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Insects
Volume 16
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Insects, Volume 16, Issue 6 (June 2025) – 74 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Drosophila subobscura is a species that stands out for its large chromosomal inversion polymorphism that affects its five long chromosomes. Investigations into natural populations have revealed that its inversion polymorphism has adaptive properties. In this work, we localize the breakpoints of inversions U6 and U8 as a first approach to candidate genes in the inversions that may be affected by selection. Interestingly, our results suggest that the origin of both inversions could have been mediated by transposons, and, in the case of U8, we found a new fold-back-type element characteristic of the subobscura species group that we have designated Ziga-Zaga. View this paper
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12 pages, 1087 KiB  
Article
Activation of BmToll9-1 in Silkworm (Bombyx mori) Larval Midgut by Escherichia coli and Regulation of Growth
by Jisheng Liu, Weijian Chen, Minchun Lai, Jiahua Chen and Luc Swevers
Insects 2025, 16(6), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060621 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2025
Abstract
Insects rely on their innate immune system to defend against pathogens, and the Toll signaling pathway plays an important role in immune regulation. Our previous studies have shown that BmToll9-1 functions as a positive regulator in the Toll pathway. This study seeks to [...] Read more.
Insects rely on their innate immune system to defend against pathogens, and the Toll signaling pathway plays an important role in immune regulation. Our previous studies have shown that BmToll9-1 functions as a positive regulator in the Toll pathway. This study seeks to elucidate the role of BmToll9-1, as a sensor to bacterial challenge, in modulating larval development and downstream Toll signaling pathways. Silkworm larvae were subjected to infection with either Gram-negative Escherichia coli or Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria following silencing of BmToll9-1 by RNA interference (RNAi). This bacterial challenge triggered a compensatory re-induction of BmToll9-1 expression, which resulted in the recovery of larval weight and size to levels observed in untreated controls. Furthermore, upon bacterial infection of BmToll9-1-silenced larvae, there was an up-regulation in the expression of both signaling genes in the Toll pathway and downstream effector genes, with a marked preference for Gram-negative bacteria. These results highlight the involvement of BmToll9-1 in the Toll signaling pathway as a positive regulator, influencing silkworm development. Additionally, BmToll9-1 and BmToll9-2 were cross-validated to be genetically distinct genes, even though they were confirmed to be functionally analogous in the silkworm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue RNAi in Insect Physiology)
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12 pages, 1284 KiB  
Article
Invasion Dynamics and Migration Patterns of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Shaanxi, China
by Zhanfeng Yan, Xiaojun Feng, Xing Wang, Xiangqun Yuan, Yongjun Zhang, Daibin Yang, Kanglai He, Feizhou Xie, Zhenying Wang and Yiping Li
Insects 2025, 16(6), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060620 - 11 Jun 2025
Abstract
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a highly invasive agricultural pest that has caused significant damage to maize and other crops since its initial detection in China in 2019. Understanding its invasion dynamics, migration patterns, genetic diversity, and overwintering capacity is [...] Read more.
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a highly invasive agricultural pest that has caused significant damage to maize and other crops since its initial detection in China in 2019. Understanding its invasion dynamics, migration patterns, genetic diversity, and overwintering capacity is crucial for developing effective pest management strategies. This study investigates these aspects in Shaanxi Province, a critical transitional zone between northern and southern climates in China, from 2019 to 2023. We conducted field surveys in six cities across Shaanxi to monitor the initial infestation of FAW. Migration trajectories were simulated using the HYSPLIT model, integrating pest occurrence data and meteorological information. Genetic analyses were performed on 113 FAW individuals from 12 geographical populations using mitochondrial COI and nuclear Tpi genes. Additionally, an overwintering experiment was conducted to assess the survival of FAW pupae under local winter conditions. The first detection dates of FAW in Shaanxi showed significant interannual variation, with a trend of delayed infestation each year. Three primary migration routes into Shaanxi were identified, originating from Sichuan, Hubei-Chongqing, and Henan. Genetic analysis revealed a predominance of the rice-strain FAW in Shaanxi, with some corn-strain variants in northern regions. The overwintering experiment indicated that FAW pupae could not survive the winter in Shaanxi, suggesting that the region does not support year-round breeding of this pest. This study provides comprehensive insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics and migration patterns of FAW in Shaanxi. The findings highlight the importance of integrated pest management approaches, including monitoring migration routes and genetic diversity, to develop targeted control measures. The inability of FAW to overwinter in Shaanxi suggests that regional climate conditions play a significant role in limiting its year-round presence, which is valuable information for designing early warning systems and sustainable pest management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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16 pages, 3031 KiB  
Article
Histopathological and Transcriptional Changes in Silkworm Larval Gonads in Response to Chlorfenapyr Exposure
by Tao Li, Changxiong Hu, Zenghu Liu, Qiongyan Li, Yonghui Fan, Pengfei Liao, Min Liu, Weike Yang, Xingxing Li and Zhanpeng Dong
Insects 2025, 16(6), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060619 - 11 Jun 2025
Abstract
Chlorfenapyr is a widely used insecticide known to harm non-target insects, but its effects on reproductive development in the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the histopathological and transcriptional changes in the gonads (ovaries and testes) [...] Read more.
Chlorfenapyr is a widely used insecticide known to harm non-target insects, but its effects on reproductive development in the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the histopathological and transcriptional changes in the gonads (ovaries and testes) of newly molted fifth-instar silkworm larvae exposed to chlorfenapyr. Histopathological analysis revealed delayed gonadal development, a reduction in oogonia and oocytes in the ovaries, and decreased numbers of spermatocytes in the testes. Transcriptome analysis identified significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs), mainly enriched in pathways such as “Drug metabolism—cytochrome P450”, “Insect hormone biosynthesis”, and “Ribosome”. Key up-regulated genes included members of the cytochrome P450 family (CYP6B5, CYP9f2, CYP6B6), glutathione S-transferases (GSTT1, GST1), and juvenile hormone-related enzymes (JHAMT, JHEH), indicating active detoxification and hormonal regulation responses. Several transcription factor families, particularly C2H2, HB-other, and TRAF, exhibited altered expression, suggesting roles in stress adaptation. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified hub genes such as EcR, Kr-h1, and various ribosomal proteins, highlighting their potential involvement in reproductive development. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) validated the transcriptomic data, confirming the reliability of the results. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of chlorfenapyr’s impact on silkworm reproductive development and the underlying molecular mechanisms, providing valuable insights for sustainable pest management and ecological risk assessment of insecticides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)
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22 pages, 12796 KiB  
Article
The Thoracic Anatomy of Two Flightless Chrysolina Species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
by Sipei Liu, Xiaokun Liu, Xieshuang Wang, Wenjie Li, Xin Liu and Siqin Ge
Insects 2025, 16(6), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060618 - 11 Jun 2025
Abstract
Flight loss has independently evolved across nearly all winged insect orders. Comparing the thoracic structures of flightless insects with those of their flight-capable relatives can reveal key characteristics linked with flight. Although flight loss has been widely studied in beetles, exploration of this [...] Read more.
Flight loss has independently evolved across nearly all winged insect orders. Comparing the thoracic structures of flightless insects with those of their flight-capable relatives can reveal key characteristics linked with flight. Although flight loss has been widely studied in beetles, exploration of this phenomenon has been limited to taxonomic and geographic distribution studies in the species-rich family Chrysomelidae, with little analysis of thoracic anatomical structures. This study employs a suite of morphological techniques to examine the thoracic structures of two flightless beetle species Chrysolina: sulcicollis and Chrysolina virgata, originating from desert and temperate regions, respectively. A comparison between the two flightless species reveals that C. sulcicollis has fewer tergo-pleural muscles involved in elytral movement likely to save water, but more muscles that contribute to stabilizing larger body structures. Meanwhile, differences are also observed in the elytral base, the anterior corner of the mesal suture, and the setae on the meso-inner region of the epipleuron. Compared to other flight-capable chrysomelid beetles, apart from the absence of flight-related muscles, the two flightless beetles exhibit similar thoracic skeletal structures. The absence of lateral cervical sclerites, along with the presence of muscles Idvm4, 5 and Itpm5, could enhance head mobility as a compensatory adaptation doe the loss of flight capability. Additionally, the greater number of tergo-pleural muscles in the mesothorax of C. virgata could suggest that its elytra serve a specialized function. Compared to other flightless beetles, aside from the similarly reduced flight muscles, these two species have relatively intact thoracic skeletons. Further data on habitat, functional compensation and other related factors are needed to compare their evolutionary processes with those of other flightless beetles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beetles in Integrative Entomology: Biology, Taxonomy, and Conservation)
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18 pages, 1392 KiB  
Review
Environmental Impacts and Behavioral Adaptations of Honeybees in Algeria: A Review of Apis mellifera intermissa and Apis mellifera sahariensis Characteristics
by Yamina Haider, Noureddine Adjlane and Nizar Haddad
Insects 2025, 16(6), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060617 - 11 Jun 2025
Abstract
Honeybees are vital for pollination and the overall health of ecosystems. Since the 18th century, the intricate biology of honeybees has been a subject of scientific inquiry. Understanding their biological and behavioral characteristics is essential for effective beekeeping, honey production, and ecosystem sustainability. [...] Read more.
Honeybees are vital for pollination and the overall health of ecosystems. Since the 18th century, the intricate biology of honeybees has been a subject of scientific inquiry. Understanding their biological and behavioral characteristics is essential for effective beekeeping, honey production, and ecosystem sustainability. This review examines the environmental impact and management practices on the health of local honeybees in Algeria, focusing on Apis mellifera intermissa and Apis mellifera sahariensis. We summarize research findings on genetic diversity, morphometric traits, behavioral characteristics, and adaptation of local honeybees. Additionally, we discuss the threats posed by abiotic and biotic stressors and highlight the importance of conservation and sustainable management. The reviewed studies indicate that environmental factors significantly influence the behavioral characteristics and adaptation of local honeybees. Notably, the hygienic behavior of A. m. intermissa contributes to their resistance against diseases and the Varroa destructor mite. Further research in these areas is important for enhancing our understanding of honeybee health and population dynamics in Algeria, thereby informing strategies for sustainable beekeeping practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Environmental Factors and Management Practices on Bee Health)
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13 pages, 1435 KiB  
Article
Development of an Experimental Method Using a Portable Photosynthesis-Monitoring System to Measure Respiration Rates in Small-Sized Insects
by Bi-Yue Ding, Qin-Qin Xu, Yu-Jing Liu, Yu-Hong Zhong and Yan Zhou
Insects 2025, 16(6), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060616 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
Respiration rates in insects are critical for survival and environmental adaptation, being influenced by developmental stages, environmental conditions, and the regulation of mitochondrial protein-coding genes. However, methods for field-based measurements in small-sized insects remain limited. In this study, we established a portable photosynthesis [...] Read more.
Respiration rates in insects are critical for survival and environmental adaptation, being influenced by developmental stages, environmental conditions, and the regulation of mitochondrial protein-coding genes. However, methods for field-based measurements in small-sized insects remain limited. In this study, we established a portable photosynthesis system to quantify respiration rates in five small-sized insects (body length < 8 mm): Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis citricidus, Tuta absoluta, Tribolium castaneum, and Bactrocera dorsalis. We tested its effectiveness across life stages and under diverse treatments, including light/dark cycles, insecticides, temperature shifts, starvation, mitochondrial inhibitors, and RNA interference. The system exhibited high sensitivity and reproducibility rates, revealing stage-specific respiration patterns. Various treatments, as well as expression changes in mitochondrial protein-coding genes, significantly affected respiration rates. This study validates the portable system as a reliable tool for insect respiration studies and highlights regulatory networks associated with respiratory plasticity. These findings enhance experimental methodologies and advance our understanding of insect adaptation to environmental stressors and pest control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Insect Molecular Biology)
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14 pages, 645 KiB  
Review
Overview and Recent Advances in Bioassays to Evaluate the Potential of Entomopathogenic Fungi Against Ambrosia Beetles
by Jesús Enrique Castrejón-Antonio and Patricia Tamez-Guerra
Insects 2025, 16(6), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060615 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
Ambrosia beetles, known for their symbiotic relationship with fungi cultivated within the tissues of host trees, have become significant pests, particularly when they serve as vectors for pathogenic fungi such as Raffaelea lauricola. Given the regulatory and environmental constraints for chemical application [...] Read more.
Ambrosia beetles, known for their symbiotic relationship with fungi cultivated within the tissues of host trees, have become significant pests, particularly when they serve as vectors for pathogenic fungi such as Raffaelea lauricola. Given the regulatory and environmental constraints for chemical application as a tool for their control, entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) represent a promising pest management alternative. This review presents an overview of bioassays assessing the pathogenicity and virulence of EPF against ambrosia beetles. Most studies have been performed in vivo (artificial diet) under laboratory conditions, focusing on exotic species and testing EPF genera such as Beauveria, Metarhizium, Isaria, and Purpureocillium. However, variations in inoculation methods, environmental conditions, and fungal formulations, have led to diverse results. In addition, the complex biology of these insects, particularly their dependence on symbiotic fungi, represents significant methodological challenges. Field trials (in situ bioassays) are still scarce, and there is a need to move toward standardized protocols and more objective experimental models that consider not only insects’ behavior but also ecological factors. Bridging this gap is essential for successfully implementing EPF-based strategies to assess ambrosia beetles’ biocontrol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bark and Wood-Boring Insects: Past and Present Research and Essential Future Knowledge—2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 1181 KiB  
Article
Effects of Orally Delivered Double-Stranded RNA of Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase on the Population of Frankliniella occidentalis
by Tao Lin, Xiaoyu Chen, Ying Chen, Ting Chen, Xueyi Liang, Hui Wei and Guang Yang
Insects 2025, 16(6), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060614 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
The invasive pest Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrip, WFT) severely impacts agricultural production. RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a viable alternative to chemical control methods. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) is an important enzyme for the synthesis of trehalose in insects. The TPS gene [...] Read more.
The invasive pest Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrip, WFT) severely impacts agricultural production. RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a viable alternative to chemical control methods. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) is an important enzyme for the synthesis of trehalose in insects. The TPS gene is a potential target for RNAi-based pest control; however, its efficacy against WFTs remains unclear. Feeding with the synthesized dsFoTPS to WFT significantly increased the mortalities of first- and second-instar nymphs and adults and significantly decreased the number of eggs laid by adults within 72 h; the expression of FoTPS was significantly down-regulated in 24, 48, and 72 h. Ingestion of WFTs on Escherichia coli expressing dsFoTPS led to a marked increase in the total pre-reproductive period; reductions in survival rate, adult longevity, oviposition days, fecundity, peak reproduction value, the intrinsic rate of increase, the finite rate of increase, and the net reproductive rate; and an extension of the mean generation time. TPS gene expression was significantly down-regulated on days 7 and 28. A population simulation of WFTs fed with E. coli expressing dsFoTPS indicated that the population suppression was reduced to 1/34 of the control in 100 d. Oral delivery of E. coli expressing dsFoTPS effectively inhibited the survival, fecundity, and population growth of WFTs, offering a novel approach and rationale for the prevention and control of WFTs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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23 pages, 2291 KiB  
Article
Mating Behavior of Cyclocephala barrerai Martínez (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae)
by Abraham Sanchez-Cruz, Patricia Villa-Ayala and Alfredo Jiménez-Pérez
Insects 2025, 16(6), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060613 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
Our study aimed to characterize mating behavior in virgin and once-mated males and females of Cyclocephala barrerai. We reared the specimens under laboratory conditions and recorded the age at which the organisms began their reproductive activity and the time they remained active. [...] Read more.
Our study aimed to characterize mating behavior in virgin and once-mated males and females of Cyclocephala barrerai. We reared the specimens under laboratory conditions and recorded the age at which the organisms began their reproductive activity and the time they remained active. We characterized behavioral acts during mating in two groups—virgin and once-mated organisms. Transitions between behaviors were analyzed using Markov chains and the generated ethograms. The duration of behaviors and the percentage of transitions were compared between the two groups. To characterize the mating behavior of C. barrerai, we adopted a framework commonly used in the literature, dividing mating behavior into three phases: premating, mating, and postmating. (A) Premating: Males search for females and mount and stimulate them, which the females resist through fighting behaviors. (B) Mating: The male mounts the female, which moves around and then stops; the male performs specific movements of the antennae and head and inserts his aedeagus into the female. (C) Postmating: Males exhibit guarding behavior over females. Although differences in pre- and postmating behaviors were observed between virgin and once-mated organisms, the duration of the acts did not show significant differences. These results provide key information on the reproductive behavior of C. barrerai, contributing to a better understanding of their biology and sexual interaction patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arthropod Reproductive Biology)
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20 pages, 4156 KiB  
Article
Reproductive Senescence in the Pollinator, Megachile rotundata
by Jacob B. Pithan, Brooke L. Kohler, Arun Rajamohan and Kendra J. Greenlee
Insects 2025, 16(6), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060612 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
The disposable soma theory posits that organisms allocate limited resources between reproduction, maintenance, and growth, resulting in trade-offs, particularly as they age. In this study, we examined age-related reproductive senescence in Megachile rotundata, a solitary bee and important agricultural pollinator. We hypothesized [...] Read more.
The disposable soma theory posits that organisms allocate limited resources between reproduction, maintenance, and growth, resulting in trade-offs, particularly as they age. In this study, we examined age-related reproductive senescence in Megachile rotundata, a solitary bee and important agricultural pollinator. We hypothesized that, similarly to social bees, aging females would show declines in foraging behavior and reproductive fitness. Contrary to this hypothesis, we found no evidence of reproductive senescence in M. rotundata within the timeframe observed. Instead, older females increased their foraging rate, leading to larger provisions and offspring. We also observed that older bees exhibited improved foraging efficiency, likely due to learning and muscle physiology changes. Furthermore, ovarian development showed no decline with age, indicating that reproductive capacity remains stable throughout the observed timeframe. Our results challenge conventional assumptions about reproductive senescence in solitary bees and suggest that older M. rotundata may contribute to more efficient pollination, with implications for pollinator management. This study provides new insights into the aging process in solitary bees, emphasizing the need for further research into the mechanisms behind age-related behavioral and reproductive changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)
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13 pages, 1070 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Test Indirectly Reveals the Unreliability of RNA-Dependent 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequences in Detecting the Gut Bacterial Diversity of Delia antiqua
by Miaomiao Li, Xin Cao, Linfeng Xu, Luyao Lin, Xiaoqing Wu, Susu Fan, Xinjian Zhang and Fangyuan Zhou
Insects 2025, 16(6), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060611 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
In insect–microbe symbiosis, understanding the diversity of associated bacteria is crucial. DNA-dependent sequence methods are widely used to assess microbial diversity in insects, but they cannot distinguish between live and dead microbes. In contrast, RNA-dependent sequencing can identify alive bacterial communities, making them [...] Read more.
In insect–microbe symbiosis, understanding the diversity of associated bacteria is crucial. DNA-dependent sequence methods are widely used to assess microbial diversity in insects, but they cannot distinguish between live and dead microbes. In contrast, RNA-dependent sequencing can identify alive bacterial communities, making them more suitable for evaluating alive microbiota diversity. However, its practical reliability in insect–microbe symbiosis remains poorly validated. This study investigated larval gut bacteria diversity of Delia antiqua, a major pest of Liliaceae crops, by employing both DNA- and RNA-dependent 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The reliability of both sequencing methods was evaluated by comparing the effects of synthetic communities (SynComs, constructed according to DNA- or RNA-dependent sequencing) and bacterial communities from wild larvae on axenic larvae. Results revealed significant differences in bacterial community between DNA- and RNA-dependent sequence samples. Compared to bacterial communities from wild larvae, the SynCom constructed based on RNA-dependent sequencing exhibited inhibition effects on D. antiqua larvae survival and body weight, while DNA-dependent SynCom did not, suggesting that DNA-dependent methods were superior for assessing symbiotic microbiota in D. antiqua. This work will provide insights into microbial diversity detection in D. antiqua and offer a framework for other insect–microbe studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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20 pages, 5993 KiB  
Article
High-Precision Stored-Grain Insect Pest Detection Method Based on PDA-YOLO
by Fuyan Sun, Zhizhong Guan, Zongwang Lyu and Shanshan Liu
Insects 2025, 16(6), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060610 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
Effective stored-grain insect pest detection is crucial in grain storage management to prevent economic losses and ensure food security throughout production and supply chains. Existing detection methods suffer from issues such as high labor costs, environmental interference, high equipment costs, and inconsistent performance. [...] Read more.
Effective stored-grain insect pest detection is crucial in grain storage management to prevent economic losses and ensure food security throughout production and supply chains. Existing detection methods suffer from issues such as high labor costs, environmental interference, high equipment costs, and inconsistent performance. To address these limitations, we proposed PDA-YOLO, an improved stored-grain insect pest detection algorithm based on YOLO11n which integrates three key modules: PoolFormer_C3k2 (PF_C3k2) for efficient local feature extraction, Attention-based Intra-Scale Feature Interaction (AIFI) for enhanced global context awareness, and Dynamic Multi-scale Aware Edge (DMAE) for precise boundary detection of small targets. Trained and tested on 6200 images covering five common stored-grain insect pests (Lesser Grain Borer, Red Flour Beetle, Indian Meal Moth, Maize Weevil, and Angoumois Grain Moth), PDA-YOLO achieved an mAP@0.5 of 96.6%, mAP@0.5:0.95 of 60.4%, and F1 score of 93.5%, with a computational cost of only 6.9 G and mean detection time of 9.9 ms per image. These results demonstrate the advantages over mainstream detection algorithms, balancing accuracy, computational efficiency, and real-time performance. PDA-YOLO provides a reference for pest detection in intelligent grain storage management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Insect Pests Management: Securing Food Security, Human Health, and Natural Resources)
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26 pages, 3528 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Insecticidal Activity of Plant Volatile Compounds: Impact on Neurotransmission and Detoxification Enzymes in Sitophilus zeamais
by Leidy J. Nagles Galeano, Juliet A. Prieto-Rodríguez and Oscar J. Patiño-Ladino
Insects 2025, 16(6), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060609 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2025
Viewed by 110
Abstract
Sitophilus zeamais, a major pest of stored grains, causes significant post-harvest losses and challenges effective control. While synthetic insecticides pose risks of resistance and toxicity, essential oils (EOs) offer a safer alternative. However, the insecticidal potential of their individual volatile constituents (VCs) [...] Read more.
Sitophilus zeamais, a major pest of stored grains, causes significant post-harvest losses and challenges effective control. While synthetic insecticides pose risks of resistance and toxicity, essential oils (EOs) offer a safer alternative. However, the insecticidal potential of their individual volatile constituents (VCs) remains largely unexplored. This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of 51 EO-derived volatile compounds (VCs) against S. zeamais, identifying the most toxic ones, optimizing 15 synergistic mixtures, and assessing their effects on key insect enzymes. A structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis determined functional groups associated with insecticidal activity, while a cluster analysis pre-selected 29 ternary mixtures, later refined using response surface methodology (RSM). Additionally, enzymatic assays explored their impact on detoxification and nervous system enzymes, providing insights into potential mechanisms of action. Among the 51 VCs tested, 37 exhibited significant toxicity, with 11 acting as fumigants and 13 displaying contact toxicity. Monocyclic monoterpenoids with ketone or alcohol functional groups and exocyclic unsaturation demonstrated the highest insecticidal activity via both exposure routes. Notably, pulegone enantiomers were particularly effective (LC50 < 0.1 mg/L, LD50 < 7.5 µg/adult). Among the optimized mixtures, 10 displayed strong insecticidal effects, 8 were active through both routes, and 5 exhibited synergistic fumigant interactions. The most effective formulations were M2 (R-pulegone + S-pulegone + S-carvone, LC50 0.48 mg/L) and M20 (isopulegone + δ-3-carene, LC50 2.06 mg/L), showing the strongest fumigant and synergistic effects, respectively. Enzymatic assays revealed that while some compounds mildly inhibited GST and CAT, others, such as δ-3-carene (IC50 0.19 mg/L), significantly inhibited AChE. Five mixtures exhibited synergistic neurotoxicity, with M20 (IC50 0.61 mg/L) and M12 (IC50 0.81 mg/L) emerging as the most potent AChE inhibitors. These findings highlight the potential of plant-derived volatile compounds as bioinsecticides, leveraging synergistic interactions to enhance efficacy, disrupt enzymatic pathways, and mitigate resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Stored-Product Pests: Biology, Ecology, Behavior and Integrated Management)
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23 pages, 5587 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Evolution and Transcriptomic Specialization of P450 Detoxification Genes in the Colorado Potato Beetle Across Developmental Stages and Tissues
by Hang Zhou, Ziqi Cheng, Jiejing Tang, Yueqi Lu, Yang Mei and Xi Chen
Insects 2025, 16(6), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060608 - 9 Jun 2025
Viewed by 107
Abstract
The Colorado potato beetle is a notorious agricultural pest with remarkable adaptability and insecticide resistance. This study conducted comprehensive transcriptome analysis across multiple developmental stages and tissues, focusing on the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene family. Using RNA-seq data from 65 datasets, we identified [...] Read more.
The Colorado potato beetle is a notorious agricultural pest with remarkable adaptability and insecticide resistance. This study conducted comprehensive transcriptome analysis across multiple developmental stages and tissues, focusing on the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene family. Using RNA-seq data from 65 datasets, we identified significant transcriptional reprogramming during key developmental transitions, particularly from egg to first instar larva and from third instar larva to adult, reflecting critical biological processes, including feeding initiation and metamorphosis. We identified 3616 tissue-specific genes, with the testis exhibiting the highest transcriptional specialization (1182 genes). Genome-wide screening revealed 78 P450 genes distributed across four major clans with an uneven chromosomal distribution. Expression analysis demonstrated six distinct clusters with tissue and developmental stage-specific patterns. Evolutionary analysis identified five P450 genes under strong positive selection. Analysis of mRNA sequence polymorphisms revealed developmental stage and tissue-dependent patterns, with elevated mutation frequencies in early developmental stages and specific tissues. These distinct tissue and developmental stage-specific mutation patterns in P450 transcripts highlight the dynamic regulation of detoxification genes. Our findings advance the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the beetle’s ecological success and provide valuable targets for developing novel pest management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)
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20 pages, 6031 KiB  
Article
Identification and Expression Profiles of Chemosensory Genes in the Antennal Transcriptome of Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
by Shi-Hang Zhao, Yang Yue, Qi Gao, Rui-Tao Yu, Zhao-Hui Yang, Nan Zhou and Guo-Liang Xu
Insects 2025, 16(6), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060607 - 9 Jun 2025
Viewed by 102
Abstract
Chemosensory systems play a pivotal role in insect survival and reproduction by mediating the detection of volatile organic compounds in the environment. Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), a phytophagous pest widely distributed across East Asia, poses a significant threat to agro-horticultural systems through crop [...] Read more.
Chemosensory systems play a pivotal role in insect survival and reproduction by mediating the detection of volatile organic compounds in the environment. Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), a phytophagous pest widely distributed across East Asia, poses a significant threat to agro-horticultural systems through crop damage. We conducted antennal transcriptome sequencing of adult beetles and identified 117 chemosensory-related genes, including 66 odorant receptors (ORs), 20 ionotropic receptors, 10 gustatory receptors, 13 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), four chemosensory proteins, and four sensory neuron membrane proteins. Tissue-specific expression profiling revealed the antennal enrichment of five PbreOBP genes and twenty-three ORs. Notably, sexual dimorphism was observed in OR expression patterns. PbreOR1/6/17/18/21/22/30/32 exhibited male-biased antennal expression, whereas PbreOR25/26/29/38/41/44/61 demonstrated female-biased antennal expression, indicating their potential involvement in sex-specific behaviors, such as pheromone detection and oviposition site selection. A comprehensive description of the antenna chemosensory-related genes of P. brevitarsis has deepened our understanding of the olfactory mechanisms in coleopteran insects. This study also provides a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying olfaction in P. brevitarsis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)
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15 pages, 1682 KiB  
Article
Organic Farming Shapes Population Dynamics and Genetic Diversity of Euborellia annulipes in Banana Groves
by Pilar Jurado-Angulo, Mario García-París and Natalia Rosas-Ramos
Insects 2025, 16(6), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060606 - 8 Jun 2025
Viewed by 170
Abstract
Organic farming can help mitigate the negative impacts of agriculture on biodiversity, but its effects remain controversial and poorly understood for many taxa, especially from a genetic perspective, where major knowledge gaps persist. This study investigates how the organic and conventional management of [...] Read more.
Organic farming can help mitigate the negative impacts of agriculture on biodiversity, but its effects remain controversial and poorly understood for many taxa, especially from a genetic perspective, where major knowledge gaps persist. This study investigates how the organic and conventional management of banana groves influences population dynamics (i.e., total abundance and abundance by sex and developmental stage) and mitochondrial genetic diversity (cytochrome b gene) of the earwig Euborellia annulipes, a natural biological control agent. The results revealed higher overall abundance, particularly of females, in organic groves. This could be due to females’ more sedentary behaviour linked to parental care, increasing their vulnerability to local disturbances such as pesticide application. In contrast, males, being more mobile, did not respond to the farming system. Genetic analyses revealed similar haplotypic diversity across systems but higher nucleotide diversity in conventional orchards. This may suggest either pesticide-induced mutations associated with detoxification and resistance or increased gene flow driven by greater mobility in response to disturbance. Although the high genetic diversity observed raises questions about the introduced status of E. annulipes, its origin remains unresolved. These findings highlight the relevance of integrating ecological and genetic data when assessing the impacts of agricultural practices on beneficial arthropods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Dynamics: Modeling in Insect Pest Management)
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16 pages, 1810 KiB  
Article
Occurrence and Genetic Variation of Monolepta hieroglyphica (Motschulsky, 1858) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a Newly Emerging Pest, Among Hosts in Northeast China
by Wei Sun, Xiuhua Zhang, Jiachun Zhou and Yuebo Gao
Insects 2025, 16(6), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060605 - 8 Jun 2025
Viewed by 162
Abstract
The northeast region of China plays a crucial role in crop production. The leaf beetle Monolepta hieroglyphica (Motschulsky, 1858) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has emerged as a potential threat to food security in the region. With a wide distribution spanning Asia and Russia, this beetle [...] Read more.
The northeast region of China plays a crucial role in crop production. The leaf beetle Monolepta hieroglyphica (Motschulsky, 1858) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has emerged as a potential threat to food security in the region. With a wide distribution spanning Asia and Russia, this beetle affects various crops. However, limited information is available regarding its occurrence patterns and genetic diversity among major crops in the region. Based on systematic observations across various hosts, coupled with genetic variation analysis using mitochondrial DNA markers, the main results were as follows. Leaf beetle occurrence varied among hosts, peaking from late July to mid-August, with maize and soybean fields exhibiting higher infestation rates compared with other crops. Notably, late-cultivated maize fields harbored the highest beetle numbers due to the species’ preference for young leaves. The host transfer trajectory may have originated in soybean and weeds, with subsequent alternation between host plants and other crops, before the final migration to cabbage and late-cultivated maize fields. Genetic analysis revealed nine COI haplotypes, four COII haplotypes, eleven Cytb haplotypes, and twenty-one combined haplotypes. No clear relationship existed between genetic diversity and occurrence, and no distinct host-based genetic patterns emerged from neighbor-joining tree and haplotype network analyses. High gene flow rates were observed, likely contributing to decreased genetic variation. An analysis of molecular variance results indicated major genetic variation within populations, although genetic distance and haplotype distribution indicated divergence among host populations. These results provide foundational data for developing effective M. hieroglyphica pest management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corn Insect Pests: From Biology to Control Technology)
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21 pages, 9173 KiB  
Article
Cytogenetic and Molecular Characterization of Sphaerophoria rueppellii (Diptera, Syrphidae)
by Pedro Lorite, José M. Rico-Porras, Teresa Palomeque, Mª Ángeles Marcos-García, Diogo C. Cabral-de-Mello and Pablo Mora
Insects 2025, 16(6), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060604 - 8 Jun 2025
Viewed by 160
Abstract
Sphaerophoria rueppellii is a Palearctic hoverfly widely used as a native biocontrol agent against aphid pests in Mediterranean agroecosystems. In this study, we present a cytogenetic analysis and characterization of the mitochondrial genome of this species. Chromosomal preparations, obtained from third-instar larvae, were [...] Read more.
Sphaerophoria rueppellii is a Palearctic hoverfly widely used as a native biocontrol agent against aphid pests in Mediterranean agroecosystems. In this study, we present a cytogenetic analysis and characterization of the mitochondrial genome of this species. Chromosomal preparations, obtained from third-instar larvae, were used for conventional staining, DAPI staining and C-banding techniques, and major ribosomal DNA (rDNA) location by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Karyotype analysis revealed a diploid number of 2n = 10, with heterochromatic blocks in the pericentromeric regions of all autosomes and rDNA clusters on both sex chromosomes. The complete mitochondrial genome (16,605 bp) was sequenced and annotated using next-generation sequencing and assembly pipelines. It contains the typical 37 mitochondrial genes and a highly A + T-rich control region with tandem repeats. Gene order and codon usage were conserved compared with other Syrphidae. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on mitochondrial protein-coding genes clarifies the species’ placement within the Syrphini tribe. Our results contribute valuable genomic and cytogenetic information that supports comparative analyses and may aid in taxonomic clarification within the genus. These findings also offer key data that could guide the genetic optimization of S. rueppellii as an efficient, environmentally safe biological control agent in sustainable agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Insect Molecular Biology)
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26 pages, 5982 KiB  
Article
Diverse Sublethal Effects of a Common Fungicide Impact the Behavior and Physiology of Honey Bees
by Xufeng Zhang, Qian Cao, Feng Wang, Yinyin Du, Wen Zhao, Yuan Guo and Olav Rueppell
Insects 2025, 16(6), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060603 - 8 Jun 2025
Viewed by 165
Abstract
Honey bees and other pollinators are key to functioning natural and managed ecosystems. However, their health is threatened by many factors, including pesticides. Spraying fungicides during flowering of fruit trees is widespread even though it directly exposes pollinators to these fungicides. Here, we [...] Read more.
Honey bees and other pollinators are key to functioning natural and managed ecosystems. However, their health is threatened by many factors, including pesticides. Spraying fungicides during flowering of fruit trees is widespread even though it directly exposes pollinators to these fungicides. Here, we report a series of experiments designed to understand how the combination of propiconazole and carbendazim, marketed in China as Chunmanchun®, affects honey bee health. With an acute oral toxicity of 23.8 μg a.i./bee over 24 h in the laboratory, we considered the acute mortality risk from normal Chunmanchun® applications as relatively low. However, our comprehensive studies revealed other diverse effects: Chunmanchun® reduced memory after classic conditioning by approximately 25% and altered the activity of protective enzymes and the composition of the honey bees’ gut microbiota. Specifically, the genus Lactobacillus was decreased by ~13%, and Bartonella and Snodgrassella were increased by ~10% and ~7.5%, respectively. The gut metabolome was also disrupted in diverse ways, possibly as a functional consequence of the microbiome changes. Thus, we demonstrated numerous sublethal effects of the combination of propiconazole and carbendazim, which adds to the growing evidence that agrochemicals and fungicides in particular can harm pollinator health in subtle ways that are not captured in simple mortality assays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology and Conservation of Honey Bees)
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13 pages, 5283 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Conservation Priority of Alpine Carabid Beetle Communities by Mapping the Index of Natural Value (INV) in Natura 2000 Habitats in the Brenta Dolomites (Italian Alps)
by Emiliano Peretti, Marco Armanini, Roberta Chirichella, Andrea Mustoni and Mauro Gobbi
Insects 2025, 16(6), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060602 - 7 Jun 2025
Viewed by 229
Abstract
The Dolomites (European Alps) are a UNESCO World Heritage Site known to harbor distinctive communities of carabid beetles adapted to high-altitude environments, whose composition is shaped mainly by landform and habitat type. We aimed to assess the conservation priority of carabid beetle communities [...] Read more.
The Dolomites (European Alps) are a UNESCO World Heritage Site known to harbor distinctive communities of carabid beetles adapted to high-altitude environments, whose composition is shaped mainly by landform and habitat type. We aimed to assess the conservation priority of carabid beetle communities in the Brenta mountain group (Italy). We used the Index of Natural Value (INV), based on the relative frequencies and abundances of highly specialized Alpine species, as a proxy of the sensitivity to disturbance, and, thus, to the vulnerability of the carabid beetle communities to extinction. We used information on Natura 2000 habitat cover to produce a map for identifying areas of the Brenta Dolomites inhabited by the carabid beetle communities most relevant for conservation. We also report on the main differences in terms of species composition between the investigated communities. We found a positive correlation between vulnerability and altitude. Specifically, the most vulnerable communities were recorded in high-altitude habitat types (limestone cliffs and pavements, calcareous and calcschist screes, and alpine calcareous grasslands). Alkaline fens resulted in having the least vulnerable community, while those in all other habitats (bush and forests) were found to have intermediate levels of vulnerability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arthropods in Ecosystem Resilience: Biodiversity, Distribution, and Conservation Strategies)
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20 pages, 11897 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Analysis of the UGT Gene Superfamily in Spodoptera frugiperda
by Yang Liu, Minghui Guan, Kunliang Zou, Tonghan Wang, Haiyang Wang, Lu Sun, Bo Feng, Jiali Ding, Xiang Gao, Yongfu Wang, Degong Wu and Junli Du
Insects 2025, 16(6), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060601 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 184
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are widely distributed enzymes in living organisms that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups from donor molecules to acceptor molecules’ glycoside ligands. These enzymes are pivotal for detoxifying and eliminating both endogenous and exogenous toxic substances in insects. In this study, [...] Read more.
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are widely distributed enzymes in living organisms that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups from donor molecules to acceptor molecules’ glycoside ligands. These enzymes are pivotal for detoxifying and eliminating both endogenous and exogenous toxic substances in insects. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the UGT gene superfamily in the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), resulting in the identification of 48 UGT genes located across 10 chromosomes, including 23 tandem duplication pairs. The predicted SfUGT proteins mainly exhibit α-helical secondary structures. Intron numbers varied significantly, with high diversity observed in amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis grouped UGT genes from three insect species into three distinct subfamilies, revealing a closer evolutionary relationship between S. frugiperda and Spodoptera litura, supported by a greater number of orthologous genes. Expression profiling showed that SfUGT16 and SfUGT21 are highly expressed in the first and fourth larval instars, respectively; SfUGT16 is predominantly expressed in the Malpighian tubules and midgut, implying roles in digestion, metabolism, and detoxification. Meanwhile, SfUGT21, SfUGT30, and SfUGT48 exhibited elevated expression in the hemolymph, suggesting functions in metabolism and transport, whereas SfUGT40 showed high expression in both the midgut and hemolymph, indicating involvement in detoxification and metabolic processes. These findings provide a foundation for further exploration of the biological functions of the UGT gene family. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)
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25 pages, 2610 KiB  
Article
Growth Performance and Nutritional Content of Tropical House Cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus (Walker, 1969)) Reared on Diets Formulated from Weeds and Agro By-Products
by Henlay J. O. Magara, Sylvain Hugel and Brian L. Fisher
Insects 2025, 16(6), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060600 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 273
Abstract
The tropical house cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) can convert organic diets formulated from weeds and agro by-products into high-quality biomass. This study assessed the potential of diets developed from weeds and agro by-products as a feed source for G. sigillatus. We [...] Read more.
The tropical house cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) can convert organic diets formulated from weeds and agro by-products into high-quality biomass. This study assessed the potential of diets developed from weeds and agro by-products as a feed source for G. sigillatus. We compared the development and nutritional value of crickets fed these alternative diets with control crickets fed chicken feed. Ten different diets with varying protein contents were used, including chicken feed (Control) with a protein content of 215 g/Kg dry matter (DM) basis), Cassava–Sugar Diet (250 g/Kg DM protein) Desmodium–Bran Diet (245 g/Kg DM protein), Morning Glory–Bean Diet (240 g/Kg DM protein), Morning Glory–Cassava Diet (235 g/Kg DM protein), Morning Glory–Cowpea Diet (225 g/Kg DM protein), Mixed Weed–Bran Diet (Optimal) (215 g/Kg DM protein) Cassava–Gallant Soldier Diet (200 g/Kg DM protein), Wheat–Bran Diet (145 g/Kg DM protein), and Maize–Cassava Diet (135 g/Kg DM protein). The weight and length of the crickets were measured for 9 weeks from day 1 after hatching to day 56. Then, the crickets were harvested and analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, fat, ash, fiber, minerals, and fatty acid composition. Cricket developmental time, survival rate, weight and length, yield, proximate components, and mineral and fatty acids differed depending on the diet provided. The Mixed Weed–Bran Diet (Optimal) resulted in the crickets developing faster (48.8 days), with a higher survival rate (88.1%), greater adult length (19.2 cm) and weight (0.44 g), and a nutrition content richer in minerals and unsaturated fatty acids when compared to other treatments. Oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids. The highest protein content (64.4 g/100 g) was observed in the Mixed Weed–Bran Diet (Optimal) and Morning Glory–Cassava Diet treatments, while the Maize–Cassava Diet treatment crickets possessed the highest quantities of fats (19.1 g/100 g) and ash (15.4 g/100 g). The fatty acid profile of G. sigillatus revealed the cricket to have high unsaturated fatty acids except in crickets fed Morning Glory–Cowpea Diet and Wheat–Bran Diet. Generally, G. sigillatus grew best and had the most nutritious body composition on the Mixed Weed–Bran Diet (Optimal). The findings indicate that diets developed from weeds and agro by-products have great potential to be used as an alternative feed source for crickets and are capable of replacing expensive chicken feed, enhancing the circular farming potential of insect farming. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects as the Nutrition Source in Animal Feed)
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17 pages, 1227 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Essential Oil from Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) Seeds and Selected Terpenes as Repellents Against Adult Female Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae) Sand Flies
by Maia Tsikolia, Panagiota Tsafrakidou, Michael Miaoulis, Andrew Y. Li, Dawn Gundersen-Rindal and Alexandra Chaskopoulou
Insects 2025, 16(6), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060599 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 205
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease transmitted by sand flies, poses a significant global health threat. Chemical repellents and insecticides are widely used for protection, but prolonged use has led to resistance, reduced efficacy, and environmental concerns, emphasizing the need for new repellent compounds, ideally [...] Read more.
Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease transmitted by sand flies, poses a significant global health threat. Chemical repellents and insecticides are widely used for protection, but prolonged use has led to resistance, reduced efficacy, and environmental concerns, emphasizing the need for new repellent compounds, ideally from sustainable sources. This study investigated the chemical composition and repellent properties of cumin seed essential oil (EO) from Greece against Phlebotomus papatasi. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified five major constituents, including cumin aldehyde (27.0%), β-pinene (11.4%), and γ-terpinene (10.8%). In addition to cumin seed EO and its major constituents, octanol, and 1-octen-3-ol were tested for comparison, along with transfluthrin and DEET as standard repellents. Using a static air repellency bioassay, cumin seed EO, cumin aldehyde, and octanol exhibited strong spatial repellency (EC50 of 0.34, 0.07, and 0.60 μg/cm2 respectively) comparable to transfluthrin (EC50 of 0.04 μg/cm2) at 1 h, and contact repellency, both lasting up to 3 h. This is the first study to evaluate cumin seed EO and cumin aldehyde against sand flies, highlighting their potential as alternatives to conventional repellents. Further research is needed to explore their applicability in vector control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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13 pages, 8394 KiB  
Article
Report of a New Sand Fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) Species, Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) pradeepii n. sp. from Madhya Pradesh, India
by Harish Kumar Shah, Pananchikkaparambil Abdu Fathima, Manju Rahi and Prasanta Saini
Insects 2025, 16(6), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060598 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 265
Abstract
Madhya Pradesh, a biodiversity-rich state in central India, reports sporadic non-indigenous leishmaniasis cases. Systematic entomological surveillance as part of molecular xenomonitoring in sand flies led to the discovery of a new species, Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) pradeepii n. sp. (Diptera: Psychodidae), from Johariya village [...] Read more.
Madhya Pradesh, a biodiversity-rich state in central India, reports sporadic non-indigenous leishmaniasis cases. Systematic entomological surveillance as part of molecular xenomonitoring in sand flies led to the discovery of a new species, Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) pradeepii n. sp. (Diptera: Psychodidae), from Johariya village in Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh, India. A systematic cross-sectional survey of sand flies was conducted in Bhopal, Sagar, and Hoshangabad districts of Madhya Pradesh. Standard collection methods were employed for two months, i.e., from July to August 2023. DNA barcoding targeting the mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was performed, and the generated sequences were phylogenetically analyzed. Se. (Neo.) pradeepii, a newly recorded sand fly species, is reported in this study. Its taxonomic relationship to other congeners of subgenus Neophlebotomus is discussed. COI barcoding and phylogenetic analysis established that the specimens fit into the same taxonomic group, exhibiting negligible gene flow within the population, while a 13.4% genetic distance from congeners establishes it as a separate species. Madhya Pradesh, with its rich biodiversity and favorable conditions for sand fly proliferation, lacks systematic entomological surveillance. This study enhances the knowledge of the state’s sand fly fauna by reporting and providing a detailed morphological and molecular description of the new species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diptera Diversity: Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
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26 pages, 48912 KiB  
Article
Beneath the Bark and Beyond the Known: The First Record of Tineobius Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) in China with a Description of Two New Species
by Zixuan Li, Haoran Liao, Shirui Xu, Haitian Song and Lingfei Peng
Insects 2025, 16(6), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060597 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 348
Abstract
The genus Tineobius Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is recorded for the first time in China based on two new species, Tineobius (Tineobius) elpisios Li & Peng sp. nov. and Tineobius (Tineobius) victor Li & Peng sp. nov., along with two [...] Read more.
The genus Tineobius Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is recorded for the first time in China based on two new species, Tineobius (Tineobius) elpisios Li & Peng sp. nov. and Tineobius (Tineobius) victor Li & Peng sp. nov., along with two newly recorded species, Tineobius (Tineobius) brachartonae (Gahan, 1927) and Tineobius (Tineobius) longicauda (Ferrière, 1938). Descriptions and illustrations are provided for all female specimens of the four species. Additionally, the males of T. victor sp. nov. and T. brachartonae are described and illustrated in detail, and a key to Asian species based on females is provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revival of a Prominent Taxonomy of Insects)
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14 pages, 2566 KiB  
Article
Effects of Short-Term Heat Stress on the Development, Reproduction, and Demographic Parameters of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
by Hajar Pakyari and Rostislav Zemek
Insects 2025, 16(6), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060596 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 284
Abstract
Temperature is a critical factor affecting the development and population dynamics of many organisms. An organism’s ability to withstand extreme temperature events, such as heat waves, will become increasingly important as the severity, duration, and frequency of these events continue to rise worldwide [...] Read more.
Temperature is a critical factor affecting the development and population dynamics of many organisms. An organism’s ability to withstand extreme temperature events, such as heat waves, will become increasingly important as the severity, duration, and frequency of these events continue to rise worldwide due to global warming. Knowledge on the effects of heat stress on both pests and their natural enemies will thus be crucial for keeping biological control and pest control programs effective in future. This research aimed to study the effect of short-term heat stress on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis, which is one of the important natural enemies utilized as a biocontrol agent against spider mites such as Tetranychus urticae. The experiments assessed the immature developmental time of P. persimilis after a four-hour incubation of eggs at high temperatures, namely 36, 38, 40, and 42 °C, as well as 85 ± 5% RH and a 16:8 h photoperiod (L:D). After adult females emerged, they were exposed to the same conditions again and the population parameters were monitored. The results demonstrated that the immature development time decreased as temperature increased, with the shortest development duration of 5.30 days seen in eggs exposed to 40 °C, while the eggs exposed to 42 °C did not hatch. Female and male adult longevity decreased significantly as the temperature increased. Fecundity, the adult pre-ovipositional period, and the total pre-ovipositional period were lowest following the 40 °C treatment. The population parameters of P. persimilis, including r and λ, reached their highest values in mites treated at 36 °C, and were significantly higher than in the control group. Addressing these challenges through targeted research and adaptive management is essential to sustaining the efficiency of P. persimilis in biocontrol programs, particularly in the context of global climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Bio-Ecology and Control of Plant-Damaging Acari)
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15 pages, 4910 KiB  
Article
Functional Study of Opsin Genes in Pardosa astrigera (Araneae: Lycosidae)
by Shuxin Zhai, Boqi Ren, Xinghua Zhang, Fangyu Shen, Min Ma, Xinmin Li and Rui Li
Insects 2025, 16(6), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060595 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 238
Abstract
Spiders are important predatory natural enemies in agricultural and forestry ecosystems, yet the role of vision in their predatory behavior remains unclear. In this study, we screened three opsin genes—corresponding to ultraviolet-sensitive and medium-to-long wavelength-sensitive opsins—from the transcriptome sequencing database of Pardosa astrigera [...] Read more.
Spiders are important predatory natural enemies in agricultural and forestry ecosystems, yet the role of vision in their predatory behavior remains unclear. In this study, we screened three opsin genes—corresponding to ultraviolet-sensitive and medium-to-long wavelength-sensitive opsins—from the transcriptome sequencing database of Pardosa astrigera. All three genes possess seven transmembrane topological structures and a lysine residue on the second transmembrane domain, which are typical characteristics of opsins. Using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), we analyzed the expression patterns of these opsin genes in different tissues, developmental stages, and under the induction of light at three wavelengths. The results showed that all three opsin genes were significantly expressed in the cephalothorax and expressed across developmental stages with no significant differences. Under light induction, their relative expression first increased and then decreased in both male and female adult spiders. Subsequently, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to individually knock down each opsin gene, confirming their involvement in color vision. These results suggest that the three opsin genes are involved in spider vision, laying the foundation for further elucidating the role of vision in spider predation, and offering a new perspective for reducing the unintended killing of natural enemies by insect traps. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Other Arthropods and General Topics)
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18 pages, 938 KiB  
Article
Behavioral Responses of Chrysoperla defreitasi (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to Volatile Compounds from Wild and Domesticated Ugni molinae
by Manuel Chacón-Fuentes, Leonardo Bardehle, César Burgos-Díaz, Marcelo Lizama, Daniel Martínez-Cisterna, Mauricio Opazo-Navarrete, Cristina Bravo-Reyes and Andrés Quiroz
Insects 2025, 16(6), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060594 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 292
Abstract
Domestication significantly altered the phenotypic and chemical traits of murtilla, notably reducing the emission of volatile compounds essential for plant–insect interactions. This reduction may affect the plant’s natural defense mechanisms, influencing its interactions with herbivores and predators. Therefore, this study tests whether domestication [...] Read more.
Domestication significantly altered the phenotypic and chemical traits of murtilla, notably reducing the emission of volatile compounds essential for plant–insect interactions. This reduction may affect the plant’s natural defense mechanisms, influencing its interactions with herbivores and predators. Therefore, this study tests whether domestication reduces volatile emissions in murtilla, increasing aphid preference and decreasing lacewing attraction. We selected wild ancestors (19-1, 22-1, and 23-2) from a longterm Ugni molinae germplasm bank. Crosses between these wild ancestors generated four first-generation domesticated ecotypes, 10-1, 16-16, 17-4, and 66-2, used in this study. These first-generation domesticated ecotypes were six years old at the time of the study and were used for comparisons in volatile profile and insect interaction analyses. The olfactometric preference index (OPI) for lacewing larvae and aphids revealed that wild ancestors attracted more predators than domesticated plants. For example, Ecotype 19-1 had an OPI of 1.64 for larvae and 1.49 for aphids, while Ecotype 10-1 showed lower attraction (OPI of 1.01 for larvae and 1.00 for aphids). Gas chromatography analysis identified differences in volatile organic compounds, with wild ancestor ecotypes emitting higher levels of compounds such as 2-hexanone, 1,8-cineole, and α-caryophyllene. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering confirmed these chemical distinctions. In olfactometer assays, lacewing larvae preferred α-caryophyllene and 2,4-dimethyl acetophenone, while aphids favored 2-hexanone and 3-hexanol. In Y-tube assays, lacewing adults showed strong attraction to α-pinene and 2,4-dimethyl acetophenone, with preferences increasing with concentration. These results indicate that domestication altered the volatile murtilla profile, reducing its attractiveness to natural predators while increasing its susceptibility to herbivores, supporting the plant domestication defense theory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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21 pages, 3620 KiB  
Article
Immune Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity in Response to Vairimorpha ceranae Infection Across Five Honey Bee Subspecies
by Cansu Özge Tozkar and Jay D. Evans
Insects 2025, 16(6), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060593 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 330
Abstract
This study evaluated immune gene expression and locomotor behavior across five Apis mellifera subspecies (Carniolan, Caucasian, Syrian, Muğla ecotype, and Yığılca ecotype) following controlled Vairimorpha ceranae infection. Six days post-infection, Caucasian, Carniolan, and Yığılca bees exhibited a significant upregulation of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) [...] Read more.
This study evaluated immune gene expression and locomotor behavior across five Apis mellifera subspecies (Carniolan, Caucasian, Syrian, Muğla ecotype, and Yığılca ecotype) following controlled Vairimorpha ceranae infection. Six days post-infection, Caucasian, Carniolan, and Yığılca bees exhibited a significant upregulation of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) transcripts—hymenoptaecin, abaecin, defensin, and apidaecin—indicating a robust humoral response. Conversely, Syrian and Muğla bees showed weaker AMP expression and higher V. ceranae mRNA levels, indicating lower immunity and higher susceptibility. Positive correlations among AMP transcripts, especially in Caucasian, Carniolan, and Yığılca bees, suggested a coordinated response. Eater gene expression, critical for cellular immunity, decreased in infected Caucasian and Yığılca bees, coinciding with AMP upregulation. Vitellogenin expression, linked to immunity and longevity, increased in Carniolan and Syrian bees, correlating with higher early locomotor activity. Locomotor analysis revealed subspecies-specific behavioral responses. Syrian bees maintained the highest activity despite elevated V. ceranae mRNA and minimal AMP expression, suggesting unique resilience possibly mediated by vitellogenin. Muğla bees, despite high pathogen loads, exhibited decreased activity. Caucasian bees showed strong immune responses but reduced activity post-infection, reflecting potential physiological trade-offs. Overall, these findings underscore the role of genetic variability in shaping honey bee immune and behavioral responses to Vairimorpha and support subspecies-targeted breeding and disease management strategies to enhance resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bee Conservation: Behavior, Health and Pollination Ecology)
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Article
Spodoptera frugiperda Uses Specific Volatiles to Assess Maize Development for Optimal Offspring Survival
by Hanbing Li, Peng Wan, Zhihui Zhu, Dong Xu, Shengbo Cong, Min Xu and Haichen Yin
Insects 2025, 16(6), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16060592 - 4 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda, a major global agricultural pest, poses significant challenges to chemical control methods due to pesticide resistance and environmental concerns, underscoring the need for sustainable management strategies. Attractants based on host plant volatiles offer a promising eco-friendly approach, but their development [...] Read more.
Spodoptera frugiperda, a major global agricultural pest, poses significant challenges to chemical control methods due to pesticide resistance and environmental concerns, underscoring the need for sustainable management strategies. Attractants based on host plant volatiles offer a promising eco-friendly approach, but their development for S. frugiperda is hindered by limited research on host recognition mechanisms. This study reveals that female S. frugiperda preferentially oviposit on maize at the seedling stage. Using electrophysiological techniques, we identified p-xylene and (+)-camphor from seedling-stage maize volatiles as key compounds eliciting strong responses in female S. frugiperda. Behavioral assays confirmed that these compounds (p-xylene at the concentration of 5%, 10%, and 20% and (+)-camphor at 1%, 5%, and 10%) significantly attract females, establishing them as the key odor cues for host selection. Moreover, these volatiles are more abundant in seedling-stage maize, suggesting that S. frugiperda assesses maize growth stages based on their concentrations. Importantly, larvae reared on seedling-stage maize exhibited higher survival rates than those on later-stage maize, indicating that oviposition site selection directly affects offspring fitness. These findings demonstrate that S. frugiperda uses p-xylene and (+)-camphor to evaluate maize development and select suitable oviposition sites, thereby enhancing larval survival. This study provides a foundation for developing targeted attractants for S. frugiperda and highlights the seedling stage as a critical period for implementing pest control measures, particularly in autumn maize production, given the higher pest population density during this phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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