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Insects, Volume 16, Issue 7 (July 2025) – 54 articles

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20 pages, 4119 KiB  
Article
Insights into Lead Toxicity and Detoxification Mechanisms in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori
by Dan-Dan Bian, Yan-Xia Shi, Kai-Wen Shi, Hui-Cong Du, Bo-Ping Tang and Qiu-Ning Liu
Insects 2025, 16(7), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070699 - 7 Jul 2025
Abstract
Bombyx mori, a key lepidopteran model with economic importance, is highly susceptible to environmental heavy metal pollution. This study investigated the mechanisms of Pb toxicity and the associated detoxification and metabolic defense responses in silkworms, employing transcriptome sequencing, enzyme activity assays, and [...] Read more.
Bombyx mori, a key lepidopteran model with economic importance, is highly susceptible to environmental heavy metal pollution. This study investigated the mechanisms of Pb toxicity and the associated detoxification and metabolic defense responses in silkworms, employing transcriptome sequencing, enzyme activity assays, and histopathological analysis. Pb exposure caused significant histopathological changes and apoptosis in the fat body, marked by structural disorganization, swollen adipocytes, and degraded extracellular matrix. Molecular analysis showed activation of antioxidant defenses, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities significantly elevated (p < 0.05), while peroxidase (POD) activity declined (p < 0.05). Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) also decreased. In detoxification responses, carboxylesterase (CarE) activity was reduced, whereas cytochrome P450 (P450) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities increased (p < 0.05). Transcriptome sequencing revealed 1,418 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with notable upregulation of key detoxification genes (p < 0.05), including six cytochrome P450s (CYPs), five uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), three glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and six ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs). KEGG enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of these DEGs in drug metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and ABC transporter pathways (p < 0.05). Functional validation showed that knocking down Cap ‘n’ Collar C (CncC) significantly suppressed key detoxification genes (CYP18A1, CYP332A1, GSTd3, GSTt1, UGT33D8; p < 0.05). qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed that the Caspase-3 pathway mediates Pb-induced apoptosis, with increased cleaved Caspase-3 and Caspase-4 levels following CncC silencing. Overall, our findings elucidate the mechanisms of Pb toxicity in silkworms and identify CncC as a critical regulator of detoxification and defense against heavy metal stress in lepidopteran insects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Transcriptomics)
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13 pages, 1419 KiB  
Article
Acetamiprid-Induced Toxicity Thresholds and Population Sensitivity in Trichogramma dendrolimi: Implications for Pesticide Risk Assessment
by Yan Zhang, Jiameng Ren and Shenhang Cheng
Insects 2025, 16(7), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070698 - 7 Jul 2025
Abstract
Trichogramma dendrolimi, a key egg parasitoid for lepidopteran pest control, faces potential risks from neonicotinoid insecticides like acetamiprid used in integrated pest management (IPM). This study evaluated acetamiprid’s acute and sublethal toxicity to T. dendrolimi and assessed population-level risks via species sensitivity [...] Read more.
Trichogramma dendrolimi, a key egg parasitoid for lepidopteran pest control, faces potential risks from neonicotinoid insecticides like acetamiprid used in integrated pest management (IPM). This study evaluated acetamiprid’s acute and sublethal toxicity to T. dendrolimi and assessed population-level risks via species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Acute toxicity assays using glass-vial residues revealed a 24 h LC50 of 0.12 mg a.i. L−1 for adults, three orders of magnitude below the maximum field rate (100 mg a.i. L−1). Sublethal exposure (1/2–1/100 LC50) significantly reduced parasitism and emergence rates (NOEC = 2.3 μg a.i. L−1) but did not affect offspring survival. Acetamiprid also shortened offspring development at 11.5–57.5 μg a.i. L−1. SSD analysis identified T. dendrolimi as the most sensitive parasitoid to acetamiprid (HC5/HC50) = 0.11/5.88 mg a.i. L−1), with field rates (30–100 mg a.i. L−1) indicating a potentially affected fraction (PAF) of 76.8–97.9%. These findings underscore the need to integrate sublethal effects into pesticide regulations to conserve parasitoid-mediated ecosystem services. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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16 pages, 1124 KiB  
Article
Development and Population Growth Rates of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Exposed to a Sublethal Concentration of Essential Oil of Piper hispidinervum
by Lucas Martins Lopes, Lêda Rita D’Antonino Faroni, Gutierres Nelson Silva, Douglas Rafael e Silva Barbosa, Marcela Silva Carvalho, Herus Pablo Firmino Martins, Thaís Rodrigues dos Santos, Igor da Silva Dias and Adalberto Hipólito de Sousa
Insects 2025, 16(7), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070697 - 6 Jul 2025
Abstract
Essential oils have emerged as promising alternatives for pest insect control. However, sublethal effects on insect reproduction and development are rarely explored, despite their relevance to integrated pest management (IPM). This study evaluated the sublethal effects of Piper hispidivervum C. DC. essential oil [...] Read more.
Essential oils have emerged as promising alternatives for pest insect control. However, sublethal effects on insect reproduction and development are rarely explored, despite their relevance to integrated pest management (IPM). This study evaluated the sublethal effects of Piper hispidivervum C. DC. essential oil (EOPH) on the development and population growth of four populations of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), as well as the persistence of safrole residue in treated corn grains. Population development rates were determined using emergence curves and total emerged adults, while population growth was assessed by counting live insects in the feeding substrate at different storage intervals. Safrole residue persistence was analyzed using solid-phase microextraction in headspace mode (SPME-HS). Sublethal exposure to EOPH significantly reduced the development rate, total emergence, and growth in three of the four populations. The population from Crixás, GO, showed no significant reduction, with a population curve overlapping the control. The lethal dose was reduced by 98.20%, indicating low persistence and potential food safety. The EOPH exhibited sublethal effects on S. zeamais populations, reducing both development rates and population growth. This reduction varied among the populations studied. Further research is encouraged to explore its effects on different insect populations and under broader environmental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Pest Management in Stored Products)
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16 pages, 1292 KiB  
Article
Compartmentalization of Free Fatty Acids in Blood-Feeding Tabanus bovinus Females
by Mikołaj Drozdowski and Mieczysława Irena Boguś
Insects 2025, 16(7), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070696 - 6 Jul 2025
Abstract
Lipids play vital roles in insect physiology, functioning as energy reserves, membrane constituents, and cuticular protectants. However, few studies have examined the anatomical distribution of lipids in blood-feeding Diptera and compared the compositions of the cuticular and internal compartments. This study analyzes the [...] Read more.
Lipids play vital roles in insect physiology, functioning as energy reserves, membrane constituents, and cuticular protectants. However, few studies have examined the anatomical distribution of lipids in blood-feeding Diptera and compared the compositions of the cuticular and internal compartments. This study analyzes the qualitative and quantitative profiles of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the female Tabanus bovinus, a hematophagous horsefly species, across different anatomical regions, including the head, wings, legs, thorax, and abdomen. The surface and internal lipid fractions were isolated using petroleum ether/dichloromethane extraction followed by sonication. GC-MS revealed the presence of 21 FFAs, including 16 saturated (C7:0, C8:0, C9:0, C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C19:0, C20:0, C22:0, C24:0) and five unsaturated (C16:1, C18:2, C18:1, C20:5, C20:4). The head and wings showed the highest concentrations of cuticular FFAs. At the same time, internal lipid stores were most prominent in the thorax and abdomen (but four times lower than in the head cuticle), reflecting their role in energy storage and reproduction. All cuticular and internal extracts were dominated by C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1. Notably, several FFAs were undetected in specific compartments: C10:0 from inside the head, C11:0 and C13:0 from inside all examined body parts, C19:0 was absent from inside the head, wings and legs, while C20:5 and C20:4 were absent from both the cuticular and internal lipid pools of the wings. Interestingly, our analysis of the cuticle on the thorax and abdomen together revealed that both C13:0 and C19:0 were present only on the dorsal side, i.e., absent from the ventral side. These absences suggest a selective lipid metabolism tailored to the functional and ecological demands of T. bovinus females. Our findings suggest that the absence of specific compounds from individual body parts may serve as an indicator of physiological specialization. This work provides new insights into lipid compartmentalization in Tabanidae and offers a framework for future comparative and ecological lipidomics studies in insects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)
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13 pages, 594 KiB  
Article
Predation Risk Effects of Harmonia axyridis on the Development and Fecundity of Periphyllus koelreuteriae
by Haibo Yang, Jiaoyi Du, Lei Wang, Pinhong Zhu, Dingxu Li, Jianrong Huang and Zhenjie Hu
Insects 2025, 16(7), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070695 - 6 Jul 2025
Abstract
In the scenario that requires the biological control of pests using predatory enemies, predators not only prey on pests directly but also can affect the population fitness of pests through indirect non-consumptive effects (predation risk effects). However, the impact of predation risk effects [...] Read more.
In the scenario that requires the biological control of pests using predatory enemies, predators not only prey on pests directly but also can affect the population fitness of pests through indirect non-consumptive effects (predation risk effects). However, the impact of predation risk effects varies depending on the mode of stress imposed by natural enemies and the state of the stressed pests. Herein, we exposed aphids (Periphyllus koelreuteriae) at different stages to various cues from the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis) to assess the effects of different predation risks on P. koelreuteriae development and reproduction. We found that the effect of predation risk on aphid developmental time was clearly stage-dependent. When 1st-instar nymphs were exposed to predator cues, their developmental time was prolonged only in the early stages (1st–3rd instar nymphs). Similarly, when third-instar nymphs were stressed, only the current stage (third instar) showed a developmental delay, while fourth-instar nymphs and adult aphids were not significantly affected. Additionally, aphids at different stages perceive predation risk differently. Nymphs cannot recognize visual cues from predators, but can perceive odor cues. In contrast, adult aphids are sensitive to a variety of predator cues, including visual ones. Predation risk caused aphids to shorten their adult lifespan and reduce reproductive output, but it increased the proportion of diapause offspring. This study highlights the importance of considering how predation risk affects multiple life stages and physiological changes, which are important for gaining insights into the mechanisms of predator–prey interactions and for comprehensively assessing the ability of lady beetles to regulate aphid populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)
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20 pages, 320 KiB  
Review
The Contribution of Molecular Biology to Forensic Entomology
by Carmen Scieuzo, Roberta Rinaldi, Federica De Stefano, Aldo Di Fazio and Patrizia Falabella
Insects 2025, 16(7), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070694 - 5 Jul 2025
Abstract
This review presents an in-depth analysis of the synergistic role of molecular biology in advancing forensic entomology. The study discusses how insects associated with decomposing bodies provide critical data for estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI), and how molecular techniques improve species identification and [...] Read more.
This review presents an in-depth analysis of the synergistic role of molecular biology in advancing forensic entomology. The study discusses how insects associated with decomposing bodies provide critical data for estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI), and how molecular techniques improve species identification and trace analysis. The manuscript examines DNA-based methods such as RAPD, RFLP, and mitochondrial sequencing, along with innovative applications like gene expression profiling and entomotoxicology analysis. Additionally, it presents real case studies illustrating how molecular data from insects can be used not only to estimate PMI but also to identify victims or suspects through human DNA retrieved from insect tissues. These advances confirm the fundamental role of molecular biology in strengthening the reliability and applicability of forensic entomology in legal contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Special Issue Series: Insects)
12 pages, 243 KiB  
Article
Acaricidal Efficacy of Diatomaceous Earths on Different Life Stages of Acarus siro L. and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank)
by Maria C. Boukouvala, Constantin S. Filintas and Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
Insects 2025, 16(7), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070693 - 4 Jul 2025
Abstract
Acarus siro L. and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) are cosmopolitan mite species in food storage and processing environments, infesting a wide variety of commodities. In the current study, the diatomaceous earths (DEs) InsectoSec and Fossil Shield were evaluated for wheat protection against [...] Read more.
Acarus siro L. and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) are cosmopolitan mite species in food storage and processing environments, infesting a wide variety of commodities. In the current study, the diatomaceous earths (DEs) InsectoSec and Fossil Shield were evaluated for wheat protection against adults, larvae, and nymphs of A. siro and T. putrescentiae. Both DEs were examined at 200 and 500 ppm at 1, 2, and 5 days post-exposure. The efficacy of both formulations against A. siro and T. putrescentiae life stages depended on dose and exposure. Mortality of A. siro reached 100% in larvae, 99.3% in nymphs, and 95.6% in adults by day 5 at 500 ppm of InsectoSec. Similarly, Fossil Shield achieved almost complete larval mortality (99.3%) of A. siro at 500 ppm. For T. putrescentiae, 100% mortality was observed for larvae at both doses of InsectoSec and for adults or nymphs at 500 ppm by the fifth day. Fossil Shield caused a similar mortality to larvae, reaching 97.0% and 100%, at 200 and 500 ppm, respectively, after 5 days. Our findings indicate that InsectoSec and Fossil Shield can be used as sustainable management tools against A. siro and T. putrescentiae. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Effects of Insecticides on Pests)
20 pages, 3332 KiB  
Article
Impact of Salmonella enteritidis Infection and Mechanical Stress on Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in Hermetia illucens
by Davide Santori, Anna Maria Fausto, Alessio Gelli, Anna Rita Pifferi, Samuele Dottarelli, Sofia Cucci, Francesca Di Donato, Goffredo Grifoni and Erminia Sezzi
Insects 2025, 16(7), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070692 - 4 Jul 2025
Abstract
Hermetia illucens, the black soldier fly, is a common and widespread fly of the family Stratiomyidae. Its ability to grow on contaminated substrates suggests the production of antimicrobial peptides that enable its survival. This study aimed to verify the impact of [...] Read more.
Hermetia illucens, the black soldier fly, is a common and widespread fly of the family Stratiomyidae. Its ability to grow on contaminated substrates suggests the production of antimicrobial peptides that enable its survival. This study aimed to verify the impact of direct and indirect infection with Salmonella enteritidis on the expression of defensins and cecropins in Hermetia illucens larvae. In addition to an infection with a microorganism, it was interesting to verify if the expression of peptides and the relative action of hemolymph changed in larvae subjected to mechanical stress by abdominal puncture. The peptide fraction of the hemolymph of infected larvae was tested using antibiogram and minimum inhibitory concentration tests against Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium. Both molecular and microbiological tests were carried out at three different time points, on larvae not subjected to any treatment (T-0), four hours after treatment (T-1), and 24 h after treatment (T-2). The results of the microbiological tests showed the antimicrobial action of the peptide fraction of the hemolymph against both S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis; for the latter one, the action was more marked. Interesting results were also found for larvae subjected only to mechanical stress by puncture. Molecular tests on the expression of defensins and cecropins were in full agreement with those obtained in the microbiological tests, with expression more pronounced in larvae infected directly with Salmonella enteritidis. Temporal and condition-specific regulation of defensins and cecropins highlights the complexity of the immune response and suggests sophisticated mechanisms by which the host fine-tunes antimicrobial peptide expression to enhance pathogen defense while preventing excessive immune activation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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20 pages, 2408 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Mating Disruption for Suppression of Plodia interpunctella Populations in Retail Stores
by James F. Campbell, James Miller, James Petersen and Bill Lingren
Insects 2025, 16(7), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070691 - 3 Jul 2025
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Abstract
Mating disruption is a commercially available management tactic for pyralid moths, which are pests of stored products. However, evaluations of efficacy have had limited replication, which limits the ability to draw conclusions about its effectiveness or the impact of different variables on its [...] Read more.
Mating disruption is a commercially available management tactic for pyralid moths, which are pests of stored products. However, evaluations of efficacy have had limited replication, which limits the ability to draw conclusions about its effectiveness or the impact of different variables on its efficacy. We evaluated the mating disruption of Plodia interpunctella in 33 retail pet supply stores (6415 to 17,384 m3) and the impact of factors such as insect density and application rate on efficacy. Prior to starting MD, the average capture of P. interpunctella was 40.2 ± 3.6 moths/trap/month. Immediately after starting treatment, there was a sharp drop in captures (67.8 ± 4.8%) and then a more gradual overall downward. Overall, under mating disruption, the average reduction was 85.0 ± 3.0%. Geographic location, initial moth density, and pheromone application rate did not significantly impact efficacy. Analysis of the relationships between moth captures and mating disruption dispenser density indicated that competitive mechanisms were the primary mechanisms involved. This was the largest replicated assessment of MD for the management of a post-harvest pest and provides valuable foundational and applied insights into the process. Our results show that a standardized MD program can provide pest suppression in retail stores, but it takes time to be fully effective. Finally, identifying the primary mechanism for efficacy provides important information needed for further refinement of MD programs. Full article
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24 pages, 1449 KiB  
Review
Heortia vitessoides Infests Aquilaria sinensis: A Systematic Review of Climate Drivers, Management Strategies, and Molecular Mechanisms
by Zongyu Yin, Yingying Chen, Huanrong Xue, Xiaofei Li, Baocai Li, Jiaming Liang, Yongjin Zhu, Keyu Long, Jinming Yang, Jiao Pang, Kaixiang Li and Shaoming Ye
Insects 2025, 16(7), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070690 - 2 Jul 2025
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Abstract
Heortia vitessoides Moore (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), the dominant outbreak defoliator of Aquilaria sinensis (Myrtales: Thymelaeaceae, the agarwood-producing tree), poses a severe threat to the sustainable development of the agarwood industry. Current research has preliminarily revealed its biological traits and gene functions. However, significant gaps [...] Read more.
Heortia vitessoides Moore (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), the dominant outbreak defoliator of Aquilaria sinensis (Myrtales: Thymelaeaceae, the agarwood-producing tree), poses a severe threat to the sustainable development of the agarwood industry. Current research has preliminarily revealed its biological traits and gene functions. However, significant gaps persist in integrating climate adaptation mechanisms, control technologies, and host interaction networks across disciplines. This review systematically synthesizes the multidimensional mechanisms underlying H. vitessoides outbreaks through the logical framework of “Fundamental Biology of Outbreaks—Environmental Drivers—Control Strategies—Molecular Regulation—Host Defense.” First, we integrate the biological characteristics of H. vitessoides with its climatic response patterns, elucidating the ecological pathways through which temperature and humidity drive population outbreaks by regulating development duration and host resource availability. Subsequently, we assess the efficacy and limitations of existing control techniques (e.g., pheromone trapping, Beauveria bassiana application), highlighting the critical bottleneck of insufficient mechanistic understanding at the molecular level. Building on this, we delve into the molecular adaptation mechanisms of H. vitessoides. Specifically, detoxification genes (e.g., HvGSTs1) and temperature stress-responsive genes (e.g., HvCAT, HvGP) synergistically enhance stress tolerance, while chemosensory genes mediate mating and host location behaviors. Concurrently, we reveal the host defense strategy of A. sinensis, involving activation of secondary metabolite defenses via the jasmonic acid signaling pathway and emission of volatile organic compounds that attract natural enemies—an “induced resistance–natural enemy collaboration” mechanism. Finally, we propose future research directions: deep integration of gene editing to validate key targets, multi-omics analysis to decipher the host–pest–natural enemy interaction network, and development of climate–gene–population dynamics models. These approaches aim to achieve precision control by bridging molecular mechanisms with environmental regulation. This review not only provides innovative pathways for managing H. vitessoides but also establishes a paradigm for cross-scale research on pests affecting high-value economic forests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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5 pages, 619 KiB  
Brief Report
A “Sconce” Trap for Sampling Egg Masses of Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula
by Sarah M. Devine, Everett G. Booth, Miriam F. Cooperband, Emily K. L. Franzen, Phillip A. Lewis, Kelly M. Murman and Joseph A. Francese
Insects 2025, 16(7), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070689 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1
Abstract
Survey and detection of the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), rely either on traps that exploit the insect’s behavior as it navigates its environment, or on visual surveys of either its mobile life stages or egg masses. A recently described egg mass trap, [...] Read more.
Survey and detection of the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), rely either on traps that exploit the insect’s behavior as it navigates its environment, or on visual surveys of either its mobile life stages or egg masses. A recently described egg mass trap, coined the “lampshade” trap, can assist with early detection in newly infested areas, provide egg masses for researchers, and potentially facilitate spotted lanternfly population reduction by removal of egg masses from the environment. Here, we describe a modified lampshade trap, the sconce trap, that uses less material, can be pre-cut prior to deployment, and can be deployed by one person, representing potential cost, labor, and time savings. Both traps were comparable at detecting populations of spotted lanternflies, and while females deposited more eggs on the larger lampshade traps, they deposited more eggs on sconce traps as a function of trap area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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13 pages, 1285 KiB  
Article
Symbiont-Targeted Control of Halyomorpha halys Does Not Affect Local Insect Diversity in a Hazelnut Orchard
by Sofia Victoria Prieto, Matteo Dho, Bianca Orrù, Elena Gonella and Alberto Alma
Insects 2025, 16(7), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070688 - 30 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Harmless crop-associated insect communities are a fundamental part of the agroecosystem. Their potential as a reservoir of natural enemies of pests has encouraged their conservation through the development of low-impact pest management programs. The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, represents a serious [...] Read more.
Harmless crop-associated insect communities are a fundamental part of the agroecosystem. Their potential as a reservoir of natural enemies of pests has encouraged their conservation through the development of low-impact pest management programs. The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, represents a serious threat to Italian hazelnut production. Laboratory and field experiments confirmed the susceptibility of this pest to the disruption of the obligated symbiotic interaction with gut bacteria, paving the way for the development of the symbiont-targeted control strategy. Here we present the results of a three-year field assessment of symbiont-targeted control in a hazelnut orchard in northwestern Italy. The use of a biocomplex to disrupt symbiont acquisition by H. halys nymphs was compared to the use of lambda-cyhalothrin insecticide. The effects on the local entomofauna were assessed, as were the trend of H. halys population and the damage caused by stink bugs to harvested hazelnuts. The insecticide consistently reduced the insect diversity in the field, while the anti-symbiont biocomplex had no effect. However, the control of the H. halys population and the stink bug-induced damage to hazelnuts varied over the years in the field plot submitted to the symbiont-targeted approach. Our results indicate that the symbiont-targeted control does not interfere with local insect communities. Key aspects for improving the effectiveness of this tactic are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance and Management of Invasive Insects)
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13 pages, 3755 KiB  
Article
Diversity of Termites Used in Poultry Feed in Burkina Faso
by Aïchatou Nadia Christelle Dao, Fernand Sankara, Mouhamadou Moustapha Ndiaye, Abdoulaye Baïla Ndiaye, Salimata Pousga, Irénée Somda and Marc Kenis
Insects 2025, 16(7), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070687 - 30 Jun 2025
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the diversity of termites used in poultry feed in Burkina Faso. Termite samples were collected in eight of the thirteen regions of the country by poultry farmers, then conserved in 70° alcohol. The criteria used [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to assess the diversity of termites used in poultry feed in Burkina Faso. Termite samples were collected in eight of the thirteen regions of the country by poultry farmers, then conserved in 70° alcohol. The criteria used by poultry farmers for identifying the termite were also characterised and discussed with farmers in a village where the use of termites as poultry feed is well developed. Morphological identifications were carried out in the laboratory. Twenty species were identified in two families, six subfamilies, and thirteen genera. In the Heterotermitidae family, a single species belonging to the Coptotermitinae subfamily was identified. The rest belonged to the family Termitidae and the subfamilies Amitermitinae, Microcerotermitinae, Macrotermitinae, Nasutitermitinae, and Cubitermitinae. Three species, Microcerotermes fuscotibialis, Megagnathotermes notandus, and Isognathotermes fungifaber, were found for the first time in Burkina Faso. The largest number of species (eleven) was collected in the Cascades region. Poultry farmers are able to recognise eight genera of termites by the shape, size, and colour of the termites; by the termite mounds; and often by the location of the nest. These results may facilitate the promotion of the use of termites as poultry feed in Burkina Faso and West Africa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Role of Insects in Human Society)
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16 pages, 2812 KiB  
Article
Industrial-Scale Bioconversion of Three-Phase Residue by Musca domestica Larvae: Dynamics of Gut Microbiota and Their Ecological Driver
by Wenna Long, Junran Pang, Wantao Yan and Nan Hu
Insects 2025, 16(7), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070686 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 2
Abstract
The escalating global population coupled with rising living standards in developing nations has created dual challenges in sustainable food production and organic waste management [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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27 pages, 15418 KiB  
Article
Revision of Macrima Baly, 1878 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae)
by Chuan Feng, Xingke Yang, Jan Bezděk and Siqin Ge
Insects 2025, 16(7), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070685 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1
Abstract
This study presents a taxonomic revision of the genus Macrima Baly, 1878 to advance the understanding of suprageneric, non-monophyletic “Monoleptites”. Through comprehensive morphological examinations of all type specimens, including detailed analyses of male and female genitalia and the structure of the cavitous anterior [...] Read more.
This study presents a taxonomic revision of the genus Macrima Baly, 1878 to advance the understanding of suprageneric, non-monophyletic “Monoleptites”. Through comprehensive morphological examinations of all type specimens, including detailed analyses of male and female genitalia and the structure of the cavitous anterior part of the head, we propose M. roseofulva Medvedev, 2011 and M. ferrugina Jiang, 1990 as new synonyms of M. aurantiaca (Laboissière, 1936), M. bifida Yang, 1992 a new synonym of M. cornuta (Laboissière, 1936), and M. yunnanensis (Laboissière, 1936) as a new synonym of M. pallida (Laboissière, 1936). In addition, M. costatipennis Jacoby, 1896 is transferred to Hoplosaenidea Laboissière, 1933 (comb. nov.). Color photos of habitus, body details, and genitalia are presented for all species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revival of a Prominent Taxonomy of Insects)
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16 pages, 4080 KiB  
Article
Knocked-Out Bombyx mori Protein Disulfide Isomerase Decreases Silk Yields and Mechanical Properties by Affecting the Post-Translational Modification of Silk Proteins
by Shifeng Yang, Mengyao He, Xian Li, Huan Dong, Hexu Lei, Fangyu Wang, Hanxin Deng, Hongji Zhou, Siyu Chen, Yujuan Zhou, Zihan Meng, Ding Tu, He Wang, Qingyou Xia and Feng Wang
Insects 2025, 16(7), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070684 - 30 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Silkworms synthesize and secrete silk to produce cocoons, which are excellent materials for textile and biomaterial manufacturing applications. However, the gene regulation associated with the post-translational modification of silk proteins remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical properties, evolutionary relationships, and [...] Read more.
Silkworms synthesize and secrete silk to produce cocoons, which are excellent materials for textile and biomaterial manufacturing applications. However, the gene regulation associated with the post-translational modification of silk proteins remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical properties, evolutionary relationships, and expression patterns of BmPDI in silkworms. Subsequently, we knocked out BmPDI (BmPDI-KO), resulting in significant phenotypes of BmPDI-KO silkworms with smaller silk glands and cocoons, weaker silk mechanical properties, and reduced disulfide bonds in silk-associated proteins. Transcription levels of silk protein-related genes and unfolded protein response signal pathway-related genes were significantly downregulated. In contrast, genes involved in the apoptosis pathway were significantly upregulated in BmPDI-KO silkworms. Knocking out BmPDI in silkworms affected the post-translational modifications of the silk proteins, thereby accumulating misfolded silk proteins and hindering their secretion into the extracellular cells. This further increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, activated the apoptotic pathway, accelerated silk gland cell apoptosis, and significantly reduced the silk yields and mechanical properties of BmPDI-KO silkworm. This study provides a potential exploration of BmPDI in the modification of silk yields and mechanical properties of Bombyx mori. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Studies on Resource Insects)
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11 pages, 5750 KiB  
Article
Management Diversification Increases Habitat Availability for Lepidoptera Papilionoidea in the Torretes Biological Station (Spain)
by Javier Quinto, Elena Espín and Eduardo Galante
Insects 2025, 16(7), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070683 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 5
Abstract
Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), considered bioindicators of habitat conservation status, are one of the groups used to assess the impact of habitat management and improvement efforts in the Biological Station of Torretes (Ibi, Alicante, Spain). This area also houses the Botanical Garden of the [...] Read more.
Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), considered bioindicators of habitat conservation status, are one of the groups used to assess the impact of habitat management and improvement efforts in the Biological Station of Torretes (Ibi, Alicante, Spain). This area also houses the Botanical Garden of the University of Alicante. The study was focused on the period from autumn 2022 to late spring 2023, and data on butterfly diversity and abundance from the current study were compared with historical data. Our results highlight that open spaces and the availability of trophic resources (nutritional plants) were key factors influencing the richness and abundance of Papilionoidea. The program for the creation and maintenance of new habitats at the biological station has increased spatial heterogeneity and the availability of trophic resources, which has led to a significant increase in the richness and abundance of butterflies in a short period. To support the conservation of Mediterranean ecosystems, and entomofauna in general, the Papilionidae are proposed as model groups for designing conservation projects based on traditional habitat management. These projects should promote spatial heterogeneity, include programs to enrich plant diversity, and be complemented by environmental education and outreach initiatives. Full article
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21 pages, 13994 KiB  
Article
Fine Structure and Optical Features of the Compound Eyes of Adult Female Ceratosolen gravelyi (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)
by Hua Xie, Yan Shi, Shouxian Zhang, Yonghui Zhu, Subo Shao, Yuan Zhang, Pei Yang and Zongbo Li
Insects 2025, 16(7), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070682 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 2
Abstract
Pollinating fig wasps (Agaonidae) engage in an obligate mutualism with Ficus species, which is mediated by host-specific chemical cues. However, the role of visual perception in host recognition remains poorly understood, particularly because of a lack of structural studies of their compound eyes. [...] Read more.
Pollinating fig wasps (Agaonidae) engage in an obligate mutualism with Ficus species, which is mediated by host-specific chemical cues. However, the role of visual perception in host recognition remains poorly understood, particularly because of a lack of structural studies of their compound eyes. We investigated the ocular morphology of female Ceratosolen gravelyi (exclusive pollinator of F. semicordata) using scanning/transmission electron microscopy. The oval apposition eyes contain 228–263 ommatidia, which are asymmetrically distributed between the left and right eyes. Each ommatidium comprises a biconvex corneal lens overlying a tetrapartite eucone crystalline cone; proximal cone cells reveal an interlaced labyrinth. Pigment cells encapsulate each ommatidium, and numerous pigment granules and mitochondria are present in both pigment and retinular cells. Nine retinular cells comprise a unit, with eight photoreceptors (R1–R8) forming the rhabdom from the cone base to the basal matrix; a ninth cell replaces R8 in the apical third of the rhabdom. Optical metrics, including F-number (1.1°), acceptance angle (10.0°), and ommatidial sensitivity (0.26 µm2/sr), indicate diurnal activity in bright environments. These adaptations suggest that their eyes are critical for processing visual cues during host interactions, which advances our understanding of multimodal sensory integration in fig–wasp mutualism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)
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2 pages, 123 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Gemmellaro et al. Species Richness and Distribution of Calliphoridae Along an Elevation Gradient in Sicily (Italy) and Ecuador. Insects 2025, 16, 498
by M. Denise Gemmellaro, Gail S. Anderson, George C. Hamilton, Mariela Domínguez-Trujillo and Lauren M. Weidner
Insects 2025, 16(7), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070681 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diptera Diversity: Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
19 pages, 2055 KiB  
Article
Extract of Tangerine Peel as a Botanical Insecticide Candidate for Smallholder Potato Cultivation
by José-Manuel Pais-Chanfrau, Lisbeth J. Quiñonez-Montaño, Jimmy Núñez-Pérez, Julia K. Prado-Beltrán, Magali Cañarejo-Antamba, Jhomaira L. Burbano-García, Andrea J. Chiliquinga-Quispe and Hortensia M. Rodríguez Cabrera
Insects 2025, 16(7), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070680 - 29 Jun 2025
Viewed by 72
Abstract
Background: Contemporary agriculture heavily relies on synthetic chemicals to ensure high yields and food security; however, their overuse has led to health issues and the development of pesticide resistance in pests. Researchers are now exploring natural, eco-friendly alternatives for pest control. Methods: This [...] Read more.
Background: Contemporary agriculture heavily relies on synthetic chemicals to ensure high yields and food security; however, their overuse has led to health issues and the development of pesticide resistance in pests. Researchers are now exploring natural, eco-friendly alternatives for pest control. Methods: This study evaluated two ethanol-based formulations (1.25% and 2.50%, v/v) derived from the tangerine peel (Citrus reticulata L. var. Clementina) against conventional chemical treatments and an untreated control group in the cultivation of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Capiro). A randomised block design was used, with three blocks per treatment containing 45 plants. The experiment was conducted during the wet season (February–April 2023). Results: According to visual inspections and yellow traps, following weekly application from days 30 to 105 post-planting to monitor pest (e.g., Frankliniella occidentalis, Aphididae) and beneficial insect (e.g., Coccinellidae, Apis mellifera) populations, the 2.50% formulation performed similarly to chemical treatments against pests, whilst being harmless to beneficial insects. Post-harvest analysis showed that the formulations achieved 73% of conventional yields, with comparable tuber damage and levels of Premnotrypes vorax larvae. Conclusions: Toxicological tests confirmed the eco-friendliness of the formulations, making them suitable for small-scale Andean ‘chakras’ in organic farming and honey production, without the use of chemicals. Full article
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14 pages, 1672 KiB  
Article
Ionotropic Receptor Genes in Fig Wasps: Evolutionary Insights from Comparative Studies
by Hui Yu, Xiaojue Nong, Weicheng Huang, Ling Yang, Chantarasuwan Bhanumas, Yongmei Xiong and Seping Dai
Insects 2025, 16(7), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070679 - 29 Jun 2025
Viewed by 152
Abstract
The mechanisms of chemoreception in fig wasps (Hymenoptera, Agaonidae) are of primary importance in their co-evolutionary relationship with the fig trees they pollinate. As the supplementary receptors to odorant receptors (ORs) and gustatory receptors (GRs) in insects, we compare the evolutionary characters of [...] Read more.
The mechanisms of chemoreception in fig wasps (Hymenoptera, Agaonidae) are of primary importance in their co-evolutionary relationship with the fig trees they pollinate. As the supplementary receptors to odorant receptors (ORs) and gustatory receptors (GRs) in insects, we compare the evolutionary characters of ionotropic receptors (IRs) among 25 fig wasp taxa in six genera. In total, we identified 205 IRs in 25 fig wasps, with each taxon recording from 5 to 12 IR genes. We found 189 IR genes clustered into 18 orthologous groups that can be divided into three types: IRco, antennal IRs, and divergent IRs. More IRs belong to antennal IRs in fig wasps, which can be sensitive to acids, aldehydes, polyamines, salt, amino acids, and temperature/humidity according to homology comparison. Additionally, some IR genes in fig wasps do not cluster with those of outgroup species (e.g., Drosophila melanogaster, Apis mellifera), suggesting they may represent a unique group and may have special functions in fig wasps. Divergent IRs are very few, with large sequence variation between species. Compared to ORs and GRs in fig wasps, gene sequences in most IR orthologous groups are more conserved between genera, with the lowest sequence similarity in 10 orthologous groups (including three IRco) exhibiting above 58.5%. Gene sequences are consistent with the phylogenetic relationships among fig wasps, which is the same as ORs and GRs. Strong purifying selection of IR genes was detected, as shown by the low ω values. Signatures of positive selection were detected in loci from three orthologous groups. Our results provide important molecular information for further studies on chemosensory mechanisms in fig wasps. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)
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17 pages, 685 KiB  
Review
Insect Peroxiredoxins: A Comprehensive Review of Their Classification, Distribution, Structural Features, Expression Profiles and Physiological Functions
by Li Yang, Shaohua Lu, Yujie Lu, Mingshun Chen and Sufen Cui
Insects 2025, 16(7), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070678 - 28 Jun 2025
Viewed by 105
Abstract
With the development of technology, an increasing amount of literature regarding the expression profiles and physiological functions of Prxs has been published. Despite this growing interest, there is currently no systematic review of expression profiles in different insects. Here, we performed a systematic [...] Read more.
With the development of technology, an increasing amount of literature regarding the expression profiles and physiological functions of Prxs has been published. Despite this growing interest, there is currently no systematic review of expression profiles in different insects. Here, we performed a systematic review of the available literature on the location and expression of Prxs in different tissues, developmental stages and sexes in insects. Recent studies on the structure, expression profiles and functional characterization of Prxs provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms and functional pathways of this important enzyme family. In insects, Prxs are crucial for antioxidant defense, development, stress adaptation, cell apoptosis, immune response and insecticide resistance. This systematic review provides an overview of the various functions of Prxs as reported in the literature and highlights that many environmental stresses induce changes in Prxs expression levels. Furthermore, we present perspectives on future research directions regarding insect Prxs and discuss their potential applications in pest control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology, Behaviour, and Monitoring of Stored Product Insects)
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20 pages, 2289 KiB  
Article
First Test of a Potential Biological Control Agent of Argentine ants (Linepithema humile)
by Patricia J. Folgarait and Daniela Goffré
Insects 2025, 16(7), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070677 - 28 Jun 2025
Viewed by 82
Abstract
The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), listed among the world’s 100 worst invasive alien species, is notoriously difficult to control due mainly to its formation of large, expansive supercolonies. Despite the drawbacks of chemical control, biological alternatives have not been previously explored [...] Read more.
The Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), listed among the world’s 100 worst invasive alien species, is notoriously difficult to control due mainly to its formation of large, expansive supercolonies. Despite the drawbacks of chemical control, biological alternatives have not been previously explored for this species. In this study, we evaluated six native entomopathogenic fungal strains against Argentine ants from four behaviorally distinct supercolonies, identified through aggression assays and collected from both urban and natural sites within the species’ native range. Ants were inoculated with 1 × 108 conidia/mL using three methods: topical application, spray, and immersion. Mortality was recorded over 14 days, and the cause of death was confirmed by fungal outgrowth from cadavers. Among all strains, Beauveria bassiana Li053 consistently induced high mortality across all supercolonies and inoculation methods, with LT50 values between 2 and 5 days and final mortality rates exceeding 80%. Fungal infection was confirmed in 87–92% of cadavers. Dose–response assays revealed that higher conidial concentrations accelerated and increased mortality, with an LC50 estimated at 1 × 106 conidia/mL. These results demonstrate that B. bassiana Li053 is a promising candidate for the biological control of L. humile and merits further evaluation under field conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Physiological Ecology and Management of Invasive Ants)
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18 pages, 3351 KiB  
Article
Biosynthesis of Bioactive Human Neurotrophic Factor 3 in Silkworms and Its Biomedical Applications
by Wenjing Geng, Liang Lu, Tangmin Li, Mingyi Zhou, Wei Chen, Hao Tan, Debin Zhong, Guanwang Shen, Ping Lin, Qingyou Xia, Ping Zhao and Zhiqing Li
Insects 2025, 16(7), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070676 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 101
Abstract
Neurotrophic factor 3 (NT-3), a potent neurotrophin, promotes neuronal survival and axonal regeneration while demonstrating a unique capacity to induce lineage-specific differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into functional neurons, underscoring its therapeutic potential in neural repair. Despite these advantages, the large-scale production of [...] Read more.
Neurotrophic factor 3 (NT-3), a potent neurotrophin, promotes neuronal survival and axonal regeneration while demonstrating a unique capacity to induce lineage-specific differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into functional neurons, underscoring its therapeutic potential in neural repair. Despite these advantages, the large-scale production of recombinant human NT-3 with preserved structure integrity and functional bioactivity remains a critical challenge. This study takes advantage of the silk gland bioreactor of silkworms for the recombinant expression of human NT-3 protein on a large scale. Our findings reveal that NT-3 was successfully expressed in the middle silk gland of silkworms and secreted into the silk fibers, achieving a yield of up to 0.5 mg of bioactive NT-3 per gram of cocoon weight. The engineered NT-3-functionalized silk material demonstrates no cytotoxicity and significantly enhanced the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neural cells compared to natural silk protein. Importantly, this functionalized material also promotes neurite outgrowth in HT-22 cells. These results collectively underscore the high bioactivity of the recombinant human NT-3 protein produced in the silkworm silk gland. The ongoing fabrication of NT-3-incorporated silk-based materials holds considerable promise for advancing tissue engineering and nerve regeneration applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Studies on Resource Insects)
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15 pages, 3189 KiB  
Article
Cryptic Diversity and Climatic Niche Divergence of Brillia Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae): Insights from a Global DNA Barcode Dataset
by Hai-Feng Xu, Meng-Yu Lv, Yu Zhao, Zhi-Chao Zhang, Zheng Liu and Xiao-Long Lin
Insects 2025, 16(7), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070675 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 101
Abstract
Accurate species identification of small aquatic insects remains challenging due to their morphological similarities. This study addresses this issue by developing a DNA barcode reference library for the globally distributed Brillia (Diptera: Chironomidae). We analyzed cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of [...] Read more.
Accurate species identification of small aquatic insects remains challenging due to their morphological similarities. This study addresses this issue by developing a DNA barcode reference library for the globally distributed Brillia (Diptera: Chironomidae). We analyzed cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of 241 specimens belonging to 13 Brillia species from 18 countries, including 56 newly generated and 185 publicly available COI barcodes. Our integrated approach included genetic distance analysis, haplotype network construction, and ecological niche modeling. The results revealed remarkable cryptic diversity, with sequences clustering into 30 Barcode Index Numbers and 158 unique haplotypes, most being region-specific. Notably, East Asian and North American populations showed complete genetic distinctness, suggesting long-term isolation. Environmental factors, particularly temperature and precipitation gradients, were identified as key drivers of this diversification. The study also corrected several misidentifications in existing databases. These findings significantly advance our understanding of Brillia diversity and provide a reliable molecular tool for freshwater ecosystem monitoring, with important implications for biodiversity conservation and environmental assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
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19 pages, 754 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) in Reducing Wireworm Damage in Potatoes
by Lorenzo Furlan, Stefano Bona, Roberto Matteo, Luca Lazzeri, Isadora Benvegnù, Nerio Casadei, Elisabetta Caprai, Ilaria Prizio and Bruno Parisi
Insects 2025, 16(7), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070674 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 188
Abstract
Wireworms are a major threat to potatoes. Agronomic prevention is always the first IPM strategy to be implemented. This work assesses whether a bioactive cover crop, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), a tropical leguminous plant, reduces wireworm damage risk when cultivated as [...] Read more.
Wireworms are a major threat to potatoes. Agronomic prevention is always the first IPM strategy to be implemented. This work assesses whether a bioactive cover crop, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), a tropical leguminous plant, reduces wireworm damage risk when cultivated as a crop preceding potatoes. The effects of Crotalaria plants (alive, chopped, and incorporated) on wireworms and tuber-damage prevention were studied in semi-natural (pots) and open-field conditions. The survival of a set number of reared wireworms feeding on Crotalaria plants or potato tubers in soil with incorporated Crotalaria chopped tissues was assessed. Wireworm damage on tubers was assessed in fields where Crotalaria had been cultivated, chopped, and incorporated the previous year. The tuber damage assessment involved counting all the erosions/scars caused by wireworm feeding. The prevalent wireworm species studied was Agriotes sordidus. Our research is the first to demonstrate that Crotalaria as a cover crop can significantly reduce potato damage by wireworms. A major role is likely played by the high pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in Crotalaria juncea tissues, but this has to be specifically proven. Crotalaria juncea may thus represent an effective means for use alone or with complementary ones to produce potatoes with low wireworm damage without using synthetic insecticides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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16 pages, 2174 KiB  
Article
Development of a Stage- and Species-Specific RNAi System for Molecular Insights in Trichogramma Wasps
by Zelong Yang, Yan Lu, Zhuo Jiang, Xilin Jiao, Han Lin, Wanning Jiang, Wenmei Du, Xue Zhang, Zhao Peng, Junjie Zhang, Xiao Wang and Ying Hu
Insects 2025, 16(7), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070673 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 153
Abstract
Trichogramma wasps, egg parasitoids widely used to control lepidopteran pests, have long eluded in-depth molecular mechanistic studies due to their minute size and genetic tool scarcity. While previous RNAi efforts were restricted to T. dendrolimi, we developed the first cross-species RNAi system [...] Read more.
Trichogramma wasps, egg parasitoids widely used to control lepidopteran pests, have long eluded in-depth molecular mechanistic studies due to their minute size and genetic tool scarcity. While previous RNAi efforts were restricted to T. dendrolimi, we developed the first cross-species RNAi system for both T. dendrolimi and the previously intractable T. ostriniae. Temporal expression profiling identified white and laccase 2 as stage-specific RNAi targets, peaking during prepupal/pupal stages, which were tested across species and developmental stages using microinjection and soaking dsRNA delivery methods. Survival analysis prioritized soaking for T. dendrolimi prepupae/pupae, while microinjection was essential for T. ostriniae to bypass prepupal mortality during soaking. Concentration-dependent RNAi targeting the white gene achieved 85.61% transcript reduction in T. dendrolimi via soaking and 89.36% in T. ostriniae via microinjection at 2000 ng/μL, correlating with 64.06% and 32.09% white-eyed pupae, causing a significant reduction in eye pigments. For the laccase 2 gene, soaking at 2000 ng/μL induced 88.35% transcript reduction in T. dendrolimi and 73.31% in T. ostriniae, leading to incomplete cuticle tanning and sclerotization. This study resolves the long-standing challenge of genetic manipulation in Trichogramma wasps, providing a universally applicable framework to decipher parasitoid–host interactions at the molecular scale, which is useful for sustainable pest management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue RNAi in Insect Physiology)
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1 pages, 124 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Zhang et al. Expression Profiling and Functional Analysis of Candidate Odorant Receptors in Galeruca daurica. Insects 2022, 13, 563
by Jing-Hang Zhang, Ling Li, Na Li, Yan-Yan Li and Bao-Ping Pang
Insects 2025, 16(7), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070672 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 102
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)
11 pages, 559 KiB  
Article
Effects of Sitobion avenae Treated with Sublethal Concentrations of Dinotefuran on the Predation Function and Enzyme Activity of Harmonia axyridis
by Shaodan Fei, Jiacong Sun, Xingping Ren, Haiying Zhang and Yonggang Liu
Insects 2025, 16(7), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070671 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 157
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of sublethal concentrations of dinotefuran on the predatory behavior and detoxification enzyme activity of Harmonia axyridis, aiming to establish a theoretical foundation for the conservation and utilization of natural enemies and the effective management of wheat aphids. [...] Read more.
This study investigated the impact of sublethal concentrations of dinotefuran on the predatory behavior and detoxification enzyme activity of Harmonia axyridis, aiming to establish a theoretical foundation for the conservation and utilization of natural enemies and the effective management of wheat aphids. This study treated wheat aphids with sublethal concentrations (LC20 and LC30) of dinotefuran via the leaf dipping method and subsequently used them as prey for the fourth-instar larvae of H. axyridis. The predation amount, instantaneous attack rate, handling time, daily maximum predation amount, and detoxification enzyme activity of H. axyridis were statistically analyzed. The results indicated that the predation of H. axyridis on wheat aphids conformed to the Holling II disc equation. Moreover, in comparison to the control group, the handling time of H. axyridis on wheat aphids was extended, and at the same time, the instantaneous attack rate, maximum daily predation amount, and predation efficiency were all diminished. After the ingestion of LC20- and LC30-dinotefuran-treated aphids, the carboxylesterase levels in H. axyridis were not significantly different from the control, with levels 0.97-fold and 0.94-fold that of the control, respectively. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) demonstrated an induction impact compared to the control, reaching 1.96- and 1.47-fold higher than the control, respectively. The activity of mixed-functional oxidase (MFO) demonstrated an induction effect compared to the control, measuring 1.98- and 3.04-fold higher than that of the control, respectively. Consequently, the predation function and detoxification enzyme activity of H. axyridis were influenced when consuming wheat aphids treated with sublethal concentrations of dinotefuran, with significant variations across different concentrations, potentially reflecting the survival strategy of insects under dinotefuran stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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18 pages, 2632 KiB  
Article
Cretaceous Connections Among Camel Cricket Lineages in the Himalaya Revealed Through Fossil-Calibrated Mitogenomic Phylogenetics
by Cheten Dorji, Mary Morgan-Richards and Steven A. Trewick
Insects 2025, 16(7), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070670 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 202
Abstract
The nocturnal, flightless camel crickets (Rhaphidophoridae) have a global distribution and are believed to have originated prior to the breakup of Pangea. We investigated the phylogeny and the timing of the radiation of East Asian species with mitogenomic data. Initially we analyzed a [...] Read more.
The nocturnal, flightless camel crickets (Rhaphidophoridae) have a global distribution and are believed to have originated prior to the breakup of Pangea. We investigated the phylogeny and the timing of the radiation of East Asian species with mitogenomic data. Initially we analyzed a large taxon dataset (n = 117) using available partial mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences to confirm the monophyly of subfamilies and current taxonomy. Our findings support the monophyly of each genus within the subfamily Aemodogryllinae, with a minor inconsistency between taxonomy and phylogeny resolved by resurrection of the genus Gymnaeta Adelung. Fossil-calibrated molecular clock analysis used 11,124 bp alignment of 13 complete mitochondrial protein-coding genes for 20 species of Rhaphidophoridae, with a focus on the neglected Rhaphidophorinae and Aemodogryllinae lineages. Divergence time estimates suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the family lived during the Early Jurassic (189 Mya ± 23 Mya) before Pangea broke into the supercontinents or possibly during the early stage of breakup when Gondwana and Laurasia were still connected by land. The two subfamilies, Rhaphidophorinae and Aemodogryllinae, that overlap in Asia are estimated to have diverged 138 Mya ± 17 Mya, well before the Late Cretaceous northern connection between America and Asia (the Bering Land Bridge). Thus, our extended sampling of species from East Asia and Oceania refutes the importance of continental drift in the evolution of this wingless orthopteran family. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
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