Creatine (g) | 0.39 ± 0.26 | 0.25 ± 0.11 | 0.35 ± 0.25 | 0.26 ± 0.19 |
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Aguiar Bonfim Cruz, A.J.; Brooks, S.J.; Kleinkopf, K.; Brush, C.J.; Irwin, G.L.; Schwartz, M.G.; Candow, D.G.; Brown, A.F. Creatine Improves Total Sleep Duration Following Resistance Training Days versus Non-Resistance Training Days among Naturally Menstruating Females. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162772
Aguiar Bonfim Cruz AJ, Brooks SJ, Kleinkopf K, Brush CJ, Irwin GL, Schwartz MG, Candow DG, Brown AF. Creatine Improves Total Sleep Duration Following Resistance Training Days versus Non-Resistance Training Days among Naturally Menstruating Females. Nutrients. 2024; 16(16):2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162772
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguiar Bonfim Cruz, Ariel J., Samantha J. Brooks, Katelyn Kleinkopf, C. J. Brush, Gena L. Irwin, Malayna G. Schwartz, Darren G. Candow, and Ann F. Brown. 2024. "Creatine Improves Total Sleep Duration Following Resistance Training Days versus Non-Resistance Training Days among Naturally Menstruating Females" Nutrients 16, no. 16: 2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162772
APA StyleAguiar Bonfim Cruz, A. J., Brooks, S. J., Kleinkopf, K., Brush, C. J., Irwin, G. L., Schwartz, M. G., Candow, D. G., & Brown, A. F. (2024). Creatine Improves Total Sleep Duration Following Resistance Training Days versus Non-Resistance Training Days among Naturally Menstruating Females. Nutrients, 16(16), 2772. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162772