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Insects
Volume 16
Issue 10
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Insects, Volume 16, Issue 10 (October 2025) – 84 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This research article integrates molecular and morphological data to present the first comprehensive phylogeny of the African rainforest grasshopper genus Serpusia Karsch, 1891. Given the existing gaps in systematics and molecular evidence, this study addresses the genus's taxonomic status through an integrative approach. The results demonstrate that Serpusia opacula and Serpusia succursor (Karsch, 1896) belong to two distinct genera. Molecular analysis identifies 19 distinct mOTUs, revealing greater diversity within Serpusia than previously recognized. Furthermore, nine new species are described, an identification key is provided, species distribution is mapped, and the first phylogenetic tree for Serpusia is constructed. The study underscores the importance of integrating multiple data sources to uncover overlooked taxa. View this paper
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12 pages, 1058 KB  
Article
Parasitization Activity by Eretmocerus iulii over the Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus, in Sicily
by Alessia Farina and Carmelo Rapisarda
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101074 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 332
Abstract
Since its first report in 2020, Aleurocanthus spiniferus has rapidly spread in Sicily, causing alarm among citrus growers. To assess biocontrol possibilities, its spontaneous natural enemies were observed and, from summer 2023, sporadic parasitization was noted by an unknown species of the genus [...] Read more.
Since its first report in 2020, Aleurocanthus spiniferus has rapidly spread in Sicily, causing alarm among citrus growers. To assess biocontrol possibilities, its spontaneous natural enemies were observed and, from summer 2023, sporadic parasitization was noted by an unknown species of the genus Eretmocerus, recently described as E. iulii. Parasitization over the OSW was studied regularly from November 2023 at two sites and from August 2024 at a third site (all of them in eastern Sicily). At the first two sites, parasitization was very low (<1%) at the beginning of the observations, increased during autumn 2023 (not exceeding 10%), decreased during winter 2023–2024 and rapidly increased again during spring 2024, peaking in May–June with over 30%. After declining during the hot and dry summer 2024, parasitization increased again in autumn 2024, reaching 15–20% higher values compared to the previous autumn, and continued to rise gradually until the end of the monitoring period. A similar parasitization trend was noted at the third site. At all three sites, increasing parasitization coincides with a lower density of OSW nymphs. These findings show the potential of E. iulii as a promising biological control agent, offering a sustainable solution to mitigate the effect of this whitefly on citrus production in Sicily. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects Ecology and Biological Control Applications)
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17 pages, 2697 KB  
Article
Tetraniliprole Triggers Transgenerational Hormesis in an Invasive Insect Herbivore: Molecular and Biological Insights
by Farman Ullah, Zeeshan Ullah, Ali Güncan, Guru-Pirasanna-Pandi Govindharaj, Hina Gul, Prabhu Prasanna Pradhan, Ghulam Murtaza, Xiaowei Li, Nicolas Desneux and Yaobin Lu
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101073 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 431
Abstract
The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is among the most destructive invasive pests of tomato globally. The diamide insecticide tetraniliprole is increasingly used for its management. This study examines the sublethal effects of tetraniliprole on T. absoluta larvae, with a focus [...] Read more.
The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is among the most destructive invasive pests of tomato globally. The diamide insecticide tetraniliprole is increasingly used for its management. This study examines the sublethal effects of tetraniliprole on T. absoluta larvae, with a focus on its transgenerational impacts. Bioassays demonstrated that tetraniliprole was highly toxic to third-instar T. absoluta larvae, with an LC50 of 0.029 mg/L. Sublethal (LC10) and low lethal concentrations (LC30) were used to investigate their impact on developmental, reproductive, and population parameters across two subsequent generations (F1 and F2). In the parental (F0) generation, exposure to tetraniliprole at both concentrations significantly prolonged larval and pupal durations and reduced adult longevity and fecundity. In both F1 and F2 generations, concentration-dependent effects were observed—LC10 accelerated development and enhanced fecundity and population growth, indicative of a hormetic response, whereas LC30 delayed development and suppressed reproduction and survival. Life table analyses revealed significant changes in the r, λ, and T, particularly under LC30. Additionally, the RT-qPCR analysis revealed the downregulation of development and reproduction-related genes (Vg, VgR, and JHBP) in the F0 generation following exposure to tetraniliprole (LC10 and LC30). In contrast, these genes were upregulated in the progeny generations (F1 and F2) at LC10. Furthermore, the overexpression of key detoxification genes, particularly CYP4M116 and CYP6AW1, persisted across all three generations. Taken together, these findings reveal a substantial risk of unintended population resurgence (hormesis effects) at sublethal concentrations, underscoring the importance of integrating transgenerational consequences into insecticide resistance management programs for sustainable control of this key insect pest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic Research—2nd Edition)
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21 pages, 17037 KB  
Article
Potential Geographic Distribution and Suitable Area of Three Species of Diabrotica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Beetles in Corn-Planting Regions of China
by Yening Jin, Fan Shao, Sizhu Zheng, Yumeng Wang, Gao Hu and Fajun Chen
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101072 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 489
Abstract
Corn rootworms of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte, 1868; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, 1947, and Diabrotica barberi R.F. Smith & Lawrence, 1967 are important pests of corn crops that natively occur in America and have a potential risk of spreading into China through [...] Read more.
Corn rootworms of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte, 1868; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, 1947, and Diabrotica barberi R.F. Smith & Lawrence, 1967 are important pests of corn crops that natively occur in America and have a potential risk of spreading into China through natural spreading or anthropogenic invasion. In this study, the potential geographic distribution and suitable area of these three Diabrotica species based on their global distribution samples and relevant bioclimatic variables were estimated, and an overlay analysis was further carried out in combination with the actual distribution of corn-growing regions, especially in China, in order to assess the potential invasion risks of these Diabrotica beetles, especially in the corn-planting regions of China. The results indicated that six bioclimatic variables (i.e., bio2 (mean diurnal range), bio4 (temperature seasonality), bio5 (max temperature of the warmest month), bio6 (min temperature of coldest month), bio13 (precipitation of wettest month), and bio14 (precipitation of driest month)) were selected for the analysis of the potential geographic distribution and suitable areas of these Diabrotica beetles. The suitable area ranges of D. undecimpunctata and D. virgifera virgifera are relatively large in China, i.e., 21.01–48.46° N and 74.01–131.26° E for D. undecimpunctata and 21.58–41.42° N and 78.71–124.43° E for D. virgifera virgifera, respectively, while D. barberi occupies only a small area in China, i.e., 34.21–46.81° N and 108.80–133.75° E. Based on the overlay analysis of the potential geographic distribution of these three Diabrotica species and the actual distribution of corn-growing regions in China, D. undecimpunctata and D. virgifera virgifera have the largest potential geographic distribution areas, totaling 2.618 × 107 ha and 1.814 × 107 ha in 22 and 20 provinces respectively, while D. barberi has the lowest potential geographic distribution area just in 8 provinces, totaling 44.37 × 104 ha, indicating a low-suitability area. Moreover, under the four climate scenarios (i.e., SSP1_2.6, SSP2_4.5, SSP3_7.0, and SSP5_8.5) in the 2030s and 2050s, these Diabrotica beetles have the potential for sporadic increases or decreases surrounding the potential suitable areas under the current scenario. However, it is worth noting that the high-suitability areas of D. undecimpunctata and D. virgifera virgifera decreased, and their medium- and low-suitability areas increased accordingly. It is presumed that Diabrotica beetles, especially D. virgifera virgifera and D. undecimpunctata, have a high risk of potential invasion into China because there is a large potentially suitable area distribution for their possible occurrence in the maize-planting regions of China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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17 pages, 3443 KB  
Article
Long-Term Phenological Shifts in Butterfly Species from Transylvania, Romania—A Case Study
by Cristina Costache, László Rakosy and Demetra Rakosy
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101071 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 508
Abstract
Insects can respond rapidly to climate change through population fluctuations, range shifts, altered voltinism, life cycle changes, flight period adjustments, behavioural shifts, and changes in habitat or food preference—often varying by region due to local environmental and anthropogenic factors. While the phenological cycles [...] Read more.
Insects can respond rapidly to climate change through population fluctuations, range shifts, altered voltinism, life cycle changes, flight period adjustments, behavioural shifts, and changes in habitat or food preference—often varying by region due to local environmental and anthropogenic factors. While the phenological cycles of diurnal lepidopterans have been extensively studied in countries with large monitoring networks, eastern and southeastern Europe remain under-researched. This study provides the first insights into phenological shifts in 16 butterfly species in Cluj-Napoca (Transylvania, Romania) between 1921 and 2023, using a unique dataset combining historical and recent records. The species studied include spring-emerging, multivoltine, and migratory butterflies. Phenological trends were analyzed in relation to long-term climatic data. Results show that spring species now emerge approximately 15 days earlier, and autumn species extend their flight periods by up to 23 days. These changes correlate with multi-decadal trends in temperature and precipitation. We also discuss changes in voltinism and migratory behaviour and the potential impacts of climate change on butterfly populations in the study region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)
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16 pages, 3918 KB  
Article
The parasitoids of Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): with descriptions of two new species of Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from China, and a note on Aphytis species with black-tipped mid tibiae in the male
by Jingtao Xi, Junqing Ge, Jian Huang, Andrew Polaszek and Zhuhong Wang
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101070 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 389
Abstract
During investigations in the Fujian and Hunan Provinces of China, 5 parasitoids associated with Parlatoria ziziphi were identified based on morphological characteristics and 28SrDNA sequences. They comprised 4 ectoparasitoids: A. chrysomphali (Mercet), Aphytis jinshanensis Wang & Huang, sp.n., Aphytis nigromaculata Wang & [...] Read more.
During investigations in the Fujian and Hunan Provinces of China, 5 parasitoids associated with Parlatoria ziziphi were identified based on morphological characteristics and 28SrDNA sequences. They comprised 4 ectoparasitoids: A. chrysomphali (Mercet), Aphytis jinshanensis Wang & Huang, sp.n., Aphytis nigromaculata Wang & Huang, sp.n., and A. nr. melinus DeBach, and 1 endoparasitoid, Encarsia citrina (Craw). The 2 new species are described and illustrated in detail, and the relationships of the 4 Aphytis parasitoids treated here are analyzed, resulting in a phylogenetic tree based on 28SrDNA sequences. Moreover, the 5 Aphytis species (including 1 new species described in this work) having the mid-tibia tipped with black in the male are summarized with their scale hosts and distribution, and an identification key to these species is provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Taxonomy and Biology of Parasitoids and Potential for Their Biological Control)
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8 pages, 1126 KB  
Brief Report
Repellency of Silver-Gray Plastic Film on Megalurothrips usitatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cowpea (Vigna ungiculata)
by Yuanming Chi, Yilin Zhu, Ning Nong, Zihan Zhao, Mingyue Feng, Xueyuan Cui, Maoqing Li, Yanyu Chen and Wangpeng Shi
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101069 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a serious insect pest, causing severe damage to crops in Southeast Asia and Hainan Province, China. The misuse of chemical pesticides has led to high resistance in pests to many pesticides. Physical control is an alternative method [...] Read more.
Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a serious insect pest, causing severe damage to crops in Southeast Asia and Hainan Province, China. The misuse of chemical pesticides has led to high resistance in pests to many pesticides. Physical control is an alternative method that is environmentally friendly. We investigated the effects of silver-gray plastic film on the behavior of M. usitatus on cowpea (Vigna ungiculata). The observations of behavior found that the silver-gray plastic film has different repellent effects on female and male thrips, with a repellency rate of over 90% for male thrips, while it repels female thrips at a rate of 85% in the laboratory. Field surveys have found that the number of M. usitatus arrived at the first peak at 7:00–9:00 a.m., and then gradually decreased, reaching its lowest point by noon, and then gradually increased to reach the second peak at 13:00–15:00 p.m. on a sunny day. In the climbing period of yardlong beans, before flowering, despite the increasing numbers of thrips, we found that the number of thrips in the silver-gray plastic film hanging area was significantly lower than that in the control area. During the early and late stages of flowering, the number of thrips in the silver-gray plastic film hanging area was significantly lower than that in the control area, but during the peak flowering period, there was no significant difference in thrips numbers between the areas with silver-gray plastic film and the control areas. These results indicate that the silver-gray plastic film is a potential method to decrease damage from M. usitatus, especially in the early stages of crop growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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11 pages, 661 KB  
Article
Valorization of Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) Through Bioconversion for Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens): Larvae Growth, Survival Rate, and Nutritional Quality
by Juste Vital Vodounnou, Romaric Iko, Rendani Luthada-Raswiswi, Sèlomè Wilfried Sintondji, Cayen Sédro Alofa, Gildas Djidohokpin, Farokh Niass and Jean-Claude Micha
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1068; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101068 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 481
Abstract
The rapid proliferation of water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes, poses significant ecological challenges. This study investigates the use of Pistia stratiotes as a substrate for producing black soldier fly larvae. The experiment used 40 g of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) pupae for [...] Read more.
The rapid proliferation of water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes, poses significant ecological challenges. This study investigates the use of Pistia stratiotes as a substrate for producing black soldier fly larvae. The experiment used 40 g of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) pupae for all five substrates (T0, T25, T50, T75, and T100). Each treatment had three replicates. The physicochemical parameters, such as the temperature and pH, ranged from 27.30 °C to 27.40 °C and from 7.03 to 7.60, respectively. The survival rates ranged from 90.13% to 94.73%. The biochemical parameters showed significant differences, including dry matter, organic matter, ash, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, carbohydrate, and energy (p < 0.05). Regarding the larvae’s growth and substrate use, the BSFL production varied depending on the rearing substrate. The highest growth was observed in substrates without water lettuce leaf (WLL) (T0), followed by those in treatment at 25% (T25) and 50% (T50) inclusion of WLL and then the substrate made solely of WLL (T100). The substrates degradation rate in this study varied significantly, ranging from 46.40% to 67.38%. The physicochemical characteristics of the substrates are associated with the growth performance of the BSFL, and the inclusion of WLL influenced the nutritional composition of the larvae. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unexplored Potentials of the Black Soldier Fly: Behavioral Ecology, Reproductive Efficiency, and Ecological Contributions)
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13 pages, 512 KB  
Article
Synergistic Effects of Beauveria bassiana and Insecticides for Integrated Management of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
by Xiaole Wang, Yunfei Li, Yuping Zha, Yubin Tian, Jing Wang, Hanbing Li, Zhihui Zhu and Wanlun Cai
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101067 - 19 Oct 2025
Viewed by 523
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a significant agricultural pest that causes substantial economic losses globally. While chemical insecticides are commonly used for its management, increasing resistance and environmental concerns underscore the need for alternative control strategies. This study evaluated the potential of [...] Read more.
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a significant agricultural pest that causes substantial economic losses globally. While chemical insecticides are commonly used for its management, increasing resistance and environmental concerns underscore the need for alternative control strategies. This study evaluated the potential of integrating the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana strain Bb-33 (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) with reduced doses of chemical insecticides for sustainable B. dorsalis management. The compatibility of B. bassiana Bb-33 with six commonly used insecticides—spinosad, emamectin benzoate, avermectin, thiamethoxam, beta-cypermethrin, and imidacloprid—was assessed. Among them, emamectin benzoate exhibited the least inhibitory effects on spore germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation of B. bassiana. Laboratory bioassays demonstrated synergistic interactions between B. bassiana Bb-33 and emamectin benzoate, particularly when the ratio of emamectin benzoate to B. bassiana exceeded 4:1, as indicated by co-toxicity coefficients greater than 100. However, greenhouse trials revealed that the combined formulation had lower efficacy in reducing B. dorsalis adult populations and pupal emergence rates compared to emamectin benzoate alone, though it was more effective than B. bassiana Bb-33 applied independently. Importantly, this composite formula reduces pesticide usage, which highlights its potential to mitigate environmental impacts. This study underscores the promise of integrating B. bassiana Bb-33 with reduced doses of emamectin benzoate as a viable strategy for managing B. dorsalis. Despite its current limitations in greenhouse trials, further optimization of formulation stability and application methods could enhance its field performance, offering an effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical control methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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12 pages, 1348 KB  
Article
Diet-Driven Variations in Longevity and Fecundity of the Endangered Tiger Beetle Cicindela anchoralis (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
by Deokjea Cha, Anya Lim and Jong-Kook Jung
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101066 - 18 Oct 2025
Viewed by 442
Abstract
Diet is a key factor modulating the trade-off between fecundity and longevity, a cornerstone of life-history theory. While laboratory studies have demonstrated that high-protein-to-carbohydrate (P:C) ratio diets increase reproductive output at the cost of lifespan, it remains unclear how this trade-off operates in [...] Read more.
Diet is a key factor modulating the trade-off between fecundity and longevity, a cornerstone of life-history theory. While laboratory studies have demonstrated that high-protein-to-carbohydrate (P:C) ratio diets increase reproductive output at the cost of lifespan, it remains unclear how this trade-off operates in species exposed to natural dietary variability and prey choice. We tested whether diet-mediated trade-offs between fecundity and longevity are modulated by prey-insect type in the endangered tiger beetle, Cicindela anchoralis, a species with a short adult lifespan. Tiger beetles were offered a choice between a high-P:C diet (cricket) and low-P:C diet (ant). Tiger beetles consuming the high-P:C diet exhibited increased fecundity and reduced longevity, while those feeding on the low-P:C diet showed the opposite pattern. Despite these consequences, both sexes showed a consistent preference for the high-P:C diet, suggesting that beetles prioritize reproductive output over lifespan. These results suggest that prey-insect selection might be an adaptive way to boost reproductive success within a limited adult lifespan, which may raise tiger beetles’ intrinsic rate of natural increase. Our findings highlight the ecological relevance of diet-driven life-history trade-offs and offer practical guidance for mass propagation strategies to support endangered tiger beetle recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beetles in Integrative Entomology: Biology, Taxonomy, and Conservation)
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13 pages, 2670 KB  
Article
Liu-pao Tea as a Source of Botanical Oviposition Attractants for Aedes Mosquitoes
by Li-Hua Xie, Tong Liu, Wen-Qiang Yang, Yu-Gu Xie, Si-Yu Zhao and Xiao-Guang Chen
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101065 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 404
Abstract
Oviposition attractants can enhance both the surveillance and control of container-breeding Aedes mosquitoes. Although green tea has been reported to attract Ae. aegypti, the specific bioactive botanical compounds responsible remain unidentified. We evaluated teas across fermentation stages (non-fermented, fully fermented, and post-fermented) [...] Read more.
Oviposition attractants can enhance both the surveillance and control of container-breeding Aedes mosquitoes. Although green tea has been reported to attract Ae. aegypti, the specific bioactive botanical compounds responsible remain unidentified. We evaluated teas across fermentation stages (non-fermented, fully fermented, and post-fermented) at 5 g/L for gravid Ae. albopictus using dual-choice assays. The most attractive tea (Liu-pao) was further tested across concentrations (0.5–5 g/L) and infusion ages (1–28 days). Autoclaved vs. non-autoclaved infusions assessed microbial contributions, while headspace volatiles were analyzed via HS-SPME-GC-MS. Individual compounds (cedrol and linalool oxide) were bioassayed. Only Liu-pao tea consistently attracted Ae. albopictus (OAI ≥ 0.3), peaking at 5 g/L after 7–14 days (OAIs 0.73/0.67). A 0.5 g/L infusion aged 21–28 days also attracted Ae. aegypti (OAIs 0.89/0.63). Autoclaving did not reduce attraction, confirming volatile compounds, not live microbe-mediated effects. Cedrol (1 mg/L) elicited moderate attraction (OAI 0.29) in Ae. albopictus, while linalool oxide was inactive. Post-fermented Liu-pao tea acts as a potent botanical attractant for Aedes mosquitoes. Cedrol contributes partially, but whole tea infusions outperform single compounds. These findings support developing multi-volatile “attract-and-kill” strategies targeting gravid mosquitoes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Ecology and Management of Mosquitoes Affecting Humans and Animals—2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 1818 KB  
Article
The Mitochondrial Hsp90 Homolog PmTRAP1 Mediates Thermal Tolerance in the Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus
by Yanting Chen, Xiaomin Zhao, Chenyu Lv, Jianwei Zhao, Mengzhu Shi, Jianwei Fu and Jianyu Li
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101064 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 377
Abstract
The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, a significant invasive pest in tropical and subtropical regions, exhibits a notable capacity to withstand high-temperature stress. To elucidate the molecular basis of this thermotolerance, we investigated the role of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) genes in [...] Read more.
The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, a significant invasive pest in tropical and subtropical regions, exhibits a notable capacity to withstand high-temperature stress. To elucidate the molecular basis of this thermotolerance, we investigated the role of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) genes in this species. The full-length cDNA sequences of three Hsp90 genes—PmHsp90-1, PmHsp90-2, and PmTRAP1—were cloned, subjected to bioinformatic analysis, and their expression profiles under heat stress were detected. RNAi-mediated suppression of PmTRAP1 was conducted to evaluate survival under extreme high-temperature conditions. The open reading frames (ORFs) of PmHsp90-1, PmHsp90-2, and PmTRAP1 are 2175 bp, 2178 bp, and 2085 bp in length, encoding proteins comprising 724, 725, and 694 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic and structural analyses confirmed that PmHsp90-1 and PmHsp90-2 are cytosolic isoforms, each containing a characteristic C-terminal MEEVD motif, while PmTRAP1 was identified as the mitochondrial isoform. All three genes were significantly upregulated under heat stress. RNAi-mediated knockdown of PmTRAP1 markedly reduced the survival rate of P. marginatus under extreme high temperature. These findings demonstrate that PmTRAP1 is essential for heat tolerance in the papaya mealybug. This study provides crucial insights into the molecular mechanisms of thermal adaptation in insects and identifies PmTRAP1 as a potential target for future research on managing insect responses to environmental stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Insect Molecular Biology)
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11 pages, 1599 KB  
Article
Polyandry in Noctuid Moths: Taxonomic, Bionomic, and Evolutionary Implications
by Zoltán Varga, Antal Nagy, Csenge Lelle Kovács and Szabolcs Szanyi
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101063 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 557
Abstract
Polyandry influences sexual behaviour and supports sexual selection in moths, incl. Noctuids. In polyandry, a female mates with multiple males within a few days. Copulation is a multi-phase process, as sperm are packed into spermatophores and transferred to the female genitalia. This process [...] Read more.
Polyandry influences sexual behaviour and supports sexual selection in moths, incl. Noctuids. In polyandry, a female mates with multiple males within a few days. Copulation is a multi-phase process, as sperm are packed into spermatophores and transferred to the female genitalia. This process is costly, since spermatophore production and transfer is time-consuming. When this process is repeated, it results in sexual selection and enhances heterozygosity. Pest and migrating Noctuids are often polyandrous. Polyandry is common in the “pest clade” of Noctuidae (e.g., Euxoa, Dichagyris). We hypothesised that the asymmetric allocation of sensory and stimulating functions on the genitalia enhance sexual selection and promote speciation. In polyandrous species of the subtribe Poliina, we show that the evolution of the secondary asymmetry of male external genitalia is connected to an increase in species diversity. Some species inhabiting temperate forests were found to be moderately (Orthosia) or highly (Conistra) polyandrous, in connection with their different life cycles and despite similar reproductive timing. Based on fecundity data of some common species, we hypothesised that habitat generalists should be more polyandrous than habitat specialists. However, our data are insufficient to determine whether ecology and/or phylogeny influence the level of polyandry. Other factors, such as the connection between the sex ratio and the level of polyandry, should be surveyed in future studies, considering their relevance to plant protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arthropod Reproductive Biology)
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17 pages, 1527 KB  
Article
Intergenerational Effects of Gamma Radiation on Biology and Transcriptome of Invasive Tomato Leaf Miner, Tuta absoluta
by Yuhan Pan, Haixia Zhang, Qinghe Zhang, Farman Ullah, Yiming Pan, Yaru Wang, Limin Chen, Xiaowei Li, Jinming Zhang, Shuxing Zhou, Yaobin Lu and Youming Hou
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1062; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101062 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 412
Abstract
The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta, is a major pest affecting economically important crops like tomatoes, causing significant global economic losses and exhibiting increasing resistance to pesticides. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environmentally friendly control method that is sustainable for [...] Read more.
The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta, is a major pest affecting economically important crops like tomatoes, causing significant global economic losses and exhibiting increasing resistance to pesticides. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environmentally friendly control method that is sustainable for both ecosystems and human health. This study used age-stage, two-sex life tables, transcriptomics, and bioinformatics to analyze how irradiation affects the reproductive capacity of male T. absoluta. Compared to the control group, the irradiated offspring showed reduced total lifespan, pre-adult survival rate, net reproductive rate, and intrinsic growth rate. Transcriptomic analysis identified 232 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that irradiation impacted biological processes in male adults related to key biomolecules, hormone metabolism and synthesis, and immune responses. Of the 14 selected genes validated through RT-qPCR, 13 were identified as potential regulators of male reproductive capacity, offering possible targets for controlling T. absoluta using inherited sterility-based SIT strategies. Overall, this study provides a theoretical basis for applying SIT in field control and identifies potential genetic targets for managing T. absoluta populations through a genetic sterile insect technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)
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14 pages, 578 KB  
Systematic Review
Systematic Review of Variable Selection Bias in Species Distribution Models for Aedes vexans (Diptera: Culicidae)
by Peter Pothmann, Helge Kampen, Doreen Werner and Hans-Hermann Thulke
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101061 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 468
Abstract
We conducted a systematic literature review, following PRISMA guidelines, to assess whether existing species distribution models for Aedes vexans reflect its known ecological requirements. This mosquito is closely associated with temporary floodwaters, making hydrological dynamics a critical factor for accurate modelling. From 28 [...] Read more.
We conducted a systematic literature review, following PRISMA guidelines, to assess whether existing species distribution models for Aedes vexans reflect its known ecological requirements. This mosquito is closely associated with temporary floodwaters, making hydrological dynamics a critical factor for accurate modelling. From 28 peer-reviewed studies, we extracted 477 environmental and ecological variables and organized them into a hierarchical classification scheme with four main categories: weather, land characteristics, water characteristics, and population. We analysed patterns in variable usage and the reported importance of each variable. Our results show that flood-related variables were largely absent, despite the species’ reliance on ephemeral water bodies for reproduction. This may possibly reduce the predictive utility of existing Aedes vexans species distribution models. In contrast, urban-landscape variables were frequently used and often ranked as highly predictive, but such results were primarily found in studies that did not account for sampling bias. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical and Livestock Entomology)
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39 pages, 17068 KB  
Article
Synopsis of Ant Genus Proceratium Roger, 1863 from China (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), with Description of Seven New Species
by Zhuojian Gu, Chen Zhang and Zhilin Chen
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101060 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 562
Abstract
The genus Proceratium comprises rare but ecologically significant cryptobiotic predators of temperate and tropical forest litter. The group is known for its abdomen which can curl dorsally >90° relative to the body axis. Proceratium includes 130 described species worldwide. In China, seven species [...] Read more.
The genus Proceratium comprises rare but ecologically significant cryptobiotic predators of temperate and tropical forest litter. The group is known for its abdomen which can curl dorsally >90° relative to the body axis. Proceratium includes 130 described species worldwide. In China, seven species have been recorded, yet recent surveys repeatedly reveal morphologically distinctive undescribed taxa, indicating a still-underestimated diversity of Proceratium. In this study, seven known Chinese species of the ant genus Proceratium Roger, 1863 are reviewed: P. bruelheidei, P. itoi, P. japonicum, P. kepingmai, P. longmenense, P. shohei and P. zhaoi. The species P. longigaster is removed from the ant fauna of China. Additionally, seven new species are described: P. crassopetiolum sp. nov., P. digitospinum sp. nov., P. planodorsum sp. nov., P. quandratinodum sp. nov., P. rugiceps sp. nov., P. shanyii sp. nov., and P. spinosubum sp. nov. An illustrated key to Chinese species based on workers is also provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)
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17 pages, 1808 KB  
Article
Selection Behavior of the Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) Between Bt Maize and Conventional Maize Plants
by Cheng Song, Xianming Yang, Guodong Kang, Limei He, Wenhui Wang, Xiang Han, Yujiao Xie and Kongming Wu
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101059 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 457
Abstract
Establishing refuges is a primary strategy for managing resistance in target pests against Bt maize. The larval feeding and dispersal, and adult oviposition behaviors of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) on Bt and non-Bt maize plants are critical factors in determining optimal refuge configurations. This [...] Read more.
Establishing refuges is a primary strategy for managing resistance in target pests against Bt maize. The larval feeding and dispersal, and adult oviposition behaviors of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) on Bt and non-Bt maize plants are critical factors in determining optimal refuge configurations. This study employed laboratory and field experiments to evaluate the larval feeding and dispersal behaviors, as well as the oviposition preferences of S. exigua moths, on Bt (Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa19) and non-Bt maize plants. Results showed that as time of the choice test increased, the larval selection rate on Bt maize leaves declined progressively, with all instars (1st–5th) preferring to feed on non-Bt maize. After 48 h, the selection rates of larvae for non-Bt and Bt maize were 40.63–66.25% and 9.38–33.75%, respectively. Female moths exhibited no significant oviposition preference between Bt and non-Bt plants under undamaged conditions; however, when non-Bt maize was infested by the larvae, females preferentially oviposited on Bt maize plants (73.55%). Under the seed-mixture refuge pattern in field conditions, increasing the proportion of non-Bt maize significantly enhanced larval dispersal distances and facilitated larval transit damage between Bt and non-Bt plants. Our research clarifies the behavioral patterns of S. exigua on Bt and non-Bt maize, provides a scientific basis for optimizing refuge strategy to delay the development of resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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18 pages, 1618 KB  
Article
Impact of Biogenic Structures of the Soil-Nesting Ants Lasius niger and Lasius flavus on the Soil Microarthropod Community in Urban Green Spaces
by Maria Sterzyńska, Dariusz J. Gwiazdowicz, Paweł Nicia, Paweł Zadrożny, Gema Trigos-Peral and Mohamed W. Negm
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101058 - 17 Oct 2025
Viewed by 511
Abstract
Organisms that physically modify their environment, known as ecosystem engineers, can influence resource availability, species interactions and the structure of soil communities. However, the specific effect of ecosystem engineers like ants on the abundance and diversity of non-engineering soil organisms remains understudied. To [...] Read more.
Organisms that physically modify their environment, known as ecosystem engineers, can influence resource availability, species interactions and the structure of soil communities. However, the specific effect of ecosystem engineers like ants on the abundance and diversity of non-engineering soil organisms remains understudied. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a survey of a multi-taxon belowground community of soil microarthropods—Collembola, Mesostigmata, Oribatida and Actinedida—in urban areas, comparing nest mounds of the ant species Lasius niger and Lasius flavus with areas without ant-nesting activity (control). We hypothesised differences in abundance and distribution patterns of different soil microarthropod taxa between ant mounds and the control soil. We also hypothesised that ant-induced soil disturbance is species-specific, and may result in different patterns of diversity and composition of soil microarthropod assemblages within trophic levels, such as among detritivores (e.g., Collembola) and predators (e.g., Mesostigmata). Our results reveal how ecological filters shape different soil microarthropod groups’ responses to ant-driven changes in their environment. As we expected, soil disturbance caused by ant nest-building activity significantly influenced the abundance, distribution patterns and diversity of soil microarthropods, especially in the assembly of detritivorous—but not predatory—guilds of soil microarthropods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arthropods in Ecosystem Resilience: Biodiversity, Distribution, and Conservation Strategies)
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0 pages, 3695 KB  
Article
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Mosquito Species (Culicidae) in a Ramsar Site, Fetzara Lake (Annaba, Algeria)
by Amna Rouibi, Abdelhakim Rouibi and Rassim Khelifa
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101057 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 506
Abstract
Mosquito community composition can differ spatially and temporally within the same wetlands. Understanding this spatiotemporal variation is crucial, particularly in wetlands of conservation importance. Here, we examine the diversity and community composition of Culicidae (Diptera) across four sites within Fetzara Lake, a large [...] Read more.
Mosquito community composition can differ spatially and temporally within the same wetlands. Understanding this spatiotemporal variation is crucial, particularly in wetlands of conservation importance. Here, we examine the diversity and community composition of Culicidae (Diptera) across four sites within Fetzara Lake, a large Ramsar site in Northeast Algeria. For two years, we conducted monthly field surveys across four sites (Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest) from April 2021 to March 2023. During these surveys, we used ovitraps to sample mosquitoes and assess species richness as well as alpha and beta diversity. We identified seven mosquito species (Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. geniculatus, An. labranchiae, Culex perexiguus, Cx. pipiens, and Cs. longiareolata). There was a clear dominance of Culex pipiens (Usutu and West Nile virus vector), which accounted for 74.3% of all samples, whereas Aedes aegypti was the least abundant (<1%). Species richness varied between five and six across sites. The Shannon index and beta diversity revealed significant variation in species diversity across sites and seasons, likely driven by local differences in environmental conditions. This study emphasizes the importance of local variation in environmental conditions in shaping ecological communities in space and time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Surveillance of Mosquitoes to Reduce the Spread of Mosquito-Borne Disease)
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0 pages, 3373 KB  
Article
A DNA Barcode Inventory of Austrian Dragonfly and Damselfly (Insecta: Odonata) Species
by Lukas Zangl, Iris Fischer, Marcia Sittenthaler, Andreas Chovanec, Patrick Gros, Werner Holzinger, Gernot Kunz, Andrea Lienhard, Oliver Macek, Christoph Mayerhofer, Marija Mladinić, Martina Topić, Sylvia Schäffer, Kristina M. Sefc, Christian Sturmbauer, Elisabeth Haring and Stephan Koblmüller
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101056 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 532
Abstract
Dragonflies and damselflies are important indicator species for quality and health of (semi-)aquatic habitats. Hitherto, 78 species of Odonata have been reported for Austria. Ecological data, Red List assessments, and a dragonfly association index exist, but population- and species-level genetic data are largely [...] Read more.
Dragonflies and damselflies are important indicator species for quality and health of (semi-)aquatic habitats. Hitherto, 78 species of Odonata have been reported for Austria. Ecological data, Red List assessments, and a dragonfly association index exist, but population- and species-level genetic data are largely lacking. In this study, we establish a comprehensive reference DNA barcode library for Austrian dragonflies and damselflies based on the standard barcoding marker COI. Because of the increasing significance of environmental DNA (eDNA) analyses, we also sequenced a segment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, a marker often used in eDNA metabarcoding approaches. In total, we provide 786 new COI barcode sequences and 867 new 16S sequences for future applications. Sequencing success was >90 percent for both markers. Identification success was similar for both markers and exceeded 90 percent. Difficulties were only encountered in the genera Anax Leach, 1815, Chalcolestes Kennedy, 1920, Coenagrion Kirby, 1890 and Somatochlora Selys, 1871, with low interspecific genetic distances and, consequently, BIN (barcode index number) sharing. In Anax, however, individual sequences clustered together in species-specific groups in the COI tree. Irrespective of these challenges, the results suggest that both markers perform well within most odonate families in terms of sequencing success and species identification and can be used for reliably delimiting Austrian species, monitoring, and eDNA approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Insects: Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)
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13 pages, 3835 KB  
Article
Biological Characteristics and Bacterial Community of Invasive Pest Corythucha ciliata (Hemiptera: Tingidae)
by Tong-Pu Li, Bing-Ren Hao, Chen-Hao Wang, Jing-Jing Xu, Xiao-Tong Wang, Jia-Chu Xie, Zhi-Heng Wang, Shu-Cheng Ye and Lv-Quan Zhao
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101055 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 399
Abstract
The sycamore lace bug Corythucha ciliata (Hemiptera: Tingidae), an invasive North American forest pest, owes its strong dispersal and adaptability to biological characteristics and symbiotic microbes, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study examined its outdoor-collected (LYGO) and indoor-reared [...] Read more.
The sycamore lace bug Corythucha ciliata (Hemiptera: Tingidae), an invasive North American forest pest, owes its strong dispersal and adaptability to biological characteristics and symbiotic microbes, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study examined its outdoor-collected (LYGO) and indoor-reared (LYGI) populations using morphological observation, biological parameter assessment, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Key findings include: (1) Nymphs develop through five instars, with body size increasing significantly across stages; growth accelerated during 4th and 5th instars, reflecting a pattern of “low-instar accumulation and high-instar acceleration”. (2) Adult survival differed by sex, with females outliving males after 30 days; nymphs develop in 14.81 days, and each adult pair produced an average of 17 eggs, demonstrating a concentrated reproductive strategy; (3) Both populations shared dominant bacterial taxa (including the phyla Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria and the genus Cardinium) but diverged in non-dominant taxa; core microbial functions were conserved, while specific functions (e.g., glutathione S-transferase activity) varied. These results suggest a potential synergy between the insect’s biological characteristics (efficient development, concentrated reproduction) and the adaptive functions of its associated microbes in enhancing its invasiveness. The study supplements its basic biological data and offers a new view of its ecological adaptability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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13 pages, 2486 KB  
Article
RNAi of vATPasea Affects Survival and Larval-Pupal Development in Plutella xylostella
by Xuetao Yu, Jinhua Luo, Lin Lu, Li Zhu, Siyuan Wang, Kang Yang, Xia Wan, Yuhua Wu, Boboev Akmal, Gang Wu, Xiaohong Yan and Chenhui Shen
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101054 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 494
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is a major pest of brassica vegetables and oilseed crops, posing a serious threat to China’s grain and oil production. RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed as an efficient strategy to control pests. In this study, the [...] Read more.
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is a major pest of brassica vegetables and oilseed crops, posing a serious threat to China’s grain and oil production. RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed as an efficient strategy to control pests. In this study, the effects of RNAi on P. xylostella were evaluated by injecting two doses of synthesized dsPxvATPasea. The transcripts of PxvATPasea were widely transcribed during different developmental stages from egg to adult. They were abundantly expressed in the hindgut and Malpighian tubules, compared with other tissue types. Introduction of 800 ng dsPxvATPasea in the fourth-instar larvae greatly reduced corresponding mRNA levels by 3.1 and 1.4 times on day 2 and 3, respectively, causing 66.6% mortality and 33.4% treated larvae pupated. Silencing PxvATPasea by injecting 1200 ng dsRNA significantly decreased the expression level by 5.0 and 2.0 times on the second and third day, leading to 79.2% larval lethality and 20.8% depleted larvae pupated. Moreover, introducing 800 ng or 1200 ng dsPxvATPasea finally reduced larval fresh weight by 22.1% and 28.8%, respectively. The results indicated that the silencing efficiency of PxvATPasea worked in a dose-dependent way. Consequently, PxvATPasea is a potential molecular target gene. Our findings will facilitate the application of RNAi technology to manage P. xylostella. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Insect Pest Management: Innovative Approaches to Enhance Plant Protection)
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13 pages, 2986 KB  
Article
Diversity, Distribution, and Host Blood Meals of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Laos
by San Namtaku, Wannachai Wannasingha, Waraporn Jumpato, Khamla Inkhavilay, Bhuvadol Gomontean, Komgrit Wongpakam, Chavanut Jaroenchaiwattanachote, Isara Thanee, Ronnalit Mintara, Peter H. Adler and Pairot Pramual
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101053 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 456
Abstract
Adult black flies were collected from diverse habitats in five provinces of Laos. In total, 4659 adults (4570 females and 89 males) were collected. Morphological identification, supplemented with the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene, revealed 12 species. The most abundant taxa were [...] Read more.
Adult black flies were collected from diverse habitats in five provinces of Laos. In total, 4659 adults (4570 females and 89 males) were collected. Morphological identification, supplemented with the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene, revealed 12 species. The most abundant taxa were Simulium khelangense/S. chumpornense and S. asakoae/S. myanmarense with 58% (2628 of 4476) and 38% (1720 of 4476) of the total specimens, respectively. Simulium asakoae/S. myanmarense was the most geographically widespread taxon (65% of sites) from 174 to 1219 m above sea level. The remaining species were far less abundant (<2%) and found in only one or a few locations. Molecular identifications of vertebrate blood meals indicated that most hosts (57 of 66) were chickens. Five taxa, S. asakoae, S. khelangense, S. myanmarense, S. aureohirtum, and S. striatum group, fed on chickens, representing the first hosts records for the latter three taxa. Simulium daoense fed on water buffalo, marking the first record of this species in Laos and the first report of its blood hosts. The abundance and frequent use of domestic chickens as hosts suggests that S. khelangense and S. asakoae could be significant pests and might serve as vectors of avian blood parasites in Laos. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical and Livestock Entomology)
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19 pages, 2978 KB  
Article
Transgenerational Cold Acclimation and Contribution of Gut Bacteria in Spodoptera frugiperda
by Yu Song, Guo-Yun Yu, Wei Gao, Yu-Tong Mai, Jin Xu, Wen Fu and Zhi-Xiao Zhang
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101052 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 427
Abstract
The study of cold stress and adaptability can provide a theoretical basis for predicting and controlling pests. Temperature shapes gut microbiota composition, and gut microbiota may affect insect temperature tolerance. However, the underlying mechanisms and bacteria species involved in insect temperature tolerance through [...] Read more.
The study of cold stress and adaptability can provide a theoretical basis for predicting and controlling pests. Temperature shapes gut microbiota composition, and gut microbiota may affect insect temperature tolerance. However, the underlying mechanisms and bacteria species involved in insect temperature tolerance through gut microbiota are still poorly known. In this study, using a multigenerational cold-acclimation design and 16S rDNA sequencing, we investigated the possible pattern of cold acclimation and the contribution of gut bacteria in Spodoptera frugiperda. Results show that during cold acclimation, larval mortality decreased and pupation rate increased with the increase of treating generations, exhibiting some sort of cold adaptation. Cold tolerance tests showed that cold-acclimated adults exhibited significantly higher survival rates under extreme cold stress than those of controls. Cold acclimation also leads to the cost of reproductive fitness, indicating some trade-offs between survival and reproduction. Antibiotic treatment significantly decreased fitness and cold tolerance not only in the un-acclimated lines but also in cold-acclimated lines. Biodiversity studies through 16S RNA sequencing suggested that antibiotic ingestion disrupted the homeostasis of gut microbes. Differential analysis at the genus and species levels further showed that there were nine genera and eight species that had remarkably higher abundance in cold-acclimated lines compared with controls. References-based functional annotation revealed that most of these bacteria may play essential roles in the cold adaptation of hosts. These results provide valuable insights into the contribution of microbiota to insect fitness and will be valuable for guiding the future development of sustainable pest management approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)
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15 pages, 3028 KB  
Article
Stage-Specific Toxicity of Novaluron to Second-Instar Spodoptera frugiperda and Plutella xylostella and Associated Enzyme Responses
by Qing Feng, Jian Yang, Weikang Huang, Jingjing Jia, Jialing Wang, Fei Pan and Xuncong Ji
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101051 - 15 Oct 2025
Viewed by 506
Abstract
To provide a scientific basis for pest control, this study evaluated the insecticidal activity of novaluron against the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). The leaf-dip method determined the toxicity of novaluron to second-instar larvae, while [...] Read more.
To provide a scientific basis for pest control, this study evaluated the insecticidal activity of novaluron against the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). The leaf-dip method determined the toxicity of novaluron to second-instar larvae, while corn leaves and cabbage treated with sublethal (LC10) and median lethal concentrations (LC50) of novaluron were used to feed the larvae. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) measured the activities of detoxifying enzymes [carboxylesterase (CarE), cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] and ecdysteroid (Ecd) levels in the pests after 24 and 48 h of treatment. Results indicated that after 24 h, AChE was involved in diamondback moth metabolism and CarE activity was inhibited. After 48 h, P450 and GST participated in fall armyworm detoxification, whereas P450 and GST were active in diamondback moth detoxification, with other enzyme activities normalizing. Novaluron also altered Ecd levels in both pests. These results demonstrate differing detoxification mechanisms in fall armyworm and diamondback moth, likely due to their unique physiological and ecological traits, and support the potential use of novaluron in pest management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Toxicology: Challenges in Pest Management and Basic Research—2nd Edition)
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21 pages, 3240 KB  
Article
Phytochemical-Mediated Tritrophic Interactions: Effects of Pepper and Eggplant Cultivars on the Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Its Predators
by Zahra Golparvar, Mahdi Hassanpour, Ali Golizadeh, Gadir Nouri Ganbalani, Hooshang Rafiee Dastjerdi, Tomasz Oszako, Mojtaba Hosseini, Stanisław Łuniewski, Mikołaj Jalinik and Ali Chenari Bouket
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1050; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101050 - 15 Oct 2025
Viewed by 378
Abstract
The diverse phytochemical profiles of host plants can significantly influence their interactions with herbivores and natural enemies. This study investigated the ‘bottom-up’ effects of several bell pepper and eggplant cultivars on the development, reproduction, and survival of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae [...] Read more.
The diverse phytochemical profiles of host plants can significantly influence their interactions with herbivores and natural enemies. This study investigated the ‘bottom-up’ effects of several bell pepper and eggplant cultivars on the development, reproduction, and survival of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and its predators, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). We analyzed the leaves of each cultivar for levels of total flavonoids, phenols, anthocyanins, and key defensive enzymes. The eggplant cultivar ‘Longo’ exhibited the highest concentration of secondary metabolites. Aphid populations reared on this cultivar’s leaves showed a slower growth rate compared to those on other cultivars. Conversely, predators fed on these aphids demonstrated higher rates of population growth and produced more offspring. Accordingly, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) was lower for aphids feeding on ‘Longo’, but significantly higher for both A. aphidimyza and C. carnea when fed those aphids. These results demonstrate that elevated secondary metabolites on ‘Longo’ suppress the performance of M. persicae while enhancing predator efficiency, thereby providing a phytochemical-based approach that can serve as an effective component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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15 pages, 2058 KB  
Article
Stomoxys Species Richness and Apparent Densities at Different Land-Use Setups in North-Eastern KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa
by Percy Moyaba, Serero Abiot Modise, Johan Esterhuizen, Keisuke Suganuma, Noboru Inoue, Oriel Thekisoe and Moeti Oriel Taioe
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1049; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101049 - 15 Oct 2025
Viewed by 582
Abstract
Stomoxys is a genus of blood-sucking dipteran flies from the family Muscidae with approximately 18 species reported globally. This study sought to identify and determine the apparent densities (ADs) and species richness of Stomoxys species occurring in three land-use setups, namely communal farming [...] Read more.
Stomoxys is a genus of blood-sucking dipteran flies from the family Muscidae with approximately 18 species reported globally. This study sought to identify and determine the apparent densities (ADs) and species richness of Stomoxys species occurring in three land-use setups, namely communal farming areas, commercial farms, and private game farms in the north-eastern part of KwaZulu-Natal Province (KZN), South Africa. Thirty-four H-traps were set up across 10 different localities over 30 days of sampling. A total of 1306 Stomoxys flies with an average of 1.28 flies/trap/day were captured, and six Stomoxys species were identified. S. n. niger was the most abundant species (82.3%), followed by S. calcitrans (13.1%), S. taeniatus (1.9%), S. n. bilineatus (0.84%), S. sitiens (1.1%), and S. boueti (0.7%) was the least collected. This study highlights the need to explore this genus further as it demonstrates that more than one species exists in north-eastern KZN. Furthermore, these flies co-exist with tsetse flies (Glossina spp.), meaning that vector control measures should incorporate all potential vectors of animal trypanosomosis and other vector-borne diseases that occur in the area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical and Livestock Entomology)
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21 pages, 115665 KB  
Article
Report on Leg Sensilla of Notonectidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)
by Meng-Yao Fan and Tong-Yin Xie
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101048 - 14 Oct 2025
Viewed by 366
Abstract
Notonectidae belongs to the infraorder Nepomorpha within the order Hemiptera. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological types and arrangement of leg sensilla in Anisops, Enithares and Notonecta. A variety of sensilla are distributed on the legs. These [...] Read more.
Notonectidae belongs to the infraorder Nepomorpha within the order Hemiptera. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological types and arrangement of leg sensilla in Anisops, Enithares and Notonecta. A variety of sensilla are distributed on the legs. These sensilla are responsible for receiving signals from the external environment. Mechanoreceptors exhibit the highest diversity. Using a scanning electron microscope, ten types of sensilla were identified on the legs of seventeen species from Notonectidae. Basic types of mechanoreceptors, including sensilla trichodea (ST1, ST2), sensilla chaetica (SCh1, SCh2), sensilla basiconica (SB2) and sensilla campaniformia (SCa), were distributed across all the studied species. In Anisops, sensilla arch-shaped (SAr) and sensilla spoon-shaped (SSp) were reported for the first time. Additionally, six subtypes of ST were distinguished in Anisops, among which ST3, ST4, ST5 and ST6 are unique. In Enithares and Notonecta, sensilla styloconica (SS) were observed; these sensilla are hypothesized to function as both mechanoreceptors and gustatory receptors. Beyond mechanoreceptors, we also identified thermo-hygroreceptors—sensilla ampullacea (SA) and sensilla coeloconica (SCo)—as well as a potential olfactory sensilla type, namely, sensilla placodea multilobated (SPM). These findings suggest that Notonectidae leg sensilla play an important role in the perception of aquatic environments and prey localization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Insects Biodiversity and eDNA Monitoring)
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16 pages, 7361 KB  
Article
Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Insights into “I See You” (ISY) Defensive Behavior in Apis cerana Against Vespa velutina
by Yijie Chen, Xueling Xu, Yingjiao Li, Ning Ji, Yiwei Ruan, Mei Yang, Hongji Huang, Liulin Yang, Xiaoyu Cao and Jianghong Li
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1047; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101047 - 13 Oct 2025
Viewed by 902
Abstract
Vespa velutina (V. velutina) is a globally widespread predator of honeybees, posing a serious threat to them. Apis cerana (A. cerana) has acquired the ability to partially thwart the predation of the wasps, but the molecular mechanism by which [...] Read more.
Vespa velutina (V. velutina) is a globally widespread predator of honeybees, posing a serious threat to them. Apis cerana (A. cerana) has acquired the ability to partially thwart the predation of the wasps, but the molecular mechanism by which it responds to V. velutina attacks is unknown. Here, both transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were integrated to decipher what happened in the brain tissues of A. cerana exposed to V. velutina attacks. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 296 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were significantly enriched in neural signaling pathways (particularly serotonin and dopamine transmission), the cAMP signaling pathway, and energy metabolism. Metabolomic results showed that V. velutina attacks affected 38 metabolic pathways involving 86 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), primarily including amino acids, nucleotides, and carbohydrates. Several metabolites, such as isocitrate, xanthine, and adenosine, were upregulated in response to the hornet presence. Combined pathway analysis indicated an upregulation of the purine and tyrosine metabolism pathways, highlighting their critical role in A. cerana against invasive hornets. The results of this study will help to understand the molecular mechanisms of A. cerana in response to V. velutina attacks and provide valuable insights for enhancing collective defensive behavior against V. velutina in honeybees. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)
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27 pages, 4953 KB  
Article
Genome-Wide Analysis and Functional Correlation of Tomato JAZ Genes Under Tuta absoluta Infestation and Nanoparticle-Induced Defense
by Inzamam Ul Haq, Abdul Basit, Moazam Hyder, Mirza Naveed Shahzad, Asim Abbasi, Yasir Sharif, Muhammad Adeel Ghafar, Xiangyun Cai, Nazih Y. Rebouh and Youming Hou
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101046 - 13 Oct 2025
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Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production is increasingly threatened by Tuta absoluta, a destructive pest that compromises yield and quality. To explore sustainable alternatives to conventional insecticides, we investigated the jasmonate-mediated defense pathway by performing a genome-wide characterization of the JAZ gene [...] Read more.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production is increasingly threatened by Tuta absoluta, a destructive pest that compromises yield and quality. To explore sustainable alternatives to conventional insecticides, we investigated the jasmonate-mediated defense pathway by performing a genome-wide characterization of the JAZ gene family in S. lycopersicum. A total of 39 SlJAZ genes were identified and mapped to 12 chromosomes. Detailed analysis revealed conserved motifs, diverse exon–intron structures, four major phylogenetic groups, and the presence of multiple MeJA- and stress-responsive cis-elements. Synteny analysis indicated gene duplication events and evolutionary conservation with Arabidopsis and potato. Small RNA predictions suggested that 33 SlJAZ genes are targeted by 69 microRNAs, implying multilayered regulation. Transcriptome analysis under four treatment conditions—mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) ± pest infestation—revealed 21 differentially expressed SlJAZ genes. SlJAZ1, SlJAZ19, SlJAZ20, and SlJAZ22 were notably upregulated under the combined MSN and pest treatment, with expression patterns validated by qRT-PCR (R2 = 0.92). Phenotypic assessment of leaf damage index, larval survival rate, and number of leaf mines showed reduced pest activity in MSN-treated plants. Regression analysis demonstrated significant negative correlations between expression levels of SlJAZ20, SlJAZ26, and SlJAZ29 and pest-related damage traits. These findings indicate that MSNs function as effective elicitors of JA-responsive defense in tomato and modulate the expression of specific JAZ genes linked to enhanced resistance. The study provides a valuable foundation for integrating nanotechnology with molecular defense strategies to promote sustainable pest management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Insect Molecular Biology)
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Article
Behavioral Suppression and Rapid Lethality: Beauveria bassiana B4 Targets Adult Monochamus alternatus for Sustainable Management of Pine Wilt Disease
by Yaqi Zhang, Xuejie Zhang, Liudi An, Dongfeng Gong, Jinsheng Wang, Huitao Bi, Yi Zheng, Lei Cao and Shaohui Lu
Insects 2025, 16(10), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101045 - 12 Oct 2025
Viewed by 858
Abstract
Pine wilt disease, transmitted primarily by Monochamus alternatus (Hope, 1842) adults, causes severe ecological and economic losses globally. Conventional chemical controls face challenges of resistance and non-target toxicity. This study identified Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. strain B4 as a high-virulence biocontrol agent against [...] Read more.
Pine wilt disease, transmitted primarily by Monochamus alternatus (Hope, 1842) adults, causes severe ecological and economic losses globally. Conventional chemical controls face challenges of resistance and non-target toxicity. This study identified Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. strain B4 as a high-virulence biocontrol agent against adult M. alternatus. Laboratory bioassays compared four strains (B1–B4), with B4 exhibiting rapid lethality (LT50 = 6.61 days at 1 × 108 spores/mL) and low median lethal concentration (LC50 = 9.63 × 105 spores/mL). Critically, B4 infection induced significant behavioral suppression, including reduced appetite and mobility prior to death. In forest trials, pheromone-enhanced nonwoven fabric bags impregnated with B4 spores reduced trap catches by 66.4% within one month, with effects persisting for over a year without reapplication. The slow-release carrier system enabled continuous spore dissemination and sustained population suppression. These results demonstrate that B4’s dual action—rapid lethality and behavioral disruption—provides an effective, eco-friendly strategy for sustainable pine wilt disease management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Integrated Pest Management: New Tools and Tactics for Pest Control)
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