Plants

15 pages, 4044 KB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of a Tissue Culture System for Quercus palustris

by Xinyi Wang, Hao Li, Silai Chen, Jinyu Liu, Peng Zhu, Xiaohong Chen, Zhenfeng Xu and Fang He

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3870; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243870 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Quercus palustris possesses significant ecological and ornamental value, yet its clonal propagation remains challenging, hindering germplasm utilization. To address this, an efficient tissue culture propagation system was established. This study systematically evaluated the effects of different plant growth regulator combinations on shoot proliferation, [...] Read more.

Quercus palustris possesses significant ecological and ornamental value, yet its clonal propagation remains challenging, hindering germplasm utilization. To address this, an efficient tissue culture propagation system was established. This study systematically evaluated the effects of different plant growth regulator combinations on shoot proliferation, rooting, and callus induction using the Woody Plant Medium (WPM) as the basal culture. The optimal protocol among the tested cytokinin combinations (including 6-benzylaminopurine [6-BA] and kinetin [KT]) for shoot proliferation employed 0.3 mg/L 6-BA and 0.4 mg/L KT, achieving a mean proliferation coefficient of 5.22. For root induction, the most effective treatment consisted of 0.3 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.2 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), yielding a rooting rate of 83.33%. Callus formation was optimally induced by 0.8 mg/L 6-BA combined with 0.3 mg/L NAA, resulting in a high induction rate of 90.63% along with a comparatively low browning incidence of 34.38%. Furthermore, the piperazine derivative fipexide (FPX) exhibited a dual role: promoting callus formation at 10 μmol/L while significantly inhibiting it at concentrations ≥ 20 μmol/L. The established system provides a robust technical foundation for the rapid propagation and germplasm conservation of Quercus palustris. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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15 pages, 3928 KB

Open AccessArticle

Glucose-6-Phosphate 1-Epimerase Responds to Phosphate Starvation by Regulating Carbohydrate Homeostasis in Rice and Arabidopsis

by Hongkai Zhang, Shuhao Zhang, Youming Guo, Luyao You, Hongqian Ma, Yubao Cao, Haiying Zhang, Bowen Luo, Xiao Zhang, Dan Liu, Ling Wu, Duojiang Gao, Shiqiang Gao, Baolin Han, Guohua Zhang, Jijin Li, Zihao Feng, Dong Li, Yi Ma, Haibo Lan, Lijuan Gong and Shibin Gao Show full author list Hide full author list

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3869; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243869 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Plants adapt to phosphate starvation by remodeling root architecture and reallocating carbohydrates. Glucose-6-phosphate 1-epimerase (G6PE), a key enzyme in carbon and energy metabolism, is hypothesized to contribute to phosphate starvation responses. Here, we investigated the role of G6PE in rice and Arabidopsis through [...] Read more.

Plants adapt to phosphate starvation by remodeling root architecture and reallocating carbohydrates. Glucose-6-phosphate 1-epimerase (G6PE), a key enzyme in carbon and energy metabolism, is hypothesized to contribute to phosphate starvation responses. Here, we investigated the role of G6PE in rice and Arabidopsis through phenotypic, physiological, and molecular analyses of osg6pe and atg6pe mutants. Under normal-phosphate (NP) conditions, both mutants exhibited significantly reduced biomass and fresh weight compared with the wild-type (WT) plants, indicating growth inhibition caused by the mutations. Under low-phosphate (LP) conditions, the mutants displayed enhanced root growth, suggesting that G6PE functions as a negative regulator of radial root growth under phosphate deficiency. The osg6pe mutant showed elevated phosphate content and increased leaf starch accumulation under LP, whereas it accumulated more phosphate but less starch under NP. Expression analysis revealed that G6PE transcripts were suppressed under NP but remained relatively stable under LP. Notably, among phosphate starvation-induced (PSI) genes, only PHT1;4 showed notable transcriptional changes in both species. These findings indicate that G6PE contributes to phosphate homeostasis by modulating carbohydrate metabolism, restraining radial root growth, and selectively regulating PHT1 expression under phosphate-deficient conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants—Second Edition)

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21 pages, 5788 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Multi-Omics Reveals the Molecular Basis Underlying Wheat Grain Development and Identifies TaYAK1-2D as a Positive Grain Weight Regulator

by Yazhou Xuan, Ling Zhao, Yinuo Li, Shujing Guo, Yuxue Pan, Liuge Xue, Hualiang Qiao, Wenzhao Xie, Lin Guo, Baowen Zhang, Shuzhi Zheng, Xigang Liu, Wenqiang Tang, Chunjiang Zhou, Lei Wang, Jun Ji, Junming Li and Hong Liu

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3868; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243868 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Grain weight, a highly heritable yield component, is a primary breeding target for enhancing wheat productivity. Unraveling the molecular dynamics underlying grain development is essential for identifying key regulators controlling this trait. In this study, we employed an integrated multi-omics approach to analyze [...] Read more.

Grain weight, a highly heritable yield component, is a primary breeding target for enhancing wheat productivity. Unraveling the molecular dynamics underlying grain development is essential for identifying key regulators controlling this trait. In this study, we employed an integrated multi-omics approach to analyze transcriptomic and proteomic profiles in developing grains using pairwise near-isogenic lines with contrasting grain weight across four grain developmental stages. Our analysis revealed that early grain development, particularly at 7 days post-anthesis, serves as a critical window during which differential regulation of genes and proteins involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis and metabolic pathways establishes the final grain weight. By combining weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and K-means clustering, we identified a grain weight-associated module and pinpointed four high-confidence candidate genes. Among these, TaYAK1-2D, which encodes a YAK family protein kinase, was functionally validated as a positive regulator of grain weight through mutational analysis. Sequence analysis revealed two major natural haplotypes of TaYAK1-2D, with TaYAK1-2D-Hap2 being significantly associated with higher grain weight across multiple environments. Our findings not only delineate a crucial metabolic window governing grain weight but also provide both a novel genetic target and a practical haplotype marker for molecular breeding aimed at yield improvement in wheat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic and Omics Insights into Plant Adaptation and Growth)

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15 pages, 2923 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Stubble Management Strategies of Caragana tibetica for Enhancing Stress Resistance and Vegetation Restoration

by Xiaoman Yuan, Yong Gao and Yumei Liang

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3867; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243867 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Caragana tibetica Kom. is a key constructive species in desert steppe and desert transition zones. Long-term enclosure has led to population decline and even mortality of C. tibetica, while populations outside enclosures grow well. However, the biological mechanisms underlying the continued growth [...] Read more.

Caragana tibetica Kom. is a key constructive species in desert steppe and desert transition zones. Long-term enclosure has led to population decline and even mortality of C. tibetica, while populations outside enclosures grow well. However, the biological mechanisms underlying the continued growth of C. tibetica under grazing remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the effects of stubble management on the photosynthetic physiology and antioxidant characteristics of C. tibetica, and to determine the optimal stubble intensity. Plants were subjected to five stubble gradients (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). The results showed that stubble treatments caused significant changes in both photosynthetic and antioxidant traits. Interestingly, the correlations between photosynthetic and antioxidant characteristics varied with the growth season: they were positively correlated in the early growth season, but negatively correlated in the middle and late stages. Using a generalized algorithmic model, we found that stubble intensities ranging from 0.5% to 38.7% enhanced the stress resistance of C. tibetica, with 21.6% being the optimal intensity. This study demonstrates that moderate stubble management promotes the stress resistance of C. tibetica, providing important theoretical and scientific support for vegetation restoration and ecological construction in desert steppes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Ecology)

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15 pages, 4710 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular and Genetic Characterization of Newly Released CIMMYT Inbred Maize Lines

by Haihong Fan, Jianghao Wang, Yuanyuan Yan, Quanguo Zhang, Liwei Wang, Liang Song, Jianfeng Wei, Xinhua Li, Dongmin Zhang, Jinjie Guo, Rui Guo and Wei Song

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3866; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243866 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Tropical germplasm has accumulated a large number of genes adapted to a variety of adversities. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of 109 inbred maize lines newly released from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in [...] Read more.

Tropical germplasm has accumulated a large number of genes adapted to a variety of adversities. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of 109 inbred maize lines newly released from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in the last few years. The results indicated the following: (1) linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed that tropical maize germplasms had a faster rate of LD decay, suggesting higher recombination rates and genetic diversity; (2) both the phylogenetic tree and structure analysis supported the classification of the material into three subgroups; (3) the results of the principal component analysis were consistent with the population structure analysis, further verifying the reliability of subgroup delineation; (4) the genetic distances between the tropical germplasms from groups 2 and 3 and the elite temperate inbred lines were relatively close, which is suitable for temperate germplasms improvement. The results can help us select suitable tropical germplasms and speed up the process of inbred line development and maize improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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20 pages, 1766 KB

Open AccessArticle

Socioeconomic Disparities in the Diversity, Abundance, Structure and Composition of Woody Plants in Residential Streetscapes: Insights for Transitioning to a More Environmentally Just City

by Sandra V. Uribe, Álvaro Valladares-Moreno, Martín A. H. Escobar and Nélida R. Villaseñor

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3865; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243865 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Vegetation in residential areas plays a crucial role in biodiverse and sustainable cities as it enhances biological diversity, environmental quality, and the human well-being of city residents. However, the distribution of vegetation among these areas is often unequal, leading to disparities in access [...] Read more.

Vegetation in residential areas plays a crucial role in biodiverse and sustainable cities as it enhances biological diversity, environmental quality, and the human well-being of city residents. However, the distribution of vegetation among these areas is often unequal, leading to disparities in access to its benefits. To promote a more biodiverse and environmentally just city, we investigated how woody plants (trees, shrubs and vines) vary with socioeconomic level in residential streetscapes of Santiago de Chile. Across the city, we sampled woody plants in 120 plots (11 m radius) located in residential streetscapes of three socioeconomic levels: low, medium, and high. A total of 557 woody plants were identified and measured. Of these, only 9.7% corresponded to native species, whereas 90.3% were introduced species. Wealthier residential areas had higher species richness and abundance of woody plants, as well as plants with greater structural size (revealed by height and crown area). In addition, we found that the composition of woody plants differed among socioeconomic levels: Liquidambar styraciflua, Platanus x hispanica, and Pittosporum tobira were more abundant in high socioeconomic areas; Prunus cerasifera, Citrus limon, and Ailanthus altissima were more abundant in medium socioeconomic areas; Robinia pseudoacacia, Acer negundo, and Schinus areira were more abundant in low socioeconomic areas. Our research highlights that woody plant diversity, abundance, structure, and composition vary with socioeconomic level in residential streetscapes. Key insights for reducing these inequalities and achieve a more environmentally just city include: (a) governance and equity-based investment; (b) prioritizing local native species; (c) promoting the use of non-tree woody plants; and (d) empowering communities through capacity building and stewardship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants for Biodiversity and Sustainable Cities)

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31 pages, 601 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Composition and Overall Taste Modulation in Lettuce: Combination of Cultivar and Biofertiliser

by Milica Stojanović, Dragica Milosavljević, Abigaël Delcourt, Jean-Louis Hilbert, Philippe Hance, Vuk Maksimović and Jelena Dragišić Maksimović

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3864; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243864 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

This study assessed the impact of biofertilisers on primary and secondary (specialised) metabolites in six lettuce cultivars (‘Kiribati’, ‘Murai’, ‘Aquino’, ‘Gaugin’, ‘Aleppo’, and ‘Carmesi’) grown in anthropogenic soil during an autumn greenhouse experiment. Four treatments were tested: control (no fertilisation), effective microorganisms (EM), [...] Read more.

This study assessed the impact of biofertilisers on primary and secondary (specialised) metabolites in six lettuce cultivars (‘Kiribati’, ‘Murai’, ‘Aquino’, ‘Gaugin’, ‘Aleppo’, and ‘Carmesi’) grown in anthropogenic soil during an autumn greenhouse experiment. Four treatments were tested: control (no fertilisation), effective microorganisms (EM), Trichoderma, and their combination. Red cultivars showed higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenolic content (TPC), with red Lollo ‘Carmesi’ having the highest TAC, TPC, carotenoids, total soluble solids, sweetness index, and sugars. Red Oak ‘Murai’ exhibited the highest chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, while green cultivars ‘Kiribati’ and ‘Aquino’ excelled in chlorophyll a and overall taste, respectively. Biofertilisers did not affect TAC or most chlorophyll types but increased TPC (EM by 18.6% and combined treatment by 19.6%) and chlorophyll a (EM by 28.6% and Trichoderma by 23.8%). Combined fertilisers improved taste with reduced glucose and fructose content and sweetness index, though sucrose remained unchanged compared to the control. Major organic acids (malic, citric, and tartaric) were most abundant in ‘Murai’ and ‘Kiribati’, unaffected by treatments. Phenolics content peaked in ‘Murai’ and ‘Carmesi’, characterised by chicoric and chlorogenic acid, caffeoylquinic acid glucoside, and flavonoids (quercetin derivatives, kaempferol); biofertilisers mainly influenced gallic acid, while kaempferol was affected by all biofertilisers and increased in the range of 12.5–25%. The key sesquiterpene lactones identified were lactucin, lactucopicrin-15-oxalate, and 11β,13-dihydrolactucin. The content of sesquiterpene lactones analysed in this study increased significantly, especially with EM treatment (14.7–185.7%) and combined fertilisers (12.5–128.6%), highlighting the lactone-rich cultivars ‘Carmesi’ and ‘Gaugin’. Red cultivars ‘Carmesi’ and ‘Murai’ exhibited the most favourable phytochemical profiles, suitable for cultivation and processing of quality-based products. In contrast, the green cultivar ‘Aquino’ received the highest sensory scores, delivering the most appealing overall taste despite its lower metabolite content. EM treatment and combined fertilisers are recommended for increasing chlorophyll a, myo-inositol, TSS, propionic acid, TPC, kaempferol, and major lactones under greenhouse autumn conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Qualitative and Quantitative Changes in Plant Metabolite Contents—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 2485 KB

Open AccessArticle

Culture System and Nutrient Restriction Shape Antioxidant Activity in In Vitro Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Shoots

by Raquel Martínez-Carrillo, Fátima Z. Behloul, María Á. Ferrer and Antonio A. Calderón

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3863; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243863 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Spearmint phytochemicals exhibit remarkable antidiabetic, antioxidant, and broad pharmacological activities. In vitro organ cultures offer an efficient and sustainable platform for enhancing the production of these bioactive metabolites, although optimized media and cultivation strategies are essential to maximize yields. Here, four Murashige and [...] Read more.

Spearmint phytochemicals exhibit remarkable antidiabetic, antioxidant, and broad pharmacological activities. In vitro organ cultures offer an efficient and sustainable platform for enhancing the production of these bioactive metabolites, although optimized media and cultivation strategies are essential to maximize yields. Here, four Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium variants and three cultivation systems—agar-solidified, static-liquid (L), and agitated-liquid (LA)—were evaluated to assess phenolics, antioxidant capacity, antidiabetic potential, and metabolic biochemical markers in in vitro-grown spearmint shoots. Half-strength MS (MS/2) consistently produced the highest antioxidant activity and accumulation of phenolics and sugars across all systems. The MS/2–L combination markedly boosted antioxidant responses, increasing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) values up to 27-fold and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values tenfold relative to full-strength MS. Antioxidant capacity strongly correlated with total phenolics, flavonoids, rosmarinic acid, antidiabetic activity, and carbohydrate levels. Lipid peroxidation analysis further revealed that shoots cultured under LA conditions showed the highest level of malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, whereas MSN/2 (half-strength nitrogen) consistently yielded the lowest MDA levels across all cultivation systems. Collectively, these results highlight the strong influence of nutrient availability and culture system on the metabolic performance of in vitro-grown spearmint. In conclusion, nutrient limitation combined with liquid cultivation effectively enhances antioxidant metabolite accumulation, providing valuable criteria for the future design and optimization of scalable bioreactor systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Sprouts and Microgreens as a Source of Bioactive Compounds—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 2036 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Occurrence of Viruses in Sweet Cherry in China and Developing Multiplex RT-PCR Assays for Their Detection

by Jinying Wang, Qing Kan, Yinshuai Xie, Hanwei Li, Shangzhen Yu, Wenhao Zhang, Chenlu Feng, Mengqi Ma and Yuqin Cheng

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3862; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243862 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 328

Abstract

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivation in China covers an estimated area of 25,600 hectares, representing more than one-third of the global total. Viral diseases present a serious challenge to cherry production worldwide; however, the phytosanitary status of sweet cherry in China [...] Read more.

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivation in China covers an estimated area of 25,600 hectares, representing more than one-third of the global total. Viral diseases present a serious challenge to cherry production worldwide; however, the phytosanitary status of sweet cherry in China has remained poorly understood. In this study, 191 sweet cherry samples were collected from major growing regions and screened using RT-PCR combined with DNA sequencing for the presence of 14 viruses previously reported in China. Results revealed that 80.1% of the tested samples were infected with at least one virus, with mixed infections detected in 51.3% of the samples. Prevalent viruses included cherry virus A (CVA, 53.4%), prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV, 35.1%), cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV, 32.5%), plum bark necrosis stem pitting-associated virus (PBNSPaV, 31.4%), and prune dwarf virus (PDV, 10.5%). Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV) was found at a very low frequency (0.5%), and the remaining eight viruses were not detected in any sample. Based on these findings, we developed multiplex RT-PCR assays for simultaneous detection of CVA, PNRSV, CGRMV, PBNSPaV, and PDV. Several dual and triplex RT-PCR systems were successfully established, including combinations such as PBNSPaV/PNRSV, CVA/PDV, CVA/CGRMV, PBNSPaV/PDV/CGRMV, and PBNSPaV/PNRSV/PDV. This study identifies CVA, PNRSV, CGRMV, PBNSPaV, and PDV as the prevalent viruses in the investigated Chinese sweet cherry orchards. Accordingly, multiplex RT-PCR assays were developed for their simultaneous detection. Our work advances the understanding of sweet cherry viral diseases in China and provides a valuable complementary tool for the existing diagnostic toolkit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants)

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21 pages, 2633 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tortula murciana (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta), a New Species from Mediterranean Mountains

by Rosa M. Ros, Olaf Werner, Jesús Muñoz and Mahmoud Magdy

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3861; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243861 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 722

Abstract

The genus Tortula is one of the most diverse and morphologically complex groups within Pottiaceae. This study presents both morphological and phylogenetic evidence for the recognition of a new species, T. murciana, within the T. subulata complex. The new species is distinguished [...] Read more.

The genus Tortula is one of the most diverse and morphologically complex groups within Pottiaceae. This study presents both morphological and phylogenetic evidence for the recognition of a new species, T. murciana, within the T. subulata complex. The new species is distinguished by a unique combination of traits, including a translucent leaf lamina, upper laminal cells with 3–7 simple, wart-like papillae (verrucae), and middle laminal cells 16–24(35) µm wide, that are much higher near the costa than at the leaf margins. The ventral epidermal cells of the costa at mid-leaf are quadrate to spherical and inflated. The costa is robust, up to 140 µm wide at mid-leaf and papillose on the dorsal side. The apical cell of the apiculus is typically hyaline and often deciduous. The leaf border is usually absent or poorly developed. The basal membrane of the peristome is 0.70–0.90 mm long, with a reticulate pattern where the lumina are delimited by strongly developed muri ornamented with globose clusters of ear-like lobes (auricles). Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ITS region places T. murciana within the T. subulata complex, clearly distinguishing it from T. mucronifolia and T. subulata var. graeffii, with which it shares the closest morphological similarity. Although most specimens can be identified morphologically, some remain difficult to name, making them a semi-cryptic species. The new species is formally diagnosed, described, illustrated, and compared to similar taxa. A key to all species in the complex is also provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bryophyte Biology, 2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 3959 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Pathways Associated with Cold Tolerance in Grafted Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

by Sudeep Pandey, Bijaya Sharma Subedi and Andrew B. Ogden

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3860; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243860 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Cold stress limits cucumber productivity, and grafting onto tolerant rootstocks offers a promising strategy for improving resilience. This study compared the responses of cucumber heterografts and self-grafts exposed to different cold temperatures, aiming to uncover the molecular basis of grafting-mediated tolerance. Morphological observations [...] Read more.

Cold stress limits cucumber productivity, and grafting onto tolerant rootstocks offers a promising strategy for improving resilience. This study compared the responses of cucumber heterografts and self-grafts exposed to different cold temperatures, aiming to uncover the molecular basis of grafting-mediated tolerance. Morphological observations showed that grafting onto Cucurbita ficifolia and C. maxima X C. moschata cv. Tetsukabuto rootstocks improved plant growth under moderate cold, while extreme stress remained lethal. Transcriptome analysis revealed that heterografts displayed broader and more sustained differentially expressed genes than self-grafts. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment in heterografts indicated early activation of structural, regulatory, and metabolic processes, with continued enrichment at later stages. KEGG analysis highlighted plant hormone signaling as a central pathway modulated by heterografting, with selective regulation of auxin, ethylene, and ABA signaling. Heterografts activated key regulators, including MAPK3-like, TIFY5A, and CPK28, which were strongly expressed, alongside transcription factors from NAC, CAMTA, WRKY, and MYB families, suggesting coordinated regulation of cold-responsive networks. These results demonstrate that heterografting enhances cold tolerance by orchestrating multi-layered molecular responses, including hormone modulation, stress signaling, and transcriptional factors. This underscores the potential of grafting onto cold-tolerant rootstocks as a practical strategy for cucumber cultivation in cold-prone environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Environmental Stresses)

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15 pages, 3658 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Maize Planting Method Based on Site-Specific Soil Moisture for Improving Seedling Traits in the Northern China Dryland

by Haoming Li, Jialu Sun, Li Yang, Dongxing Zhang, Tao Cui, Kailiang Zhang, Xiantao He, Xinpeng Wang and Yingxuan Wu

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3859; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243859 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Dryland, which mainly retains rain-fed agriculture, is the main type of farmland in China and widely distributed in the northern regions. Rainfall scarcity limits the development of maize at the seedling stage, which adversely affects the increase in maize yields in this region. [...] Read more.

Dryland, which mainly retains rain-fed agriculture, is the main type of farmland in China and widely distributed in the northern regions. Rainfall scarcity limits the development of maize at the seedling stage, which adversely affects the increase in maize yields in this region. A planting method that allows variable sowing depths based on the uneven distribution of soil moisture was proposed in this study. This site-specific planting method which fully utilizes available soil water is able to overcome the above problem. The framework of variable depth seeding suitable for this region was constructed: Within the depth range of 5.5 to 8.5 cm in the soil, maize seeds should be sown to a position with a relative soil moisture of 70%. For some drylands without such moisture conditions, seeds can be placed at the position with the highest relative soil moisture in this depth range. Taking the conventional planting method as the control group, the performance of the variable depth planting method in improving maize seedling growth was evaluated. The results showed that the proposed planting method not only increased the emergence rate and the seedling uniformity by 9.31% and 25.29%, respectively, but also raised the mean leaf number and the mean plant height in the same growth period, having a remarkable effect in improving the maize seedling traits. This planting method is easy to be embedded into precision control systems of the maize planter, and will promote the application of soil moisture-based planting technology and thus increase the yield per hectare of maize. Full article

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17 pages, 8326 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pangenome-Wide Identification, Evolutionary Analysis of Maize ZmPLD Gene Family, and Functional Validation of ZmPLD15 in Cold Stress Tolerance

by Si-Nan Li, Yun-Long Li, Ming-Hao Sun, Yan Sun, Xin Li, Quan Cai, Yunpeng Wang and Jian-Guo Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3858; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243858 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Phospholipase D (PLD) genes play key roles in plant abiotic stress responses, but the systematic identification of the maize (Zea mays) PLD family and its cold tolerance mechanism remain unclear. Using 26 maize genomes (pangenome), we identified 21 ZmPLD members via [...] Read more.

Phospholipase D (PLD) genes play key roles in plant abiotic stress responses, but the systematic identification of the maize (Zea mays) PLD family and its cold tolerance mechanism remain unclear. Using 26 maize genomes (pangenome), we identified 21 ZmPLD members via Hidden Markov Model (HMM) search (Pfam domain PF00614), including five private genes—avoiding gene omission from single reference genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed ZmPLD conservation with Arabidopsis and rice PLDs; Ka/Ks analysis revealed most ZmPLDs under purifying selection, while three genes (including ZmPLD15) had positive selection signals, suggesting roles in maize adaptive domestication. For ZmPLD15, five shared structural variations (SVs) were found in its promoter; some contained ERF/bHLH binding sites, and SVs in Region1/5 significantly regulated ZmPLD15 expression. Protein structure prediction and molecular docking showed conserved ZmPLD15 structure and substrate (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) binding energy across germplasms. Transgenic maize (B73 background) overexpressing ZmPLD15 was generated. Cold stress (8–10 °C, 6 h) and recovery (24 h) on three-leaf seedlings showed transgenic plants had better leaf cell integrity than wild type (WT). Transgenic plants retained 45.8% net photosynthetic rate (Pn), 47.9% stomatal conductance (Gs), and 55.8% transpiration rate (Tr) versus 7.6%, 21.3%, 13.8% in WT; intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) was maintained properly. This confirms ZmPLD15 enhances maize cold tolerance by protecting photosynthetic systems, providing a framework for ZmPLD research and a key gene for cold-tolerant maize breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress of Crops: Molecular Genetics and Genomics—3rd Edition)

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19 pages, 1207 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity and Nodulation Potential of Bradyrhizobium Strains in Cowpea and Soybean

by Camila Pereira de Moraes Carvalho, Alberto Fernandes Oliveira, Jr., Luc Felicianus Marie Rouws, Fernanda dos Santos Dourado, Marcia Reed Rodrigues Coelho, Bruno José Rodrigues Alves and Jerri Édson Zilli

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3857; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243857 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Bradyrhizobium is a genetically diverse genus that forms symbioses with numerous legumes, including major crops such as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and soybean (Glycine max). Understanding the genetic and symbiotic diversity of native strains is essential for improving inoculant technologies [...] Read more.

Bradyrhizobium is a genetically diverse genus that forms symbioses with numerous legumes, including major crops such as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and soybean (Glycine max). Understanding the genetic and symbiotic diversity of native strains is essential for improving inoculant technologies and enhancing biological nitrogen fixation in tropical agricultural systems. This study investigated Bradyrhizobium strains associated with these two legumes grown in adjacent tropical soils in Brazil to elucidate their genetic relationships, taxonomic placement, and host compatibility. A total of 34 Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from cowpea and soybean nodules were characterized using multilocus phylogenetic analyses (16S rRNA, gyrB, recA, and nodC). Selected strains underwent whole-genome sequencing for comparative analyses based on average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH). Cross-inoculation assays were performed to evaluate nodulation capacity and symbiotic efficiency on both hosts. The strains displayed high genetic diversity, forming multiple phylogenetic clusters. Most grouped within the B. elkanii superclade, whereas several occupied divergent lineages, some potentially representing new taxa. Genome-based analyses supported these findings, showing intracluster ANI values above 95–96% and intercluster values below 94%. A distinct group of cowpea-derived strains exhibited high symbiotic efficiency but low genomic similarity to known type strains, suggesting the presence of a novel species with potential use in inoculants. In contrast, some soybean-derived strains were genetically identical to commercial inoculants, indicating persistence or re-isolation from previously inoculated soils. Notably, strain BR 13971, isolated from soybean, nodulated both hosts efficiently, demonstrating a broad host range and suggesting a unique symbiovar. Cross-inoculation assays showed that soybean-derived strains effectively nodulated cowpea, whereas cowpea-derived strains did not nodulate soybean, indicating asymmetrical host compatibility. Particularly for cowpea, strains BR 10926 and BR 10750 demonstrated higher symbiotic efficiency than the strains currently recommended for this crop. Overall, these findings enhance the understanding of Bradyrhizobium diversity in tropical soils and highlight promising native strains for future inoculant development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction of Growth-Promoting Microorganisms with Pulses: Nutrition, Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses and Increase in Grain Production)

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20 pages, 3266 KB

Open AccessArticle

Feeding Preferences of Giant Pandas May Reflect the Detection of Specific Volatiles and Bitter-Tasting Metabolites in Bamboo Leaves as Markers of Nutritional Status

by Chao Bai, Yuyan You, Yanhui Liu, Haihong Xu, Yuanyuan Zhang, Guoyu Shan, Ali Wu, Liu Yang, Nan Ding, Yan Lu, Ting Jia, Yanping Lu, Yipeng Cong, Chenglin Zhang and Xuefeng Liu

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3856; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243856 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 428

Abstract

Giant pandas feed preferentially on bamboo but choose different species and organs depending on factors such as the altitude and season, suggesting preferential selection according to their nutritional requirements. However, the mechanism of selection is unclear. Pandas cannot directly sense the nutritional quality [...] Read more.

Giant pandas feed preferentially on bamboo but choose different species and organs depending on factors such as the altitude and season, suggesting preferential selection according to their nutritional requirements. However, the mechanism of selection is unclear. Pandas cannot directly sense the nutritional quality of bamboo shoots but tend to sniff their food before consumption, inferring that odors inform their choice, which is then reinforced by the selection of positive and negative taste cues. To investigate the basis of selection, we observed the effects of 10 different bamboo species on feeding behavior, including food item selection, feeding frequency, portion size, food processing time per bite, and amount consumed per meal. Three of the bamboos were preferred, another four were consumed when the preferable bamboos were unavailable, and the remaining three were always rejected. We then characterized the volatile components of the bamboo leaves as well as the primary and secondary metabolites, allowing us, for the first time, to correlate feeding behavior with metabolomics. The three groups shared some volatile compounds but 21 volatiles were unique to the preferred leaves and appeared to confer sweet and fresh aromas, whereas the inedible leaves produced 20 unique volatiles that were pungent or floral, which appeared to discourage feeding. The three groups also shared many common nonvolatile metabolites, but pairwise comparisons revealed both qualitative and quantitative differences in metabolite abundance that resulted in the preferred leaves accumulating compounds associated with a sweet taste in humans (e.g., sugars), while the inedible leaves contained metabolites often associated with sour and bitter tastes (e.g., certain flavonoids and acids). Following attraction by certain volatiles, giant pandas may therefore consolidate their selection of leaves that are potentially more nutritious by consuming those with sweeter, less bitter and less sour tastes. Full article

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11 pages, 891 KB

Open AccessReview

Functional and Mechanistic Insights into Plant VQ Proteins in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses

by Lili Zhang, Yi Wang, Zhiyong Ni and Yuehua Yu

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3855; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243855 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 315

Abstract

Valine-glutamine motif proteins (VQ), plant-specific transcriptional co-regulators harboring the conserved FxxhVQxhTG motif, play pivotal roles in coordinating plant stress adaptation through dynamic interactions with WRKY transcription factors (WRKY), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) cascades, and hormone signaling pathways. Evolutionary analyses reveal the characteristics of [...] Read more.

Valine-glutamine motif proteins (VQ), plant-specific transcriptional co-regulators harboring the conserved FxxhVQxhTG motif, play pivotal roles in coordinating plant stress adaptation through dynamic interactions with WRKY transcription factors (WRKY), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) cascades, and hormone signaling pathways. Evolutionary analyses reveal the characteristics of their evolutionary protection and ancient origin, with lineage-specific expansion via genome duplication events. Structurally, compact genes lacking introns and the presence of intrinsic disordered regions (IDRs) facilitate rapid stress responses and versatile protein interactions. Functionally, VQ proteins orchestrate abiotic stress tolerance (e.g., drought, salinity, temperature extremes) by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, osmotic balance, and abscisic acid/salicylic acid (ABA/SA)-mediated signaling. Concurrently, they enhance biotic stress resistance via pathogen-responsive WRKY-VQ modules that regulate defense gene expression and hormone crosstalk. Despite advances, challenges persist in deciphering post-translational modifications, tissue-specific functions, and cross-stress integration mechanisms. Harnessing CRISPR-based editing and multi-omics approaches will accelerate the exploitation of VQ genes for developing climate-resilient crops. This review synthesizes the molecular architecture, evolutionary dynamics, and multifunctional regulatory networks of VQ proteins, providing a roadmap for their utilization in sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptability and Acclimatization of Plants Under Environmental Stresses)

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18 pages, 1552 KB

Open AccessArticle

Humic Substances from Different Sources Modulate Salicylic Acid-Mediated Defense in Plants Infected by Powdery Mildew

by Rakiely M. Silva, Vicente Mussi-Dias, Fábio L. Olivares, Lázaro E. P. Peres and Luciano P. Canellas

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3854; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243854 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 450

Abstract

Modern agriculture relies heavily on chemical inputs to sustain productivity, yet their intensive use poses environmental and health risks. Sustainable strategies based on biostimulants have emerged as promising alternatives to reduce agrochemical dependence. Among these compounds, humic substances (HS) stand out for their [...] Read more.

Modern agriculture relies heavily on chemical inputs to sustain productivity, yet their intensive use poses environmental and health risks. Sustainable strategies based on biostimulants have emerged as promising alternatives to reduce agrochemical dependence. Among these compounds, humic substances (HS) stand out for their ability to modulate plant growth and activate defense responses. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HS from different sources—vermicompost (Vc) and peat (Pt)—on the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense pathway in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) infected with Oidium sp. The HS were characterized by solid-state ¹³C CPMAS NMR to determine the relative distribution of carbon functional groups and structural domains, including alkyl, O-alkyl, aromatic, and carbonyl carbon fractions, as well as hydrophobicity-related indices. Enzymatic activities of lipoxygenase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and beta 1,3-glucanase were determined spectrophotometrically, and RT-qPCR quantified gene transcription levels involved in SA signaling and defense (MED25, MED16, MED14, NPR1, ICS, PAL, LOX1.1, MYC2, JAZ, jar1, CAT, POX, SOD, APX, ERF, PR-1, PR-2, PR-4 e PR-5). Both HS significantly reduced disease severity and activated key SA-related defense genes, including the regulatory gene NPR1 and the effector genes PR1, PR2 and PR5, with Pt providing greater protection. Notably, HS amplified defense-related gene expression and enzymatic activities specifically under infection, showing a stronger induction than in non-infected plants. These results demonstrate that structural differences among HS drive distinct and enhanced defense responses under pathogen challenge, highlighting their potential as sustainable tools for improving plant immunity in agricultural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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25 pages, 3702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seed the Difference: QTL Mapping Reveals Several Major Loci for Seed Size in Cannabis sativa L.

by Stephen Eunice Manansala-Siazon, Paolo Miguel Siazon, Erwin Tandayu, Lennard Garcia-de Heer, Adam Burn, Qi Guo, Jos C. Mieog and Tobias Kretzschmar

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3853; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243853 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 701

Abstract

Cannabis sativa L. has been cultivated for millennia as a source of food and fibre. Increasing demand for functional foods has renewed interest in C. sativa seeds (hempseeds), which are rich in essential fatty acids and amino acids. However, a near-global moratorium on [...] Read more.

Cannabis sativa L. has been cultivated for millennia as a source of food and fibre. Increasing demand for functional foods has renewed interest in C. sativa seeds (hempseeds), which are rich in essential fatty acids and amino acids. However, a near-global moratorium on C. sativa cultivation and research throughout most of the 20th century has delayed crop improvement using modern breeding approaches. As a result, genetic loci contributing to key agronomic traits, including with respect to maximizing yield as a seed crop, remain largely unknown. In this study, a feminized segregating F₂ mapping population, derived from a tall parent with spacious inflorescences and large seeds and a short-stature parent with compact inflorescences and small seeds, was phenotyped for key seed and agronomic traits related to yield. A mid-density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) genotyping panel was used to generate a genetic linkage map of 291.5 cM with 455 SNPs. Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping identified major loci for hundred-seed weight—qHSW3, 26.59 percent variance explained (PVE), seed volume—qSV1, 33.24 PVE, and plant height—qPH9, 46.99 PVE. Our results provide novel target regions, associated molecular markers, and candidate genes for future breeding efforts to improve C. sativa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Marker-Assisted Technologies for Crop Breeding—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 11088 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling the Saline–Alkali–Tolerance Mystery of Leymus chinensis Nongjing–4: Insights from Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis

by Jianli Wang, Mingyu Wang, Zijian Zhang, Jinxia Li, Qiuping Shen, Yuanhao Zhang, Dongmei Zhang, Linlin Mou, Xu Zhuang, Wenhui Wang, Zhaohui Li, Long Han, Zhongbao Shen and Lixin Li

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3852; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243852 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 464

Abstract

Soil salinization–alkalization is a critical abiotic constraint on global agriculture, threatening agroecosystem sustainability. Leymus chinensis, a high–quality perennial forage with strong stress resilience, is an ideal model for studying saline–alkali tolerance in graminaceous crops. We integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic profiling to [...] Read more.

Soil salinization–alkalization is a critical abiotic constraint on global agriculture, threatening agroecosystem sustainability. Leymus chinensis, a high–quality perennial forage with strong stress resilience, is an ideal model for studying saline–alkali tolerance in graminaceous crops. We integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic profiling to dissect its responses under moderate vs. severe carbonate stress, mimicking natural saline–alkali soils rather than single salt stress treatments. Multi–omics analysis revealed drastic reprogramming of energy metabolism, carbohydrate homeostasis, water transport, and secondary metabolism. Our novel finding reveals that L. chinensis uses stress–severity–dependent mechanisms, with flavonoid biosynthesis as a central “regulatory hub”: moderate saline–alkali stress acts as a stimulus for “Adaptive Activation” (energy + antioxidants), promoting growth, while severe stress exceeds tolerance thresholds, causing “systemic imbalance” (oxidative damage + metabolic disruption) and growth retardation. Via WGCNA and metabolome–transcriptome modeling, 22 transcription factors linked to key flavonoid metabolites were identified, functioning as molecular switches for stress tolerance. Our integrated approach provides novel insights into L. chinensis’ tolerance networks, and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways and regulatory genes offer targets for precision molecular breeding to enhance forage stress resistance and mitigate yield losses from salinization–alkalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decoding Plant Stress Responses: An Integration of Physiology and Biochemistry)

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31 pages, 32978 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Transcriptomic and Evolutionary Analysis of Drought and Heat Stress Responses in Solanum tuberosum and Solanum lycopersicum

by Eugeniya I. Bondar, Ulyana S. Zubairova, Aleksandr V. Bobrovskikh and Alexey V. Doroshkov

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3851; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243851 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 438

Abstract

Abiotic stresses such as drought and heat severely constrain the growth and productivity of Solanaceae crops, including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), yet the conserved regulatory mechanisms underlying their stress adaptation remain incompletely understood. Here, we performed [...] Read more.

Abiotic stresses such as drought and heat severely constrain the growth and productivity of Solanaceae crops, including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), yet the conserved regulatory mechanisms underlying their stress adaptation remain incompletely understood. Here, we performed an integrative meta-analysis of publicly available transcriptomic datasets, complemented by comparative and evolutionary analyses across the Solanum genus. Functional annotation revealed coordinated transcriptional reprogramming characterized by induction of protective processes, including molecular chaperone activity, oxidative stress responses, and immune signaling, accompanied by repression of photosynthetic and primary metabolic pathways, reflecting energy reallocation under stress conditions. Promoter motif and transcription factor enrichment analyses implicated the bZIP, bHLH, DOF, and BBR/BPC families as central regulators of drought- and heat-induced transcriptional programs. Orthogroup inference and

K_{a} / K_{s}

analysis across representative Solanum species demonstrated a predominance of purifying selection, indicating evolutionary conservation of regulatory network architecture. Integration of motif occurrence, co-expression profiles, and protein–protein interaction data enabled reconstruction of regulatory networks and identification of conserved hub transcription factors coordinating stress responses. Comparative analysis revealed distinct but conserved transcriptional signatures for heat and drought shared between potato and tomato, indicative of conserved abiotic stress strategies across Solanaceae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue ‘Omics’ and ‘Multi-Omics’ Insights into Plant Responses to Abiotic Stresses)

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20 pages, 2364 KB

Open AccessArticle

Humic Acid Enhances Soil Fertility and Microbial Diversity Under Optimized Nitrogen Fertilization in Quinoa Rhizosphere

by Zeyun Guo, Jiaxing Gao, Tiantian Lv, Yan Zheng, Chenglei Deng, Xiaojing Sun, Yadi Sun, Chuangyun Wang and Yan Deng

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3850; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243850 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 525

Abstract

Excessive nitrogen fertilization can degrade soil quality by inducing nutrient leaching, disrupting the microbial balance, and impairing plant reproductive growth, ultimately reducing crop yields. Optimizing nitrogen application rates and integrating humic acid fertilizers are promising strategies for enhancing soil fertility and improving agricultural [...] Read more.

Excessive nitrogen fertilization can degrade soil quality by inducing nutrient leaching, disrupting the microbial balance, and impairing plant reproductive growth, ultimately reducing crop yields. Optimizing nitrogen application rates and integrating humic acid fertilizers are promising strategies for enhancing soil fertility and improving agricultural productivity. The experimental design included four nitrogen application rates (N0:0 kg ha⁻¹, N1:120 kg ha⁻¹, N2:150 kg ha⁻¹, and N3:180 kg ha⁻¹) with and without humic acid (H: 1500 kg ha⁻¹). Key findings revealed that: (1) The combined application of humic acid (1500 kg ha⁻¹) and medium nitrogen (150 kg ha⁻¹) significantly increased the contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) by an average of 21.7% (p < 0.05), 90.5% (p < 0.01), 59.4% (p < 0.05), and 11.3% (p < 0.05), respectively (two-year mean), with significant interactive effects between nitrogen and humic acid on nutrient accumulation; (2) humic acid supplementation significantly increased soil bacterial abundance and diversity: under the combined treatment of medium nitrogen (150 kg ha⁻¹) and humic acid, the bacterial Ace index (indicating species richness) and Shannon index (indicating community diversity) increased by an average of 0.76% and 0.30%, respectively, compared with the single medium nitrogen treatment (p < 0.05), promoting a more balanced microbial community; and (3) quinoa yields improved by 24.62–66.83% with humic acid application, with the highest yield increase observed under the moderate nitrogen rate (150 kg ha⁻¹) in combination with humic acid. These results demonstrate that integrating humic acid with optimized nitrogen fertilization (150 kg ha⁻¹ N + 1500 kg ha⁻¹ HA) can effectively improve soil nutrients and enhance quinoa productivity. The increases in soil total nitrogen (TN, p < 0.01), available phosphorus (AP, p < 0.05), bacterial Shannon index (p < 0.05), and quinoa yield (p < 0.01) under this combined treatment were all significantly higher than those under single nitrogen fertilization or humic acid application, confirming the synergistic effect of the two fertilizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Soil Interactions)

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14 pages, 1060 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydration–Dehydration Dynamics in the Desiccation-Tolerant Moss Hedwigia ciliata

by Pragya Singh, Djordje P. Božović, Deepti Routray, Michal Goga, Martin Bačkor and Marko S. Sabovljević

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3849; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243849 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 441

Abstract

The desiccation tolerant moss Hedwigia ciliata was investigated to assess its early reaction to water stress in controlled conditions. Thus, various photosynthetic parameters and water contents were studied during a selected time frame within 48 h of two main events, namely water loss [...] Read more.

The desiccation tolerant moss Hedwigia ciliata was investigated to assess its early reaction to water stress in controlled conditions. Thus, various photosynthetic parameters and water contents were studied during a selected time frame within 48 h of two main events, namely water loss after full hydration and activity (preparation for anabiosis) and water uptake after the state of anabiosis. The observations of the changes in the photosynthetic efficiency of Hedwigia ciliata in response to fluctuating relative water contents (RWCs) during rehydration and dehydration periods provide valuable insights into the species’ physiological adaptation mechanisms. Hedwigia ciliata rapidly uptakes water upon anabiosis, and despite being poikilohydric, it is able to retain water for a prolonged period compared to the water availability in its immediate environment. The delayed decrease in relative water content (RWC) corresponds to the photosynthetic parameters and preparation for anabiosis, including the maintenance of photosystems and general cell integrity. The low values of non-photochemical quenching during desiccation imply limited photoinhibition and effective photoprotective regulation. Conversely, the rather high values of the fluorescence decline ratio during rehydration reflect the efficient recovery of photosynthetic performance. The postponed physiological shutdown while drying and photosynthetic activity in the early dehydration phase suggest anticipatory acclimation to desiccation, i.e., non-active phase anabiosis. Hedwigia ciliata is a desiccation-tolerant moss, with anatomical, morphological, and eco-physiological adaptations, making it a useful model species in drought and abiotic stress studies of bryophytes in a rapidly changing environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bryophyte Biology, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1295 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fatty Acid Metabolism in Shading-Induced Tolerance of Star Ruby Grapefruit to Postharvest Chilling Injury

by Aurora Lozano-Omeñaca, María-Jesús Rodrigo and Lorenzo Zacarías

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3848; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243848 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 345

Abstract

Chilling injury (CI) is a major postharvest disorder in citrus fruit, and fatty acid (FA) metabolism has been proposed as a key determinant of cold tolerance. We have investigated this relationship in the fruit of the Star Ruby grapefruit and found that preharvest [...] Read more.

Chilling injury (CI) is a major postharvest disorder in citrus fruit, and fatty acid (FA) metabolism has been proposed as a key determinant of cold tolerance. We have investigated this relationship in the fruit of the Star Ruby grapefruit and found that preharvest fruit shading induces lycopene accumulation in the peel and tolerance to CI during subsequent cold storage in comparison with uncovered fruits, which were sensitive to CI. Then, FA profiling and the expression of FA desaturation (FADs) genes were examined in the flavedo of covered (C) and non-covered (NC) grapefruits during 8 weeks of storage at 2 °C. Linoleic acid was the predominant unsaturated FA in the flavedo of Star Ruby grapefruit, which accumulated more highly in the CI-sensitive than in the CI-tolerant fruit at harvest and during the whole storage period. Interestingly, C and NC fruit also exhibited distinct FAD transcriptional signatures at harvest, suggesting the influence of preharvest factors. Cold storage stimulated FA desaturation in both C and NC fruit and differentially affected the expression of FADs genes during cold storage. These results demonstrate that FA metabolism and regulation of FADs expression are tightly connected with preharvest factors that may modulate the response of grapefruits to postharvest cold storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Management of Fruits and Vegetables)

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21 pages, 5592 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of the Populus euphratica XTHs Gene Family and the Response of PeXTH7 to Abiotic Stress

by Jing Li, Hongyan Jin, Tongrui Song, Donghui Miao, Qi Ning, Jianhao Sun, Zhijun Li, Peipei Jiao and Zhihua Wu

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3847; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243847 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 420

Abstract

Populus euphratica Oliv. serves as a keystone species in desert riparian ecosystems. Owing to its pronounced tolerance to drought and salinity, as well as its robust reproductive capacity, it has become a pioneer species in desert oases. The xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET)/hydrolase (XTH [...] Read more.

Populus euphratica Oliv. serves as a keystone species in desert riparian ecosystems. Owing to its pronounced tolerance to drought and salinity, as well as its robust reproductive capacity, it has become a pioneer species in desert oases. The xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET)/hydrolase (XTH) gene family plays a critical role in the remodeling of plant cell walls; however, its potential biological functions in poplar remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified the XTH gene family in P. euphratica and conducted a preliminary functional analysis. A total of 33 PeXTH genes were identified, which were unevenly distributed across the chromosomes, with the highest density observed on chromosome 6. Conserved domain analysis indicated that most members contain the typical GH16 domain associated with xyloglucan endotransglucosylase activity. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into four distinct subgroups, exhibiting evolutionary conservation with the model dicot plant of Arabidopsis thaliana. Notably, the promoter analysis revealed an abundance of ABA-responsive and stress-related cis-elements, suggesting their potential involvement in response to multiple stresses. Under drought stress, PeXTH7 (PeuTF07G00088.1) exhibited a distinct expression pattern, with transcript levels significantly increasing with persistent treatment. RT-qPCR results confirmed that PeXTH7 is highly expressed in both roots and leaves. Furthermore, subcellular localization assays demonstrated that the PeXTH7 protein localizes to the secretory pathway and the cell wall, implying a role in cell wall dynamic remodeling through the regulation of xyloglucan metabolism. The PeXTH7-overexpressing transgenic lines exhibited a significant increase in root length compared to the wild-type controls. As the first systematic analysis of the XTH gene family in P. euphratica, this study fills an important knowledge gap and provides new insights into the adaptive mechanisms of desert tree species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Resistance to Abiotic Stress)

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16 pages, 4282 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Row Ratio Configurations for Enhanced Productivity and Resource-Use Efficiency in Maize–Alfalfa Intercropping

by Zeqiang Shao, Shiqiang Hu, Chunying Fan, Ziqing Meng, Xishuai Yan, Wenzhao Ji, Zhihao Zhang, Huimin Ma, Jamal Nasar and Harun Gitari

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3846; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243846 - 17 Dec 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 370

Abstract

Maize–alfalfa intercropping is practiced in Northeast China to improve land productivity and forage production. However, competition between the two crops can reduce system performance, which calls for an emphasis on optimal row ratio. Hence, the current study evaluated the effects of diverse maize–alfalfa [...] Read more.

Maize–alfalfa intercropping is practiced in Northeast China to improve land productivity and forage production. However, competition between the two crops can reduce system performance, which calls for an emphasis on optimal row ratio. Hence, the current study evaluated the effects of diverse maize–alfalfa row ratio configurations (1:1, 2:1, 2:2, 3:1, 3:2, and 3:3) on resource-use efficiency, physiological traits, and yield performance. It was noted that the mono-cropping system had higher physiological and agronomic values for both crops. With regard to the intercropping configuration, the 2:2 steadily outperformed all other intercropping row ratios. Whereas alfalfa grew tallest in 2:2, maize plant height peaked under the 3:1. Photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content were highest under 2:2, for both crops. The yield results indicated that alfalfa achieved maximum forage and biomass, whereas maize performed best under a 3:1 configuration. Outstandingly, under the 2:2 ratio, the cumulative system yield exceeded alfalfa mono-cropping by 55% and maize mono-cropping by 56–57%. There was superior complementarity and land-use advantage under 2:2, as indicated by the highest resource-use indicators of LER (land equivalent ratio), LEC (land equivalent coefficient), SPI (system productivity index), and K (crowding index). Competitive Indices showed that competition was more balanced under 2:2, with maize dominating in systems with higher maize proportions. Overall, the 2:2 row ratio provided the best balance of reduced competition and enhanced complementarity, offering a more efficient and sustainable maize-alfalfa intercropping strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Ecology and Regulation of High-Yield Maize Cultivation)

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31 pages, 3313 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibition of Sterol Biosynthesis Alters Tubulin Association with Detergent-Insoluble Membranes and Affects Microtubule Organization in Pollen Tubes of Nicotiana tabacum L.

by Elisabetta Onelli, Lilly Maneta-Peyret, Patrick Moreau, Nadia Stroppa, Valeria Berno, Eugenia Cammarota, Marco Caccianiga, Luca Gianfranceschi and Alessandra Moscatelli

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3845; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243845 - 17 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Pollen tube growth entails complex molecular interactions between the cytoskeletal apparatus and membrane trafficking. Tip growth involves polarized distribution of proteins and lipids along the plasma membrane, including liquid-ordered microdomains, rich in sterols and sphingolipids (lipid rafts), in the apical/subapical region of tobacco [...] Read more.

Pollen tube growth entails complex molecular interactions between the cytoskeletal apparatus and membrane trafficking. Tip growth involves polarized distribution of proteins and lipids along the plasma membrane, including liquid-ordered microdomains, rich in sterols and sphingolipids (lipid rafts), in the apical/subapical region of tobacco pollen tubes. Intriguingly, biochemical characterization of detergent-insoluble membranes purified from tobacco pollen tubes revealed the presence of both actin and tubulin. Here, we report that inhibition of sterol biosynthesis altered lipid rafts and lowered the association of tubulin with detergent-insoluble membranes. Our results showed that sterol depletion increased the number of microtubules in the subapical region, altered microtubule distribution and affected microtubule bundling activity. Oryzalin washout experiments also suggested that lipid-ordered domains could play a role in regulating microtubule nucleation/regrowth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Cell Biology)

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24 pages, 35618 KB

Open AccessArticle

Saline–Alkaline Stress-Driven Rhizobacterial Community Restructuring and Alleviation of Stress by Indigenous PGPR in Alfalfa

by Min Wang, Ting Han, Fenghua Huang, Xiaochen Li, Jiayao Shan, Dongmei Zhang, Zhongbao Shen, Jianli Wang and Kun Qiao

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3844; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243844 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 520

Abstract

Background: The Songnen Plain in China contains soda saline–alkaline soil, wherein salinity and alkalinity severely constrain crop productivity. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a forage legume that has adapted to moderate saline–alkaline conditions, but how its rhizosphere microbial community facilitated this adaptation [...] Read more.

Background: The Songnen Plain in China contains soda saline–alkaline soil, wherein salinity and alkalinity severely constrain crop productivity. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a forage legume that has adapted to moderate saline–alkaline conditions, but how its rhizosphere microbial community facilitated this adaptation remains unclear. Methods: Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we compared alfalfa rhizosphere bacteria in saline–alkaline soil (AS) and control soil. Bacteria isolated from AS were screened for plant growth-promoting traits, with the most effective strains validated in pot experiments involving 50 mM NaHCO₃. Results: Compared with the control soil bacterial community, the AS bacterial community was significantly enriched with Methylomirabilota and unclassified bacteria (phylum level), with the genus RB41 identified as the most discriminative biomarker. Gene functions predicted using PICRUSt2 reflected the responsiveness of this community to environmental stressors. Inoculations with Pseudomonas laurentiana strain M73 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain M81, which were isolated from AS, significantly improved alfalfa growth and health under NaHCO₃ stress. Conclusions: Saline–alkaline conditions in the Songnen Plain reshape the alfalfa rhizosphere bacterial community, enriching for specific taxa and potentially enhancing microbial functions associated with stress resistance. Strains M73 and M81 can effectively promote stress tolerance, making them useful microbial resources for improving soil conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decoding Plant Stress Responses: An Integration of Physiology and Biochemistry)

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18 pages, 17420 KB

Open AccessArticle

OsPM19L Coordinates Phytohormone Signaling to Regulate Axillary Bud Outgrowth and Regeneration in Ratoon Rice

by Ruoxi Li, Binbin Chi, Wei Su, Jing Chen, Tianle Li, Hao Ma and Langtao Xiao

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3843; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243843 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 353

Abstract

Ratoon rice cultivation is an efficient production system that achieves a second harvest from the stubble of the main crop, but its yield potential is largely constrained by variation in axillary bud regeneration capacity. Here, we identify OsPM19L, a plasma membrane–localized AWPM-19 [...] Read more.

Ratoon rice cultivation is an efficient production system that achieves a second harvest from the stubble of the main crop, but its yield potential is largely constrained by variation in axillary bud regeneration capacity. Here, we identify OsPM19L, a plasma membrane–localized AWPM-19 domain protein, as a key regulator of rice ratooning ability. Transcriptome analysis revealed higher OsPM19L expression in strong-regeneration cultivars, followed by a sharp decline after harvest. Promoter assays and hormonal treatments demonstrated that OsPM19L is strongly induced by ABA and functions as a positive regulator in ABA signaling. Under field conditions, ospm19l mutants exhibited increased tiller number but reduced ratooning index, whereas OsPM19L-OE plants showed the opposite pattern, indicating stage-specific regulation of tillering and regeneration. Hormone profiling and gene expression analyses showed that OsPM19L is associated with altered levels of multiple phytohormones in regenerating axillary buds, showing higher CK and GA levels and lower IAA and ABA levels in OsPM19L-OE compared with the wild type. Consequently, OsPM19L appears to facilitate dormancy release and enhance early axillary bud growth during the ratoon season. These findings indicate OsPM19L may act as a central regulator linking ABA signaling with hormonal cross-talk, providing new insights into the molecular control of regeneration and potential targets for improving ratoon rice productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Development and Morphogenesis)

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15 pages, 1758 KB

Open AccessArticle

Competitive Interactions Among Populus euphratica Seedlings Intensify Under Drought and Salt Stresses

by Xiao-Hui Li, Xue-Ni Zhang, Shuang-Fu Zhou, Hui-Xia Li and Yu-Fei Chen

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3842; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243842 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 291

Abstract

Plant interactions and their responses to stress environments are important ecological processes for ecosystem stability and biodiversity formation, but how plant intraspecific relationships respond to environmental stresses remains to be studied in depth. In this study, annual Populus euphratica seedlings were planted in [...] Read more.

Plant interactions and their responses to stress environments are important ecological processes for ecosystem stability and biodiversity formation, but how plant intraspecific relationships respond to environmental stresses remains to be studied in depth. In this study, annual Populus euphratica seedlings were planted in singles or doubles, and two stress treatments were set up: two drought levels (0.7 and 0.4 L) and two salinity levels (200 and 400 mmol L⁻¹). P. euphratica seedlings’ total and part biomass, root/shoot ratio, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, nonstructural carbohydrate concentration, and proline content were measured. Relative interaction indices were calculated to clarify their intraspecific relationships. The results of the study showed that compared to the single-planted P. euphratica, the double-planted P. euphratica was more significantly inhibited by drought and salt stress, the total biomass decreased, photosynthesis declined, proline content increased, and non-structural carbohydrates changed, which reflected a competitive intraspecific relationship. Secondly, as drought and salt stress intensified, the relative interaction index indicated that the intraspecific relationship of P. euphratica seedlings gradually shifted from neutrality to competition, which indicated that the intraspecific competitive relationship of P. euphratica seedlings was exacerbated by environmental stresses. These findings highlight the need to account for stress-mediated competition in P. euphratica seedlings during ecological restoration in arid environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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24 pages, 5642 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen Fertilisation Modulates Photosynthetic Performance and Antioxidant Defence Mechanisms in Intercropped Cactus Under Semi-Arid Conditions

by Lady Daiane Costa de Sousa Martins, Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim, Wagner Martins dos Santos, José Edson Florentino de Morais, Luciana Sandra Bastos de Souza, Lara Rosa de Lima e Silva, Pedro Paulo Santos de Souza, Agda Raiany Mota dos Santos, Wilma Roberta dos Santos, Cleber Pereira Alves, Elania Freire da Silva, Hugo Rafael Bentzen Santos, Carlos André Alves de Souza, José Francisco da Cruz Neto, Adriano Nascimento Simões, Sérgio Luiz Ferreira-Silva, Jiaoyue Wang, Xuguang Tang, João L. M. P. de Lima and Thieres George Freire da Silva

Plants 2025, 14(24), 3841; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14243841 - 17 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Agriculture in semi-arid regions faces challenges, such as water scarcity and low soil fertility, making the forage cactus a highly important crop due to its crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway. The productivity of the forage cactus, however, depends on proper water and nutrient [...] Read more.

Agriculture in semi-arid regions faces challenges, such as water scarcity and low soil fertility, making the forage cactus a highly important crop due to its crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway. The productivity of the forage cactus, however, depends on proper water and nutrient management, especially nitrogen. Despite its importance, there is little research into the effects of nitrogen fertilisation on productive, photochemical, physiological and biochemical parameters, or on intercropping systems. Increasing doses of nitrogen are assumed to enhance CAM pathway, improving productivity, gas exchange, photochemical efficiency and antioxidant accumulation, in addition to mitigating the effects of oxidative stress under adverse conditions. The experiment was conducted in Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil, in a randomised block design with four replications. Changes in the biometric, productive, photochemical, physiological and biochemical parameters were evaluated in forage cactus intercropped with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) or pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) subjected to different doses of nitrogen (0, 75, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha⁻¹). The results showed that nitrogen fertilisation promoted a higher photosynthetic rate and greater stomatal conductance, increased transpiration, and higher levels of pigment and soluble proteins, in addition to reducing lipid peroxidation. Our findings revealed that the cactus—pigeon pea intercropping system has better photosynthetic, enzymatic and productive performance at a dose of 150 kg N ha⁻¹, whereas the cactus—sorghum intercropping system required 450 kg N ha⁻¹ to achieve similar results. Overall, proper nitrogen management in intercropping systems can optimise the physiological performance and productivity of the forage cactus in semi-arid environments. Full article

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Plants, Volume 14, Issue 24 (December-2 2025) – 164 articles

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