Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Problems in the Design and Construction of Underground Buildings—2nd Edition

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 October 2026 | Viewed by 8514

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi'an 710061, China
Interests: (1) Propagation law of stress waves in jointed rock masses; (2) Mechanical properties and damage characteristics of discontinuous rock masses; (3) Dynamic response of discontinuous rock mass; (4) Disaster prevention and mitigation of engineering rock mass; (5) Stability analysis of geotechnical mass engineering, etc. (6) Comprehensive management of poor foundations; (7) Evaluation and treatment of foundation stability for regional geological power grid projects.
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Guest Editor
Institution of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
Interests: static and dynamic constitutive model of rock materials; mechanical properties of rock materials; stability of slope and landslide; dynamic response and mechanical mechanism analysis of underground rock engineering; numerical calculation and finite element programming
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Guest Editor
National Inland Waterway Regulation Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
Interests: rock damage mechanics; surrounding rock stability control; dynamic response of underground structure; soil interacts with structure
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Guest Editor
School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
Interests: (1) The influence of microstructure on the long-term settlement of subgrade; (2) Early warning model for instability of loess slopes induced by rainfall; (3) Evolution law of foundation bearing capacity under freeze-thaw cycles; (4) Prediction method for pressure of loess surrounding rock in underground utility tunnels.
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This research topic is Volume Ⅱ of a series.  The previous volumes can be found here:

Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Problems in the Design and Construction of Underground Buildings

https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings/special_issues/OO8DGP0W81

The fact that underground engineering is located or partially located below the surface determines that the geotechnical problems of underground engineering can involve the whole life cycle of underground engineering, including site selection, planning, investigation, design, construction, use, maintenance, transformation, reinforcement, demolition, and restoration. At present, the construction schemes of underground engineering are classified into the open excavation method, shallow buried excavation method, cover excavation method, drilling and blasting method, roadheader method, shield method, pipe jacking method, buried pipe section method, caisson method, trenchless technology scheme, and so on. For underground engineering, geomechanics and geotechnical problems have the whole process, extensive and particularity.

The first edition of the Special Issue "Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Problems in the Design and Construction of Underground Buildings" received more than 30 submissions, and 18 professional manuscripts were been published, with contributions from all over the world. The topics of the first edition cover deep foundation excavation and the supports, mechanical properties, and engineering applications of pile foundation, rock and soil dynamic properties, close underground engineering, special foundation mechanical characteristics and constitutive models, damage mechanical properties of rock and soil mass in complex environments, mechanical problems in composite foundation, and special construction methods of underground structures. To some extent, these papers reflect the direction of development in the field. At the end of the first edition of this Special Issue, many suggestions were received from fellow scholars hoping to continue the theme. Therefore, in consultation with the editorial department, a second edition has been initiated.

The second edition of this Special Issue, titled "Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Problems in the Design and Construction of Underground Buildings—2nd Edition", will accept manuscripts covering a wide range of topics, from basic research to more applied exploration and comprehensive case studies.  Topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  1. Interaction between soil and structures;
  2. Safety and stability of underground structures;
  3. Earthquake resistance of underground structures;
  4. Mechanical properties and constitutive models of engineering rock, soil, or concrete materials;
  5. Geotechnical engineering problems in underground engineering construction;
  6. Geotechnical properties and engineering applications under regional or special environment;
  7. Stress wave propagation and attenuation law in rock and soil mass;
  8. Theory and technology of rock breaking by explosion and dynamic load;
  9. Response and disaster mechanisms of underground engineering under engineering disturbance;
  10. Engineering geological problems in complex environments;
  11. Treatment and reinforcement of special soil;
  12. Digital twin technology in underground engineering;
  13. Other topics.

Prof. Dr. Shaobo Chai
Dr. Yongqiang Zhou
Dr. Erdi Abi
Dr. Longlong Lv
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • underground building engineering
  • rock and soil mechanics
  • geotechnical engineering
  • seismic resistance of underground structure
  • mechanical property
  • regional geological environment
  • seismic response

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 1840 KB  
Article
Research on Factors Affecting the Anchoring Performance of Self-Drilling Anchor Bolts in Sandy Gravel Strata
by Fengjun Liu, Kui Li, Mingchong Zhao, Xiaojuan Gao, Chaosheng Wang, Xianglin Chen and Yugang Zhang
Buildings 2026, 16(5), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16051058 - 7 Mar 2026
Viewed by 275
Abstract
To study the anchoring performance of a self-drilling anchor in sandy gravel strata, the influence of different anchoring lengths on the ultimate pull-out resistance of the self-drilling anchor was carried out through field tests, and the load-displacement curve was obtained. Based on this, [...] Read more.
To study the anchoring performance of a self-drilling anchor in sandy gravel strata, the influence of different anchoring lengths on the ultimate pull-out resistance of the self-drilling anchor was carried out through field tests, and the load-displacement curve was obtained. Based on this, combined with the indoor grouting test, an indoor orthogonal test scheme in line with the construction technology of the self-drilling anchor was designed, and the effects of different fine particle proportions, grouting pressures, and water-cement ratios on the pull-out peak, ultimate displacement, anchor diameter, and equivalent bond strength were analyzed. The results indicate a critical value of the self-drilling anchor in the sandy gravel strata. In the field test and indoor test, the failure mode of the bolt is the failure of the interface between the anchor body and the soil, and the trend of the load-displacement curve of the bolt is the same. Through an orthogonal test, it was found that the proportion of fine particles has the greatest influence on the anchorage performance of the self-drilling bolt. With the increase in the proportion of fine particles, the peak value of pull-out decreases, indicating that the self-drilling bolt exhibits better anchorage performance in soft soil layers, such as sandy gravel strata. Full article
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18 pages, 2800 KB  
Article
A Nonlinear SW Model for Laterally Loaded Piles in the Proximity of Sandy Slopes with Consideration of Slope Surface Deformation
by Wei Wang and Lingzhi Zhang
Buildings 2026, 16(4), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16040772 - 13 Feb 2026
Viewed by 297
Abstract
This paper develops a nonlinear strain wedge (SW) model for analyzing laterally loaded piles installed in the proximity of sandy slopes, with consideration of slope surface deformation. This model is first developed for piles at the slope crest, characterizing the slope surface deformation [...] Read more.
This paper develops a nonlinear strain wedge (SW) model for analyzing laterally loaded piles installed in the proximity of sandy slopes, with consideration of slope surface deformation. This model is first developed for piles at the slope crest, characterizing the slope surface deformation to calculate soil strain and incorporating the reduction in effective vertical stress. Furthermore, this model provides a smooth transition between piles located at varying distances from the slope and those at the crest, accounting for varying near-slope distances. Thus, a comprehensive model is established that considers the influence of slope effects on pile–soil interactions. Predictions from the proposed model show good agreement with a series of centrifuge tests and three model tests. Finally, the effects of applied load, slope angle, near-slope distance, Poisson’s ratio, and friction angle on the pile response, slope surface deformation, and soil deformation are discussed. Full article
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29 pages, 15952 KB  
Article
Discrete Element Simulation Study of Soil–Rock Mixture Under High-Frequency Vibration Loading
by Kai Cheng, Yu Cai, Yun Hu, Junlin Hu, Shirong Yan, Rong Shu, Xinzhaung Cui and Xiaoning Zhang
Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4426; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244426 - 8 Dec 2025
Viewed by 623
Abstract
Research on the dynamic characteristics of roadbeds has primarily focused on traffic loads and foundation treatment responses during the operation and maintenance phase. However, there remains a lack of in-depth exploration into vibration compaction during the construction phase, particularly the differences in stress [...] Read more.
Research on the dynamic characteristics of roadbeds has primarily focused on traffic loads and foundation treatment responses during the operation and maintenance phase. However, there remains a lack of in-depth exploration into vibration compaction during the construction phase, particularly the differences in stress paths under roller dynamic loading. Laboratory dynamic triaxial tests are limited by low-frequency loading, making it difficult to simulate real-world roadbed compaction conditions. Therefore, this study employs discrete element numerical simulation technology to construct a numerical model for subgrade compaction under roller dynamic loading. It aims to reveal the macro- and micro-scale evolution patterns of soil under compaction conditions, thoroughly analyze the influence of factors such as roller frequency and vibratory force on subgrades with varying rock content in soil–stone mixed fill, and provide a theoretical foundation for intelligent compaction (IC) of soil–stone mixed subgrades in subsequent research. Full article
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33 pages, 8186 KB  
Article
Calculation of Surrounding Rock Pressure Design Value and the Stability of Support Structure for High-Stress Soft Rock Tunnel
by Mingyi Wang, Yongqiang Zhou, Yongliang Cheng, Xiaodong Fu, Chen Xu and Jiaming Wu
Buildings 2025, 15(22), 4187; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224187 - 19 Nov 2025
Viewed by 769
Abstract
With the comprehensive implementation of the “Belt and Road” initiative and the Western Development Strategy, the scale of tunnel construction has been continuously expanding, with many tunnels being built in high ground stress and fractured soft rock strata. The design, construction, and operation [...] Read more.
With the comprehensive implementation of the “Belt and Road” initiative and the Western Development Strategy, the scale of tunnel construction has been continuously expanding, with many tunnels being built in high ground stress and fractured soft rock strata. The design, construction, and operation of tunnels all rely on the surrounding rock pressure as a fundamental basis. Therefore, determining the surrounding rock pressure is essential for ensuring the safe construction of tunnels. However, due to the complexity of geological conditions, differences in construction methods, variations in support parameters, and time–space effects, it is challenging to accurately determine the surrounding rock pressure. This paper proposes a design approach using the surrounding rock pressure design value as the “support force” for the tunnel, starting with the reserved deformation of soft rock tunnels. Based on the calculation principle of the surrounding rock pressure design value, a relationship curve between the support force and the maximum deformation of surrounding rock in high ground stress soft rock tunnels is developed. By combining the surrounding rock deformation grade with the tunnel’s reserved deformation index, a calculation method for the surrounding rock pressure design value for high ground stress soft rock tunnels is proposed. The method is verified by the measured surrounding rock pressure data from the Mao County Tunnel of the Chengdu–Lanzhou Railway. Furthermore, the study integrates the creep characteristics and strain softening properties of soft rock to implement a secondary development of the viscoelastic–plastic strain softening mechanical model. Based on a custom-developed creep model and the calculation method for the surrounding rock pressure design value, the relationship among time, support force, and surrounding rock deformation is comprehensively considered. A calculation method for the surrounding rock pressure design value, accounting for time effects, is proposed. Based on this method, a time-history curve of the surrounding rock pressure design value is obtained and used as the input load. The safety factor time evolution of the rock-anchor bearing arch, spray layer, and secondary lining is derived using the load-structure method, and the overall safety factor time evolution of the tunnel support structure is evaluated. The overall stability of the support structure is assessed, and numerical simulations are compared with field measurements based on the mechanical behavior evolution law of the secondary lining of the Chengdu–Lanzhou Railway Mao County Tunnel. The results indicate that the monitoring data of the internal forces of the field support structure is in good agreement with the numerical calculation results, validating the rationality of the proposed calculation method. Full article
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19 pages, 5339 KB  
Article
Evolution of the Damping Ratio Considering Cyclic Confining Pressure Under Intermittent Cyclic Loading
by Juehao Huang, Chao Meng, Yongqiang Zhou, Jian Chen, Xiaodong Fu and Mingyi Wang
Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2882; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162882 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 904
Abstract
The damping ratio is essential to conducting dynamic analysis for underground engineering under traffic loading. Variations in the damping ratio are usually studied using cyclic triaxial tests with continuous cyclic loading; however, intermittent loading is observed under traffic loading. Moreover, both the deviator [...] Read more.
The damping ratio is essential to conducting dynamic analysis for underground engineering under traffic loading. Variations in the damping ratio are usually studied using cyclic triaxial tests with continuous cyclic loading; however, intermittent loading is observed under traffic loading. Moreover, both the deviator stress and confining pressure vary cyclically. So far, the development of the damping ratio under intermittent cyclic loading with cyclic confining pressure has rarely been studied. Thus, cyclic triaxial tests with continuous and intermittent cyclic loading were conducted. Unlike continuous loading, where the normalized damping ratio progressively decreases, the corresponding variations under intermittent cyclic loading showed a sudden increase in the initial damping ratio at each restart. Critically, the cyclic confining pressure significantly reduced the normalized damping ratio, with greater attenuation under intermittent loading at higher cyclic confining pressures. In addition, an empirical model incorporating these effects for the damping ratio under intermittent cyclic loading was developed. Full article
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25 pages, 3848 KB  
Article
Analysis of Pile–Soil Interaction Mechanisms for Wind Turbine Tower Foundations in Collapsible Loess Under Multi-Hazard Coupled Loading
by Kangkai Fan, Shaobo Chai, Lang Zhao, Shanqiu Yue, Huixue Dang and Xinyuan Liu
Buildings 2025, 15(13), 2152; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132152 - 20 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1315
Abstract
This study investigates the stability of high-rise wind turbine tower foundations in collapsible loess regions through finite element analysis. The mechanisms by which wind load, extreme rainfall load, and seismic load interact during the dynamic response of a pile foundation under single-action and [...] Read more.
This study investigates the stability of high-rise wind turbine tower foundations in collapsible loess regions through finite element analysis. The mechanisms by which wind load, extreme rainfall load, and seismic load interact during the dynamic response of a pile foundation under single-action and intercoupling conditions are analyzed. A comprehensive multi-parameter analytical model is developed to evaluate pile foundation stability, incorporating key indicators including pile skin friction, average axial stress of pile groups, horizontal displacement at pile tops, and pile inclination. The results show that, among single-load conditions, seismic loading has the most pronounced impact on foundation stability. The peak horizontal displacement at the pile top induced by seismic loads reaches 10.07 mm, substantially exceeding the effects of wind and rainfall loads, posing a direct threat to wind turbine tower safety. Under coupled loading conditions, notable nonlinear interaction effects emerge. Wind–earthquake coupled loading amplifies horizontal displacement by 1.85 times compared to single seismic loading. Rainfall–earthquake coupled loading reduces the peak of positive skin friction by 20.17%. Notably, all seismic-involved loading combinations significantly compromise the pile foundation safety margin. The seismic load is the dominant influencing factor in various loading conditions, and its coupling with other loads induces nonlinear superposition effects. These findings provide critical insights for wind turbine foundation design in collapsible loess areas and strongly support the need for enhanced seismic considerations in engineering practice. Full article
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20 pages, 7672 KB  
Article
Stability Analysis of the Surrounding Rock of Deep Underground Engineering Under the Action of Thermal-Solid Coupling
by Xiaoyu Dou, Hongbin Shi, Yanbo Qing, Jiaqi Guo and Lipan Cheng
Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091500 - 29 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1360
Abstract
When developing deep subsurface infrastructure in areas with intense geothermal activity, the significant temperature gradient inevitably leads to low-temperature contraction and high-temperature expansion of the rock body, resulting in changes in the rock’s mechanical properties. These thermodynamic effects can easily lead to the [...] Read more.
When developing deep subsurface infrastructure in areas with intense geothermal activity, the significant temperature gradient inevitably leads to low-temperature contraction and high-temperature expansion of the rock body, resulting in changes in the rock’s mechanical properties. These thermodynamic effects can easily lead to the destabilization and subsequent collapse of the rock. There exists a pressing necessity to methodically evaluate the surrounding rock stability encountered in deep underground engineering under the action of thermal-solid coupling. This study constructed a multi-physical field coupling nonlinear calculation model based on a high-precision three-dimensional finite difference method, systematically analyzed the interdependent effects between the original rock temperature and excavation-induced disturbance, and then analyzed the dynamic changes in temperature, stress, and displacement fields along with plastic zone of surrounding rock of the deep underground engineering under thermal-solid coupling. The results indicate that the closer to the excavation contour surface, the lower the surrounding rock temperature, while the temperature gradient increased correspondingly. The farther away from the excavation contour face, the closer the temperature was to the original rock temperature. As the original rock temperature climbed from 30 °C to 90 °C, the increment of vault displacement was 2.45 times that of arch bottom displacement, and the influence of temperature change on vault deformation was more significant. The horizontal displacement magnitudes at the different original temperatures followed the following order: sidewall > spandrel > skewback, and at an original rock temperature of 90 °C, the sidewall horizontal displacement reached 15.31 cm. With the elevation of the original rock temperature, the distribution range and concentration degree of the maximum and minimum principal stresses increased obviously, and both were compression-dominated. The types of plastic zones in the surrounding rock were mainly characterized by shear stress-induced yielding and tensile stress-induced damage failure. When the original rock temperature increased to 90 °C, the rock mass extending up to 1.5 m from the excavation contour surface formed a large area of damage zone. The closer the working face was to the monitoring section, the faster the temperature dropped, and the displacement changed in the monitoring section. The findings offer a theoretical basis for engineering practice, and it is of great significance to ensure the safety of the project. Full article
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33 pages, 22496 KB  
Article
The Stability of Slopes and Building Structures Using an Energy Visualization Procedure
by Yi Yao, Jianjun Zhang, Xiaoyong Li, Yiliang Tu and Zuliang Zhong
Buildings 2024, 14(12), 3705; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123705 - 21 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1709
Abstract
Many building structures in the southwest of China are constructed on slopes due to its mountainous terrain characteristics. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately study the stability of slopes and building structures during the construction and operation stages. Traditional numerical simulation methods for [...] Read more.
Many building structures in the southwest of China are constructed on slopes due to its mountainous terrain characteristics. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately study the stability of slopes and building structures during the construction and operation stages. Traditional numerical simulation methods for slope stability often analyze from the perspectives of stress and strain. However, due to the complex changes in stress and strain inside the slope, the traditional methods are not only complex but also result in some errors. The slope failure is essentially a procedure of energy transformation, dissipation, and mutation. Therefore, the slope stability can be analyzed more effectively from the perspective of energy changes. In this paper, an energy field visualization procedure is developed and applied to analyze the failure mechanism of slopes. First, the energy calculation principle of slopes was derived based on the principle of thermodynamics. Then, FLAC3D7.0 was used to develop the energy visualization procedure for slope. It was applied to a classical two-dimensional slope to calculate the safety factor of slopes and then compared with the traditional methods. Finally, the procedure was applied to two practical slopes and building structure engineering cases to study their stability and provide suggestions for practical construction. The research results show that the energy visualization procedure can correctly simulate the energy evolution principle in the procedure of slope failure. The sudden change of energy can be used to determine the safety factor and sliding surface of slopes. The error of the slope safety factor calculated by this procedure is only 0.02, indicating that the procedure is correct. The deformation and failure of slopes are essentially driven by energy. There are corresponding relationships between the energy stability stage and the slope equilibrium stage, the energy dissipation stage and the slope deformation stage, and the energy mutation stage and the slope failure stage. The preferred backfill scheme of high-fill slope engineering is one with less variation in gravitational potential energy and a greater increase in elastic strain energy. Pile foundation and building structure are effective methods to increase slope stability. Therefore, the energy visualization procedure developed in this paper can more intuitively and accurately analyze the stability of slopes and building structures. Full article
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