Buildings

24 pages, 10982 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Self-Production of Semi-Communal Spaces in Informal Hillside Settlements: From Empirical Constructive Adaptation to the Social Production of Space—Case Study: “The Portals of Mirador” Arequipa, Perú

by Randall Sthuart Cardenas-Condori, Pamela Sheila Mamani-Carcausto, Edith Gabriela Manchego-Huaquipaco and Erick Arias-Sevillano

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4207; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224207 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1319

Abstract

In Latin America, informal urbanization on hillsides has given rise to unique forms of occupation that combine constructive precariousness with social creativity. This study analyzes the Los Portales del Mirador settlement in Arequipa, Peru, from the theoretical framework of the social production of [...] Read more.

In Latin America, informal urbanization on hillsides has given rise to unique forms of occupation that combine constructive precariousness with social creativity. This study analyzes the Los Portales del Mirador settlement in Arequipa, Peru, from the theoretical framework of the social production of space of Lefebvre, examining how technical adaptations become social spaces. The research used methodological triangulation through urban cartography, a structured visual study of 548 lots, non-participatory observation, and 72 semi-structured interviews. The results identify specific settlement patterns and demonstrate how technical elements such as stairs, platforms, and retaining walls, initially designed for stabilization and accessibility, are progressively transformed into semi-communal spaces that facilitate encounters, strengthen neighborhood cohesion, and build collective identity. The study concludes that topography operates simultaneously as a limitation and a catalyst for social creativity, demonstrating how the self-production of space in informal contexts generates specific forms of sociability that challenge traditional dichotomies between public and private space. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Promoting the Social Sustainability of Urban Neighbourhoods)

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20 pages, 6166 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Performance and Collapse Fragility of a 765 kV Transmission Tower–Line System

by Guo-Dong Shao, Cong Xiao, Ming-Xuan Zhu, Farooq Syed Hassan, Chuan-Sai Ma, Shao-Yuan Zhang and Li Tian

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4206; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224206 - 20 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 978

Abstract

Based on a real-world project in Pakistan, this study investigates the seismic performance and collapse fragility of a 765 kV transmission tower–line system. A refined finite element model, incorporating three towers and four conductor spans, is developed to systematically simulate the system’s dynamic [...] Read more.

Based on a real-world project in Pakistan, this study investigates the seismic performance and collapse fragility of a 765 kV transmission tower–line system. A refined finite element model, incorporating three towers and four conductor spans, is developed to systematically simulate the system’s dynamic characteristics, seismic response, and nonlinear collapse process. The Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) method is employed for fragility assessments. The results demonstrate that the fundamental frequency of the tower–line system is significantly lower than that of an isolated tower, indicating that the transmission lines substantially reduce the overall structural stiffness. The vulnerable regions in the system are primarily identified at the second and third segments. The mean Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) triggering collapse is found to be 1.07 g, with the collapse mode characterized by a progressive failure initiated by cumulative damage in the lower members. The derived fragility curves indicate that the probability of system collapse exceeds 55% at a PGA of 1.0 g. These findings can provide a valuable reference for the seismic design and safety evaluation of high-voltage electricity transmission systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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28 pages, 3506 KB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Detection of Unsafe Worker Behaviors via Adaptive Vision Transformers in Construction Sites

by Rami Talal T. Alotaibi and Shengbin Ma

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4205; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224205 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1031

Abstract

Unsafe behavior of workers is a leading cause of construction accidents. However, existing monitoring systems remain limited by low efficiency and poor adaptability to dynamic on-site environments. This study proposes an adaptive dual-stream vision framework that integrates Dynamic Adaptive Image Enhancement (DAIE) and [...] Read more.

Unsafe behavior of workers is a leading cause of construction accidents. However, existing monitoring systems remain limited by low efficiency and poor adaptability to dynamic on-site environments. This study proposes an adaptive dual-stream vision framework that integrates Dynamic Adaptive Image Enhancement (DAIE) and a Lightweight Real-Time Behavior Network (LR-BehaviorNet) to improve the accuracy and responsiveness of unsafe behavior detection. The DAIE module dynamically adjusts brightness, contrast, and sharpness according to scene conditions, ensuring visual clarity under varying lighting and weather. LR-BehaviorNet combines efficient convolutional blocks with Transformer-based temporal modeling to identify critical actions from both enhanced and raw image streams. Additionally, an adaptive thresholding mechanism fine-tunes detection sensitivity under complex visual interference. Experiments using open-source construction datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms conventional models—including Faster R-CNN, YOLO, and Mask R-CNN—in precision, recall, and F1-score, achieving 93.2%, 91.4%, and 92.3%, respectively. These results validate the robustness of the proposed method for real-time safety supervision and its potential integration with intelligent construction management platforms. Overall, the framework offers a scalable and efficient solution for automated safety monitoring, advancing the digital transformation of construction safety management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation in Construction and Project Management: Digital Technologies, Intelligent Systems, and Sustainable Solutions)

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25 pages, 9095 KB

Open AccessArticle

Construction Control of Long-Span Combined Rail-Cum-Road Continuous Steel Truss Girder Bridge of High-Speed Railway

by Jun Zhou, Fangwen Weng, Yuxiong Liang, Zhiwei Liao, Feng Zhang and Meizhen Fu

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4204; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224204 - 20 Nov 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 915

Abstract

The construction of long-span continuous steel truss rail-cum-road bridges for high-speed railways presents significant challenges, primarily due to structural complexity, stringent deformation tolerances, and intricate construction sequences. This paper presents a comprehensive construction control methodology developed and implemented for such bridges. Using a [...] Read more.

The construction of long-span continuous steel truss rail-cum-road bridges for high-speed railways presents significant challenges, primarily due to structural complexity, stringent deformation tolerances, and intricate construction sequences. This paper presents a comprehensive construction control methodology developed and implemented for such bridges. Using a real-world bridge project in China as a case study, the methodology integrates mechanical analysis of key construction stages, deformation prediction, real-time monitoring, and adjustment techniques. Furthermore, the application of machine learning (ML) for camber prediction is explored. Key findings indicate that the longitudinal displacement (X-direction) of the top chord at the upper-deck closure segment is highly sensitive to temperature variations, with a differential of about 10–12 mm observed under a 15 °C temperature change. Consequently, closure welding is recommended near the design reference temperature, with field measurements guiding final fit-up adjustments. A comparative analysis between ML predictions and theoretical methods for member elongation revealed that the Extra Trees (ET) model and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) model achieved excellent accuracy, with errors within 2 mm, demonstrating the feasibility of ML-based camber setting. The proposed integrated approach, combining finite element analysis, real-time monitoring, and detailed sensitivity analysis of closure accuracy, proves effective in ensuring structural safety and meeting precise alignment requirements, particularly for high-speed railway track. The findings offer valuable insights for the construction control of similar long-span steel truss rail-cum-road bridges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Experiment and Simulation Techniques in Engineering)

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42 pages, 1060 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Utilisation of Construction Demolition Waste (CD&W) and Agricultural Residues as Sustainable Cement Alternatives: A Critical Analysis of Unexplored Potential

by Francis O. Okeke, Obas J. Ebohon, Abdullahi Ahmed, Juanlan Zhou, Hany Hassanin, Ahmed I. Osman and Zhihong Pan

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4203; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224203 - 20 Nov 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 813

Abstract

Decarbonising the construction industry’s substantial ecological footprint demands credible substitutes that preserve structural performance while valorising waste. Although construction and demolition waste (CD&W) has been widely studied, the vast potential of agricultural residues (e.g., corncob, rice husk) and, crucially, their synergy remains underexplored. [...] Read more.

Decarbonising the construction industry’s substantial ecological footprint demands credible substitutes that preserve structural performance while valorising waste. Although construction and demolition waste (CD&W) has been widely studied, the vast potential of agricultural residues (e.g., corncob, rice husk) and, crucially, their synergy remains underexplored. This study couples a systematic literature review with mathematical modelling to evaluate binary CD&W–agro-waste binders. A modified Andreasen–Andersen packing framework and pozzolanic activity indices inform multi-objective optimisation and Pareto analysis. The optimum identified is a 70:30 CD&W-to-agricultural ratio at 20% total cement replacement, predicted to retain 86.0% of OPC compressive strength versus a 79.4% average for single-waste systems (8.3% non-additive uplift). Life-cycle assessment (cradle-to-gate) shows a 20.3% carbon reduction for the synergistic blend (vs. 19.6% CD&W-only; 19.3% agro-only); when normalised by strength (kg CO₂-eq/MPa·m³), the blend delivers 6.3% better carbon efficiency than OPC (5.63 vs. 6.01), outperforming agro-only (5.79) and CD&W-only (6.61). Global diversion arithmetic indicates feasible redirection of 0.246 Gt y⁻¹ of wastes (5.7% of CD&W and 1.8% of agricultural residues) at 30% market penetration. Mechanistically, synergy arises from particle size complementarity, complementary Ca–Si reactivity generating additional C–S–H, and improved rheology at equivalent flow. Monte Carlo analysis yields a 91.2% probability of ≥40 MPa and 78.3% probability of ≥80% strength retention for the optimum; the 95% interval is 39.5–55.3 MPa. Variance-based sensitivity attributes 38.9% of output variance to the Bolomey constant and 44% to pozzolanic indices; interactions contribute 19.5%, justifying global (not local) uncertainty propagation. While promising, claims are bounded by cradle-to-gate scope and the absence of empirical durability and end-of-life evidence. The results nevertheless outline a tractable pathway to circular, lower-carbon concretes using co-processed waste. The approach directly supports circular economy goals and scalable regional deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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26 pages, 6780 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Unbroken Centre in Lviv as an Example of Architectural Creation of Rehabilitation

by Jan Niewada-Wysocki, Bartłomiej Kwiatkowski and Ewelina Gardyńska-Kieliś

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4202; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224202 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1664

Abstract

The Unbroken Rehabilitation Center in Lviv illustrates how architectural design can support recovery in post-conflict conditions. Drawing on concepts of healing environments, evidence-based design, and trauma-informed architecture, this study aimed to identify architectural strategies that enhance physical and psychological rehabilitation in war-affected populations. [...] Read more.

The Unbroken Rehabilitation Center in Lviv illustrates how architectural design can support recovery in post-conflict conditions. Drawing on concepts of healing environments, evidence-based design, and trauma-informed architecture, this study aimed to identify architectural strategies that enhance physical and psychological rehabilitation in war-affected populations. A mixed-method approach was applied, combining field observations, architectural analysis, and user surveys triangulated with interviews and documentation review. Results show that decentralised layouts, daylight access, barrier-free circulation, and cross-laminated timber (CLT)-based vertical expansion contribute to therapeutic effectiveness. Survey data from 45 respondents confirmed very high ratings for accessibility (9–10/10) and strong appreciation of group therapy rooms (9.0), art therapy (8.8), and music therapy (8.7). These findings highlight the value of sensory and symbolic elements, including natural materials and culturally embedded art. While the exploratory character and uneven respondent distribution limit generalisability, the triangulated methodology enhanced reliability and revealed clear user trends. The study demonstrates that architectural design can actively support resilience and rehabilitation in war-affected contexts, offering transferable insights for future post-conflict reconstruction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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28 pages, 9819 KB

Open AccessArticle

Winter Construction of 60 m Precast Railway Box Girders: An Investigation into Efficient Thermal Insulation Strategies

by Wei Yang, Tao Zhang, Zuqing Zhao, Xuebin Feng, Lei Wang, Fei Wang and Yuliang Cai

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4201; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224201 - 20 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 408

Abstract

Large-scale concrete box girders are prone to early-age cracking because of the hydration reaction. To expedite the winter construction of large-scale precast box girders while mitigating the risk of thermal cracking induced by hydration heat, this study performs in situ temperature field monitoring [...] Read more.

Large-scale concrete box girders are prone to early-age cracking because of the hydration reaction. To expedite the winter construction of large-scale precast box girders while mitigating the risk of thermal cracking induced by hydration heat, this study performs in situ temperature field monitoring and investigates the strength development of concrete under various curing conditions. The temperature field is numerically simulated using finite element analysis software ABAQUS and the secondary development of the subroutine. A parametric analysis is conducted to evaluate the influence of insulation rooms, insulation temperatures, and concrete placing temperatures. The results indicate that thermal insulation during winter construction effectively accelerates the development of concrete strength and enhances production efficiency. Compared to natural curing conditions, elevated insulation temperatures increase the temperature difference between the web core and inner surface, while reducing the early-stage temperature differences between the web core and outer surface. To minimize excessive temperature differences in large-scale box girders caused by hydration heat and thermal insulation during winter construction, it is recommended to maintain the concrete placing temperature below 19 °C and the insulation temperature within the range of 15–20 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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4 pages, 138 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue on Data Analytics Applications for Architecture and Construction

by Sittimont Kanjanabootra, Waiching Tang, Dariusz Alterman and Bernard Tuffour Atuahene

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4200; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224200 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 443

Abstract

Construction processes are lengthy, complex and involve a variety of stakeholders [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analytics Applications for Architecture and Construction)

22 pages, 5888 KB

Open AccessArticle

Damage Evaluation of RC Bridge Columns Subjected to Close-In Explosions Considering Failure Modes

by Chu Gao, Yongsheng Jia, Sujing Yuan and Xixi Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4199; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224199 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 721

Abstract

Bridge columns, as core load-bearing and force-transferring components in bridge structures, are highly susceptible to partial damage and even global failure when subjected to close-in explosions. Therefore, analyzing the damage characteristics of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns under such blast scenarios and developing [...] Read more.

Bridge columns, as core load-bearing and force-transferring components in bridge structures, are highly susceptible to partial damage and even global failure when subjected to close-in explosions. Therefore, analyzing the damage characteristics of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns under such blast scenarios and developing corresponding damage assessment methods are significant. In this study, a high-fidelity three-dimensional numerical model of an RC bridge column was developed in ANSYS/LS-DYNA and validated against field blast experimental measurements. Using the verified model, the typical failure processes and damage mechanisms of the column were systematically investigated. According to the extent of cross-sectional damage, the failure modes of the column were classified into three types: non-spalling, spalling, and breaching. Additionally, the influence of initial axial load was considered, and the regions for different failure modes were analyzed. Finally, on the basis of the analysis of failure modes and residual capacity, a material loss-based damage index P was proposed, and the relationship curves between residual capacity-based damage indices D and P under different damage modes were established. Using the control variable method, the relationship between these two indices under the influence of a single parameter was further explored, and empirical formulas were derived to express the correlations among longitudinal reinforcement ratio, damage index D, and damage index P under both non-spalling and spalling damage modes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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28 pages, 5685 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hygrothermal Performance of Exterior Wall Assemblies Under Wind-Driven Rain Across China’s Thermal Zones

by Meirong Liu, Lingjiang Huang and Juan Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4198; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224198 - 20 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1152

Abstract

Wind-driven rain (WDR) is recognized as a primary source of moisture intrusion in exterior wall assemblies. However, China’s national code for thermal design of wall assemblies predominantly relies on temperature criteria classified by thermal zones, with humidity-related impacts on building thermal performance remaining [...] Read more.

Wind-driven rain (WDR) is recognized as a primary source of moisture intrusion in exterior wall assemblies. However, China’s national code for thermal design of wall assemblies predominantly relies on temperature criteria classified by thermal zones, with humidity-related impacts on building thermal performance remaining unconsidered. Thus, the influence of WDR on the hygrothermal performance of exterior wall assemblies necessitates systematic investigation. This study aims to explore variations in moisture resistance among different wall assemblies under WDR exposure and differences in hygrothermal performance of identical assemblies across designated thermal zones. To this end, the hygrothermal behavior of five typical insulated wall assembly types was evaluated across 21 representative cities spanning four major thermal zones in China. Results indicate significant disparities in the hygrothermal performance of wall assemblies under WDR across thermal zones: dryness rates decreased by an average of 100%, 93.33%, 44%, and 30% in Severe Cold, Cold, Hot Summer and Cold Winter, and Hot Summer and Warm Winter Zones, respectively. Furthermore, although certain wall assemblies eventually dried over time, the risk of mold growth persisted. Notably, wall assemblies with external EPS insulation exhibited high sensitivity to WDR, while self-insulated and internal insulation systems were also vulnerable to WDR in the Hot Summer and Warm Winter Zone. In conclusion, annual WDR exposure and U-value are key factors in designing wall assemblies for optimal hygrothermal performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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24 pages, 12611 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Characterization of the Seismic Response of Industrial Steel Piping Systems

by Bryan Chalarca, Giammaria Gabbianelli, Emanuele Brunesi, Daniele Perrone and Mariano Ciucci

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4197; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224197 - 20 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 492

Abstract

Industrial plants are vulnerable to different natural hazards, which can cause significant damage, economic losses, and loss of functionality, generating what is called a Natural Hazard Triggering Technological Disaster (Na-Tech event). Considering the different possible hazard sources, earthquakes can subject industrial plants to [...] Read more.

Industrial plants are vulnerable to different natural hazards, which can cause significant damage, economic losses, and loss of functionality, generating what is called a Natural Hazard Triggering Technological Disaster (Na-Tech event). Considering the different possible hazard sources, earthquakes can subject industrial plants to demanding scenarios, making it important to better understand and characterize their seismic response. Among the different components of industrial plants, piping systems represent a key element as they transport liquids and gases among different equipment and reservoirs. Any induced damage to piping systems can lead to leakage and loss of containment of hazardous substances, causing floods, fires, and explosions, starting a cascade effect along the industrial plant. This study evaluates the seismic response of diverse configurations of industrial steel piping systems through experimental tests. Twelve piping specimens composed of different geometrical layouts (i.e., straight, Omega, and V loops) and joint mechanisms (i.e., welded and flanged joints) were subjected to cyclic axial loads and seismic inputs, measuring displacements, deformations, forces, and acceleration in key points. The results show that some configurations, especially those with flanged connections, can exhibit larger seismic demands in terms of local deformations and acceleration response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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21 pages, 6005 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Uniaxial Compressive Constitutive Behavior and Mesoscopic Numerical Simulation of HPC Incorporating ASR Mitigation Measures After Ten Years of Alkali Solution Immersion

by Fang Wang, Juan Guo, Weifeng Liu, Hongfa Yu, Weiquan Gao, Jun Yan and Qinghua Tao

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4196; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224196 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 480

Abstract

The salt lake and saline–alkali soil regions of high plateaus are characterized by widespread Alkali–silica reactive (ASR) aggregates, which severely threaten the durability of constructed infrastructure, including railways, highways, and buildings. The research systematically investigates the uniaxial compressive mechanical behavior and stress–strain constitutive [...] Read more.

The salt lake and saline–alkali soil regions of high plateaus are characterized by widespread Alkali–silica reactive (ASR) aggregates, which severely threaten the durability of constructed infrastructure, including railways, highways, and buildings. The research systematically investigates the uniaxial compressive mechanical behavior and stress–strain constitutive relationship of high-performance concrete (HPC) with ASR mitigation measures (performance grades C40, C45, C50, and C60) after ten years of immersion in a standard alkali solution. A corresponding three-dimensional random aggregate mesoscopic concrete model was developed, and mesomechanical numerical simulations were performed to explore the failure process, failure patterns, and underlying mesoscopic damage mechanisms of the specimens. Results show that While the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of HPC show an expected increase with the concrete strength grade following long-term alkali exposure, both properties demonstrate a clear decline as the equivalent alkali content rises. Comparing and analyzing the C50 specimens of different admixtures, it was found that the air-entraining agent provided the most effective ASR suppression and obtained the highest uniaxial compressive strength compared with the rust inhibitor. By normalizing the stress–strain curves, the long-term constitutive behavior of HPC under alkali corrosion was summarized. Furthermore, mesoscopic model visualizations indicate that cracks initially appear in the mortar and gradually propagate inward during loading, leading to compressive failure characterized by diagonal cracks. Tracking the mesoscopic damage patterns within the specimens demonstrates that microcracks originate in the mortar and progressively extend through aggregates, revealing the underlying micro-damage mechanism. By studying the SEM-EDS images, it is found that HPC with a specific mix ratio designed in this paper can effectively inhibit the ASR effect, and it still has good corrosion resistance in long-term alkali immersion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Durability of Concrete Materials and Structures)

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16 pages, 1551 KB

Open AccessArticle

Visualization Study on Construction Disturbance of Drainage Board Sleeve Pile Shoes

by Junzhi Lin, Bojun Zhang, Zelong Liang, Hongming Chen, Zonglin Yang, Yan Tang and Yan Du

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4195; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224195 - 20 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 459

Abstract

One of the key indicators of the foundation soil consolidation is the smear effect brought on by the insertion of a Prefabricated vertical drain (PVD), which also smears the extent of disturbance. Prior research primarily examined the impact of the diameter of the [...] Read more.

One of the key indicators of the foundation soil consolidation is the smear effect brought on by the insertion of a Prefabricated vertical drain (PVD), which also smears the extent of disturbance. Prior research primarily examined the impact of the diameter of the Prefabricated vertical drain sleeves, ignoring the impact of pile shoe size on smear effect. The penetration process of pile shoes of varying sizes in layered soils was simulated using transparent soil model experiments, and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technology was used to visualize and assess the soil disturbance caused by the pile shoes. Theoretical and experimental data are used to suggest and analyze the correction coefficients for the geometric characteristics of pile shoes using the Mohr–Coulomb criterion and reaming theory. The study’s findings demonstrate that transparent soil and the PIV method can successfully capture the dynamic evolution of the “inverted cone” in the smeared area, which is consistent with the theory of cylindrical pore expansion’s prediction. The horizontal disturbance range will increase as the equivalent radius of the pile shoes increases, and it is 4.5d for pile shoes with an equivalent radius of 1.5 mm and 5d for pile shoes with an equivalent radius of 2.0 mm. The discontinuity of the soil layer interface will be made worse by pile shoes with a high equivalent radius, making the phenomenon of stress concentration more noticeable. Its quantitative analysis demonstrates the reasonableness of the correction factor λ, which offers a trustworthy tool to quantify the perturbation effect of the pile shoe size. A correction factor λ is proposed so that the error between the corrected theoretical value and the test value is less than 5%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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26 pages, 1008 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Structural Slab Selection for High-Rise Construction: Applied Value Engineering for Cost-Performance Balance

by Ahmet Hicazi, Abdulaziz Alsediri, Naif Alsanabani, Khalid Al-Gahtani, Abdullah Alsharef and Abdulrahman Bin Mahmoud

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4194; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224194 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1548

Abstract

The slab system can account for a substantial portion of the structural cost; an optimized choice is essential for the financial success of a project. Despite its importance, existing research often relies on limited pairwise comparisons or single-criterion analyses (e.g., cost only), failing [...] Read more.

The slab system can account for a substantial portion of the structural cost; an optimized choice is essential for the financial success of a project. Despite its importance, existing research often relies on limited pairwise comparisons or single-criterion analyses (e.g., cost only), failing to provide a holistic framework. A significant gap exists in the application of a formal, quantitative Value Engineering (VE) approach that systematically balances function against cost. This study aims to fill this gap by developing a robust multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to determine the optimal structural slab system for high-rise buildings based on the principles of Value Engineering. Unlike previous studies limited to pairwise comparisons or single-criterion analyses, this research simultaneously evaluates eight diverse slab alternatives across eight weighted performance criteria, providing a comprehensive value-based framework for systematic slab selection. First, eight key evaluation criteria were identified and weighted using the Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method, based on input from a panel of industry experts. Subsequently, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was used to evaluate the performance of eight distinct slab alternatives, including conventional, voided, and precast systems. The TOPSIS ranking scores were then integrated with normalized cost data to calculate a Value Engineering index, enabling quantitative comparison and final ranking of alternatives. The main finding revealed that the Post-Tension Slab offers the highest value (VE score = 2.467), achieving a superior balance of high performance—particularly in speed and structural efficiency—and low normalized cost. Interestingly, the traditional Solid Slab ranked a close second (VE score = 2.418). Practically, this study provides project managers, developers, and engineers with a transparent, data-driven decision-making tool to justify slab selection beyond mere cost-cutting, ensuring an optimal balance between cost, schedule, and functional performance. The study provides project managers, developers, and engineers with a transparent, data-driven decision-making tool to justify slab selection beyond cost considerations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Recent Developments in Building Structures)

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24 pages, 2107 KB

Open AccessReview

Life Cycle Assessment of Engineered Wood Products in the Building Sector: A Review

by Ciyuan Jin, Shiyao Zhu and Haibo Feng

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4193; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224193 - 20 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2624

Abstract

Engineered wood products have become key sustainable alternatives to conventional building materials, offering strong potential for reducing climate impacts in the construction sector. This review systematically assesses recent life cycle assessment studies on engineered wood products to compare their environmental performance and support [...] Read more.

Engineered wood products have become key sustainable alternatives to conventional building materials, offering strong potential for reducing climate impacts in the construction sector. This review systematically assesses recent life cycle assessment studies on engineered wood products to compare their environmental performance and support low-carbon building practices. The peer-reviewed literature published over the past decade was analyzed for publication trends, geographic focus, and methodological approaches, including goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, and life cycle impact assessment. Comparative analyses examined climate change impact and key parameters influencing environmental outcomes. Results indicate a steady growth of research in this field, led by China, the United States, and Europe. Volume-based functional units (e.g., 1 m³) are predominant in structural wood studies, while mass-based units are more common for composites. Cradle-to-gate boundaries are most frequently used, and data are primarily drawn from Ecoinvent, Environmental Product Declarations, and regional databases such as GaBi and CLCD. Common impact assessment methods include CML-IA, ReCiPe, and TRACI, with climate change identified as the core impact category. Cross-laminated timber and glue-laminated timber consistently show lower and more stable climate change impacts, while fiberboards exhibit higher and more variable results due to adhesive content and energy-intensive manufacturing. Key factors influencing environmental outcomes include service life, wood species, and material sourcing. The review highlights the need for standardized methodologies and further exploration of emerging products, such as nail-laminated and dowel-laminated timber and laminated bamboo, to improve comparability and inform sustainable design practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next-Generation Building Materials and Technologies for a Sustainable Built Environment)

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25 pages, 743 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Behavioral Resistance to BIM Implementation Among Design Engineers in Construction Projects: An SQB-Based Empirical Study from China

by Jinchao Ma, Shufei Mao, Wenxin Lin and Xiaoliu Zhu

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4192; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224192 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 831

Abstract

The application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in construction projects can significantly improve project efficiency, accuracy, and collaboration among stakeholders. However, construction professionals, particularly design engineers, exhibit behavioral resistance to BIM implementation, which has hindered the achievement of expected benefits. To explore the [...] Read more.

The application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in construction projects can significantly improve project efficiency, accuracy, and collaboration among stakeholders. However, construction professionals, particularly design engineers, exhibit behavioral resistance to BIM implementation, which has hindered the achievement of expected benefits. To explore the behavioral resistance to BIM implementation, this study integrates the status quo Bias (SQB) theory and the innovation diffusion theory and proposes a factor model for predicting the behavioral resistance of architectural engineering design engineers to BIM implementation. The model was empirically tested through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) on survey data collected from design engineers in BIM-based construction projects in China. The results indicate the following: (1) resistance to change (β = 0.383), BIM compatibility, and BIM user satisfaction play prominent but independent roles in predicting behavioral resistance to BIM implementation, and (2) resistance to change is motivated by inertia (β = 0.473), self-efficacy, and perceived distributive equity. The proposed framework provides a more nuanced account of resistance to BIM implementation. Specifically, deep-seated cognitive biases and innovation-specific perceptions independently and jointly shape behavioral resistance, a distinction often overlooked in prior research. Practically, this research provides recommendations for effectively addressing resistance behaviors within construction project settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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36 pages, 10303 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Evacuation for Disabled Pedestrians with Heterogeneous Speeds: A Floor Field Cellular Automaton and Reinforcement Learning Approach

by Yimiao Lyu and Hongchun Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4191; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224191 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 850

Abstract

Safe and efficient building evacuation for heterogeneous populations, particularly individuals with disabilities, remains a critical challenge in emergency management. This study proposes a hybrid evacuation framework that integrates Floor Field Cellular Automaton (FFCA) with reinforcement learning, specifically a Deep Q-Network (DQN), to enhance [...] Read more.

Safe and efficient building evacuation for heterogeneous populations, particularly individuals with disabilities, remains a critical challenge in emergency management. This study proposes a hybrid evacuation framework that integrates Floor Field Cellular Automaton (FFCA) with reinforcement learning, specifically a Deep Q-Network (DQN), to enhance adaptive decision-making in dynamic and complex environments. The model incorporates velocity heterogeneity, friction-based conflict resolution, and real-time path planning to capture diverse mobility capabilities and interactions among evacuees. Simulation experiments were conducted under varying population densities, walking speeds, and exit configurations, considering four types of occupant groups: able-bodied individuals, wheelchair users, and people with visual or hearing impairments. The results demonstrate that the DQN-enhanced model consistently outperforms the conventional SFF + DFF approach, achieving significant reductions in evacuation time, particularly under high-density and reduced-speed scenarios. Notably, the DQN dynamically adapts evacuation paths to mitigate congestion, thereby improving both system efficiency and the safety of vulnerable groups. These findings highlight the potential of combining CA-based environmental modeling with reinforcement learning to develop adaptive and inclusive evacuation strategies. The proposed framework provides practical insights for designing evacuation protocols and intelligent navigation systems in public buildings. Future work will extend the proposed FFCA + DQN framework to more complex and realistic environments, including multi-exit and multi-level buildings, and further integrate multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) architectures to enable decentralized adaptation among heterogeneous evacuees. Furthermore, lightweight DQN variants and distributed training schemes will be explored to enhance computational scalability, while empirical data from evacuation drills and real-world case studies will be used for model calibration and validation, thereby improving predictive accuracy and generalizability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability in Buildings: New Trends in the Management of Construction and Demolition Waste, 2nd Volume)

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18 pages, 5697 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of Basic Load-Bearing Units in Independent Scaffolding Systems

by Xingyu Song, Ingwe Lusekelo Henry, Yan Liu, Jun Hao, Xiaolun Hu and Lingkun Chen

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4190; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224190 - 19 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 647

Abstract

Scaffolds, as temporary structural support systems in civil engineering, play an essential role during construction. Independent steel scaffold systems, typically composed of assembled steel tubes, can be erected and function as standalone supports without mutual interference. This feature offers notable advantages over conventional [...] Read more.

Scaffolds, as temporary structural support systems in civil engineering, play an essential role during construction. Independent steel scaffold systems, typically composed of assembled steel tubes, can be erected and function as standalone supports without mutual interference. This feature offers notable advantages over conventional scaffolding, including easier dismantling and higher reusability efficiency. However, the absence of specific design and construction codes for this type of scaffolding has hindered its broader application, underscoring the need for further research into its structural reliability. This study investigates the stability of basic load-bearing units in independent scaffolding through vertical loading tests on three specimens with varying heights and end conditions. The failure modes of the specimens are systematically compared, and the load-transfer mechanism and mechanical behavior of the scaffold units are analyzed. Experimental results, validated against ABAQUS finite element simulations, reveal that the critical region under axial compression lies at the junction between the inner and outer tubes. As specimen height increases, a plastic hinge develops in this region under load. In shorter specimens, the inner and outer tubes interact in a nearly fixed-end condition, without failure of the connecting pins. All three specimens failed by instability, and reducing the specimen height significantly enhanced the load-bearing capacity. When the top of the specimen is pin-supported, the material’s compressive strength is not fully utilized. To improve the axial stability of independent scaffolding, several structural improvements are proposed: replacing the pinned top with a plate-supported end to enhance compressive stability; integrating transverse bracing at the ends to connect individual units into an integrated system, thereby improving overall stability without compromising spatial flexibility; and applying mechanical reinforcement with external collars at the inner–outer tube interface to increase local bending stiffness and reduce initial imperfection, thus strengthening the global buckling resistance of the independent scaffolding system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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16 pages, 3631 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Flexural Performance of Grooved-Connected Truss-Reinforced Concrete Composite Slabs

by Ting Liu, Qingjun Guo, Ruixuan Wang, Jin Lu and Guanqi Lan

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4189; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224189 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 692

Abstract

To address the conflicts between traditional composite slab reinforcement layouts and supports—which adversely affect construction quality and efficiency—and to fill the theoretical gap regarding end connections without projecting bars in terms of interface shear transfer, staged flexural behavior, and anchorage reliability, a grooved [...] Read more.

To address the conflicts between traditional composite slab reinforcement layouts and supports—which adversely affect construction quality and efficiency—and to fill the theoretical gap regarding end connections without projecting bars in terms of interface shear transfer, staged flexural behavior, and anchorage reliability, a grooved end-connection configuration for composite slabs is proposed. In this configuration, the longitudinal bars of the precast slab do not extend beyond the slab end. The precast slab end is formed with a recessed–protruding profile; the longitudinal bars are exposed within the groove, where additional reinforcement is pre-embedded (with a diameter not less than the area-equivalent of the longitudinal bars that would otherwise extend into the support). After erection, the additional bars are extended using straight-thread sleeves; short longitudinal bars within the groove are tied to the bottom longitudinal bars. Both the extended additional bars and the short longitudinal bars are anchored into the support by at least 5d and pass the support centerline. To evaluate the global flexural behavior of slabs with grooved end-connections, a two-span, full-scale specimen was tested under static loading. Failure characteristics, crack initiation and propagation, ultimate capacity, deflection, and ductility were investigated. The results indicate that, in the full-scale two-span test, the service load was 11.35 kN/m² (approximately 13.5% higher than the design value of 10.0 kN/m²); the midspan deflection was about L/110 (smaller than the L/50 limit); the first cracking and the pronounced nonlinearity inflection point occurred at approximately 4.25 kN/m² and ≥9.35 kN/m², respectively; and the maximum crack width was 1.66 mm. The test was terminated prior to reaching the durability and deformation limits, after which the load was increased to 22.20 kN/m². The specimen exhibited a ductile flexural failure governed by tensile reinforcement yielding; the top concrete did not crush, no shear failure was observed at the ends, and no delamination occurred at the composite interface, demonstrating favorable global flexural performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Durability, Resilience and Stability of Building Structures)

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26 pages, 5511 KB

Open AccessArticle

Benchmarking Conventional Machine Learning Models for Dynamic Soil Property Prediction

by Abdalla Almarzooqi, Mohamed G. Arab, Maher Omar and Emran Alotaibi

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4188; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224188 - 19 Nov 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 696

Abstract

Reliable estimates of soil stiffness and energy dissipation are essential for dynamic-response design. This study benchmarks machine learning models for predicting shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (D) using 2738 resonant-column measurements. After data quality control and F-test feature screening, five model families—decision [...] Read more.

Reliable estimates of soil stiffness and energy dissipation are essential for dynamic-response design. This study benchmarks machine learning models for predicting shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (D) using 2738 resonant-column measurements. After data quality control and F-test feature screening, five model families—decision trees and ensembles, support-vector machines, Gaussian-process regression, neural networks, and linear baselines—were trained under uniform 10-fold cross-validation and evaluated with R², RMSE, MAE, and MSE, while recording training time to reflect practical constraints. Results show that model choice materially affects performance. For G, a bagged ensemble of trees delivered the best accuracy (R² = 0.9827) with short training times; single trees provided transparent, fast screening models. For D, tree-based ensembles again performed strongly (R² up to 0.8565), while a rational-quadratic Gaussian-process model offered competitive accuracy (R² ≈ 0.81) together with prediction intervals that support risk-aware design. Feature influence aligned with soil mechanics: G was most sensitive to effective confining pressure (σ′0), initial void ratio (e0), and density (ρ); D was governed mainly by overconsolidation ratio (OCR), depth (z), σ′0, and plasticity, with notable interactions among stress, strain amplitude (γ), and moisture state. The findings provide practice-oriented guidance: use bagged trees for routine predictions of G and D, and add Gaussian-process regression when uncertainty quantification is required. The approach complements laboratory testing and supports safer, more economical dynamic-response design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Intelligent Geotechnical Engineering)

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33 pages, 8186 KB

Open AccessArticle

Calculation of Surrounding Rock Pressure Design Value and the Stability of Support Structure for High-Stress Soft Rock Tunnel

by Mingyi Wang, Yongqiang Zhou, Yongliang Cheng, Xiaodong Fu, Chen Xu and Jiaming Wu

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4187; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224187 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 837

Abstract

With the comprehensive implementation of the “Belt and Road” initiative and the Western Development Strategy, the scale of tunnel construction has been continuously expanding, with many tunnels being built in high ground stress and fractured soft rock strata. The design, construction, and operation [...] Read more.

With the comprehensive implementation of the “Belt and Road” initiative and the Western Development Strategy, the scale of tunnel construction has been continuously expanding, with many tunnels being built in high ground stress and fractured soft rock strata. The design, construction, and operation of tunnels all rely on the surrounding rock pressure as a fundamental basis. Therefore, determining the surrounding rock pressure is essential for ensuring the safe construction of tunnels. However, due to the complexity of geological conditions, differences in construction methods, variations in support parameters, and time–space effects, it is challenging to accurately determine the surrounding rock pressure. This paper proposes a design approach using the surrounding rock pressure design value as the “support force” for the tunnel, starting with the reserved deformation of soft rock tunnels. Based on the calculation principle of the surrounding rock pressure design value, a relationship curve between the support force and the maximum deformation of surrounding rock in high ground stress soft rock tunnels is developed. By combining the surrounding rock deformation grade with the tunnel’s reserved deformation index, a calculation method for the surrounding rock pressure design value for high ground stress soft rock tunnels is proposed. The method is verified by the measured surrounding rock pressure data from the Mao County Tunnel of the Chengdu–Lanzhou Railway. Furthermore, the study integrates the creep characteristics and strain softening properties of soft rock to implement a secondary development of the viscoelastic–plastic strain softening mechanical model. Based on a custom-developed creep model and the calculation method for the surrounding rock pressure design value, the relationship among time, support force, and surrounding rock deformation is comprehensively considered. A calculation method for the surrounding rock pressure design value, accounting for time effects, is proposed. Based on this method, a time-history curve of the surrounding rock pressure design value is obtained and used as the input load. The safety factor time evolution of the rock-anchor bearing arch, spray layer, and secondary lining is derived using the load-structure method, and the overall safety factor time evolution of the tunnel support structure is evaluated. The overall stability of the support structure is assessed, and numerical simulations are compared with field measurements based on the mechanical behavior evolution law of the secondary lining of the Chengdu–Lanzhou Railway Mao County Tunnel. The results indicate that the monitoring data of the internal forces of the field support structure is in good agreement with the numerical calculation results, validating the rationality of the proposed calculation method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Problems in the Design and Construction of Underground Buildings—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1720 KB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Simulation on the Influence of Coated Rubber Chips on Concrete Properties

by Yisihak Gebre Tarekegn, Tom Lahmer, Abrham Gebre Tarekegn and Esayas Gebreyouhannes Ftwi

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4186; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224186 - 19 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 454

Abstract

Rubber chips, when used as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete, tend to increase ductility, absorb energy, and can be beneficial due to their ability to reduce impact forces and dampen vibrations. However, they lead to a substantial decrease in compressive [...] Read more.

Rubber chips, when used as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete, tend to increase ductility, absorb energy, and can be beneficial due to their ability to reduce impact forces and dampen vibrations. However, they lead to a substantial decrease in compressive strength compared to ordinary concrete. Due to the weak bond between rubber particles and the concrete matrix, sand-coating surface treatment was applied to enhance the interfacial properties of the rubber surface. In this research, a detailed numerical analysis was conducted in order to predict the mechanical and dynamic behavior of concrete by incorporating partially replaced coarse aggregates with uncoated and sand-coated rubber chips. The study also seeks to examine the effects of rubber inclusion on key parameters such as damping ratio and compressive strength, thereby providing insights into the effectiveness of using recycled rubber as a sustainable alternative material in concrete production. The compressive strength and damping ratio of concrete were examined through a three-dimensional numerical simulation using ABAQUS/CAE 6.14-1. The results demonstrated that the optimal compressive strength was achieved with a 15% sand-coated rubber replacement, resulting in a 15.67% increment. Furthermore, the maximum improvements in damping ratios were observed to be 48.42% for uncoated rubber chips and 25% for coated ones, when compared to conventional concrete. These enhancements highlight the potential of both coated and uncoated rubber inclusions, due to rubber’s high elasticity. Moreover, at optimized levels, improved concrete properties can be achieved while promoting sustainability through material reuse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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27 pages, 2752 KB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing Machine Learning for Multiclass Seismic Risk Assessment in Reinforced Concrete Structures

by Ali Erhan Yilmaz, Omer Faruk Cinar, Alper Aldemir, Burcu Güldür Erkal and Onur Coskun

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4185; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224185 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 841

Abstract

The objective of this study is to develop an artificial intelligence algorithm that can predict both the risk level and damage level of reinforced concrete structures through classification and proportioning. This algorithm identifies buildings that require preventive measures before an earthquake and buildings [...] Read more.

The objective of this study is to develop an artificial intelligence algorithm that can predict both the risk level and damage level of reinforced concrete structures through classification and proportioning. This algorithm identifies buildings that require preventive measures before an earthquake and buildings that require immediate repair or demolition after an earthquake. A key aspect of the approach is calculating each building’s risk level as the ratio of its risky story to the total number of stories. That calculation provides a normalized figure, enabling comparison between buildings of varying sizes and complexities in an equitable way. The dataset of this study includes 100 buildings affected by previous earthquakes in Türkiye and 782 buildings with detailed seismic analysis. Thirteen different building parameters, structural, seismic, and geometric, have been considered within the scope of this study. Rapid visual screening (RVS) methods were applied for structural integrity analysis, and machine learning models were used for improvement in accuracy and efficiency. In the comparison of the model sets, the approach achieved the highest accuracy of 77% with an ensemble of four models. The results demonstrate the value of blending AI with traditional methodologies for risk analysis. It shows a viable and scalable mechanism for prioritization of retrofit and inspections and helps engineers and policymakers enhance disaster preparedness. By identifying structures at high risk, this work contributes towards overall aims for earthquake resilience in buildings. This study introduces a Pearson-correlation-based feature analysis and a Random Oversampling strategy to enhance model balance. The ensemble model achieved 83% external accuracy and outperformed the traditional RVS method (68%), reducing computation time from minutes to seconds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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20 pages, 2004 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Causes of Unsafe Behaviors Among Special Operations Personnel in Building Construction Based on DEMATEL-ISM-BN

by Lianhua Cheng, Yuxin Miao, Huimin Guo, Huina Ren and Wenyu Zhu

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4184; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224184 - 19 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 667

Abstract

To investigate the causal factors and pathways leading to unsafe behaviors among special operation construction workers, this study employed Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) theory and case study analysis to identify causal factors across the ability, motivation, and opportunity dimensions. These factors were subsequently analyzed using [...] Read more.

To investigate the causal factors and pathways leading to unsafe behaviors among special operation construction workers, this study employed Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) theory and case study analysis to identify causal factors across the ability, motivation, and opportunity dimensions. These factors were subsequently analyzed using an integrated approach combining the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory method, Interpretive Structural Modeling, and Bayesian Network (DEMATEL-ISM-BN). This analysis revealed the causal interrelationships, hierarchical structure, and primary causal chain for unsafe behaviors. DEMATEL results identified risk-taking propensity, weak responsibility awareness, inadequate supervision mechanisms, insufficient safety training, safety culture deficiency, uncertified operation, and safety knowledge deficiency as key causal factors. ISM results positioned safety culture deficiency, inadequate supervision mechanisms, and insufficient safety investment at the deepest level (Level 5), indicating their status as fundamental underlying causes. BN analysis determined the primary causal chain to be: Safety culture deficiency → Insufficient safety training → Safety knowledge deficiency → Uncertified operation → Risk-taking propensity. This study can provide theoretical support for the management of unsafe behaviors among special operation personnel in building construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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18 pages, 1399 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Active Learning Method Combining Adaptive Support Vector Regression and Monte Carlo Simulation for Structural Reliability Assessment

by Guofeng Xue, Maijia Su and Junhui Li

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4183; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224183 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 682

Abstract

Structural reliability analysis remains challenging when only a limited number of calls to expensive numerical models, such as finite-element solvers, are acceptable. In recent years, active learning (AL) metamodel methods have attracted considerable attention as they offer an efficient and accurate solution for [...] Read more.

Structural reliability analysis remains challenging when only a limited number of calls to expensive numerical models, such as finite-element solvers, are acceptable. In recent years, active learning (AL) metamodel methods have attracted considerable attention as they offer an efficient and accurate solution for reliability assessment. A common feature of these methods is that they initially construct a low-accuracy metamodel, which is then iteratively updated by sequentially enriching the training dataset according to specific learning functions. This paper proposes a novel active learning reliability method (ALRM) that combines the advantages of support vector regression (SVR) and Monte Carlo simulation (ASVR-MCS). A learning function based on the penalty function method is developed to identify optimal sampling points. To validate the efficacy and versatility of ASVR-MCS, it is applied to four representative structural reliability problems, which are characterized by multiple design points, disjoint failure regions, and implicit performance functions. The performance of ASVR-MCS is systematically compared with that of two other well-established ALRMs, i.e., AK-MCS (based on Kriging) and ASVM-MCS (based on Support Vector Machine). The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed ASVR-MCS method not only achieves high computational efficiency but also exhibits wider applicability in structural reliability analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Geopolymers and Low-Carbon Cementitious Materials for High-Performance Concrete)

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44 pages, 3130 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developing Design Recommendations for Meditation Centres Through a Mixed-Method Study

by Pearl Doshi and Francesco Aletta

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4182; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224182 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 2361

Abstract

Meditation is a practice used to cultivate focused attention, emotional stability, and self-awareness. Evidence of its psychological, physiological, and social benefits warrants greater accessibility and further research. This study evaluates meditation centre design by identifying recurring design practices, highlighting the importance of indoor [...] Read more.

Meditation is a practice used to cultivate focused attention, emotional stability, and self-awareness. Evidence of its psychological, physiological, and social benefits warrants greater accessibility and further research. This study evaluates meditation centre design by identifying recurring design practices, highlighting the importance of indoor environmental qualities (IEQs), and developing design recommendations for future use. A mixed-method, exploratory sequential design using a scoping case study review, expert interviews, and user surveys provides a holistic understanding of design practices, rationale behind decision-making, and user feedback. Quantitative and qualitative patterns were found across case studies, thematic analysis was conducted on interview transcripts, and user surveys were statistically analysed. The research concludes that effective meditation centre design integrates spatial, contextual, and community-driven practices while prioritising key IEQs to minimise sensory distractions and promote introspection. A hierarchy of IEQ importance was identified—(1) acoustic environment, (2) indoor air quality and thermal environment, (3) biophilic elements, and (4) lighting environment—alongside the influence of materials and colour. These findings were consolidated into comprehensive design recommendations addressing contextual, spatial, sensory, experiential, inclusive, and sustainable strategies. This study provides foundational recommendations and highlights future research opportunities, including direct engagement with meditation centres, longitudinal investigations, and psychophysiological studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Buildings in the Built Environment)

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22 pages, 1774 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Factors Contributing to the Stakeholder Conflict in Urban Renewal Projects: A Case Study of China

by Beibei Zhang, Xuehong Shen, Sainan Lyu, Yan Liu, Peng Cui and Guifen Ding

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4181; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224181 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1275

Abstract

With urbanization slowing, the world has entered a new phase focused on stock-based development, where urban renewal plays a key role in advancing sustainable urbanization. These projects involve multiple stakeholders—governments, enterprises, and residents—whose conflicting interests often hinder progress and affect policy outcomes, equity, [...] Read more.

With urbanization slowing, the world has entered a new phase focused on stock-based development, where urban renewal plays a key role in advancing sustainable urbanization. These projects involve multiple stakeholders—governments, enterprises, and residents—whose conflicting interests often hinder progress and affect policy outcomes, equity, and long-term sustainability. This study is conducted to address existing gaps in understanding the dynamic mechanisms and multi-dimensional relationships underlying stakeholder conflicts in urban renewal projects (URPs). A total of 28 key influencing factors are identified and categorized. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is then applied to reduce data dimensionality, resulting in five core dimensions: economic, legal, implementation, managerial, and social factors. Building on these findings, a system dynamics (SD)-based model is developed to simulate the interactions and evolutionary pathways of these factors within urban renewal projects. Results show that all five factors contribute to conflict to varying degrees, with economic factors being the primary driver. Drawing on empirical data from Chinese URPs, this study provides both theoretical insights and practical implications for policy formulation and governance strategies aimed at promoting more harmonious and sustainable urban renewal processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Transformation in Construction: Advancing Leadership, Safety, Human–Machine Collaboration, and Sustainable Innovation)

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21 pages, 4348 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Experimental Investigation on Time-Dependent Crack Extension in Concrete Under Sustained Loads

by Zheng Yao, Jiacheng Dong, Linmei Wu, Zetong Li, Ziheng Chang, Zhuohui Yu and Binze Jiang

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4180; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224180 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 632

Abstract

For concrete structures dominated by fracture failure, e.g., containment and gravity dams, sustained load deformations primarily arise from crack extension and concrete viscoelasticity. As cracks progressively grow under sustained loads, accurate prediction of the time-dependent fracture process in concrete accounting for crack-viscoelasticity interactions [...] Read more.

For concrete structures dominated by fracture failure, e.g., containment and gravity dams, sustained load deformations primarily arise from crack extension and concrete viscoelasticity. As cracks progressively grow under sustained loads, accurate prediction of the time-dependent fracture process in concrete accounting for crack-viscoelasticity interactions are crucial for the stability and safe design of concrete structures. This paper presents an initial fracture toughness (

K_{IC}^{i n i}

)-based numerical model to predict the time-dependent crack extension in concrete under sustained loads. The model integrates a time-dependent tension-softening constitutive relation, the generalized Kelvin chain model for viscoelastic behavior and

K_{IC}^{i n i}

-based criterion for crack extension. The accuracy of the model was verified with two sets of experimental data available in the literature. The results indicated that the tension-softening constitutive law that quantifies the relation cohesive stress (s_w), loading time (t), and COD can be successfully implemented in the numerical model. The predicted CMOD versus time and crack length versus time curves show good agreements with the test results regardless of loading level, specimen configuration and material property, demonstrating the predictive capability of the model in describing the crack extension in concrete exposed to sustained loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Concrete Materials and Related Building Materials)

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19 pages, 15579 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Deterioration of Concrete Based on the Experiments Under the Combined Effects of Freeze-Thaw Cycles, Carbonation Erosion and Sulfate Corrosion

by Qianting Yang, Zhiqiang Wang, Xin Chen and Jiaxu Li

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4179; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224179 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1060

Abstract

With the progress of human civilization and technology, the focus on civil engineering materials has shifted toward modern concrete materials. These materials are characterized by the incorporation of various admixtures and fibers. Therefore, it is essential to study their durability under diverse environmental [...] Read more.

With the progress of human civilization and technology, the focus on civil engineering materials has shifted toward modern concrete materials. These materials are characterized by the incorporation of various admixtures and fibers. Therefore, it is essential to study their durability under diverse environmental conditions. Firstly, an experimental method is designed to investigate the combined effects of freeze–thaw cycles, carbonation erosion, and sulfate corrosion on concrete durability. Then, models for concrete deterioration are constructed based on the water–binder ratio, fly ash content, polypropylene fiber content, sulfate solution concentration, and compressive strength of concrete, which can reveal the interplays of freeze–thaw cycles, carbonation, and sulfate conditions. Meanwhile, an index-oriented adaptive differential evolution (IOADE) algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal parameters for the deterioration models. Finally, data experiments demonstrate the reasonableness and efficacy of the proposed models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material Innovation and Technology Enhancement: Synergistic Pathways for Building Decarbonization)

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24 pages, 6444 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Deformation Characteristics and Patterns of Adjacent Existing Metro Structures Caused by Foundation Pit Excavation Under Different Support Forms

by Zhitong Mao, Tian Ding, Fengchao Hu, Shuaihua Ye, Linzhao Ding, Rong Shu, Xiaoning Zhang and Minghua Song

Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4178; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224178 - 19 Nov 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 643

Abstract

With the continuous development of cities, underground space has become increasingly crowded, making the efficient and safe utilization of underground space an urgent issue to address. At present, research on foundation pit construction adjacent to existing subway structures mainly focuses on the impact [...] Read more.

With the continuous development of cities, underground space has become increasingly crowded, making the efficient and safe utilization of underground space an urgent issue to address. At present, research on foundation pit construction adjacent to existing subway structures mainly focuses on the impact of pit excavation on tunnels. While these studies have established a basic understanding of how pit excavation affects tunnels, research on adjacent subway stations and tunnels is nearly nonexistent—especially regarding the impact of the coupling effect between stations and tunnels during the excavation process. Additionally, most studies are conducted in soft soil areas, with no research yet on the impact in loess areas. To study the impact of foundation pit construction on subway tunnels and stations and reveal their coupling mechanism, model tests and numerical simulations were conducted based on actual engineering conditions. The model box had dimensions of 1.5 m in length, 1 m in width, and 1.2 m in height, while numerical simulations adopted the same dimensions as the actual project. Two different support structures—pile-anchor support and double-row pile support—were used for separate research and comparative analysis. The results show that with the increase in excavation depth, the foundation pit unloading effect becomes increasingly obvious. The pressure borne by both support structures increases, and the disturbance to the subway structure also becomes more significant. The maximum disturbance of tunnel earth pressure under the double-row pile support is 7.92 kPa, which is 224% higher than that under the pile-anchor support. The impacts on the subway tunnel and station under the double-row pile support are significantly greater than those under the pile-anchor support. Additionally, affected by the station, the locations of maximum tunnel deformation are not at the positions corresponding to the center of the foundation pit, but offset 10 m away from the station. Both the station and the tunnel exhibit a certain degree of uplift deformation, and the tunnel has significant convergence deformation in the horizontal direction. The maximum disturbance of the bending moment under the double-row pile support is 101.87 N·m, which is 19.8% higher than that under the pile-anchor support. This study reveals the coupling mechanism of the impact of adjacent foundation pit excavation on subway structures (including subway stations and tunnels) and presents the corresponding causes and phenomena, and it is of great significance for the development of related projects in loess areas and the protection of subway structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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