Plants

17 pages, 2860 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metagenomic Study of the Grapevine Decline Detected a Cocktail of Fungi Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases

by Daria Karpova, Daria Belkina, Elena Porotikova, Evgeniya Yurchenko and Svetlana Vinogradova

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3722; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243722 - 5 Dec 2025

This study analyzed the microbiome of three varieties differing in genotype and technical purpose: Cristal, Riesling, and Avgustin, all exhibiting decline symptoms of unknown etiology. A total of 92 symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevines were analyzed using ITS and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and [...] Read more.

This study analyzed the microbiome of three varieties differing in genotype and technical purpose: Cristal, Riesling, and Avgustin, all exhibiting decline symptoms of unknown etiology. A total of 92 symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevines were analyzed using ITS and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and molecular genetic methods. Phytoplasmas and the pathogenic bacteria Xylella fastidiosa and Xylophilus ampelinus were not present in the samples. The decline symptoms were associated with a cocktail of fungal pathogens that cause grapevine trunk diseases. In particular, the analysis revealed the causative agents of Botryosphaeria dieback (Sphaeropsis spp. and Botryosphaeria spp.), fungi associated with the Esca complex (Phaeomoniella spp., Phaeoacremonium spp., Inonotus spp., Seimatosporium spp., Stereum spp., and Cadophora spp.), and the causative agents of Phomopsis dieback (Diaporthe spp.). The symptoms of decline may be increased by several facultative grapevine pathogens that have been identified in microbiome (genera Stemphylium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, and Fusarium). The metagenomic data of the grapevine microbiome provides opportunities for developing disease control strategies, which is important for the sustainable management of vineyards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All About Viticulture and Vineyard Management: Development, Innovation and Sustainability (2nd Edition))

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22 pages, 5756 KB

Open AccessReview

Hyperhydricity Syndrome in In Vitro Plants: Mechanisms, Physiology, and Control

by Rajesh Barua, Abir U. Igamberdiev and Samir C. Debnath

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3721; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243721 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Understanding the physiological characteristics of hyperhydric plantlets is ultimately necessary since hyperhydricity results in financial loss for in vitro plants from a commercial perspective. Although many studies report the possible causes and symptoms of hyperhydricity, knowledge of it remains limited. This review aims [...] Read more.

Understanding the physiological characteristics of hyperhydric plantlets is ultimately necessary since hyperhydricity results in financial loss for in vitro plants from a commercial perspective. Although many studies report the possible causes and symptoms of hyperhydricity, knowledge of it remains limited. This review aims to provide an integrated overview of this phenomenon and outline the perspectives for its prevention. First, we summarize the factors of in vitro hyperhydricity, including gelling agents, growth regulators, vessel ventilation and gas exchange, light, and osmotic conditions. Second, we describe physiological and internal changes commonly observed in hyperhydric plants, such as ROS/ethylene imbalance, altered antioxidant capacity, defects in the cell wall, and lignification. Third, we outline ultrastructural characteristics and accumulate HPLC findings to recognize the metabolite profiles of hyperhydric plantlets. Fourth, we introduce emerging AI-assisted MLM (machine learning model) approaches to detect and optimize the culture parameters to prevent hyperhydricity. Finally, we evaluate the strategies for the protection of the culture from hyperhydric conditions. This structured overview intends to reduce hyperhydricity in commercial and research settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Tissue Culture in Enhancing Plant Stress Tolerance and Propagation)

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21 pages, 501 KB

Open AccessReview

Plants Used for Tick and Tick-Borne Disease Control in South Africa: Ethnoveterinary Knowledge, Bioactivity Evidence, and Translation Pathways

by Tsireledzo Goodwill Makwarela, Nimmi Seoraj-Pillai, Dikeledi Petunia Malatji and Tshifhiwa Constance Nangammbi

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3720; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243720 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) impose a heavy burden on South African livestock systems, particularly in resource-limited communal areas. Conventional acaricides are effective but face rising challenges of resistance, high costs, and concerns for environmental and human health. As a result, there is [...] Read more.

Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) impose a heavy burden on South African livestock systems, particularly in resource-limited communal areas. Conventional acaricides are effective but face rising challenges of resistance, high costs, and concerns for environmental and human health. As a result, there is growing interest in plant-based tick control rooted in ethnoveterinary knowledge. This review examines the landscape of South African ethnoveterinary practices for tick control and assesses the supporting evidence of bioactivity and pathways for translating these remedies into safe, registered products. A narrative review method was applied, drawing on the literature (2000–2025) from databases and local repositories, with emphasis on South African studies documenting plant use against ticks. Communities in Limpopo, Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, and other provinces utilise a diverse range of botanicals (e.g., Lippia javanica, Tetradenia riparia, Clausena anisata, Tagetes minuta, Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus spp., Cymbopogon spp.) to repel or kill ticks, often through topical applications, fumigation, or livestock housing treatments. Laboratory assays have confirmed acaricidal or repellent activity in many of the cited taxa. For example, Lippia javanica and Tagetes minuta oils demonstrate strong tick repellency, while extracts of Tetradenia riparia and Calpurnia aurea exhibit greater than 70% mortality in vitro. Field studies are fewer but promising: a community-led trial with L. javanica leaf spray achieved substantial tick reduction (albeit slightly less efficacious than synthetic amitraz). Key gaps include standardisation of plant preparations, safety evaluations (toxicity and residue studies), and alignment with regulatory requirements. Recent regulatory updates in South Africa (Act 36 of 1947) underscore the need for quality, safety, and efficacy data but also create avenues for low-risk botanical remedies. Ethnoveterinary plants offer a culturally appropriate and eco-friendly complement to conventional acaricides. Bridging the gap to practical use will require multidisciplinary efforts: validating efficacy in well-designed field trials, ensuring consistency in preparation, assessing safety margins, and navigating registration pathways for plant-based stock remedies. With supportive policy and community engagement, South Africa could pioneer farmer-ready botanical acaricides that mitigate resistance, reduce costs, and advance One Health objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

16 pages, 3287 KB

Open AccessArticle

Peas in Rouge: Tyrosine Supplementation Enhances RUBY Reporter Visibility in Pisum sativum

by Veronika Simonova, Elina Potsenkovskaia, Nikolai Kozlov, Alexandra Vanina, Elena Efremova, Kirill Smirnov, Anastasia Artemiuk, Anna Kiseleva, Anna Brynchikova, Zakhar Konstantinov and Varvara Tvorogova

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3719; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243719 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Genome modification of legumes, peas in particular, is accompanied by significant challenges. Establishing a reliable reporter system to identify tissue that expresses foreign DNA may help to optimize and develop transformation protocols for these species. The RUBY system, based on the synthesis of [...] Read more.

Genome modification of legumes, peas in particular, is accompanied by significant challenges. Establishing a reliable reporter system to identify tissue that expresses foreign DNA may help to optimize and develop transformation protocols for these species. The RUBY system, based on the synthesis of red betalain from tyrosine, offers a convenient solution for monitoring the efficiency of transgene introduction. To evaluate the effectiveness of RUBY application in pea tissue culture, we combined agrobacterial transformation with an in vitro cultivation system, inducing callus development. Transformed explants demonstrated RUBY pigmentation, but it disappeared during cultivation. We hypothesized that this issue is caused by tyrosine depletion. To check this suggestion, we tested whether tyrosine supplementation could maintain RUBY coloring. In the later stages, pigmentation still could not be preserved. However, our modified conditions increased the percent of colored shoot apex explants during the early cultivation stages. Thus, it is likely that some explants transformed with the RUBY cassette do not synthesize a sufficient amount of betalain due to the deficit of endogenous tyrosine. In this case, adding exogenous tyrosine would enhance betalain production and improve the detectability of tissues containing the RUBY cassette. These data can be used for the optimization of RUBY application conditions for peas and other species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Biotech Approaches in Legume Crop Improvement)

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19 pages, 981 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quality Evaluation of Dendrobium huoshanense Under Different Cultivation Modes and Its Protective Effect on Ethanol-Induced Injury in GES-1 Cells

by Xinxin Li, Ziting Zhu, Jing Wu, Nianjun Yu, Huiqun Xie, Lan Han and Daiyin Peng

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3718; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243718 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Dendrobium huoshanense, a rare and endangered medicinal orchid species endemic to Huoshan County, Anhui Province, faces a severe limit of wild resources. Its medicinal efficacy derives from unique chemical constituents, which vary significantly across cultivation modes. We systematically compared sensory properties and [...] Read more.

Dendrobium huoshanense, a rare and endangered medicinal orchid species endemic to Huoshan County, Anhui Province, faces a severe limit of wild resources. Its medicinal efficacy derives from unique chemical constituents, which vary significantly across cultivation modes. We systematically compared sensory properties and nutritional constituents (polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, bibenzyls, minerals, and free amino acids) between D. huoshanense in three cultivation modes—greenhouse cultivation, understory gravel cultivation, and wild-simulated cultivation. Additionally, the gastroprotective effects of wild-simulated cultivated D. huoshanense on gastric mucosal epithelial cells were evaluated. Results demonstrated that wild-simulated cultivation yielded significantly higher levels of nutritional constituents compared to gravel and greenhouse cultivation. Furthermore, wild-simulated cultivated D. huoshanense exhibited notable protective effects against gastric mucosal epithelial cell damage. This study not only elucidates the influence of cultivation modes on the chemical profile of D. huoshanense but also provides scientific evidence supporting its gastric protective properties, offering a foundation for its sustainable utilization and quality-oriented cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Study of Medicinal Plants)

27 pages, 2404 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Nutrient Use Efficiency and Biomass Partitioning of Interspecific Hybrids and Commercial Sugarcane Genotypes Under Early Drought Stress and Recovery Conditions

by Thanakorn Kulrat, Nakorn Jongrungklang, Sanun Jogloy, Nimitr Vorasoot, Anon Janket, Darunee Puangbut and Patcharin Songsri

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3717; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243717 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Drought significantly impacts nutrient use efficiencies and sugarcane biomass. Interspecific hybridization between Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum may improve drought resistance and enhance nutrient use efficiency. This research enhances the understanding of nutrient (N, P, and K) use efficiency and the biomass of [...] Read more.

Drought significantly impacts nutrient use efficiencies and sugarcane biomass. Interspecific hybridization between Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum may improve drought resistance and enhance nutrient use efficiency. This research enhances the understanding of nutrient (N, P, and K) use efficiency and the biomass of interspecific hybrids and commercial sugarcane genotypes under early drought and recovery. The experiment was conducted using a split plot in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications. The main plot consisted of two water regimes (well-watered, WW, and early drought stress, DS), whereas the subplot consisted of six diverse sugarcane genotypes. Biomass, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), phosphorus use efficiency (PUE), and potassium use efficiency (KUE) were measured 6, 8, and 12 months after transplanting (MAT). The results showed that drought reduced NUE, PUE, KUE, and biomass in all sugarcane genotypes throughout the drought period at 6 MAT. F03-362 and KK09-0358 had high biomass and NUE under drought stress. Meanwhile, F03-362 displayed consistently high biomass, NUE, PUE, and KUE during the recovery phase (8 MAT) as well as at 12 MAT under DS conditions, whereas TPJ04-768 showed high biomass only at 12 MAT. These contrasting responses highlight the important implications of selecting parental genotypes to improve nutrient use efficiency and biomass under early drought stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

15 pages, 3706 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Root Films with Bacillus subtilis for Establishment and Growth Promotion in Tomato

by Guadalupe Oyoque-Salcedo, Oscar Giovanni Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, Omar Fabián Hernández-Zepeda, Juan Carlos Raya-Pérez, Jorge Covarrubias-Prieto, Glenda Margarita Gutiérrez-Benicio, María Valentina Angoa-Pérez, Ernesto Oregel-Zamudio and César Leobardo Aguirre-Mancilla

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3716; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243716 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

The presence of Bacillus subtilis on tomato roots contributes to plant growth promotion, which depends on its ability to establish in the roots. Edible-film formulations have emerged as effective carriers for beneficial bacteria. In this study, we evaluated film formulations based on guar [...] Read more.

The presence of Bacillus subtilis on tomato roots contributes to plant growth promotion, which depends on its ability to establish in the roots. Edible-film formulations have emerged as effective carriers for beneficial bacteria. In this study, we evaluated film formulations based on guar gum, glycerol, and candelilla wax incorporating B. subtilis for root application in tomato seedlings to stimulate plant development. Sixteen film formulations were prepared and applied to seedling by dipping root; plants were grown under a 16/8 h photoperiod. At 60 days, growth parameters (plant height, leaf number, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weights) were measured, along with B. subtilis on roots, and the soil degradation of the selected film. Treatments were: seedlings with B. subtilis at two doses (10^6,12 CFU/mL (B6, B12), film without bacteria (P), films with B. subtilis (P1–P16), and untreated (TST). Among the films, formulation 9 (guar gum 0.6%, candelilla wax 0.15%, glycerol 0.15% and B. subtilis 20%, 1 × 10¹²) significantly increased shoot and root biomass and supported higher root colonization of B. subtilis (2.3 × 10⁷ CFU/g). The film degraded in soil within 15 days, while the inoculant maintained high viability (6.3 × 10⁸ CFU/mL) after 8 months at 4 °C. These results highlight film formulation 9 as a promising bioinoculant for tomato cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Translating Ecological Research into Biological Control Strategies)

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16 pages, 2388 KB

Open AccessArticle

Does Root-Zone Heating Mitigate the Cold Injury in Coffee Tree (Coffea arabica)?

by Mao Suganami, Akira Saeki, Naoto Iwasaki and Daisuke Takata

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3715; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243715 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Cold winter injury is a significant challenge in cultivating tropical trees in temperate regions. The conventional solution involves heating the entire greenhouse to protect the plants; however, this approach is fuel-intensive and costly. This study investigated whether root-zone heating can mitigate cold injury [...] Read more.

Cold winter injury is a significant challenge in cultivating tropical trees in temperate regions. The conventional solution involves heating the entire greenhouse to protect the plants; however, this approach is fuel-intensive and costly. This study investigated whether root-zone heating can mitigate cold injury in coffee trees. In the Control, non-heated treatments, leaf relative water content dropped to approximately 70%, leading to wilting, whereas in the Heat treatment, it remained above 90%. In the Control treatment, defoliation progressed, ultimately resulting in more than 50% leaf loss. In contrast, defoliation was reduced by approximately 20% with the Heat treatment. During the cold-treatment period, photosynthesis declined sharply in both the Control and Heat treatments, with CO₂ assimilation dropping to nearly zero. However, one week after the complete of cold treatment, F_v/F_m recovered to pre-treatment levels, while CO₂ assimilation and electron transport rates improved to more than 50% of pre-treatment levels in the Heat treatment. These findings indicate that root-zone heating helps prevent leaf wilting and defoliation by maintaining high leaf water content. The surviving leaves recovered their photosynthetic function and were crucial in subsequent biomass production. Thus, root-zone heating is a cost-effective and efficient strategy for cultivating tropical trees in temperate regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management, Development, and Breeding of Coffea sp. Crop)

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22 pages, 1218 KB

Open AccessReview

Integrating Drought Stress Signaling and Smart Breeding for Climate-Resilient Crops: Regulatory Mechanisms and Genetic Strategies

by Mingyu Wang, Yuwei Zhao, Yaqian Huang and Jun Liu

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3714; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243714 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

The escalating frequency and severity of drought events pose significant threats to agricultural productivity and food security. Drought stress not only restricts crop growth and yields but also destabilizes agricultural ecosystems. Over evolutionary timescales, plants have developed intricate adaptive strategies, encompassing drought escape [...] Read more.

The escalating frequency and severity of drought events pose significant threats to agricultural productivity and food security. Drought stress not only restricts crop growth and yields but also destabilizes agricultural ecosystems. Over evolutionary timescales, plants have developed intricate adaptive strategies, encompassing drought escape (accelerated phenology), avoidance (water-conserving morphology) and tolerance (cellular protection), which involve complex biological mechanisms spanning molecular signaling, metabolic reprogramming and organ morphological remodeling. To mitigate drought risks, breeding drought-tolerant and water-efficient crops is imperative. Currently, drought resistance breeding is undergoing a paradigm shift, transitioning from traditional phenotypic selection toward genomics-assisted selection, molecular design and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven predictive modeling. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of drought stress response mechanisms in crops, integrating three key dimensions: physiological/biochemical adaptations, hormonal signaling networks and morphological/structural modifications. Furthermore, it critically evaluates recent advances in genetic improvement approaches for drought resistance, such as marker-assisted selection, transgenic technology and gene editing. It also explores the integration of multi-omics data and AI to enhance precision molecular breeding and overcome the inherent trade-off between drought resistance and yield potential. By synthesizing advancements in molecular breeding and smart agriculture, this work provides a roadmap for developing climate-resilient crops optimized through synergistic trait engineering and intelligent environmental sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Crop Stress Response and Photosynthetic Optimization)

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19 pages, 14734 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Hyperspectral Imaging with Ensemble Learning for Estimating Rapeseed Chlorophyll Content Under Different Waterlogging Durations

by Ying Jin, Yaoqi Peng, Haoyan Song, Yu Jin, Linxuan Jiang, Yishan Ji and Mingquan Ding

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3713; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243713 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Chlorophyll content is a key physiological indicator reflecting photosynthetic capacity, and the Soil–Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) meter is a commonly used tool for its rapid and non-destructive estimation. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a non-destructive technique that captures fine spectral characteristics and thus holds [...] Read more.

Chlorophyll content is a key physiological indicator reflecting photosynthetic capacity, and the Soil–Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) meter is a commonly used tool for its rapid and non-destructive estimation. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a non-destructive technique that captures fine spectral characteristics and thus holds great potential for high-throughput phenotyping and early stress detection. This study aimed to explore the potential of HSI combined with ensemble learning (EL) to estimate SPAD of rapeseed seedlings under different durations of waterlogging. Hyperspectral images and corresponding SPAD values were collected from six rapeseed cultivars at 0, 2, 4 and 6 days of waterlogging. The mutual information was employed to select the top 30 most relevant spectral and vegetation index features. The EL model was constructed using partial least squares, support vector machine, random forest, ridge regression and elastic net as the first-layer learners and a multiple linear regression as the second-layer learner. The results showed that the EL model showed superior stability and higher prediction accuracy compared to single models across various genotypes and waterlogging treatment datasets. As waterlogging duration increased, the overall model accuracy improved; notably, under 6 days of waterlogging, the EL model achieved an R² of 0.79 and an RMSE of 3.27, indicating strong predictive capability. This study demonstrated that combining EL with HSI enables stable and accurate estimation of SPAD values, therefore providing an effective approach for early stress monitoring in crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology for Plant Phenotyping Research)

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21 pages, 9758 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Analysis of Rice (Jijing129) Reveals Growth and Gene Expression Responses to Different Red-Blue Laser Light Treatments

by Xuemei Liang, Qi Liu, Li Qin, Peng Jia, Jianfeng Wang, Changjiang Zhang, Xintong Dai, Wenbo Yu, Xiaoyu Lei, Ningning Wang and Minglai Yang

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3712; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243712 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Artificial supplemental lighting represents a crucial agricultural technique for enhancing plant growth and development, with researchers continuously investigating the effectiveness of various light sources in horticultural applications. Laser technology, characterized by its monochromatic nature, high coherence, and elevated energy density, presents a promising [...] Read more.

Artificial supplemental lighting represents a crucial agricultural technique for enhancing plant growth and development, with researchers continuously investigating the effectiveness of various light sources in horticultural applications. Laser technology, characterized by its monochromatic nature, high coherence, and elevated energy density, presents a promising light source whose potential applications and underlying mechanisms in plant supplemental lighting remain to be thoroughly explored. To investigate the effects of different red-to-blue light ratios in laser supplemental lighting on rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Jijing129) seedlings, we conducted a seedling-stage lighting experiment on the rice cultivar Jijing129 in a greenhouse using an LGI-660/450 dual-wavelength semiconductor laser system. The experimental design included a natural light control (AL) and three laser treatment groups, with red: blue (R:B) ratios and corresponding photon flux densities as follows: BL (50:50; 150:150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), CL (60:40; 180:120 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), and DL (75:25; 225:75 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). We systematically analyzed short-term morphological, physiological, and gene expression changes to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying yield enhancement under different laser spectra. The results indicated that, compared to AL, all laser treatments (BL, CL, and DL) significantly increased root fresh weight, dry weight, and nitrogen content in seedlings. Furthermore, the final yield was significantly improved in all laser-treated groups, with the CL treatment exhibiting the highest yield. Transcriptome sequencing identified 10,497, 10,441, 10,700, and 10,757 expressed genes in the AL, BL, CL, and DL groups, respectively. Comparative analysis revealed 101, 1645, and 2247 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the BL/AL, CL/AL, and DL/AL comparisons, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways such as metabolic processes, nitrogen metabolism, and protein amino acid phosphorylation. Notably, genes involved in the regulation of nitrogen compound metabolism were significantly upregulated in the CL and DL treatments. Further analysis of nitrogen metabolism and photosynthesis pathways revealed that laser irradiation induced the upregulation of specific genes. Interestingly, although physiological assays showed no significant changes in CAT, SOD, and POD activities, the expression of their corresponding genes was upregulated by laser treatment, suggesting these genes play a regulatory role during the supplemental lighting process. Therefore, our results indicated that laser supplemental lighting during the rice seedling stage increased the nitrogen content in plants and modulated the expression of related genes, and these changes might have been associated with the subsequent increase in rice yield. This study lays a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of laser supplemental lighting and provides empirical support for the application of laser technology as an effective light source in agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Plant Genetics and Genomics)

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13 pages, 231 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Jean-François Morot-Gaudry (1943–2024): A Life Devoted to Plant Science, Leadership, and Humanity

by Jean-François Briat, Jean-Bernard Cliquet, Michel Delseny, Sylvie Ferrario-Méry, Christine H. Foyer, Jeremy Harbinson, Bertrand Hirel, Graham Noctor, Loïc Lepiniec, Anis M. Limami, Céline Masclaux-Daubresse, Jean-Claude Pernollet, Agnès Ricroch and Akira Suzuki

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3711; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243711 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

It is with deep sadness that we learned of the passing of Dr [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosynthesis, Nitrogen and Elevated CO₂ in the Atmosphere)

38 pages, 1997 KB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing Setaria as a Model for C₄ Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stress

by Juan David Ferreira Gomes, João Marcos Fernandes-Esteves, João Travassos-Lins, Andres Felipe Gaona Acevedo, Tamires de Souza Rodrigues and Marcio Alves-Ferreira

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3710; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243710 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Climate change and the resulting abiotic stresses that emerge due to anthropogenic activities are the main causes of agricultural losses worldwide. Abiotic stresses such as water scarcity, extreme temperatures, high irradiance, saline soils, nutrient deprivation and heavy metal contamination compromise the development and [...] Read more.

Climate change and the resulting abiotic stresses that emerge due to anthropogenic activities are the main causes of agricultural losses worldwide. Abiotic stresses such as water scarcity, extreme temperatures, high irradiance, saline soils, nutrient deprivation and heavy metal contamination compromise the development and productivity of crops on a global scale. In this scenario, understanding the response of C₄ plants to different abiotic stresses is of utmost importance, as they constitute major pillars of the global economy. To further our understanding of the response of C₄ monocots, Setaria viridis and Setaria italica have gradually emerged as powerful model species for elucidating the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. This review integrates recent findings on the morphophysiological, transcriptomic, and metabolic responses of S. viridis and S. italica to drought, elevated heat and light, saline soils, nutrient deficiencies and heavy metal contamination. Comparative analyses highlight conserved and divergent stress-response pathways between the domesticated S. italica and its wild progenitor S. viridis. Together, these findings reinforce Setaria as a versatile C₄ model for unraveling mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance and highlight its potential as a genetic resource for developing climate-resilient cereal and bioenergy crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Regulation of Plant Stress Responses)

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24 pages, 5754 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Archaeobotanical Methods: Morphometry, Bayesian Analysis and AMS Dating of Rose Prickles from Monteagudo Almunia, Spain (12th Century–Present)

by Diego Rivera, Julio Navarro, Inmaculada Camarero, Javier Valera, Diego-José Rivera-Obón and Concepción Obón

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3709; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243709 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: While archaeological evidence is crucial for understanding the origins of ancient rose varieties in Western Europe, the botanical composition of medieval Islamic gardens remains largely unknown. This study focuses on the rose cultivation at the 12th-century Almunia del Castillejo de Monteagudo in [...] Read more.

Background: While archaeological evidence is crucial for understanding the origins of ancient rose varieties in Western Europe, the botanical composition of medieval Islamic gardens remains largely unknown. This study focuses on the rose cultivation at the 12th-century Almunia del Castillejo de Monteagudo in Murcia, Spain, a key Islamic site in al-Andalus. Methods: Morphometric analysis and Bayesian hypothesis testing were applied to characterize rose prickle remains recovered from the site. The prickles were found in stratigraphic contexts above the original garden and yielded post-medieval radiocarbon dates (18th–19th centuries AD). The morphological parameters of the archaeological specimens were statistically compared against reference collections of known rose species to determine their probable botanical origins. Results: The analysis identified two distinct prickle morphotypes. Statistical comparisons indicate these correspond to the white musk rose (Rosa moschata Herrm.) and to yellow roses from the Rosa foetida Herrm. complex (including R. lutea Mill. var. persiana Lem.). Both species are historic introductions from West Asia. The morphometric parameters demonstrated significant diagnostic value for the species-level identification of archaeological rose remains. Conclusion: Despite the post-medieval date of the prickles, the presence of R. moschata and R. foetida suggests the continuity of cultivation for rose species originally already known during the medieval Islamic period. This provides direct archaeological evidence for the role of al-Andalus gardens in the dissemination of West Asian rose diversity, highlighting the lasting impact of medieval Islamic horticulture on the Iberian Peninsula. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Botanical Research in the Mediterranean Area: Studies in Honor of Prof. Francesco Maria Raimondo on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday)

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17 pages, 1504 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Analysis of Naturally Integrated Rol Genes in Sweet Potato via CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

by Yury Shkryl, Yulia Yaroshenko, Valeria Grigorchuk, Victor Bulgakov and Yulia Yugay

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3708; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243708 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a globally important crop and one of a growing number of plants recognized as naturally transgenic, harboring Agrobacterium-derived T-DNA genes whose functions remain largely uncharacterized. In this proof-of-concept study, we applied CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate [...] Read more.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a globally important crop and one of a growing number of plants recognized as naturally transgenic, harboring Agrobacterium-derived T-DNA genes whose functions remain largely uncharacterized. In this proof-of-concept study, we applied CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate targeted knockouts of the Ib-rolB/C and Ib-rolD-like genes located within the sweet potato cellular T-DNA2 (IbT-DNA2) region. Mutations were introduced into sweet potato callus cultures using an optimized genome editing protocol, with most edits consisting of single-nucleotide insertions. Knockout of Ib-rolB/C did not affect callus growth but significantly reduced levels of chlorogenic acid derivatives. Validation in planta using transient expression in I. batatas leaves confirmed the suppressive effect of Ib-rolB/C disruption on polyphenol content. In contrast, Ib-rolD-like knockout lines showed reduced biomass accumulation and downregulation of cell cycle–related genes, but did not display significant changes in metabolite content in either callus cultures or leaf tissues. These findings suggest that Ib-rolB/C and Ib-rolD-like may differentially contribute to growth and secondary metabolism in sweet potato. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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24 pages, 8229 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Biochar and Well-Rotted Manure on Maize Yield in Intercropping Systems Based on High-Throughput Sequencing Technology

by Hui Liu, Wenlong Zhang, Wanyu Dou, Yutao Li, Guoxin Shi and Wei Pei

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3696; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243696 - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Biochar and well-rotted manure are commonly employed materials for sustainable agricultural development, possessing the potential to consistently enhance the yield of monoculture crops. However, their impact on the stability of crop yields in intercropping systems, as well as the microenvironment of the border-row [...] Read more.

Biochar and well-rotted manure are commonly employed materials for sustainable agricultural development, possessing the potential to consistently enhance the yield of monoculture crops. However, their impact on the stability of crop yields in intercropping systems, as well as the microenvironment of the border-row rhizosphere, remains inadequately understood. Consequently, this study utilized corn stover biochar and well-rotted pig manure while minimizing the application of chemical fertilizers to investigate the synergistic effects of biochar and composted manure in augmenting maize yield within a soybean–maize intercropping system and regulating the nitrogen cycle in the border-row rhizosphere under reduced fertilization conditions. In comparison to traditional fertilization, the combination of biochar and manure under reduced fertilization conditions significantly increased the contents of ammonium nitrogen (55%), dissolved organic nitrogen (523%), and particulate organic nitrogen (833%) while simultaneously decreasing the content of mineral-associated organic nitrogen (60%). Additionally, this combination synergistically reduced urease activity (22%) while enhancing the activities of nitrogenase (11%), nitrate reductase (297%), and hydroxylamine reductase (20%). This study establishes a theoretical foundation for elucidating how organically amended materials consistently enhance productivity in intercropping systems and alter nitrogen ecology in border-row rhizospheres, offering new perspectives on sustainable fertilization strategies and crop patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochar–Soil–Plant Interactions)

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Plants, Volume 14, Issue 24 (December-2 2025) – 16 articles

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