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Antioxidants
Volume 14
Issue 12
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Antioxidants, Volume 14, Issue 12 (December 2025) – 133 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Immune checkpoints are receptors on immune cells that maintain homeostasis and regulate T cell function. PD-1 and CTLA-4 recruit SHP2 upon ligand binding, inhibiting tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation signaling, suppressing TCR- and cytokine receptor-mediated activation, and promoting tumorigenesis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) block these pathways, enhancing Y phosphorylation, T cell activation, and immune surveillance. SHP2 inhibition is central to ICIs’ anti-tumor effects, with SHP2-targeted combinations under clinical study. Beyond its phosphatase role, SHP2 acts as an SH2 scaffold and translocates to mitochondria, influencing inflammation, proliferation, and ROS production context-dependently. These roles impact ICIs’ efficacy and adverse effects, including cardiovascular disease, underscoring the need to understand SHP2 biology. View this paper
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19 pages, 918 KB  
Review
Exploiting Oxidative Stress as Achilles’ Heel: From Redox Homeostasis to Ferroptosis in Prostate Cancer
by Sanghyeon Yu, Jihyun Baek, Taesoo Choi and Man S. Kim
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121517 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 380
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a critical therapeutic challenge. This review establishes a conceptual framework analyzing ferroptosis vulnerability through two principles: “robustness through redundancy” in defense systems and the “evolutionary arms race” between [...] Read more.
Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a critical therapeutic challenge. This review establishes a conceptual framework analyzing ferroptosis vulnerability through two principles: “robustness through redundancy” in defense systems and the “evolutionary arms race” between androgen receptor (AR) signaling and oxidative resistance. We traced the evolutionary trajectory of hormone-sensitive diseases, where the AR coordinates ferroptosis defenses via SLC7A11, MBOAT2, and PEX10 regulation through progressive adaptations: AR-V7 splice variants that maintain defense independently of androgens, AR amplification conferring hypersensitivity, and AR-independent JMJD6-ATF4 bypass in SPOP-mutated tumors. This transforms ferroptosis from a static vulnerability to a stage-specific strategy. Novel approaches include menadione-based VPS34 targeting, which induces triaptosis through an oxidative endosomal catastrophe. We categorized the rational combinations mechanistically as vertical inhibition (multi-step targeting of single pathways), horizontal inhibition (synthetic lethality across parallel defenses), and vulnerability induction (creating exploitable dependencies). Ferroptosis-induced immunogenic cell death enables synergy with checkpoint inhibitors, potentially transforming immunologically “cold” prostate tumors. This review establishes ferroptosis targeting as a precision medicine paradigm exploiting the tension between the oxidative requirements of cancer cells and their evolved, yet architecturally vulnerable, defense systems, providing a framework for stage-specific, biomarker-guided interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)
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23 pages, 1186 KB  
Review
Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction and Increased Oxidative Stress in Conventional Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes: Heart Rate Variability as a Cardiovascular Predictor
by Fernando Sabath de Oliveira Bernardes, Eloisa Maria Gatti Regueiro, Reinaldo Bulgarelli Bestetti, Samuel de Sousa Pereira Araujo, João Paulo Jacob Sabino and Marina de Toledo Durand
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121516 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 702
Abstract
Conventional and electronic cigarette (e-cig) users face an increased risk of cardiorespiratory diseases, driven by well-characterized pathways involving inflammation and oxidative stress (OS). Conventional cigarettes contain numerous harmful chemicals, such as nicotine and non-nicotine compounds, which produce reactive oxygen species. Although initially considered [...] Read more.
Conventional and electronic cigarette (e-cig) users face an increased risk of cardiorespiratory diseases, driven by well-characterized pathways involving inflammation and oxidative stress (OS). Conventional cigarettes contain numerous harmful chemicals, such as nicotine and non-nicotine compounds, which produce reactive oxygen species. Although initially considered a safer alternative, the e-cig still generates toxic aldehydes that are capable of triggering oxidative responses. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an important tool for assessing autonomic function and predicting prognosis. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction, indicated by reduced HRV, has emerged as a critical cardiovascular risk factor associated with several diseases. Clinical and experimental studies show that increased OS is directly associated with heightened sympathetic activity and inversely with parasympathetic modulation. This review demonstrates that exposure to conventional cigarettes smoking and e-cigs adversely affects cardiac autonomic function, detectable by a global reduction in HRV that reflects a shift toward sympathetic dominance and a consequent increase in cardiovascular risk. These changes are associated with increased OS due to nicotine and non-nicotine compounds maintaining sympathovagal imbalance in smokers. Thus, we suggest that autonomic dysfunction, detected by HRV, correlates with oxidative responses and may be used as a modifiable risk factor in longitudinal studies involving both smoking modalities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cigarette Smoke and Oxidative Stress)
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3 pages, 159 KB  
Editorial
Nutritional Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Resilience in Aquaculture
by Marta Monteiro and Luisa M. P. Valente
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1515; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121515 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 262
Abstract
Aquaculture continues to expand rapidly, increasing the need for nutritional approaches that mitigate oxidative stress, support metabolic homeostasis, and enhance resilience to environmental and dietary challenges [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Antioxidant Supplementation in Aquaculture: Impact on Growth, Health, and Product Quality)
11 pages, 598 KB  
Article
Alterations in the IGF-System and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Young Brazilian Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: An Analysis of Cardiovascular Risk Factors
by Michael Tekle, Diane Meyre Rassi, Eduardo Antonio Donadi, Jacob Grunler, Gustav Dallner, Elisabete Forsberg and Kerstin Brismar
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1514; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121514 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 443
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia inflicts serious cellular damage by inducing oxidative stress through the excessive production of free radicals. This oxidative milieu may impair the cellular redox capacity and disrupt the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. This study [...] Read more.
Chronic hyperglycemia inflicts serious cellular damage by inducing oxidative stress through the excessive production of free radicals. This oxidative milieu may impair the cellular redox capacity and disrupt the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. This study aimed to investigate plasma levels of components of the IGF system and antioxidant biomarkers in young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared to age-matched healthy controls in Brazil. This study included 129 patients with T1DM (76 female, 53 male; mean age 26.97 ± 0.6 years) and 95 healthy controls (61 female, 34 male; mean age 27.35 ± 0.68 years). Young Brazilian adults with T1DM had significantly lower mean IGF-I and higher mean IGFBP-1 levels compared to healthy controls. The T1DM group showed a more atherogenic profile, characterized by a significantly elevated ApoB/ApoA1 ratio and increased oxidized LDL levels. However, a subset of patients with significantly better glycemic control exhibited serum IGF-I and IGFBP-1 levels within the normal range observed in controls, which may indicate the presence of residual functional beta-cell activity or reflect better glycemic control in this subgroup. Antioxidant components and oxidative stress biomarkers were significantly upregulated in the T1DM group compared to the control group, suggesting a compensatory adaptive response. No significant correlation was observed between biomarkers of oxidative stress and the IGF-system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unveiling the Essential Role of Coenzyme Q in Health)
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22 pages, 10520 KB  
Article
Lycopene Protects Deoxynivalenol-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Targeting the ERK Pathway
by Zihui Cai, Zhi Lu, Youshuang Wang, Wenxi Song, Xu Yang and Cong Zhang
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1513; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121513 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 346
Abstract
In agricultural production, Deoxynivalenol (DON) generally exists and contaminates wheat, corn, and other grains, causing intestinal damage and immunotoxicity. Lycopene (LYC), an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory carotenoid, is mainly found in red fruits such as tomatoes and has been investigated for its great medicinal advantages. [...] Read more.
In agricultural production, Deoxynivalenol (DON) generally exists and contaminates wheat, corn, and other grains, causing intestinal damage and immunotoxicity. Lycopene (LYC), an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory carotenoid, is mainly found in red fruits such as tomatoes and has been investigated for its great medicinal advantages. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of LYC against DON-induced enterotoxicity. Our findings demonstrated that incubation of IPEC-J2 cells with 0.5 μM DON for 24 h caused intestinal barrier impairment and oxidative stress induction, which subsequently led to increased secretion of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-6) and decreased secretion of the counterregulatory factor (IL-10). Furthermore, DON ultimately induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the stimulation of the MAPK/NF-κB pathway. It is worth mentioning that the above changes were reversed after adding 30 μg/mL of LYC to DON-exposed IPEC-J2 cells. In addition, further experiments confirmed that ERK activator (4-Methylbenzylidene camphor, 4-MBC) eliminated the positive effect of LYC on alleviating enterotoxicity induced by DON in IPEC-J2 cells. In addition, further experiments confirmed that 4-MBC eliminated the positive effect of LYC on alleviating enterotoxicity induced by DON. In general, our study certified that ERK is a therapeutic target for LYC protecting DON-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants in Counteracting Mycotoxin and Heavy Metal Toxicity)
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34 pages, 2440 KB  
Review
Protective Functions of β-Alanyl-L-Histidine and Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine Glycoconjugates and Copper in Concert
by Irina Naletova and Enrico Rizzarelli
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121512 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 743
Abstract
Two endogenous peptides, β-alanyl-L-histidine, named carnosine (Car), and glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK), derived from the matricellular protein Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC), share many beneficial functions. The hydrolytic enzyme carnosinase for Car and the low stability for GHK can put into question [...] Read more.
Two endogenous peptides, β-alanyl-L-histidine, named carnosine (Car), and glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK), derived from the matricellular protein Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC), share many beneficial functions. The hydrolytic enzyme carnosinase for Car and the low stability for GHK can put into question their antioxidant, antiaggregating, and anti-inflammatory properties. The glycoconjugates of Car with a di- (trehalose, Tre) or polysaccharide (hyaluronan, HA) inhibit carnosinase, while the synthesis of HAGHK derivatives increases the tripeptide stability and protects/delays the biopolymer degradation. A synergic effect between the two components of the glycoconjugates is evident in their consequently preserved protective features. TreCar, HACar, and HAGHK maintain the copper-binding ability of the peptides alone, and the saccharides potentiate the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase-like ability of the copper(II) complexes with the glycoconjugates. These peptide derivatives behave as copper ionophores, utilizing Cu2+ present in the culture medium; also, an increase in the metal intracellular level occurs with a consequent stimulation of the copper-driven signaling pathways that produce the expression/release of trophic (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, BDNF, and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, BMP-2) and angiogenic (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF) proteins. Copper chaperons for SOD1, CCS, and Antioxidant 1 (Atox-1) are the copper chaperones that act as transcription factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Its Mitigation in Neurodegenerative Disorders)
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17 pages, 5787 KB  
Article
Protective Effects of Tributyrin on Cyclic Heat-Stressed Taihe Silky Fowls: Insights into Oxidative Status, Inflammatory Response, and Mucosal Barrier Function
by Chuanbin Chen, Mingren Qu, Guanhong Li, Gen Wan, Huimin Liu, Wenyan Zhang and Lanjiao Xu
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121511 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 394
Abstract
This study examined the protective impact of tributyrin on heat-stressed Taihe silky fowls, providing insight into oxidative status, inflammatory response, and mucosal barrier function. Three hundred chicks were randomly assigned to 6 treatments: control (CON, 24 ± 1 °C) fed with basal diet [...] Read more.
This study examined the protective impact of tributyrin on heat-stressed Taihe silky fowls, providing insight into oxidative status, inflammatory response, and mucosal barrier function. Three hundred chicks were randomly assigned to 6 treatments: control (CON, 24 ± 1 °C) fed with basal diet and 5 heat stress (HS) treatments (34 ± 1 °C for 8 h/d) fed with basal diet containing 0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.32% tributyrin. Heat stress elevated serum malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), D-lactate, and diamine oxidase levels, and decreased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels (p < 0.05). Compared with HS treatment, tributyrin reversed these serum changes (p < 0.05). Moreover, HS elevated jejunal and ileal MDA content and IL-1β mRNA abundance, decreased GSH-Px activity, villus height (VH), VH: crypt depth ratio, and mRNA abundance of IL-10, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and decreased cecal butyrate content (p < 0.05). Compared with HS treatment, tributyrin reduced jejunal and ileal MDA content and IL-1β mRNA abundance, increased GSH-Px activity, VH, and mRNA abundance of IL-4, IL-10, occludin, and ZO-1, and increased cecal butyrate content (p < 0.05). In conclusion, tributyrin enhanced antioxidant capacity, attenuated inflammatory responses, increased cecal butyrate content, and improved intestinal morphology and mucosal barrier function in cyclic heat-stressed Taihe silky fowls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Animal Reproduction and Nutrition)
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21 pages, 361 KB  
Review
Plant-Based Care and Therapy in Ophthalmology
by Olga Klaudia Szewczyk-Roszczenko, Marta Pietruszyńska, Iga Anna Iwańska, Piotr Roszczenko, Krzysztof Bielawski, Agnieszka Gornowicz and Anna Bielawska
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121510 - 16 Dec 2025
Viewed by 942
Abstract
Oxidative stress, inflammation, and environmental factors contribute significantly to the development of ocular disorders, including dry eye disease, conjunctivitis, and age-related degenerative changes. In recent years, growing attention has been directed toward natural compounds and plant-derived extracts with potential protective and therapeutic effects [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress, inflammation, and environmental factors contribute significantly to the development of ocular disorders, including dry eye disease, conjunctivitis, and age-related degenerative changes. In recent years, growing attention has been directed toward natural compounds and plant-derived extracts with potential protective and therapeutic effects on eye health. This work provides an overview of selected bioactive substances, such as carotenoids (β-carotene), flavonoids, vitamins C and E, and phytochemicals derived from plants. These agents exhibit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and regenerative properties that may support ocular surface integrity, reduce oxidative damage, and improve visual performance. The integration of such natural remedies into ocular health strategies may offer complementary benefits to conventional therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)
28 pages, 5579 KB  
Article
Antiglycative Properties of Anti-Dementia Drugs—In Vitro, In Silico Studies and a Systematic Literature Review
by Wiktor Orlof, Jerzy Robert Ladny, Daniel Michalak, Małgorzata Zendzian-Piotrowska, Anna Zalewska and Mateusz Maciejczyk
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121509 - 16 Dec 2025
Viewed by 442
Abstract
Protein glycation and oxidation contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. This study evaluated the antiglycative and antioxidative effects of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine, lamotrigine, sodium valproate, and carbamazepine using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein. Glycation was induced with fructose, [...] Read more.
Protein glycation and oxidation contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. This study evaluated the antiglycative and antioxidative effects of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine, lamotrigine, sodium valproate, and carbamazepine using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein. Glycation was induced with fructose, ribose, or methylglyoxal (MGO), and oxidation with chloramine T (ChT). Concentrations of glycation products—Amadori products (APs), amyloid cross-β structure (βA), argpyrimidine (ARG), crossline (CRO), vesperlysine (VES), pentosidine (PEN), total AGEs and glycoxidation products—dityrosine (DT), kynurenine (KN), N-formylkynurenine (NFK) as well as oxidation biomarkers, total thiols (TTs), protein carbonyls (PCs), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), were determined via spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods. Molecular docking and a systematic literature review (PRISMA) complemented the experimental data. Lamotrigine showed the strongest antiglycative and antioxidative effects, surpassing aminoguanidine in reducing ARG, PEN, DT, and NFK levels. In contrast, donepezil markedly increased APs, βA, ARG, VES, DT, and PEN, suggesting proglycative and pro-oxidative activity. Docking revealed a high affinity of donepezil for RAGE (–7.2 kcal/mol), possibly explaining its impact on carbonyl stress. Overall, anti-dementia drugs showed weak to moderate antiglycative potential, with lamotrigine being the most effective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Target Profile of Antioxidant Compounds, Including Repurposing and Combination Strategies—2nd Edition)
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24 pages, 368 KB  
Article
Bioactivity of Aromatic Plant Hydrolates and Application for Pork Marination
by Nieves González-Cantillo, María Jesús Martín-Mateos, Susana García-Torres, Jonathan Delgado-Adámez, Francisco María Vázquez and María Rosario Ramírez-Bernabé
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121508 - 16 Dec 2025
Viewed by 349
Abstract
The study evaluated the potential of Thymus mastichina, Lavandula luisiery, and Origanum virens hydrolates—essential oil-rich species found in the Dehesa ecosystem—as natural agents for pork preservation through marination. Hydrolates, the main by-products of essential oil distillation, were characterized by their volatile [...] Read more.
The study evaluated the potential of Thymus mastichina, Lavandula luisiery, and Origanum virens hydrolates—essential oil-rich species found in the Dehesa ecosystem—as natural agents for pork preservation through marination. Hydrolates, the main by-products of essential oil distillation, were characterized by their volatile composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua. Pork fillets were marinated (24 h) with increasing hydrolate concentrations (1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2 w/w) and then stored for eight days under refrigeration to assess microbial growth, oxidation, and color changes. All hydrolates exhibited similar antimicrobial effects, though Origanum showed the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Marination had limited antimicrobial impact. Marination with Origanum and Thymus provided significant protection against lipid oxidation during storage, while Lavandula displayed limited or even pro-oxidative behavior at certain doses. Marination did not affect carbonyl formation although it caused slight changes in instrumental color. Overall, the study highlights the potential of Lavandula, Thymus, and Origanum hydrolates as sustainable alternatives to synthetic antioxidants in meat products, emphasizing their antioxidant—rather than antimicrobial—effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Extraction and Industrial Applications of Antioxidants)
22 pages, 7934 KB  
Article
Increased HLA-DR Expression on M2a Monocytes and Helper T Cells in Patients with COPD and Asthma–COPD Overlap Contributes to Disease Severity via Apoptosis and ROS
by Yung-Che Chen, Kuo-Tung Huang, Chiu-Ping Lee, Po-Yuan Hsu, Yu-Ping Chang, Chao-Chien Wu, Sum-Yee Leung, Chang-Chun Hsiao and Meng-Chih Lin
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121507 - 16 Dec 2025
Viewed by 469
Abstract
Objective: Ongoing debates focus on the role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II expression in shaping clinical phenotypes of chronic inflammatory airway diseases. This study seeks to clarify the impact of class II HLA on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma–COPD [...] Read more.
Objective: Ongoing debates focus on the role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II expression in shaping clinical phenotypes of chronic inflammatory airway diseases. This study seeks to clarify the impact of class II HLA on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma–COPD overlap (ACO). Method: The expression levels of HLA-DQ/DR in blood immune cells were analyzed in 116 participants: 41 with COPD, 37 with ACO, 20 with pure asthma, and 18 healthy subjects (HS). Results: In the COPD group, HLA-DR protein expression levels were significantly elevated on blood M2a monocytes (7695 ± 3743 vs. 5391 ± 3153 MFI, p = 0.026), helper T cells (2551 ± 956 vs. 1836 ± 531 MFI, adjusted p = 0.018), cytotoxic T cells (1591 ± 531 vs. 1360 ± 477 MFI, adjusted p = 0.036), and B cells (20,667 ± 7985 vs. 15,694 ± 2003 MFI, adjusted p = 0.031) compared to the HS group. Conversely, no significant changes were observed in the asthma group. In ACO patients, helper T cells showed increased HLA-DR protein expression (2416 ± 914 MFI; adjusted p = 0.016) compared with the HS group. Higher levels of HLA-DR expression correlated with reduced pulmonary function, frequent exacerbations, and more severe symptoms. Following one year of treatment in 14 COPD and 16 ACO patients, HLA-DR protein expression on blood helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, M2a monocytes, and neutrophils significantly declined (all p < 0.05). In vitro experiments demonstrated that exposure of M2- or M1-polarized THP-1 cells to a stimulus mix containing cigarette smoke extract, house dust mite antigens, and lipopolysaccharide led to up-regulation of HLA-DR expression. This response was linked to increased apoptosis and reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Conclusions: Up-regulation of HLA-DR in COPD and ACO patients may represent a novel biomarker for assessing disease severity and treatment response. Additionally, it could serve as a useful tool to distinguish COPD and ACO from asthma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)
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31 pages, 1574 KB  
Review
Nanoparticle-Based Assays for Antioxidant Capacity Determination
by Jolanta Flieger, Natalia Żuk, Ewelina Grabias-Blicharz, Piotr Puźniak and Wojciech Flieger
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121506 - 15 Dec 2025
Viewed by 465
Abstract
Thanks to both endogenous and exogenous antioxidants (AOs), the antioxidant defense system ensures redox homeostasis, which is crucial for protecting the body from oxidative stress and maintaining overall health. The food industry also exploits the antioxidant properties to prevent or delay the oxidation [...] Read more.
Thanks to both endogenous and exogenous antioxidants (AOs), the antioxidant defense system ensures redox homeostasis, which is crucial for protecting the body from oxidative stress and maintaining overall health. The food industry also exploits the antioxidant properties to prevent or delay the oxidation of other molecules during processing and storage. There are many classical methods for assessing antioxidant capacity/activity, which are based on mechanisms such as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer (SET), electron transfer with proton conjugation (HAT/SET mixed mode assays) or the chelation of selected transition metal ions (e.g., Fe2+ or Cu1+). The antioxidant capacity (AOxC) index value can be expressed in terms of standard AOs (e.g., Trolox or ascorbic acid) equivalents, enabling different products to be compared. However, there is currently no standardized method for measuring AOxC. Nanoparticle sensors offer a new approach to assessing antioxidant status and can be used to analyze environmental samples, plant extracts, foodstuffs, dietary supplements and clinical samples. This review summarizes the available information on nanoparticle sensors as tools for assessing antioxidant status. Particular attention has been paid to nanoparticles (with a size of less than 100 nm), including silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs), cerium oxide (CeONPs) and other metal oxide nanoparticles, as well as nanozymes. Nanozymes belong to an advanced class of nanomaterials that mimic natural enzymes due to their catalytic properties and constitute a novel signal transduction strategy in colorimetric and absorption sensors based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band. Other potential AOxC sensors include quantum dots (QDs, <10 nm), which are particularly useful for the sensitive detection of specific antioxidants (e.g., GSH, AA and baicalein) and can achieve very good limits of detection (LOD). QDs and metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) operate on different principles to evaluate AOxC. MNPs rely on optical changes resulting from LSPR, which are monitored as changes in color or absorbance during synthesis, growth or aggregation. QDs, on the other hand, primarily utilize changes in fluorescence. This review aims to demonstrate that, thanks to its simplicity, speed, small sample volumes and relatively inexpensive instrumentation, nanoparticle-based AOxC assessment is a useful alternative to classical approaches and can be tailored to the desired aim and analytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Antioxidants: Structural Characterization, Synthetic Pathways, and Clinical Applications)
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25 pages, 3253 KB  
Article
Revealing Missing Links in the Downsizing of the Photosystem II Antenna in Higher Plants Under Stress Conditions
by Anatoly A. Nikolaev, Natalia N. Rudenko, Natalia S. Novichkova, Daria V. Vetoshkina and Maria M. Borisova-Mubarakshina
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1505; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121505 - 15 Dec 2025
Viewed by 310
Abstract
Chloroplast-to-nucleus ROS retrograde signaling is essential for acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to environmental stresses. One of the key mechanisms is the regulation of the photosystem II antenna size depending on light conditions and other environmental factors. However, the molecular components linking chloroplast [...] Read more.
Chloroplast-to-nucleus ROS retrograde signaling is essential for acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to environmental stresses. One of the key mechanisms is the regulation of the photosystem II antenna size depending on light conditions and other environmental factors. However, the molecular components linking chloroplast redox status to nuclear gene regulation remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that H2O2, generated in chloroplasts, in particular with involvement of the plastoquinone pool components, enhances the protease activity in the chloroplast envelope. As it is known, protease activity leads to the processing of the chloroplast envelope-bound transcription factor PTM, enabling its relocation to the nucleus, where it induces ABI4 expression. ABI4, in turn, represses transcription of lhcb genes, resulting in downsizing of the PS II antenna. Gene expression analysis confirms the coordinated upregulation of ABI4, and PTM, as well as metallo-ASP and serine SPPA1 envelope proteases in high light. We further show that H2O2 at physiologically relevant concentrations specifically stimulates the serine protease activity, since this activation is inhibited by PMSF. Our findings indicate a link between redox changes in the plastoquinone pool and the H2O2 level in chloroplasts with protease-mediated signaling cascades. Therefore, the obtained data reveal the connection between chloroplast and nuclear control of photosynthetic light harvesting, highlighting a signaling strategy for the photosystem II antenna size regulation in higher plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in ROS, RNS, RSS)
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25 pages, 1371 KB  
Review
Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Delivery of Antioxidant Enzymes: Emerging Insights and Translational Opportunities
by Junyu Wang, Yakun Li, Robin P. F. Dullaart, Peter Olinga and Han Moshage
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1504; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121504 - 14 Dec 2025
Viewed by 662
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key contributor to the onset and progression of diverse pathological conditions, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. Conventional antioxidant therapies, such as small-molecule scavengers or systemic enzyme administration, are limited by poor stability, [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress is a key contributor to the onset and progression of diverse pathological conditions, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. Conventional antioxidant therapies, such as small-molecule scavengers or systemic enzyme administration, are limited by poor stability, inefficient delivery, and off-target effects. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, are increasingly recognized as natural carriers of antioxidant enzymes (AOEs), including catalase, superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins, and thioredoxin. These vesicles not only protect enzymes from degradation but also enable targeted delivery to recipient cells, where they can actively modulate redox homeostasis. In this review, we summarize current evidence for AOEs as bona fide EV cargo, outline mechanisms that govern their selective packaging and transfer, and highlight their roles in intercellular communication under physiological and pathological conditions. We also discuss emerging therapeutic applications of both natural and engineered EVs for redox modulation, along with the challenges of quantifying enzymatic activity, ensuring reproducibility, and scaling clinical translation. By integrating insights from cell biology, redox signaling, and translational research, we propose that EV-mediated AOE delivery represents a promising next-generation strategy for combating oxidative stress-related diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Antioxidant Enzyme Systems)
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21 pages, 7124 KB  
Article
Fermented Yeast Complex Extract Promotes Hair Regrowth by Decreasing Oxidative Stress
by Kyung-A Byun, Chang Hu Choi, Seyeon Oh, Jimin Hyun, Kuk Hui Son and Kyunghee Byun
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121503 - 14 Dec 2025
Viewed by 693
Abstract
Hair growth is orchestrated by a complex cycle comprising the anagen, catagen, telogen, and exogen phases that are largely regulated by dermal papilla cells (DPCs). The disruption of oxidative balance and inflammation impairs follicle function and regeneration. Fermented yeast complex extract (FYCE) is [...] Read more.
Hair growth is orchestrated by a complex cycle comprising the anagen, catagen, telogen, and exogen phases that are largely regulated by dermal papilla cells (DPCs). The disruption of oxidative balance and inflammation impairs follicle function and regeneration. Fermented yeast complex extract (FYCE) is a bioactive material derived from enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast and collagen substrates through a two-step fermentation with Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus plantarum, enriched in antioxidant amino acids such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and L-alanine. In this study, we evaluated the effect of FYCE on hair regrowth, with a focus on its modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated DPCs. FYCE treatment significantly enhanced NRF2 expression (3.2-fold compared to H2O2-treated DPCs), a central transcription factor controlling antioxidant defense, and concomitantly suppressed NF-κB activity (0.6-fold compared to H2O2-treated DPCs), a key mediator of inflammation. Importantly, FYCE also attenuated the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, as evidenced by the decreased expression levels of its molecular components. Complementary studies showed that FYCE increased IGF-1 (5.4-fold compared to H2O2-treated DPCs), Wnt10b (1.8-fold compared to H2O2-treated DPCs), and Wnt3a (2.9-fold compared to H2O2-treated DPCs), and stabilized β-catenin (2.8-fold compared to H2O2-treated DPCs). FYCE also showed these changes in the shaved animal skin, which was associated with increased hair follicle number (1.6-fold compared to the water-administered control group) and the anagen phase (3.0-fold compared to the water-administered control group). Collectively, our results suggest that FYCE promotes hair regrowth through the dual modulation of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory pathways, specifically by activating NRF2, inhibiting NF-κB signaling, and downregulating the NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings support FYCE as a promising candidate for further investigation as a treatment to prevent or reverse hair loss, with in vivo and clinical studies substantiating its efficacy and safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)
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24 pages, 2003 KB  
Article
Hydralazine Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Murine Myocardial Dysfunction by Inhibition of Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase
by Zejian Kuang, Hongjun Luo, Hui Li, Yongyin Zhou, Zhexuan Lin and Wenhong Luo
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121502 - 14 Dec 2025
Viewed by 467
Abstract
Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) is a fatal complication with limited therapeutic options. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) contributes to oxidative stress and leukocyte recruitment, yet its role in SIMD remains unexplored. This study investigates whether hydralazine, a potent SSAO inhibitor, protects against SIMD by [...] Read more.
Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) is a fatal complication with limited therapeutic options. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) contributes to oxidative stress and leukocyte recruitment, yet its role in SIMD remains unexplored. This study investigates whether hydralazine, a potent SSAO inhibitor, protects against SIMD by evaluating the involvement of SSAO inhibition. Using a murine model of LPS-induced sepsis, hydralazine was administered 30 min post-injection. Over a 7-day observation period, survival rates, cardiac function (assessed by echocardiography), and myocardial injury (evaluated via plasma biomarkers including CK, CK-MB, LDH, and AST, alongside histopathology) were monitored. Additional analyses included measurements of oxidative stress markers (T-AOC, GSH-PX, SOD, MDA, GSH), inflammatory chemokine levels using a Luminex panel, and myocardial SSAO activity via HPLC. The results demonstrated that hydralazine at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg significantly improved 7-day survival rates from 20% to 90% and enhanced cardiac function in septic mice. It also reduced myocardial injury and histological damage while attenuating systemic inflammation through suppression of chemokine elevation. Furthermore, hydralazine boosted systemic and myocardial antioxidant capacity and normalized the sepsis-induced increase in myocardial SSAO activity, suggesting a potential mechanism for its protective effects. In conclusion, hydralazine shows robust cardioprotection in experimental sepsis by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory cell infiltration. The inhibition of SSAO activity may be a pivotal underlying molecular mechanism. Full article
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24 pages, 3511 KB  
Article
An Antioxidative Exopolysaccharide–Protein Complex of Cordyceps Cs-HK1 Fungus and Its Epithelial Barrier-Protective Effects in Caco-2 Cell Culture
by Yan Yu Zhu, Margaret M. H. Wu, Zi Chen Zhao, Fang Ting Gu, Lin Xi Huang, Kevin W. H. Kwok and Jian Yong Wu
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121501 - 14 Dec 2025
Viewed by 473
Abstract
The exopolysaccharides (EPS) from the mycelial fermentation of Cordyceps sinensis Cs-HK1, especially the low-molecular weight, protein-rich exopolysaccharide fractions (EPS-LM), have previously exhibited significant antioxidant activity. This study further investigated the antioxidant and protective effects of EPS-LM on intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in Caco-2 [...] Read more.
The exopolysaccharides (EPS) from the mycelial fermentation of Cordyceps sinensis Cs-HK1, especially the low-molecular weight, protein-rich exopolysaccharide fractions (EPS-LM), have previously exhibited significant antioxidant activity. This study further investigated the antioxidant and protective effects of EPS-LM on intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in Caco-2 monolayers challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 550 μM). EPS-LM contained two major molecular-weight fractions, 25 kDa and 1.7 kDa, with 19.3% total carbohydrate and 28.7% protein content (w/w). Treatment of the cells with EPS-LM (50–200 μg/mL) showed concentration-dependent protective effects against ROS-induced losses of cell viability and epithelial barrier integrity. EPS-LM treatment enhanced the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT) and modulated NRF2 and its downstream target NQO1, consistent with alleviated oxidative stress. It also improved several indicators of intestinal barrier function, including increased transepithelial electrical resistance and upregulation of tight junction proteins (Occludin, ZO-1, and Claudin-1). These results provide new experimental evidence and theoretical basis for the nutraceutical potential of EPS-LM to mitigate oxidative stress and preserve intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)
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30 pages, 6956 KB  
Article
Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Effects of Kefir Milk in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity: Insights from Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Profiling, Molecular Docking of Kefiran, and Liver Function Restoration
by Imen Hammami, Sonia Ben Younes, Ridha Ben Ali, Fatma Arrari, Afef Nahdi, Michèle Véronique El May, Rym Baati, Eduardo Alberto López-Maldonado and Abada Mhamdi
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121500 - 14 Dec 2025
Viewed by 711
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic diseases, including obesity and related endocrine disorders, has risen significantly in recent decades. As a result, there has been growing interest in fermented foods with probiotic properties, such as kefir, which have potential health benefits. This study aimed to [...] Read more.
The prevalence of chronic diseases, including obesity and related endocrine disorders, has risen significantly in recent decades. As a result, there has been growing interest in fermented foods with probiotic properties, such as kefir, which have potential health benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of kefir milk (KM) in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity rat model, complemented by in silico molecular docking studies with antioxidant enzymes. Twenty-four adult rats were divided into four groups: control (1 mL/100 g bw semi-skimmed cow milk), KM (1 mL/100 g bw kefir milk), HFD (1 mL/100 g bw semi-skimmed cow milk + high-fat diet), and KM/HFD (1 mL/100 g bw kefir milk + high-fat diet). After 60 days of treatment, biochemical assays and histological examinations were performed to assess the effects on lipid profiles and organ health. Kefir milk demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with increased total phenolic content and enhanced DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP radical scavenging activities compared to commercial milk. Furthermore, KM administration protected against liver metabolic disruptions (ALT, AST, and LDH) induced by the high-fat diet and reduced lipid peroxidation in liver and testis tissues. KM supplementation also increased the activity of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Additionally, KM improved the fatty acid composition and decreased the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) index, as well as enzyme activities (SCD and Elovl6) associated with the high-fat diet. Histological analysis of liver, pancreas, and heart tissues revealed that kefir milk attenuated structural damage caused by the high-fat diet, suggesting its protective role in oxidative stress regulation and organ function. These findings underscore the potential of kefir milk as a functional food for preventing metabolic disturbances and liver damage associated with obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolic Antioxidants in Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals)
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24 pages, 13412 KB  
Article
Cross-Species Insights into In Vitro Maturation Defects of the Oocyte and Identification of Crucial Regulators for Sheep Oocyte Maturation
by Jian Cui, Xiurong Zhao, Jia Hao, Xingyuan Liu, Wenjing Wang, Lixia He, Yubing Wang, Jinfu Rong, Chunjuan Qiu, Dayong Chen, Lei Cheng, Jianhui Tian, Jiaxin Zhang and Guangyin Xi
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121499 - 13 Dec 2025
Viewed by 445
Abstract
The poor quality of oocytes matured in vitro seriously hinders the application in mammalian assisted reproductive technology (ART). Exploring the regulators and mechanisms influencing oocyte maturation is critical to improve the developmental competence of in vitro matured oocytes and the efficiency of ART. [...] Read more.
The poor quality of oocytes matured in vitro seriously hinders the application in mammalian assisted reproductive technology (ART). Exploring the regulators and mechanisms influencing oocyte maturation is critical to improve the developmental competence of in vitro matured oocytes and the efficiency of ART. Here, through comparative cross-species transcriptomic analyses, we reveal that impaired autocrine/paracrine signaling and disruption of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, which are often accompanied by severe endoplasmic reticulum stress, represent common potential defects during in vitro oocyte maturation. Moreover, we identified two previously unrecognized key factors missing in the current IVM system by ligand screening. We further determined that EFNA1 and NRXN1 alleviated the excessive accumulation of protein aggregates and endoplasmic reticulum stress by enhancing the oocyte antioxidant defense and maintaining lipid homeostasis, thereby improving the oocyte developmental potential. Our findings identified critical extrinsic regulators of oocyte developmental competence and provided a practical strategy to improve IVM efficiency in ART. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation in Animal Reproduction)
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17 pages, 333 KB  
Review
Effectiveness of Common Extraction Solvents in Obtaining Antioxidant Compounds from African Medicinal Plants
by Khayelihle Ncama, Joseph Malele, Dhiren Munsami Govender, Thagen Anumanthoo and Mack Moyo
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121498 - 13 Dec 2025
Viewed by 723
Abstract
The efficacy of phytoextracts is equally affected by the extraction solvent and the extraction method. Details of the solvent type, concentration, density, and other characteristics are associated with the quality of the resultant extract. Some solvents have been found to be effective only [...] Read more.
The efficacy of phytoextracts is equally affected by the extraction solvent and the extraction method. Details of the solvent type, concentration, density, and other characteristics are associated with the quality of the resultant extract. Some solvents have been found to be effective only on specific parts of plants. Industry has shown a growing interest in eco-friendly plant extracts for the formulation of medication, food additives, cosmetics, and agricultural products. This interest is aligned with the proven necessity of sustainability, marketability, and regulation of manufactured products in value chains. In this review, the literature on antioxidant compounds and activity of extracts from African medicinal plants is reviewed. Findings indicate that the use of ethanol, methanol, water, and to a lesser extent, acetone as solvents for the extraction of antioxidant compounds is common. The use of these solvents is supported by decisive selection of procedure, ideal temperature, duration, solvent pH, and the extracted plant parts. Fermentation enhances the antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts but reduces that of alcohol extracts. This is particularly essential in continents such as Africa, where water is available but alcohol is scarce. “Green” extraction technologies are not as successful as solvent extractions for use with African medicinal plants. There is a financial hurdle that results in a mismatch between academic research innovations and societal transmission to new technologies, as most communities are dominated by small-to-medium enterprises. Further studies on the extraction of antioxidants from African medicinal plants are recommended to guide the research and link it to ordinary African societies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources with Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential)
27 pages, 4630 KB  
Article
Caffeine Protects Against Hyperoxia-Induced Structural Lung Injury and Restores Alveolar Development in Neonatal Rats
by Stefanie Endesfelder and Christoph Bührer
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121497 - 12 Dec 2025
Viewed by 370
Abstract
In the developing lung, oxidative stress caused by relative hyperoxia constitutes a central pathogenic mechanism of neonatal lung injury resulting in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The immature postnatal lung is highly susceptible to oxidative damage due to incomplete antioxidant defenses and ongoing alveolar and [...] Read more.
In the developing lung, oxidative stress caused by relative hyperoxia constitutes a central pathogenic mechanism of neonatal lung injury resulting in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The immature postnatal lung is highly susceptible to oxidative damage due to incomplete antioxidant defenses and ongoing alveolar and vascular maturation. In a postnatal high-oxygen-induced rat model of BPD-associated lung injury, three or five days of exposure to 80% oxygen was found to disrupt developmental signaling pathways, downregulating genes essential for alveolarization and angiogenesis while inducing profibrotic mediators and collagen expression (Sirius Red staining). These changes resulted in simplified alveolar architecture, as quantified by toluidine blue staining and mean linear intercept analysis of normalized volumes of parenchyma, non-parenchyma, airspaces, septa, and edema. Acting as a multifunctional antioxidant with antifibrotic activity, caffeine mitigated structural lung damage and normalized the transcription of angiogenic and fibrotic genes. It counteracted TGF-β/CTGF-driven fibrogenic signaling and promoted recovery of normal lung morphology following hyperoxic injury. Under normoxic conditions, however, caffeine transiently upregulated profibrotic mediators. Overall, caffeine mitigates hyperoxia-induced lung injury and may actively promote physiological lung maturation, warranting future studies to define optimal dosing windows, clarify context-dependent fibrotic signaling, and translate gene-level effects into long-term clinical outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in the Newborn)
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16 pages, 7702 KB  
Review
Redox Modulation in Therapy of Cancer: Some Pros and Cons
by Ljubava D. Zorova, Dmitry S. Semenovich, Savva D. Zorov, Ilya P. Oleynikov, Anastasia S. Kargapoltceva, Dmitry V. Prutskikh, Polina A. Abramicheva, Irina B. Pevzner, Gennady T. Sukhikh and Dmitry B. Zorov
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121496 - 12 Dec 2025
Viewed by 416
Abstract
Redox potential controls a vast array of biochemical reactions, and its changes influence the transition from normal to pathological states. However, cellular redox potential is primarily assessed after extraction of water-soluble components (reduced and oxidized) from biological material, particularly glutathione, which, due to [...] Read more.
Redox potential controls a vast array of biochemical reactions, and its changes influence the transition from normal to pathological states. However, cellular redox potential is primarily assessed after extraction of water-soluble components (reduced and oxidized) from biological material, particularly glutathione, which, due to its abundance, determines intracellular redox potential. This process involves mechanistic averaging of redox potential values across tissue or cell, although existing data suggest, and sometimes directly indicate, heterogeneity in redox potential both within cells and within tissue. We argue that mitochondria determine cellular redox state, in particular through changes in the state of the mitochondrial reticulum caused by various internal and external factors. We describe the possibilities for regulation of redox status of the cell and organ as a potential therapy for various pathologies, particularly cancer, and propose intensifying efforts to utilize intrinsic redox indicators. We specifically examine the possibility of changes the redox potential in cancer cells through the use of oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers and propose mechanisms by which cancer cells may be killed using uncouplers. Particular attention is paid to the mitochondrial membrane potential as a powerful regulator of cellular metabolism, possibly unrelated to the regulation of reactive oxygen species levels, with the possible existence of a membrane potential sensor in cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Signaling in Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities)
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18 pages, 7426 KB  
Article
Luteolin in Safflower Leaves Suppresses Microglial Inflammation Through FOXO3-Mediated Trem2 Transcription
by Tiantian Zhang, Shuangxi Zhang, Jiayang Ma, Dmitrii Atiakshin, Shujun Han, Mami Noda, Midori Hiramatsu, Jiankang Liu, Yunhua Peng and Jiangang Long
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121495 - 12 Dec 2025
Viewed by 516
Abstract
Neuroinflammation driven by microglial activation is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a key regulator of microglial inflammation, yet strategies to modulate its expression remain limited. Safflower leaves, a vegetable rich in flavonoids—particularly luteolin—were [...] Read more.
Neuroinflammation driven by microglial activation is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a key regulator of microglial inflammation, yet strategies to modulate its expression remain limited. Safflower leaves, a vegetable rich in flavonoids—particularly luteolin—were previously shown to attenuate neuroinflammation, reduce oxidative stress, and ameliorate cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Here, we demonstrated that safflower leaves inhibit microglial inflammation and upregulate TREM2 in APP/PS1 mice. Luteolin, the major active flavonoid in safflower leaves, exerted anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-activated microglia. Mechanistically, luteolin enhanced Trem2 transcription by activating forkhead box protein O3 (FOXO3), a novel transcriptional regulator of Trem2 identified through promoter analysis. FOXO3 binding to the Trem2 promoter was essential for this regulation, and luteolin further promoted FOXO3 nuclear translocation. Crucially, Trem2 knockdown attenuated luteolin’s anti-inflammatory effects, confirming TREM2 as a key mediator. Overall, our study reveals the FOXO3-TREM2 axis as a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammation and highlights luteolin present in safflower leaves as a candidate dietary intervention for AD, providing new mechanistic insights into the anti-inflammatory activity of this natural antioxidant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products: Biological, Antioxidant Properties and Health Effects—4th Edition)
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27 pages, 1586 KB  
Review
Oxidative Stress in Liver Metabolic Dysfunction and Diseases, with a Focus on Hepatogenic Diabetes: Effect of Alcohol Consumption
by Martha Lucinda Contreras-Zentella, Lorena Carmina Hernández-Espinosa and Rolando Hernández-Muñoz
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1494; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121494 - 12 Dec 2025
Viewed by 722
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) is associated with severe forms of liver injury, including fibrosis and cirrhosis. The main risk factors for MASLD—obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance (IR)—contribute to metabolic disturbances that initiate hepatic steatosis. Metabolic and [...] Read more.
Metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease (MASLD) is associated with severe forms of liver injury, including fibrosis and cirrhosis. The main risk factors for MASLD—obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance (IR)—contribute to metabolic disturbances that initiate hepatic steatosis. Metabolic and alcohol-related liver disease (MetALD) describes patients with MASLD who also present alcohol-associated hepatic injury. Chronic oxidative and inflammatory stress promotes the progression of steatosis in both conditions. T2DM and chronic alcohol consumption are independent lifestyle-related risk factors for cirrhosis within the spectrum of metabolic dysfunction–related liver disease (MASLD and MetALD). The coexistence of both conditions may exacerbate hepatic pathological alterations. IR, which is frequently observed in patients with cirrhosis, can lead to the development of a condition known as hepatogenic diabetes (HD). HD is characterized by hyperinsulinemia, IR, and β-cell dysfunction occurring during the onset of cirrhosis and is associated with hepatic inflammation even in the absence of traditional metabolic risk factors such as obesity or a prior history of T2DM. In this context, alcohol intake enhances lipolysis in peripheral tissues, promotes hepatic steatosis, and aggravates metabolic dysfunction, ultimately contributing to excessive mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, the present review examines the role of oxidative stress—both alcohol-related and non-alcohol–related—in the pathogenesis of HD, with particular emphasis on ethanol metabolism, oxidative stress, and their interactions in conditions such as T2DM and MetALD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease, 2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 2958 KB  
Article
Iloprost, a Prostacyclin Analogue, Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Improves Development of Parthenogenetic Porcine Embryos via Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling
by Eun Young Choi, Kyungjun Uh, Seol-Bin Lee, Pil-Soo Jeong, Hyo-Gu Kang, Se-Been Jeon, Ji Hyeon Yun, Hee-Chang Son, Kyung-Seob Lim, You Jeong An, Sun-Uk Kim, Seong-Keun Cho and Bong-Seok Song
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121493 - 12 Dec 2025
Viewed by 359
Abstract
Background: Prostacyclin (PGI2), an abundantly produced bioactive lipid by oviductal epithelial cells, supports preimplantation embryo development by buffering oxidative stress. However, the mechanism linking PGI2 signaling to embryonic redox control remains unclear. We investigated whether Iloprost (Ilo), a stable PGI [...] Read more.
Background: Prostacyclin (PGI2), an abundantly produced bioactive lipid by oviductal epithelial cells, supports preimplantation embryo development by buffering oxidative stress. However, the mechanism linking PGI2 signaling to embryonic redox control remains unclear. We investigated whether Iloprost (Ilo), a stable PGI2 analogue, enhances preimplantation embryo development by alleviating oxidative stress via activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, and whether these effects depend on Nrf2 activity using the inhibitor brusatol. Methods: Porcine embryos were treated with Ilo to model oviductal PGI2 signaling during in vitro culture. Developmental competence was evaluated by cleavage and blastocyst formation rates, and blastocyst quality by total cell number and TUNEL assays. Oxidative status was quantified by fluorescence detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Nrf2 activation was assessed by nuclear localization and antioxidant-related gene expression. Results: Embryos treated with Ilo showed significantly increased blastocyst formation, reduced ROS, and upregulated antioxidant genes. Immunofluorescence confirmed increased nuclear translocation of Nrf2, indicating activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. In contrast, embryos treated with brusatol showed reduced blastocyst formation, increased ROS, and downregulated antioxidant-related gene expression, whereas co-treatment with Ilo reversed these effects. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PGI2 protects embryos by activating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling, establishing this axis as a key antioxidant defense during embryonic development and highlighting its potential to improve embryo culture systems. Full article
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23 pages, 17593 KB  
Article
Synergistic Effect of Liraglutide and Strength–Endurance Exercise Training on Hepatic Oxidative Stress and Lipid Metabolism in Middle-Aged Male Rats
by Dragana Vlahović, Svetlana Trifunović, Slavica Borković-Mitić, Slađan Pavlović, Ivona Gizdović, Dieter Lütjohann, Branko Filipović, Ljiljana Marina and Branka Šošić-Jurjević
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121492 - 12 Dec 2025
Viewed by 636
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and lifestyle interventions effectively treat overt obesity, but the benefits/risks of their combined early intervention during middle age remain unclear. This study investigated whether submaximal-dose liraglutide combined with strength–endurance training improves metabolic and liver health, focusing on hepatic oxidative [...] Read more.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and lifestyle interventions effectively treat overt obesity, but the benefits/risks of their combined early intervention during middle age remain unclear. This study investigated whether submaximal-dose liraglutide combined with strength–endurance training improves metabolic and liver health, focusing on hepatic oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. Male Wistar rats (16 months old) received liraglutide (L; 0.186 mg/kg/day, s.c.), training (ladder climbing with weights, 3 times/week), both (L+E) or saline for control middle-aged (C) and young adults (CY; 3–4 months old) for 7 weeks (n = 8/group). Middle-aged rats exhibited age-related changes including higher body and visceral fat, increased hepatic and serum cholesterol, hepatic ALT and glutathione imbalance, and decreased soleus muscle (p < 0.05, vs. CY). Exercise increased hepatic glycogen and oxidative stress markers and downregulated lipogenic genes, consistent with liver adaptation to training. L+E synergistically reduced body and visceral fat, hepatic and serum triglycerides, and the triglyceride–glucose index, while reducing oxidative stress (p < 0.05 vs. E, C) and lipogenic gene expression (p < 0.05 vs. C), without affecting pancreas histopathology and function parameters, muscle mass or exercise load volume. In conclusion, submaximal liraglutide safely synergized with training to enhance metabolic health, improve hepatic redox balance and triglyceride metabolism in middle-aged rats, without mitigating cholesterol rise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Therapy for Obesity-Related Diseases)
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18 pages, 5933 KB  
Article
Lifetime Deletion of Skeletal Muscle Keap1 Attenuates Aging-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction via an Nrf2–Antioxidant Mechanism
by Kanika Sharma, Sarah Pribil Pardun, Neha Dhyani, Irving H. Zucker, Bipin G. Nair, Sudarslal Sadasivan Nair, Vikas Kumar and Lie Gao
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121491 - 12 Dec 2025
Viewed by 431
Abstract
Background: Aging elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and weakens antioxidant defenses, contributing to cardiac dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine whether sustained activation of skeletal muscle (SkM) Nrf2 preserves cardiac function during aging and to explore the underlying mechanisms, [...] Read more.
Background: Aging elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and weakens antioxidant defenses, contributing to cardiac dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine whether sustained activation of skeletal muscle (SkM) Nrf2 preserves cardiac function during aging and to explore the underlying mechanisms, focusing on myocardial antioxidant pathways. Methods: Tamoxifen-induced SkM-specific Keap1 knockout male mice (iMS-Keap1flox/flox; SkM-Nrf2 overexpression) were divided into young wild-type (Y-WT), aged wild-type (A-WT), and aged knockout (A-KO) groups. Cardiac performance was evaluated by echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics. Myocardial proteomics identified differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and enriched biological pathways. Results: Compared with Y-WT, A-WT mice showed impaired left ventricular function, including reduced ejection fraction, prolonged isovolumic relaxation time, blunted inotropic response to dobutamine, and elevated Tau index. These age-related deficits were partially reversed in A-KO mice. Proteomic analysis revealed 561 DEPs between A-WT and Y-WT, and 741 DEPs between A-KO and A-WT, enriched in calcium signaling, Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response, oxidative phosphorylation, ROS detoxification, and cardiac-specific processes, such as hypertrophy, conduction, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Conclusions: Lifelong SkM-Nrf2 activation strengthens myocardial antioxidant capacity and alleviates age-related cardiac dysfunction. These data support an antioxidant crosstalk between skeletal muscle and the heart, highlighting a potential therapeutic target for aging-associated heart failure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nrf2 and Cardiovascular Function, Diseases, and Therapeutic Targets)
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25 pages, 3479 KB  
Review
Antidiabetic Agents as Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Therapies in Neurological and Cardiovascular Diseases
by Snehal Raut and Luca Cucullo
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121490 - 12 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1154
Abstract
Neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain leading causes of global morbidity and mortality and often coexist, in part through shared mechanisms of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Neuroinflammatory signaling, including microglial activation, cytokine release, and impaired autonomic regulation, contributes to endothelial dysfunction, [...] Read more.
Neurological disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain leading causes of global morbidity and mortality and often coexist, in part through shared mechanisms of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Neuroinflammatory signaling, including microglial activation, cytokine release, and impaired autonomic regulation, contributes to endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and stroke, while cardiac and metabolic disturbances can reciprocally exacerbate brain pathology. Increasing evidence shows that several antidiabetic agents exert pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that extend beyond glycemic control. Metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists modulate key pathways such as AMPK, NF-κB, Nrf2 activation, and NLRP3 inflammasome suppression, with demonstrated vascular and neuroprotective actions in preclinical models. Clinically, GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors reduce major cardiovascular events, improve systemic inflammatory markers, and show emerging signals for cognitive benefit, while metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors exhibit supportive but less robust evidence. This review synthesizes molecular, preclinical, and clinical data across drug classes, with particular emphasis on GLP-1 receptor agonists, and highlights outstanding translational questions including blood–brain barrier penetration, biomarker development, optimal patient selection, and timing of intervention. We propose a unified framework to guide future trials aimed at leveraging antidiabetic therapies such as DDP-4 anti-inflammatory and antioxidant interventions for neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and Oxidative Stress in Aging and Age-Related Diseases—2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 654 KB  
Article
Supplementation with Polyphenols (Olive and Grape Extracts) Improves Pregnancy Outcomes in Underfed Sheep
by José Luis Pesántez, Paula Martínez-Ros, Antonio González-Bulnes, M. Carmen López-Mendoza, Francisco Sales, Nesrein M. Hashem, Mónica De los Reyes, Luis A. Raggi, Natalia Yeste-Vizcaíno and Víctor H. Parraguez
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121489 - 12 Dec 2025
Viewed by 415
Abstract
Our study aimed to test the hypothesis that supplementation with a combination of dry grape extracts (DGS) and olive-originated hydroxityrosol (HxT) polyphenols during ovine gestation under moderate nutritional restriction allows for the improvement of the birth weight and size of newborn lambs, especially [...] Read more.
Our study aimed to test the hypothesis that supplementation with a combination of dry grape extracts (DGS) and olive-originated hydroxityrosol (HxT) polyphenols during ovine gestation under moderate nutritional restriction allows for the improvement of the birth weight and size of newborn lambs, especially in more demanding pregnancies such as twins. Twenty-six pregnant ewes (fourteen ewes with singleton pregnancies and twelve ewes with twin pregnancies) were divided in two equal groups, treated or not with the polyphenols, and involved in the study. The results indicate that supplementation with the combination of polyphenols, without modifying maternal body weight and body condition score, increased the maternal total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) and, interacting with pregnancy rank, improved maternal metabolic status by reducing β-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids (p < 0.05). Afterwards, supplementation improved birth weight and size of newborns in the most compromised pregnancies (i.e., twin pregnancies; twins lambs born to supplemented ewes were significantly heavier than those born to control ewes (3.3 ± 0.13 vs. 2.8 ± 0.23 kg, respectively; p < 0.05). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Antioxidants for Animal Nutrition—2nd Edition)
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Article
Southern Chilean Native Plants as Novel Sources of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Extracts
by Jesús Hernández, Yihajara Fuentes, Eduardo Muñoz-Carvajal, Mario Faúndez, Miguel Gómez, Ady Giordano and Gloria Montenegro
Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121488 - 11 Dec 2025
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Abstract
The temperate rainforests of southern Chile host a rich diversity of plants traditionally used in medicine, yet their bioactive potential remains underexplored. This study evaluated the chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, antibacterial activity, and cell viability of ethanolic leaf extracts from Cissus striata (CS), [...] Read more.
The temperate rainforests of southern Chile host a rich diversity of plants traditionally used in medicine, yet their bioactive potential remains underexplored. This study evaluated the chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, antibacterial activity, and cell viability of ethanolic leaf extracts from Cissus striata (CS), Mitraria coccinea (MC), and Raukaua laetevirens (RL), compared with Buddleja globosa (BG), a well-known medicinal shrub. Extracts were obtained using 70% ethanol, ensuring high recovery of polyphenolic compounds while avoiding thermal degradation. The total phenolic content (TPC) was highest in CS, exceeding values reported for green tea, while MC exhibited the greatest total flavonoid content (TFC). HPLC–MS/MS analysis showed that RL was rich in rutin, while CS exhibited a higher quercetin content. Antioxidant activity assessed through ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays, was correlated with polyphenolic composition. CS showed the highest antioxidant potential, surpassing green tea by ~39%, as determined via FRAP, while MC and RL displayed capacities comparable to BG. Antibacterial activity assays demonstrated that MC inhibited Escherichia coli with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 mg/mL, lower than that of ampicillin, whereas CS was highly active against Staphylococcus aureus, with an MIC of 0.39 mg/mL, equivalent to the activity exhibited by tetracycline. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed that the extracts did not reduce human cell viability, supporting the potential of Chilean native shrubs as safe, natural sources of antioxidants and antimicrobials for food and pharmaceutical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Polyphenols in Human Health: Emerging Insights for Future Therapeutic Strategies)
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