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Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic...
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Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic Research—2nd Edition

A special issue of Insects (ISSN 2075-4450). This special issue belongs to the section "Insect Pest and Vector Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 May 2025 | Viewed by 12544

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Shun-fan Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Bio-Interactions and Crop Health, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Interests: insecticide resistance; insecticide toxicology; cytochrome P450s; target site insensitivity; insect growth regulator; novel insecticides targets
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Insecticide resistance is a serious problem affecting the efficacy and utility of compounds. It is exhausting our agricultural arsenal against pests. Scientists are engaged in investigating the mechanisms by which insects develop resistance to insecticides, such as target protein resistance, metabolic resistance, cuticular resistance and increased transporter activity, which leads to the excretion of insecticide from the pest.

Considering the success of the earlier Special Issue, we are pleased to launch a second Special Issue on the same topic, welcoming laboratory and field studies on insecticides toxicology; discovery of novel molecular targets of insecticides; comparative toxicology of insecticides; mechanism of resistance of agricultural, forestry and health pests to chemical and biological insecticides; and monitoring and control technology for pest resistance. Both original research articles and reviews will be considered for publication.

Dr. Shun-fan Wu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Insects is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • insecticide resistance
  • insecticide toxicology
  • cytochrome P450s
  • target site insensitivity
  • insect growth regulator
  • mode of action

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1747 KiB  
Article
GSTD1 Mediates the Tolerance to Abamectin and Beta-Cypermethrin in the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda
by Qian Ding, Yangyang Liu, Baoxiang Dai, Yujie Han, Yan Zhang, Zhongyuan Deng, Lixiang Wang and Xianchun Li
Insects 2025, 16(3), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030299 - 12 Mar 2025
Viewed by 667
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a class of detoxifying enzymes in the second stage of insect metabolism and plays a key role in insecticide resistance. In this study, based on the transcriptome sequences of S. frugiperda, the full-length cDNA of SfGSTD1 was cloned [...] Read more.
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a class of detoxifying enzymes in the second stage of insect metabolism and plays a key role in insecticide resistance. In this study, based on the transcriptome sequences of S. frugiperda, the full-length cDNA of SfGSTD1 was cloned and characterized. The temporal and spatial expression pattern showed that SfGSTD1 was highly expressed in Malpighian tubules, which are key excretion organs. Knocking down SfGSTD1 reduced S. frugiperd tolerance to abamectin and beta-cypermethrin. The overexpression of SfGSTD1 enhanced the viability of Sf9 cell under abamectin and beta-cypermethrin treatment. Furthermore, SfGSTD1 was overexpressed in Drosophila melanogaster using the GAL4/UAS binary expression system, and this overexpression strain was also less susceptible to abamectin and beta-cypermethrin. The enzyme activity of recombinant SfGSTD1 could also be significantly inhibited by abamectin and beta-cypermethrin. Taken together, our findings indicate that SfGSTD1 might be involved in the tolerance of abamectin and beta-cypermethrin in S. frugiperda. And these results provide theoretical foundations for understanding the resistance mechanism of S. frugiperda to abamectin and beta-cypermethrin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic Research—2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 1297 KiB  
Article
Assessing Temperature-Dependent Deltamethrin Toxicity in Various kdr Genotypes of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes
by Joshua Kalmouni, Brook M. Jensen, Joshua Ain, Krijn P. Paaijmans and Silvie Huijben
Insects 2025, 16(3), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030254 - 1 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1056
Abstract
Insecticide resistance surveillance systems for vector-borne diseases are crucial for early detection of resistance and the implementation of evidence-based resistance management strategies. While insecticide susceptibility bioassays are typically conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, mosquitoes in the field experience varying environmental conditions, with temperature [...] Read more.
Insecticide resistance surveillance systems for vector-borne diseases are crucial for early detection of resistance and the implementation of evidence-based resistance management strategies. While insecticide susceptibility bioassays are typically conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, mosquitoes in the field experience varying environmental conditions, with temperature being a key determinant. Understanding the relationship between temperature and insecticide toxicity is essential for interpreting and extrapolating assay results across different climate zones or more locally across days with different weather conditions. In this study, we examined Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with different genetic backgrounds of insecticide resistance. Mosquitoes were homozygous for the knockdown resistance (kdr) F1534C mutation, plus either (1) homozygous for the kdr 1016V wildtype allele, (2) homozygous for the kdr V1016I mutant allele, or (3) heterozygous genetic crosses. These three genotypes were exposed to deltamethrin using WHO tube tests at three temperatures (22 °C, 27 °C, and 32 °C) and varying dosages. LC50 values were determined for each genotype and temperature combination. A negative temperature coefficient was observed exclusively in female mosquitoes homozygous for the 1016V wildtype allele, indicating reduced pyrethroid toxicity at higher temperatures. No temperature–toxicity relationship was found in males of this genotype or in other genotypes of either sex. These findings suggest that temperature may interact with kdr mutations and possibly even sex, highlighting the complex interactions between genetic mutations and environmental factors, such as temperature, in determining the insecticide resistance phenotype. Given the wide distribution of Ae. aegypti, understanding how local climate conditions influence insecticide performance will help improve control strategies and slow resistance evolution, protecting public health efforts against mosquito-borne diseases Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic Research—2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 636 KiB  
Article
Fitness Costs in Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Resistant to Lufenuron, A Chitin-Synthesis Inhibitor Insecticide
by Natalia C. Bermúdez, Nataly de la Pava, Deividy V. Nascimento, Lilian M. S. Ribeiro, Herbert A. A. Siqueira and Jorge B. Torres
Insects 2024, 15(11), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110856 - 2 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1262
Abstract
The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, is the main pest of Brassicas crops worldwide, and its recorded resistance to 101 active ingredients indicates it is difficult to control. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that P. xylostella has fitness [...] Read more.
The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, is the main pest of Brassicas crops worldwide, and its recorded resistance to 101 active ingredients indicates it is difficult to control. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that P. xylostella has fitness costs associated with its resistance to lufenuron, a chitin-synthesis inhibitor insecticide. Thus, concentration–mortality bioassays were performed for susceptible (REC-S), resistant (BZR-R) populations, their progenies F1 and F1′, and one established population without selection pressure (BZR-Rns) after four generations. A fertility life table was used to assess the biological performance of the REC-S and BZR-R. BZR-Rns of P. xylostella. The larval stage, longevity, and survival differed between populations. The reproductive rate (R0) was significantly lower in the F1 (♀R × ♂S) (28.19) and F1′ (♀S × ♂R) (34.06) progenies compared with their parents, but not with the relaxed BZR-Rns (39.39). The mean generation time (T), intrinsic rate of population growth (rm), and doubling time (DT) differed between REC-S and progenies, with fitness of 0.52 and 0.64 for F1 and F1′, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that the resistance of P. xylostella to lufenuron is stable and that low fitness costs appear to be associated with resistance to lufenuron, although heterozygotes showed lower fitness than their parents. Strategies such as preserving refuge areas, rotation of modes of action, etc., are essential for resistance management and prolonging the efficacy of control agents; this highlights the importance of integrated insecticide resistance management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic Research—2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 2325 KiB  
Article
Crossbreeding and Backcrossing in the Pyrethroid-Resistant Ladybird Beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar) Determines Resistance in Offspring
by Alice S. Rodrigues, Paulo R. R. Barbosa, Deividy V. Nascimento and Jorge B. Torres
Insects 2024, 15(11), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110853 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 838
Abstract
The conservation of the predatory ladybird beetle, Eriopis connexa (Germar) after its release also relies on its resistance and the performance of its progenies. When resistant individuals are released or evolve in the field through mating with susceptible pairs, we anticipate that they [...] Read more.
The conservation of the predatory ladybird beetle, Eriopis connexa (Germar) after its release also relies on its resistance and the performance of its progenies. When resistant individuals are released or evolve in the field through mating with susceptible pairs, we anticipate that they will generate a resistant progeny, inheriting the resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin through an autosomal mechanism. The susceptibility of a field-collected population (EcGA) was characterized and determined by the performance of their progenies generated through mating with a resistant parent (EcViR). We paired virgin adults from the EcGA and EcViR populations, observing how their progenies developed, reproduced, and survived when exposed to dried lambda-cyhalothrin residues applied at field rates. Adults from the EcGA population were ~200-fold more susceptible than those of the EcViR population. Developmental times from larva to adult emergence for EcGA individuals were delayed by approximately 6 days and generated smaller adults compared to EcViR and their progenies. The egg production did not differ across parents and progenies, but females from EcGA and EcGA × EcViR progenies produced 130 more eggs in comparison to EcViR females during the 35-day evaluation period. Exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin resulted in 77.4 to 100% survival for adults from EcViR × EcGA progenies and EcViR parents, while EcGA and the population standard for susceptibility maintained in the laboratory (EcFM) did not survive the insecticide exposure. These findings indicate that field crosses between EcViR and EcGA will improve their progenies’ biological performance compared to the EcViR parents and will maintain a high lambda-cyhalothrin survival rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic Research—2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 3994 KiB  
Article
Insecticide Resistance in Aedes aegypti from the National Capital Region of the Philippines
by Richard Paul B. Malijan, Jason R. Angeles, Ariza Minelle A. Apilado, Mary Ann T. Ammugauan and Ferdinand V. Salazar
Insects 2024, 15(10), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100782 - 9 Oct 2024
Viewed by 4189
Abstract
Human arboviral diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika can be transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The insecticide-based vector control strategy is critical in reducing transmission of these Aedes-borne diseases but is threatened mainly by the emergence of insecticide resistance. [...] Read more.
Human arboviral diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika can be transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The insecticide-based vector control strategy is critical in reducing transmission of these Aedes-borne diseases but is threatened mainly by the emergence of insecticide resistance. Adult Ae. aegypti from the National Capital Region (NCR), Philippines, were subjected to bioassays to determine their susceptibility to diagnostic doses of pyrethroid, organochlorine, and organophosphate insecticides following the standard World Health Organization insecticide susceptibility test. This study reports the detection of insecticide resistance to pyrethroids and organochlorine in Ae. aegypti from the Philippines for the first time. Most of the Ae. aegypti populations from NCR exhibited phenotypic resistance to permethrin, etofenprox, and DDT. Varying resistance levels to deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin were observed in the different mosquito populations, while all populations tested to malathion were susceptible to this organophosphate. This finding should alert public health authorities to consider modifying the existing vector management package for greater control efficacy. Best practices proven to prevent or delay the development of insecticide resistance, such as insecticide rotation, should also be implemented, while alternative chemicals with a different mode of action should be explored to ensure the continuing efficacy of program interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic Research—2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 1539 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Search for Gene Mutations Likely Conferring Insecticide Resistance in the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius
by Kouhei Toga, Fumiko Kimoto, Hiroki Fujii and Hidemasa Bono
Insects 2024, 15(10), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100737 - 24 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3794
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in the bed bug Cimex lectularius is poorly understood due to the lack of genome sequences for resistant strains. In Japan, we identified a resistant strain of C. lectularius that exhibits a higher pyrethroid resistance ratio compared to many previously discovered [...] Read more.
Insecticide resistance in the bed bug Cimex lectularius is poorly understood due to the lack of genome sequences for resistant strains. In Japan, we identified a resistant strain of C. lectularius that exhibits a higher pyrethroid resistance ratio compared to many previously discovered strains. We sequenced the genomes of the pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible strains using long-read sequencing, resulting in the construction of highly contiguous genomes (N50 of the resistant strain: 2.1 Mb and N50 of the susceptible strain: 1.5 Mb). Gene prediction was performed by BRAKER3, and the functional annotation was performed by the Fanflow4insects workflow. Next, we compared their amino acid sequences to identify gene mutations, identifying 729 mutated transcripts that were specific to the resistant strain. Among them, those defined previously as resistance genes were included. Additionally, enrichment analysis implicated DNA damage response, cell cycle regulation, insulin metabolism, and lysosomes in the development of pyrethroid resistance. Genome editing of these genes can provide insights into the evolution and mechanisms of insecticide resistance. This study expanded the target genes to monitor allele distribution and frequency changes, which will likely contribute to the assessment of resistance levels. These findings highlight the potential of genome-wide approaches to understand insecticide resistance in bed bugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic Research—2nd Edition)
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