Plants

24 pages, 6173 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Comparison of Soybean Roots Inoculated with Different Rhizobium Strains During Early Symbiosis

by Qin Lin, Ziji Wu, Ruixin Xu, Jing Zhang, Min Deng, Tao Wang, Qi Zhang, Peiwu Li and Zhe Yan

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1417; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091417 - 6 May 2026

Viewed by 708

Abstract

The symbiotic relationship between soybean and rhizobia facilitates nodulation and nitrogen fixation, providing a sustainable nutrient supply for increasing crop yields and reducing chemical fertilizer use. However, comparative studies on the conservation and strain-specificity of host gene expression regulated by different rhizobial strains [...] Read more.

The symbiotic relationship between soybean and rhizobia facilitates nodulation and nitrogen fixation, providing a sustainable nutrient supply for increasing crop yields and reducing chemical fertilizer use. However, comparative studies on the conservation and strain-specificity of host gene expression regulated by different rhizobial strains remain limited. Here, we performed a comparative analysis between the previously isolated strain, Bradyrhizobium ottawaense Bott 59, and the model strain, Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110. Symbiotic phenotypes were evaluated after inoculation, and a root transcriptomic analysis was conducted at 3 dpi to assess early molecular responses. At 21 dpi, Bott 59-inoculated plants outperformed plants inoculated with USDA 110 in nodule number, nitrogenase activity, and biomass. Transcriptomic analysis revealed conserved host responses to both rhizobial strains, including NIN-mediated signaling, AON signaling, and the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and brassinosteroids. Further analysis revealed that Bott 59 specifically induced the expression of genes involved in isoflavonoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, including those encoding I2H, and HI4OMT. Moreover, Bott 59 triggered more pronounced transcriptional reprogramming in auxin, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid signaling pathways, along with differential expression of a broader set of transcription factor genes. Collectively, this study systematically unravels the conserved and strain-specific transcriptional regulatory events underlying host–rhizobium interactions. Our findings provide valuable theoretical insights and transcriptomic resources for further dissecting the molecular mechanisms of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), as well as for the targeted genetic improvement of crop nodulation and nitrogen fixation efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms in Crop Nutrition and Production)

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18 pages, 2529 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm Activities, and Cytotoxicity of the Essential Oil of Dracocephalum botryoides Stev.

by Gunay Jafarova, Kübra Erkan Türkmen, Javanshir Isayev, Ilkay Erdogan Orhan, Hikmet Katircioglu, Temel Ozek and Ebru Erdal

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1416; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091416 - 6 May 2026

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Abstract

Dracocephalum botryoides Stev. (Lamiaceae) is an endemic species of the Caucasus region with a history of traditional medicinal use, although the biological properties of its essential oil remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of D. [...] Read more.

Dracocephalum botryoides Stev. (Lamiaceae) is an endemic species of the Caucasus region with a history of traditional medicinal use, although the biological properties of its essential oil remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of D. botryoides collected in northern Azerbaijan was evaluated for its chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities. GC–MS analysis revealed a terpene-rich profile, with p-cymene (15.2%), T-cadinol (6.2%), caryophyllene oxide (6.0%), β-caryophyllene (5.8%), and sabinene (5.1%) as the major constituents. The essential oil showed notable antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, with IC₅₀ values of approximately 60 and 63 µg/mL, respectively. The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.2% (v/v) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Higher MIC values were recorded for Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida glabrata ATCC 2001 (1.0% v/v), while the highest MIC value was observed for Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 28188 (2.5% v/v). The essential oil also inhibited biofilm formation, and scanning electron microscopy supported these findings by demonstrating reduced biofilm coverage and disrupted biofilm architecture. In vitro assays using HaCaT human keratinocytes indicated low cytotoxicity of the essential oil at concentrations below 100 µg/mL. These results suggest that the terpene-rich essential oil of D. botryoides possesses noteworthy antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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15 pages, 819 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Use of Parboiled Rice Hull Mulch for Weed Control in Outdoor Ornamental-Plant Production Environments

by Yuvraj Khamare and Stephen Christopher Marble

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1415; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091415 - 6 May 2026

Viewed by 594

Abstract

Parboiled rice hull mulch is becoming a widely used non-chemical weed control method in container nurseries, but research is lacking on the performance of rice hulls in outdoor production nursery environments. Two separate experiments were conducted to assess the effect of rice hull [...] Read more.

Parboiled rice hull mulch is becoming a widely used non-chemical weed control method in container nurseries, but research is lacking on the performance of rice hulls in outdoor production nursery environments. Two separate experiments were conducted to assess the effect of rice hull mulch on the emergence and growth of several common nursery weed species in an outdoor container nursery environment and to determine how well rice hulls performed over time. In a 12-week container experiment, rice hulls provided significantly better control of common container nursery weed species when seeds were placed on top of rice hull mulch applied at depths of 1.3 or 2.5 cm. In contrast, there was little difference in control when seeds were placed below the mulch layer regardless of mulch depth. In a long-term evaluation over 12 months, rice hulls applied at depths of 1.3, 2.5 or 5.0 cm provided control similar to pre-emergence herbicides through 6 months, but herbicides provided better control thereafter. Overall, rice hulls proved to be a suitable alternative to commercial herbicides and would be recommended in cases where pre-emergence herbicides cannot be used due to crop safety or grower preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ornamental Plants and Urban Gardening (3rd Edition))

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19 pages, 3697 KB

Open AccessArticle

OsIPK2 Acts as an Organ-Specific Modulator of Rice Trichome Development by Coordinating Cuticular Wax Metabolism and Transcriptional Regulation

by Yao Chen, Zhiqun Li, Mengyang Huang, Ninghan Shi, Yonghui Li, Kongyang Wu, Yanwei Cheng, Xuhao Liu and Sihong Sang

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091414 - 6 May 2026

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Abstract

Trichomes are specialized epidermal structures that play pivotal roles in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. Inositol polyphosphate kinase 2 (IPK2) is a key enzyme in inositol phosphate metabolism with diverse functions in eukaryotic cellular processes. However, its involvement in trichome development [...] Read more.

Trichomes are specialized epidermal structures that play pivotal roles in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. Inositol polyphosphate kinase 2 (IPK2) is a key enzyme in inositol phosphate metabolism with diverse functions in eukaryotic cellular processes. However, its involvement in trichome development remains uncharacterized. Here, we systematically analyzed the function of a rice inositol polyphosphate kinase gene (OsIPK2) in trichome development using transgenic rice lines and heterologously expressing Arabidopsis lines. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that OsIPK2 acts as an organ-specific modulator of trichome development in rice. Its overexpression repressed macrohair initiation and microhair elongation in leaves, while promoting trichome development on the glumes. Metabolomic profiling revealed that OsIPK2 overexpression reprogrammed cuticular wax metabolism in transgenic rice leaves, shifting fatty acid flux toward long-chain wax precursors and increasing soluble carbohydrate levels. Transcriptomic and qPCR analysis confirmed that OsIPK2 modulated the expression of genes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis, auxin homeostasis, and the core trichome regulatory cascade in rice. Conversely, heterologous overexpression of OsIPK2 in Arabidopsis strongly suppressed trichome initiation and branching, resulting in drastically reduced trichome density and fewer trichome branches. These phenotypes were associated with the downregulation of the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) transcriptional complex and its downstream target genes. Collectively, our findings suggest that OsIPK2 modulated trichome development through organ- and species-specific mechanisms. In rice, it coordinated wax metabolism and the OsSPL10-OsSCR1/2-OsWOX3B-OsHL6 cascade to affect organ-specific trichome formation. In Arabidopsis, it inhibited trichome development by repressing the MBW complex. These results uncover a novel role of OsIPK2 in plant epidermal cell fate specification and advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying organ- and species-specific regulation of trichome development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Receptor Kinase-Mediated Signaling in Plants)

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1 pages, 173 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Cunha et al. Soybean Foliar Deposition and Airflow Distribution Interrelated to Nozzle Type and Boom Travel Direction in Wind Tunnel. Plants 2026, 15, 1032

by João Paulo Arantes Rodrigues da Cunha, Rone Batista de Oliveira, Gabriel de Souza Lemes, Erdal Ozkan, Hongyoung Jeon and Heping Zhu

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1413; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091413 - 6 May 2026

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Abstract

Text Correction [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Sustainable, Innovative, and AI-Based Crop Pest Management)

26 pages, 6293 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Organic Amendments Combined with Mineral Fertilizer on Soil Properties and Crop Yield in a Maize–Soybean Rotation System on Meadow Albic Soil

by Yubo Sun, Qu Chen, Hao Li, Yuzhe Wu, Da Song, Lining Dou, Meng Hou, Shoukun Song, Jingru Zheng, Yuxian Zhang, Mingcong Zhang, Tangzhe Nie, Xingchao Liu and Mengxue Wang

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1412; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091412 - 6 May 2026

Viewed by 724

Abstract

Meadow albic soils in the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China are characterized by a compact plow layer, weak structural stability, low organic matter content, and limited nutrient availability, which restrict crop productivity in maize–soybean rotation systems. A two-year field experiment (2023–2024) was conducted [...] Read more.

Meadow albic soils in the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China are characterized by a compact plow layer, weak structural stability, low organic matter content, and limited nutrient availability, which restrict crop productivity in maize–soybean rotation systems. A two-year field experiment (2023–2024) was conducted to compare the effects of mineral fertilizer alone (CF) and CF combined with carbon-based organic fertilizer (CF+COF), humic acid organic fertilizer (CF+HA), or biochar-based fertilizer (CF+BC) on soil properties and crop yield. Soil aggregate composition, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and enzyme activities were measured together with yield and 100-grain weight. Compared with CF alone, the combined application of organic amendments generally improved soil properties and increased crop yield, although the magnitude and pattern of response differed among materials. CF+COF was more effective in increasing the proportion of medium-sized aggregates, enhancing alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and some enzyme activities, and achieving relatively high yields in both maize and soybean seasons. CF+HA showed comparatively balanced effects on aggregate composition and nutrient availability, whereas CF+BC was more effective in maintaining relatively high soil pH, increasing available phosphorus, and promoting larger aggregates at later growth stages. Overall, all three organic amendments combined with mineral fertilizer were beneficial for improving meadow albic soil and increasing crop yield, with CF+COF showing the best overall performance under the conditions of this study. Full article

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24 pages, 3495 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Polar Auxin Transport and Reduced Brassinosteroid Activity Drive Internode Elongation in Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata)

by Chao Wu, Fang-Fang Wang, Fang-Fang Ma, Ling-Peng Ye, Shi-Yan Mu, Ya-Ting Yang, Xiao-Yu Qu, Ya-Ling Zhang, Shu-Bin Li, Shan-Shan Xu, Xiang-Qing Ma, Guang-Qiu Cao, Si-Zu Lin and Yu Chen

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1411; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091411 - 5 May 2026

Viewed by 864

Abstract

Knot-free timber production in Cunninghamia lanceolata depends critically on internodal characteristics, yet the mechanisms governing internode elongation remain poorly understood, hindering breeding efforts for longer-internode varieties. In this study, we selected two clones with distinct internodal traits (the C1 clone exhibited a 25.03% [...] Read more.

Knot-free timber production in Cunninghamia lanceolata depends critically on internodal characteristics, yet the mechanisms governing internode elongation remain poorly understood, hindering breeding efforts for longer-internode varieties. In this study, we selected two clones with distinct internodal traits (the C1 clone exhibited a 25.03% longer internodal length than the C11 clone) as materials. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and RNA sequencing were used to investigate dynamics in endogenous hormones and transcriptional regulation in internodal growth. Results showed that the difference in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) rhythms in apical buds is a key factor of C1’s longer internodal growth; higher levels of IAA and cytokinins in the apical buds of C1 may support sustained internodal growth; upregulated IAA-related genes in upper phloem (PIN1 and SAURs), which are involved in polar transport and signal response, indicates a stronger capacity to establish apical dominance. Hormone transport may be regulated by very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Consistent with reduced brassinosteroid activity, genes involved in VLCFA biosynthesis and transport were generally lower in C1, implying excessive VLCFA accumulation in C11 may be negative to IAA transporting and internode growth. This study offers a preliminary insight into internodal growth mechanisms influenced by hormone biosynthesis and transport in C. lanceolata., providing a basis for genetic improvement, germplasm selection, and exogenous hormone applications in knot-free timber cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Adaptation and Responses to Stress in Forest Trees)

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25 pages, 2547 KB

Open AccessReview

From the MMC Specification to Endosperm Cellularization in Arabidopsis: A Developmental-Handover Framework for Seed Initiation

by Prakash Babu Adhikari and Ryushiro Dora Kasahara

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1410; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091410 - 5 May 2026

Viewed by 972

Abstract

Seed initiation in Arabidopsis depends on regulatory transitions that begin before fertilization, yet these events are often treated as separate developmental episodes rather than as a connected sequence. Here, we synthesize evidence from megaspore mother cell (MMC) specification to endosperm cellularization and ask [...] Read more.

Seed initiation in Arabidopsis depends on regulatory transitions that begin before fertilization, yet these events are often treated as separate developmental episodes rather than as a connected sequence. Here, we synthesize evidence from megaspore mother cell (MMC) specification to endosperm cellularization and ask whether particular stage boundaries meet a narrow definition of developmental handover: a shift between dominant control logics, with detectable first-order consequences in the ensuing interval and acknowledged overlap across the boundary. This framework goes beyond canonical staging by distinguishing chronological succession from shifts in regulatory control, thereby clarifying where earlier states are expected to constrain later outcomes, which developmental boundaries are mechanistically well supported, and where further mechanistic resolution is most needed. We first examine how MMC singleness (restriction to a single reproductive founder cell per ovule primordium) emerges through coupled sporophytic restriction and local competence. We then consider how meiosis and female gametophyte maturation establish regulatory poise (an actively restrained and asymmetric mature female-gametophytic state), including cell-cycle restraint, companion-cell-restricted demethylation, and unequal gametic chromatin states that condition subsequent embryo and endosperm behavior. After fertilization, release of central-cell restraint, activation of an endosperm auxin program, and recruitment of maternal tissues together mark the onset of seed initiation. In this view, syncytial endosperm is an actively maintained developmental state shaped by parental dosage, epigenetic control, hormone signaling, and maternal interaction, whereas endosperm cellularization represents a regulated switch with seed-wide consequences. In Arabidopsis, the clearest handover is the mature female gametophyte-to-fertilization boundary, whereas the boundaries linking MMC specification to female gametophyte maturation and syncytial endosperm to cellularization remain provisional. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Mediators in Plant Development and Stress Response)

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23 pages, 1889 KB

Open AccessReview

Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Ononis spinosa: A Comprehensive Review

by Vlad-Ionuț Nechita, Alexia-Paula Tărău, Angie-Ioana Şuster, Mihaela-Ancuța Nechita, Anca Toiu, Daniela Benedec, Daniela Hanganu, Costel Siserman, Cristina Drugan and Ilioara Oniga

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1409; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091409 - 5 May 2026

Viewed by 1444

Abstract

Ononis spinosa L. (Fabaceae), commonly known as spiny restharrow, is a widely distributed medicinal plant traditionally used in European and Middle Eastern phytotherapy, particularly for the management of urological and inflammatory conditions. Despite its long-standing ethnomedicinal relevance, comprehensive syntheses of its phytochemical profile [...] Read more.

Ononis spinosa L. (Fabaceae), commonly known as spiny restharrow, is a widely distributed medicinal plant traditionally used in European and Middle Eastern phytotherapy, particularly for the management of urological and inflammatory conditions. Despite its long-standing ethnomedicinal relevance, comprehensive syntheses of its phytochemical profile and biological activities remain limited. This review aimed to summarize current evidence regarding the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of O. spinosa. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SpringerLink) were searched for studies published between 1997 and 2024. The search yielded 308 records; after duplicate removal and eligibility screening, 34 studies met the inclusion criteria. The phytochemical profile of O. spinosa is characterized predominantly by isoflavonoids (e.g., ononin and other formononetin derivatives), triterpenes, phenolic acids, and additional polyphenolic compounds. Although the phytochemical profile of O. spinosa includes multiple classes of secondary metabolites, this review places particular emphasis on phenolic compounds, given their prevalence and well-documented biological activities. Experimental evidence indicates a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory effects (associated with cPLA2α inhibition and cytokine modulation), antibacterial and antifungal activity, antioxidant capacity, wound-healing and dermatological benefits, as well as diuretic and anti-adhesive effects in urinary models. Additional reported properties include antiproliferative, anti-adipogenic, analgesic, and neurotrophic activities. Proposed mechanisms of action involve enzyme inhibition (e.g., Hyal-1 and COX-2), modulation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, redox regulation, and interference with microbial adhesion and inflammatory signaling pathways. Overall, O. spinosa contains bioactive compounds exhibiting a wide range of pharmacological activities supported by in vitro and in vivo studies. Among the investigated effects, anti-inflammatory, urological, and wound-healing activities appear to be the most promising targets for future research. These findings highlight its therapeutic potential while emphasizing the need for well-designed clinical studies to further validate its medicinal applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valuable Sources of Bioactive Natural Products from Plants, Third Edition)

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22 pages, 7124 KB

Open AccessArticle

SsPit2A/B Effectors from Sporisorium scitamineum Interact with the Sugarcane PLCP ScRD21A and Reduce ScRD21A-Associated Cysteine Protease Activity via a Conserved LXRR Motif

by Yangmin Zhu, Zengrong Huang, Junyi Wen, Jiangming Wei, Ke Liu, Yuan Su, Yunfeng Liu and Shengchao Ge

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1408; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091408 - 5 May 2026

Viewed by 669

Abstract

Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) are central immune hubs frequently targeted by pathogen effectors. Sugarcane smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, threatens global sugarcane yield, yet effector manipulation of host PLCPs remains unclear. Genome-wide analysis of Saccharum spontaneum AP85-441 identified 61 PLCP-encoding genes, which [...] Read more.

Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) are central immune hubs frequently targeted by pathogen effectors. Sugarcane smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, threatens global sugarcane yield, yet effector manipulation of host PLCPs remains unclear. Genome-wide analysis of Saccharum spontaneum AP85-441 identified 61 PLCP-encoding genes, which were classified into nine conserved subfamilies. Among these, ScRD21A, a member of the RD21 subfamily, was prioritized for functional characterization. Two Pit2 homologs, SsPit2A and SsPit2B, were identified from S. scitamineum. Yeast two-hybrid, BiFC and pull-down assays demonstrated that both effectors interact with ScRD21A, and that this interaction depends on a conserved LXRR motif within their PID14-like region. In total protein extracts from Nicotiana benthamiana, co-expression of SsPit2A or SsPit2B reduced ScRD21A-associated cysteine protease activity. Transient expression of ScRD21A enhanced flg22-induced ROS production, attenuated Pst DC3000-induced hypersensitive response-associated necrosis, and increased resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Together, these results support a conserved PLCP-targeting strategy in smut fungi and identify the ScRD21A–SsPit2A/B module as a tractable framework for studying effector–protease interactions relevant to sugarcane smut. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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15 pages, 2555 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Control of Fruit-to-Bean Ratio and Mass-Based Metrics for Processing Efficiency in Coffea canephora

by Jéssica Almeida Jorge, Cleidson Alves da Silva, Deurimar Herênio Gonçalves Júnior, Ivoney Gontijo, Rodrigo Barros Rocha, Eveline Teixeira Caixeta, Weverton Pereira Rodrigues and Fábio Luiz Partelli

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091407 - 5 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 696

Abstract

The expanding use of Conilon and Conilon × Robusta hybrids in Brazilian coffee cultivation contrasts with the scarcity of information on the genetic variability underlying their physical yield attributes. This study quantified genetic variability and estimated genetic parameters for fresh fruit mass and [...] Read more.

The expanding use of Conilon and Conilon × Robusta hybrids in Brazilian coffee cultivation contrasts with the scarcity of information on the genetic variability underlying their physical yield attributes. This study quantified genetic variability and estimated genetic parameters for fresh fruit mass and volume, fruit-to-bean ratio, and bean and husk proportions in 48 Coffea canephora genotypes, compared the discriminatory power of gravimetric and volumetric metrics in classifying processing efficiency, and identified genotypes combining high bean proportion and genetic divergence for use in breeding programs. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The fruit mass required to produce a 60 kg bag of processed coffee (FMM/bag) ranged from 205.29 to 251.46 kg bag⁻¹, representing an 18% difference between the most and least efficient groups identified by the Scott-Knott test. High heritability was found for bean proportion (90.74%) and FMM/bag (84.58%), confirming strong genetic control over fruit-to-bean yield. Mass-based metrics showed greater discriminatory power than volumetric ones, forming four distinct groups versus two. Conilon genotypes tended toward greater yield efficiency. The observed variation indicates exploitable genetic variability for selective gains, with direct implications for crossing strategies and post-harvest processing optimization in C. canephora. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Yield Improvements Through Genetic and Biological Breeding)

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14 pages, 724 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling Chemical Profile and Insecticidal Potential of Essential Oils from Leaves of Seven Eugenia L. Species (Myrtaceae)

by Lorene Armstrong, Nayana Figueiredo Pereira, Diefrey Ribeiro Campos, Yara Peluso Cid, Irailson Thierry Monchak, Neide Mara Menezes Epifânio, Douglas Siqueira Almeida Chaves and Jane Manfron

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1406; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091406 - 5 May 2026

Viewed by 738

Abstract

The genus Eugenia (Myrtaceae) is widely distributed in Brazil and is known for producing diverse secondary metabolites with various biological activities, although several species remain poorly explored. This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of [...] Read more.

The genus Eugenia (Myrtaceae) is widely distributed in Brazil and is known for producing diverse secondary metabolites with various biological activities, although several species remain poorly explored. This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of seven Eugenia species (E. brasiliensis, E. involucrata, E. longipedunculata, E. myrcianthes, E. neoverrucosa, E. pyriformis, and E. uniflora), compare their chemical profiles using multivariate analysis, and evaluate their insecticidal activity against the flea Ctenocephalides felis felis. EOs were obtained from dried leaves by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to compare chemical compositions, and contact bioassays were conducted to assess insecticidal activity against adult fleas. The EOs showed distinct chemical compositions, with major constituents varying by species, including α-pinene, (E)-caryophyllene, viridiflorene, β-selinene, limonene, and germacrone. PCA revealed clear differences among species, particularly highlighting oils dominated by α-pinene and sesquiterpene-derived compounds. In the bioassays, E. uniflora showed the highest insecticidal activity, reaching 95.1% mortality at 800 µg·cm⁻² and presenting an LC₅₀ of 9.12 µg·cm⁻², whereas E. brasiliensis showed moderate activity (LC₅₀ = 157.82 µg·cm⁻²). These findings expand the chemical knowledge of the genus and indicate the potential of E. uniflora EO as a natural source of insecticidal compounds against C. felis felis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Botanical, Chemical, Pharmacological, and Potential Health Benefits of Plants)

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18 pages, 3657 KB

Open AccessArticle

Artemisia indica Willd. Extract Regulate NLRP3 Inflammasome and ENaC Trafficking in Angiotensin II-Stimulated Renal Tubular Cells

by Chiao-Yun Tseng, Hui-Hsuan Lin, Yu-Hsuan Liang, Chia-Wen Tsai, Yueching Wong and Jing-Hsien Chen

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091405 - 4 May 2026

Viewed by 756

Abstract

Artemisia indica Willd. is widely used in traditional medicine and dietary practices. Phytochemical analysis of Artemisia indica Willd. aqueous extract (AAE) by HPLC–ESI–MS/MS identified isochlorogenic acid C (ICAC) as a major constituent. Angiotensin II (Ang II) disrupts renal tubular epithelial cell homeostasis and [...] Read more.

Artemisia indica Willd. is widely used in traditional medicine and dietary practices. Phytochemical analysis of Artemisia indica Willd. aqueous extract (AAE) by HPLC–ESI–MS/MS identified isochlorogenic acid C (ICAC) as a major constituent. Angiotensin II (Ang II) disrupts renal tubular epithelial cell homeostasis and contributes to renal injury. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of AAE and ICAC in Ang II-stimulated NRK52E cells. Both AAE and ICAC significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial dysfunction, and proinflammatory cytokine release. Mechanistic analyses showed that AAE inhibited Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R)-mediated NF-κB activation and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, thereby alleviating inflammatory responses and pyroptosis. In addition, AAE and ICAC restored sodium homeostasis by reactivating neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated gene 4-like (Nedd4-2), promoting epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) ubiquitination and reducing its apical membrane accumulation. Molecular docking suggested that ICAC interacts with the extracellular domain of α-ENaC, supporting its regulatory role. Overall, AAE and ICAC protect renal tubular epithelial cells against Ang II-induced injury by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysregulated sodium transport, highlighting their potential as plant-derived therapeutic agents for hypertension-associated renal dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plant Extracts and Their Health Benefits)

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16 pages, 7319 KB

Open AccessReview

Phospholipid Networks as Metabolic Hubs and Signaling Integrators in Plant Development and Stress Adaptation

by Pengjie Chang, Ming Ju, Hengchun Cao, Yinghui Duan, Qiuzhen Tian, Cong Mu, Guiting Li, Xiaoxu Feng, Weixiu Hou, Haiyang Zhang and Hongmei Miao

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091404 - 4 May 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 601

Abstract

Phospholipids function as dynamic regulators of plant growth and environmental adaptation, extending well beyond their structural roles in biological membranes. This review synthesizes the phospholipid metabolic network and its regulatory functions in plant physiology. We first describe enzymatic reactions and acyl-chain remodeling in [...] Read more.

Phospholipids function as dynamic regulators of plant growth and environmental adaptation, extending well beyond their structural roles in biological membranes. This review synthesizes the phospholipid metabolic network and its regulatory functions in plant physiology. We first describe enzymatic reactions and acyl-chain remodeling in phospholipid biosynthesis, and then examine the interaction between phospholipid metabolism and auxin signaling, focusing on phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphoinositide phosphate (PIP). These lipid molecules regulate the polarization and vesicular trafficking of PIN-FORMED proteins via endocytosis and phosphorylation-dependent mechanisms, thereby controlling auxin distribution during development and stress adaptation. Particular emphasis is placed on PA, a multifunctional signaling lipid that serves as a central molecular hub. PA coordinates hormonal, stress, and circadian signals by engaging and modulating a broad spectrum of protein targets, including kinases, phosphatases, and transcription factors. We also discuss the emerging and evolutionarily conserved functions of phospholipid signaling in cell fate determination, drawing parallels from mammalian cell reprogramming to the regulation of plant cell totipotency and root patterning. Collectively, these findings underscore the critical role of phospholipid-mediated signaling in converting metabolic and environmental cues into developmental reprogramming, providing novel theoretical and functional frameworks for future research in plant lipid biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Plant Stress Adaptation)

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12 pages, 1115 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Enhanced Insecticidal Efficiency of Transgenic Bt Cotton Seed Following Application of Amino Acid Combinations

by Mingyu Ji, Eltayib. H. M. A. Abidallha, Xiang Zhang, Yuan Chen and Dehua Chen

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1403; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091403 - 4 May 2026

Viewed by 561

Abstract

Low Bt toxin concentration in seeds results in low insecticidal efficacy in transgenic Bt cotton. In order to improve the insecticidal efficacy of seeds, two treatments with different amino acid combinations (5 amino acids comprising aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, methionine, and arginine; [...] Read more.

Low Bt toxin concentration in seeds results in low insecticidal efficacy in transgenic Bt cotton. In order to improve the insecticidal efficacy of seeds, two treatments with different amino acid combinations (5 amino acids comprising aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, methionine, and arginine; and 21 amino acids) were applied to two Bt cotton cultivars at peak boll stages in 2021 and 2022. The results showed that the amino acid treatments enhanced the seeds’ Bt toxin concentration by 13.5–34.2% compared with the untreated control in a two-year study. However, the difference for the Bt toxin was not significant between the two amino acid treatments. In the seeds, Bt toxin levels correlated positively with amino acid and soluble protein contents, as well as Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) and Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT) activities. Conversely, negative correlations were observed between the Bt toxin and the activities of protease and peptidase. Compared with the control, hazard boll rates were also reduced following application of the two amino acid combinations, while no difference was observed between the two amino acid treatments. Because the two treatments performed similarly, these results suggest that applying a simpler combination of five amino acids is an effective and efficient strategy for enhancing the insecticidal efficacy of cotton seeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Green Strategies for Crop Protection)

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18 pages, 2088 KB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Increases Photosynthetic Efficiency and Salt Tolerance in Rice

by Suchismita Prusty, Swetaleena Mishra, Sowmya Poosapati, Durga Madhab Swain and Ranjan Kumar Sahoo

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091402 - 4 May 2026

Viewed by 690

Abstract

Salinity stress is one of the major obstacles to glycophytic crop production worldwide, including rice. It alters cellular metabolism, causing significant crop destruction that results in substantial reductions in yield. The overexpression of C₄ enzymes, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), at high [...] Read more.

Salinity stress is one of the major obstacles to glycophytic crop production worldwide, including rice. It alters cellular metabolism, causing significant crop destruction that results in substantial reductions in yield. The overexpression of C₄ enzymes, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), at high levels in C₃ transgenic plants through genetic engineering can decrease oxidative stress while increasing photosynthetic capabilities. In this research, we evaluate the efficiency of transgenic rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR64) overexpressing PEPCK genes in mitigating salinity stress and increasing photosynthetic efficiency. The T1 transgenics showed increased levels of several biochemical factors, including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), proline, glutathione reductase (GR), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities. This was accompanied by reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and electrolytic leakage, suggesting an effective antioxidant defense mechanism against the oxidative damage driven by salt stress. Photosynthetic parameters—such as chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO₂ content, and stomatal conductance—were elevated in transgenic plants compared to control plants. The transgenics also exhibited superior agronomic characteristics. Our findings provide conclusive evidence of the PEPCK gene’s potential role in regulating salt stress response and tolerance in rice plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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22 pages, 10666 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bulked Segregant Analysis Revealed the Common Resistant QTLs Associated with Fusarium Ear Rot and Gibberella Ear Rot in Maize

by Haiyan Zhang, Weili Cai, Wenyi Li, Luyao Duan, Zhenyu Zhang, Chengjia Zou, Ling Li, Lin Li, Runtian Xiao, Lina Cui and Xiao Li

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1401; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091401 - 4 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 872

Abstract

Maize ear rot, primarily caused by Fusarium verticillioides (Fusarium ear rot, FER) and Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella ear rot, GER), is a devastating disease that causes significant yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Breeding resistant varieties is the most effective control strategy, but this requires [...] Read more.

Maize ear rot, primarily caused by Fusarium verticillioides (Fusarium ear rot, FER) and Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella ear rot, GER), is a devastating disease that causes significant yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Breeding resistant varieties is the most effective control strategy, but this requires the identification of stable genetic loci for resistance. In this study, we employed bulked segregant analysis (BSA) on two F₂ mapping populations to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring resistance to FER and GER. We identified five and eleven QTLs for FER and GER, respectively. Notably, chromosome 4 was identified as a major hotspot for resistance to both diseases, and there was a co-localization of the FER QTL (qFER4.05) and GER QTL (qGER4.05-1) within a 58.58–71.34 Mb interval on bin 4.05, suggesting a potential locus for broad-spectrum resistance. Within this overlapping region, we identified 18 high-confidence candidate genes, including genes encoding leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), remorin, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and wall-associated receptor kinase-like (WAKL) protein, all with established roles in plant defense. These findings advance the understanding of the genetic architecture of ear rot resistance and provide critical resources for marker-assisted breeding to develop maize hybrids with durable resistance to both FER and GER. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Identification of Resistance of Maize Germplasm Resources to Disease)

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17 pages, 2434 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Long-Term Organic Fertilization on Productivity, Stability, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rotation Systems of the Hetao Irrigation District

by Xue Zhang, Lanfang Bai, Na Zhao, Yongqiang Wang, Yu Yao, Fugui Wang, Zhen Wang, Hongwei Liang, Xiaohong Li, Jufeng Cao and Zhigang Wang

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091400 - 3 May 2026

Viewed by 790

Abstract

This study investigated how different organic fertilization practices affect productivity, stability, and nitrogen use efficiency in the rotation systems of the Hetao Irrigation District. The research was based on a long-term field experiment (2015–2025), with a chemical fertilizer-only treatment as the control (CK). [...] Read more.

This study investigated how different organic fertilization practices affect productivity, stability, and nitrogen use efficiency in the rotation systems of the Hetao Irrigation District. The research was based on a long-term field experiment (2015–2025), with a chemical fertilizer-only treatment as the control (CK). Four organic fertilization treatments were evaluated: farmyard manure application (CM), straw incorporation (CS), green manure cultivation and incorporation (CG), and a combined green manure plus straw treatment (CGS). Based on three consecutive years of observations (2023–2025), the impacts of these treatments on crop yield, yield composition and stability, plant nitrogen accumulation and allocation, and nitrogen use efficiency were systematically analyzed. Both CM and CS significantly increased maize equivalent yield (MEY) compared with the other treatments, by 33.68–66.04% and 16.05–24.21%, respectively. CM’s productivity advantage was primarily driven by higher biomass accumulation, whereas CS’s advantage was largely due to improvements in the harvest index. In terms of stability, CM exhibited the lowest coefficient of variation (CV), indicating the highest static stability, while CS showed a regression coefficient (b_i) close to 1, indicating stronger dynamic stability. CM also significantly enhanced total plant nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), while optimizing nitrogen allocation to grain. CS significantly improved nitrogen internal efficiency (NIE), promoting more efficient conversion of absorbed nitrogen into grain yield. CG and CGS did not show clear advantages across productivity, stability, or most nitrogen use efficiency-related indices. Overall, in the Hetao Irrigation District, farmyard manure application is an effective strategy for achieving both high and stable yields, whereas straw incorporation offers stronger environmental adaptability. Both practices represent practical and effective approaches for improving the sustainability of rotation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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18 pages, 2136 KB

Open AccessArticle

Responses of Soil Fungal Community Structure, Co-Occurrence Networks, and Functions to Different Oak-Dominated Mixed Plantations

by Yanfang Wang, Xiaoqiu Yuan, Zhichao Li, Zhengyang Yan, Yage Li and Ling Liu

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091399 - 2 May 2026

Viewed by 612

Abstract

Quercus variabilis is one of the primary species for plantation regeneration across China’s warm-temperate and subtropical zones. However, its long-term monoculture leads to ecosystem instability. Soil fungi are essential for nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning, yet their responses to oak-dominated mixed plantations remain [...] Read more.

Quercus variabilis is one of the primary species for plantation regeneration across China’s warm-temperate and subtropical zones. However, its long-term monoculture leads to ecosystem instability. Soil fungi are essential for nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning, yet their responses to oak-dominated mixed plantations remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated the soil fungal communities among Q. variabilis monoculture (QV), mixed plantations of Q. variabilis and Platycladus orientalis (PO), Q. variabilis and Pinus tabuliformis (PT), and Q. variabilis, P. orientalis and P. tabuliformis (PPQ). The results showed that PO and PPQ plantations contained significantly higher concentrations of SOC, TN, and TP compared to QV monoculture. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were identified as the dominant fungal phyla across four plantation types, with PO exhibiting the highest relative abundance of Ascomycota (60.85%) and fungal alpha diversity. The soil fungal communities across all plantations were predominantly saprotrophic, followed by mixotrophic modes. The relative abundance of saprotrophic fungi was significantly greater in the mixed plantations, peaking in PO at 44.69%. The soil fungal communities in both PO and PPQ plantations exhibited higher network interaction density. The SOC, TN, TP, water content, zinc, and β-glucosidase activity served as key environmental drivers of fungal community composition. Overall, the mixed plantation of Q. variabilis and P. orientalis most effectively improved soil fertility, enhanced fungal diversity, and increased network complexity, suggesting its potential as a sustainable afforestation strategy for oak-dominated ecosystems in the low hilly regions of western Henan. However, these findings are based on a single sampling period, and long-term monitoring is required to confirm its sustained ecological benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant, Soil, and Microbial Interactions Under Climate Change: Responses, Consequences, and Perspectives)

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26 pages, 19288 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Small Auxin Upregulated RNA PsnSAUR6 from Populus simonii × P. nigra Enhances Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco

by Shuang Liu, Xin Sun, Lei Wang and Fengqingyang Chen

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1398; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091398 - 2 May 2026

Viewed by 625

Abstract

Intensifying drought stress under global climate change poses a significant threat to woody plants, highlighting the critical need to identify key genes conferring drought tolerance. Here, we characterized PsnSAUR6, a Small Auxin Upregulated RNA (SAUR) family gene from poplar ( [...] Read more.

Intensifying drought stress under global climate change poses a significant threat to woody plants, highlighting the critical need to identify key genes conferring drought tolerance. Here, we characterized PsnSAUR6, a Small Auxin Upregulated RNA (SAUR) family gene from poplar (Populus simonii × P. nigra) that is responsive to drought and abscisic acid (ABA). Overexpression of PsnSAUR6 in transgenic tobacco conferred superior drought tolerance, evidenced by increased biomass, enhanced root elongation, improved stomatal regulation, and favorable physiological responses, including higher proline content and peroxidase (POD) activity but lower malondialdehyde (MDA). Transcriptome analysis revealed that under water deficit, PsnSAUR6 suppressed the ABA negative regulator PP2C37 while upregulating key antioxidant defense-related transcription factors (ERF020, NAC83, MYB2) and the potassium transporter HAK5. Collectively, these findings establish PsnSAUR6 as a positive regulator in ABA-mediated drought adaptation, presenting it as a promising genetic target for enhancing the climate resilience of woody plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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21 pages, 7431 KB

Open AccessReview

Algal Growth Regulators: Releasing Plant Hormones for Sustainable Horticulture

by Ibtissem Ben Hammouda, Katarzyna Pokajewicz, Beata Messyasz, Bogusława Łęska, Radosław Pankiewicz and Piotr P. Wieczorek

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1397; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091397 - 2 May 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1111

Abstract

Phytohormones, or plant hormones, are intrinsic organic compounds within plants. These compounds have a significant impact as essential plant growth and development regulators, influencing processes from seed germination to fruit ripening. The exogenous application of these phytohormones, such as gibberellic acid (GA₃ [...] Read more.

Phytohormones, or plant hormones, are intrinsic organic compounds within plants. These compounds have a significant impact as essential plant growth and development regulators, influencing processes from seed germination to fruit ripening. The exogenous application of these phytohormones, such as gibberellic acid (GA₃), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and brassinosteroids, has been shown to significantly enhance horticultural productivity, with reported increases in germination, growth, and yield ranging from 10–40%. These signaling molecules are also vital for micro and macroalgae development and functioning. Recognizing their presence within algae presents a fresh perspective for horticultural researchers and cultivators, offering opportunities to enhance the quality and application of horticultural crops. Nevertheless, the challenge arises from the presence of phytohormones in trace amounts, complicating their extraction and identification. This paper will offer a comprehensive overview of phytohormone classification and detection methods and highlight their presence in algae, which may serve as an alternative for promoting plant growth in agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 1486 KB

Open AccessReview

Calcium Signaling as an Emerging Integrator of Manganese Homeostasis in Arabidopsis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Adaptive Strategies

by Xiaoyun Zhang, Baochen Zhang, Ye Wang, Lijuan Zeng, Zhixuan Wen, Ming Lei and Li Li

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1396; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091396 - 2 May 2026

Viewed by 1701

Abstract

Manganese (Mn) is essential for plants, but its fluctuating soil availability—deficiency in alkaline soils and toxicity in acidic soils—challenges crop productivity. Breakthroughs in Arabidopsis have uncovered Ca²⁺ signaling as a key integrator of Mn status. This review synthesizes these discoveries into an [...] Read more.

Manganese (Mn) is essential for plants, but its fluctuating soil availability—deficiency in alkaline soils and toxicity in acidic soils—challenges crop productivity. Breakthroughs in Arabidopsis have uncovered Ca²⁺ signaling as a key integrator of Mn status. This review synthesizes these discoveries into an emerging Arabidopsis-centered framework. Under Mn deficiency, sustained Ca²⁺ oscillations activate CPK21/23, which phosphorylate the importer NRAMP1 at Thr498 to enhance Mn uptake. Under Mn excess, a rapid Ca²⁺ transient triggers a multi-layered cascade: CPK4/5/6/11 activates MTP8 (Ser31/32) for vacuolar sequestration, while CBL2/3–CIPK3/9/26 sequentially suppresses MTP8 (Ser35, peak 24 h) and MTP11 (Ser194/201, peak 36 h)—a multi-tiered “brake” system. Concurrently, CBL1/9–CIPK23 induces NRAMP1 endocytosis (Ser20/22) to limit Mn uptake. The IRT1 transporter directly binds cytoplasmic Mn²⁺ and triggers its own degradation via CIPK23, thereby converging with Ca²⁺ signaling. The BRI1–CNGC12 module generates Mn-induced Ca²⁺ signals. By organizing current knowledge into a hierarchical framework, this review provides a working model for future research and outlines translational opportunities for engineering Mn-resilient crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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18 pages, 1549 KB

Open AccessReview

Refractory Behavior in Plant Cells—Calcium Signaling Induced by Biotic Stress

by Mareike Kristin Keßler, Viktoria Fulek, Karsten Niehaus and Petra Lutter

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1395; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091395 - 2 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 743

Abstract

When in contact with microbes or other pathogens plants develop an induced defense response. This reaction is triggered by pathogen-derived molecules that provoke the so-called microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI) or pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). Recognition of a MAMP or [...] Read more.

When in contact with microbes or other pathogens plants develop an induced defense response. This reaction is triggered by pathogen-derived molecules that provoke the so-called microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI) or pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). Recognition of a MAMP or PAMP by a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) activates rapid downstream signaling, manifested in, e.g., a rise in the cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration. As a consequence, defense-related genes are expressed and antimicrobial substances are produced. There is also evidence that Ca²⁺-induced responses show a refractory behavior in plant cells, as the reaction to an identical stimulus applied shortly after the first one is strongly suppressed, if it can be observed at all. Subsequent elicitations over a longer period of time, on the other hand, can trigger stronger Ca²⁺ responses, which lead to so-called “defense priming”. Although refractory behavior has been documented in various plant cell types, its underlying function and causative mechanisms remain unclear. In this review article we give an overview of the refractory machinery, including elicitors, receptors, typical Ca²⁺ responses, and signal transduction pathways. We shed light on possible explanatory scenarios and address open questions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Cell Biology)

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21 pages, 1138 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lighting Spectrum, Intensity, and Photoperiod Induce Distinct Photoresponses in Chrysanthemum coronarium Greens, Cultivated in CEA

by Akvilė Viršilė, Kristina Laužikė, Ieva Karpavičienė, Audrius Pukalskas and Giedrė Samuolienė

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1394; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091394 - 1 May 2026

Viewed by 830

Abstract

In controlled-environment agriculture (CEA), light serves both as an energy source for photosynthesis and as a regulatory factor. However, the light responses of underutilized leafy greens are still not fully characterized compared with model crops such as lettuce. This study evaluated the effects [...] Read more.

In controlled-environment agriculture (CEA), light serves both as an energy source for photosynthesis and as a regulatory factor. However, the light responses of underutilized leafy greens are still not fully characterized compared with model crops such as lettuce. This study evaluated the effects of lighting parameters on the growth, metabolism, antioxidant properties, and mineral composition of Chrysanthemum coronarium (shungiku) greens cultivated hydroponically in CEA. Three parallel experiments were conducted, aiming to explore the effects of (I) light spectrum using red (R, 660 nm), blue (B, 447 nm), and combined RB light; (II) photoperiod, using 12, 16, and 24 h photoperiods at equal daily light integral; and 150, 200, 250, and 300 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at 16 h photoperiod. RB light promoted the highest biomass accumulation and light use efficiency (LUE), while monochromatic red and blue light limited growth and reduced Fe and Zn contents. A 12 h photoperiod yielded the best results for leaf area, fresh weight, and LUE compared with 16 and 24 h photoperiods. Higher PPFD increased biomass, soluble sugars, antioxidant capacity, organic acids, and micronutrients, with peak LUE at 200 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ instead of the maximum yield at 300 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹. These findings emphasize the importance of crop-specific and trait-oriented light optimization for underutilized leafy vegetables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light and Plant Responses)

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18 pages, 10445 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hyperspectral Imaging-Based Evaluation of Seasonal Growth Characteristics in Turfgrass

by Jae Gyeong Jung, Eun Seol Jeong, Jae Yeob Jeong, Jun Hyuck Yoon, Donghwan Shim and Eun Ji Bae

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091393 - 1 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 502

Abstract

Efficient phenotyping is essential for accelerating genetic improvement in turfgrass breeding, where manual measurements are labor-intensive. This study evaluated hyperspectral imaging (HSI) as a high-throughput tool for assessing Zoysia spp. breeding populations consisting of 464 genotypes. HSI data (400–1000 nm) were processed through [...] Read more.

Efficient phenotyping is essential for accelerating genetic improvement in turfgrass breeding, where manual measurements are labor-intensive. This study evaluated hyperspectral imaging (HSI) as a high-throughput tool for assessing Zoysia spp. breeding populations consisting of 464 genotypes. HSI data (400–1000 nm) were processed through a user-in-the-loop hybrid segmentation pipeline integrating UMAP dimensionality reduction, DBSCAN clustering, Random Forest classification, and pseudo-RGB refinement. To independently assess vegetation classification performance, 10,000 manually annotated reference points from 50 pseudo-RGB images were compared with the automated module, yielding an overall accuracy of 0.9697, a precision of 0.8830, a recall of 0.9240, a specificity of 0.9779, an F1-score of 0.9030, and Cohen’s kappa of 0.8851. A Combined Ranking Score (CRS) integrating five vegetation indices and vegetation pixel count was significantly associated with aerial shoot count (r = −0.445, p < 0.001) and runner count (r = −0.207, p < 0.001). The highest-ranked genotype showed a 9370.3-pixel increase in vegetation area between 6 and 16 weeks after transplanting, compared with 1417.7 pixels for the lowest-ranked genotype. Classification performance declined under high-coverage conditions, indicating increased mixed-pixel ambiguity in dense canopies. These results suggest that HSI-based CRS can support rapid, objective, and non-destructive relative ranking of density-related vegetative growth in turfgrass breeding. Because the study was conducted at a single location and season and correlations with manual traits were moderate, the framework is best interpreted as a screening and ranking tool rather than a direct predictive model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Smart Agriculture with Remote Sensing as the Core and Its Applications in Crops Field, 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 766 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Comparative Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts and Essential Oils Against Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans from Denture Stomatitis Patients

by Nazanin Fathi, Joo-Hyun Hong, Farzaneh Lotfipour, Samin Ghaffari, Reza Abbasi, Parina Asgharian, Rana Attaran, Hamed Hamishehkar, Maryam Kouhsoltani and Ki Hyun Kim

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1392; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091392 - 1 May 2026

Viewed by 1184

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the antifungal potential of methanolic extracts and essential oils obtained from five medicinal plants (Salvadora persica, Mentha spicata, Achillea millefolium, Matricaria chamomilla, and Zingiber officinale) against 25 clinical isolates of Candida albicans [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated the antifungal potential of methanolic extracts and essential oils obtained from five medicinal plants (Salvadora persica, Mentha spicata, Achillea millefolium, Matricaria chamomilla, and Zingiber officinale) against 25 clinical isolates of Candida albicans collected from patients with denture stomatitis. Antifungal susceptibility was assessed using broth microdilution as the primary method, with agar diffusion assays performed to provide complementary visual confirmation. Nystatin was included as a reference control. Across the tested samples, essential oils consistently showed stronger antifungal effects than the corresponding methanolic extracts. Notably, Z. officinale essential oil exhibited the highest level of activity, inhibiting 15 out of 25 isolates and, in several cases, demonstrating efficacy comparable to or exceeding that of nystatin. Chemical profiling by GC–MS indicated that the ginger essential oil was dominated by sesquiterpene and monoterpene hydrocarbons, with zingiberene (21.49%) being the major constituent, followed by β-sesquiphellandrene, α-curcumene, sabinene, and α-citral. This terpene-rich composition may contribute to the observed antifungal activity, potentially through the disruption of fungal cell membrane integrity. Taken together, these results suggest that Z. officinale essential oil represents a promising natural antifungal candidate for the management of denture-associated C. albicans infections. Further studies, including biofilm-based assays and in vivo evaluations, will be necessary to confirm its clinical applicability. To the best of our knowledge, this study is among the first to comparatively assess these five medicinal plants against clinical C. albicans isolates derived specifically from denture stomatitis patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Properties and Biological Activity of Plant Extracts)

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19 pages, 8526 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Molecular, Cytological, and Anatomical Analyses Reveal Two Distinct Clusters in Fittonia Cultivars

by Min Deng, Qiansheng Li and Jianjun Chen

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091391 - 1 May 2026

Viewed by 627

Abstract

Fittonia Coem. is a widely cultivated ornamental foliage genus, but the taxonomy and relationships of cultivated forms remain poorly resolved because traditional classifications rely heavily on variable foliar traits. In this study, we investigated the genetic relationships and phenotypic variation among 14 commercially [...] Read more.

Fittonia Coem. is a widely cultivated ornamental foliage genus, but the taxonomy and relationships of cultivated forms remain poorly resolved because traditional classifications rely heavily on variable foliar traits. In this study, we investigated the genetic relationships and phenotypic variation among 14 commercially available Fittonia cultivars using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), methylation-sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism (MSAP), DNA flow cytometry, chromosome counting, and comparative morphological and anatomical analyses. Morphological character states were further mapped onto AFLP- and MSAP-derived phylograms to assess their evolutionary patterns and taxonomic relevance. AFLP and MSAP analyses consistently recovered two well-supported clusters within the cultivated material examined: Clade I, comprising ‘Titanic’ and ‘Angel Snow’, and Clade II, comprising the remaining 12 cultivars. These clades were independently supported by stable differences in trichome morphology, cystolith distribution, epidermal cell form, leaf venation architecture, and stem anatomy. In contrast, several traditionally used diagnostic characters, including leaf vein color and petiole length, were found to be homoplastic or continuously variable. Chromosome counts and flow cytometry indicated that all cultivars were diploid (2n = 36) and exhibited limited variation in genome size. Together, these results provide integrative evidence for two distinct clusters within cultivated Fittonia. However, because sampling was limited to commercially available cultivars, the relationship of these clusters to currently recognized species remains unresolved. Our findings highlight the limitations of traditional trait-based classifications and underscore the need for broader sampling, including wild populations, to reassess species boundaries in the genus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Systematics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Classification)

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16 pages, 662 KB

Open AccessReview

Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used to Treat Digestive System Disorders in Lithuania

by Birutė Karpavičienė

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091390 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 745

Abstract

The popularity of herbal remedies is on the rise, but this often comes at the expense of general knowledge about non-native species. The frequency and versatility of the use of medicinal plants does not depend on their origin, while the use of species [...] Read more.

The popularity of herbal remedies is on the rise, but this often comes at the expense of general knowledge about non-native species. The frequency and versatility of the use of medicinal plants does not depend on their origin, while the use of species with proven efficacy is much more intensive. The most abundant plant families, according used taxa and use records, are Asteraceae, Rosaceae and Lamiaceae. The greatest consensus is on the choice of taxa suitable for the treatment of bloating/flatulence and diarrhea, most commonly treated with Carum carvi L. fruit tea and dried or fresh berries of Vaccinium myrtillus L., respectively. The most popular species for treatment of digestive disorders are Artemisia absinthium L. and Matricaria chamomilla L. The use of different taxa for the treatment of digestive disorders in Lithuania varies considerably for a number of reasons, one of which is the uneven distribution of medicinal plant species in the study areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ethnobotany)

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19 pages, 2768 KB

Open AccessArticle

Medicinal Plants for Dermatological and Cosmetic Applications: Ethnobotanical Study from Northern Lithuania

by Daniele Urbonaite, Jurga Bernatoniene, Andrius Pranskunas and Zivile Pranskuniene

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091389 - 30 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 817

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological studies are growing in number in Europe; however, research on medicinal plants in Lithuania focusing on dermatological and cosmetic applications is still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate ethnobotanical heritage related to the treatment of skin diseases and cosmetic use in Northern [...] Read more.

Ethnopharmacological studies are growing in number in Europe; however, research on medicinal plants in Lithuania focusing on dermatological and cosmetic applications is still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate ethnobotanical heritage related to the treatment of skin diseases and cosmetic use in Northern Lithuania and to assess the compliance of traditional medicinal plant use indications with European Union herbal monographs. This study involved 36 participants aged 40 to 89. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. This study documented 76 plant species belonging to 41 botanical families for the treatment of skin diseases and cosmetic purposes. This knowledge was primarily transmitted through family traditions, with 59.2% of respondents reporting that they acquired this knowledge from parents or grandparents. The medicinal plants most frequently mentioned for the treatment of skin diseases and cosmetic purposes were Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. and Plantago major L. The most popular preparation method was topical application (32.4%) for treating skin diseases and decoction (38.5%) for cosmetic purposes. Plant-based raw materials were most often used to treat skin wounds (24.5%), as well as skin inflammation (16.3%) and burns (12.1%). For cosmetic purposes, the most frequently mentioned indication was dry skin (23.6% of plants). Of the 76 recorded plant species, 41 (53.9%) were not included in herbal monographs, and only 15 species (42.86%) were used in accordance with approved medical indications for skin diseases. Many plant species are used without European Medicines Agency-approved medical indications, relying solely on traditional and folk knowledge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ethnobotany)

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17 pages, 1457 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rate-Dependent Effects of Black Soldier Fly Frass on Germination, Shoot Growth, and Nodulation of Forage Legumes

by Simon Hodge, Larisa-Georgiana Ciobanu and Brian Gormley

Plants 2026, 15(9), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15091388 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 564

Abstract

Insect frass fertilisers (IFFs) are increasingly promoted as sustainable soil amendments within circular agricultural systems. However, the compatibility of IFFs with nitrogen-fixing legumes is poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of a fertiliser produced from Hermetia illucens frass (HexaFrass™; HF) on germination, [...] Read more.

Insect frass fertilisers (IFFs) are increasingly promoted as sustainable soil amendments within circular agricultural systems. However, the compatibility of IFFs with nitrogen-fixing legumes is poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of a fertiliser produced from Hermetia illucens frass (HexaFrass™; HF) on germination, seedling emergence, shoot growth, and root nodulation in six forage legume species (Trifolium repens L., T. pratense L., T. incarnatum L., T. hybridum L., Melilotus albus Medik., and Medicago lupulina L.). Aqueous HF extracts (1% w/v) had no significant effect on seed germination, whereas higher concentrations (10% w/v) reduced germination in both T. pratense and T. incarnatum. In glasshouse trials, incorporation of HF (3 g per pot) did not affect seedling emergence but significantly increased shoot biomass across all plant species tested, with growth responses comparable to, or exceeding, those obtained with an equivalent mass of organic chicken manure. Across species, the shoot dry weight of the HF-treated plants was over nine times that obtained in the unfertilised control plants. Plant responses to HF application rate were non-linear, with maximum shoot biomass achieved at intermediate doses (~4–5 g per pot). Root nodulation exhibited a similar dose-dependent pattern: low HF application rates slightly enhanced nodulation, whereas higher rates suppressed nodule numbers. These findings indicate that IFFs can promote early growth of forage legumes, but reinforce that for each plant system (plant species, growing conditions, growing medium etc) there is a need to optimise fertiliser application rates to balance nutrient supply while avoiding the inhibitory effects observed at high rates. Further work is needed to establish the compatibility of IFFs with forage legumes in long-term trials performed under field conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Frass Fertilisers for Plant Growth, Development, and Stress Tolerance)

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Plants, Volume 15, Issue 9 (May-1 2026) – 138 articles

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