Insects

15 pages, 2274 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mitigating the Threat of Invasive Mosquito Species Expansion: A Comprehensive Entomological Surveillance Study on Kastellorizo, a Remote Greek Island

by Marina Bisia, Georgios Balatsos, Stavroula Beleri, Nikolaos Tegos, Evangelia Zavitsanou, Shannon L. LaDeau, Vasilis Sotiroudas, Eleni Patsoula and Antonios Michaelakis

Insects 2024, 15(9), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090724 - 20 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2503

Abstract

The expansion of the tiger mosquito, a vector that can transmit diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus, poses a growing threat to global health. This study focuses on the entomological surveillance of Kastellorizo, a remote Greek island affected by its expansion. [...] Read more.

The expansion of the tiger mosquito, a vector that can transmit diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus, poses a growing threat to global health. This study focuses on the entomological surveillance of Kastellorizo, a remote Greek island affected by its expansion. This research employs a multifaceted approach, combining KAP survey (knowledge, attitude, practices), mosquito collection using adult traps and human landing catches, and morphological and molecular identification methods. Results from questionnaires reveal community awareness and preparedness gaps, emphasizing the need for targeted education. Mosquito collections confirm the presence of the Aedes albopictus, Aedes cretinus, and Culex pipiens mosquitoes, highlighting the importance of surveillance. This study underscores the significance of community engagement in entomological efforts and proposes a citizen science initiative for sustained monitoring. Overall, this research provides essential insights for developing effective mosquito control programs in remote island settings, thereby emphasizing the importance of adopting a One Health approach to mitigate the spread of vector-borne diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Ecology and Management of Mosquitoes Affecting Humans and Animals)

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15 pages, 975 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring and Detection of Insecticide Resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Evidence for Field-Evolved Resistance in Egypt

by Moataz A. M. Moustafa, Nourhan A. El-Said, Nawal AbdulAziz Alfuhaid, Fatma M. A. Abo-Elinin, Radwa M. B. Mohamed and Ahmed A. A. Aioub

Insects 2024, 15(9), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090705 - 16 Sep 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4035

Abstract

Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is a notable insect pest that invades major cereal crops, causing significant damage and loss. Resistances of 2nd instar larvae of two Egyptian field populations of S. frugiperda, collected from the Fayoum and Giza governments, were [...] Read more.

Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is a notable insect pest that invades major cereal crops, causing significant damage and loss. Resistances of 2nd instar larvae of two Egyptian field populations of S. frugiperda, collected from the Fayoum and Giza governments, were measured against eight insecticides, including traditional insecticides (profenofos and cypermethrin), bio-insecticides (emamectin benzoate, spinosad, and Bacillus thuringiensis), and insect growth regulators (IGRs) (lufenuron, diflubenzuron, and methoxyfenozide). In addition, the synergistic effects of three synergists (Piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) were assessed, and the activities of detoxification enzymes (acetylcholine esterase (AChE), cytochrome P-450 (CYP-450), carboxylesterase (CarE), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) were also determined. Resistance surveillance revealed that the Fayoum field population showed moderate resistance to cypermethrin (RR = 5.75-fold), followed by spinosad (RR = 2.62-fold), and lufenuron (2.01-fold). On the other hand, the Giza population exhibited significant resistance to cypermethrin only (RR = 3.65-fold). Our results revealed that emamectin benzoate was the most effective insecticide, with an LC₅₀ value of 0.003 mg/L for the Fayoum population and 0.001 mg/L for the Giza population, compared to the susceptible strain (0.005 mg/L). Among the biological insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis was the least toxic insecticide of all the tested strains. Synergism assays indicated that DEM and TPP had the most synergistic effect on spinosad (SR = 8.00-fold for both), followed by PBO (SR = 5.71-fold) for the Fayoum population, compared with spinosad alone. The assay of detoxification enzymes showed that GST activity significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the two field strains compared to the susceptible strain. However, no significant changes were observed among the tested strains in CYP-450, CarE, or AChE. The findings of this study provide substantial insights into tracking and managing the development of insecticide resistance in S. frugiperda in Egypt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Toxicology and Insecticide Resistance on Insect Pests)

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14 pages, 4539 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Soil Type and Moisture on the Development of Forensically Important Megaselia scalaris and Dohrniphora cornuta (Diptera: Phoridae)

by Wei Han, Dianxing Feng and Yanan Tang

Insects 2024, 15(9), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090666 - 1 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1593

Abstract

Necrophagous phorid flies are common insects found on buried corpses, and their developmental data play a crucial role in estimating the post-burial interval (PBI). This study aimed to investigate the effects of soil type and moisture content on some life cycle parameters of [...] Read more.

Necrophagous phorid flies are common insects found on buried corpses, and their developmental data play a crucial role in estimating the post-burial interval (PBI). This study aimed to investigate the effects of soil type and moisture content on some life cycle parameters of two forensically important insects, Megaselia scalaris (Loew, 1866) and Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot, 1857) (Diptera: Phoridae). Larval and pupal survival, development time, and larval body length of M. scalaris and D. cornuta were observed in three different soil types (loamy sand, sandy loam A, and sandy loam B) with six moisture contents (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). The results indicated that soil types, soil moisture, and their interaction significantly influenced the growth and development of both species, with moisture being the most influential factor. In each soil, 20% and 40% moisture contents were more suitable for their growth and development. Both the development time and maximum larval body length were significantly different among soil types and moisture contents. The larval period of both species lasted the longest in all soils with 0% moisture content. Additionally, a regression analysis of the relationship between larval body length and development time was performed at different moisture contents in three soils. This study expanded our knowledge of the factors that influence the development of necrophagous insects and provided some reference data for applications of M. scalaris and D. cornuta in PBI estimation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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27 pages, 11103 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Resolving the Taxonomy of Mountain Syrphidae (Diptera) in the Iberian Peninsula: The Species Group of Cheilosia melanura Becker, 1894

by Iván Ballester-Torres, Zorica Nedeljković, Pablo Aguado-Aranda, Ante Vujić, María Ángeles Marcos-García and Antonio Ricarte

Insects 2024, 15(9), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090640 - 26 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2281

Abstract

The largest genus of Palaearctic Syrphidae, Cheilosia Meigen, 1822 (Syrphidae: Rhingiini), is currently under revision in the Ibero-Balearic region (Iberian Peninsula + Balearic Islands). Prior to this study, various species groups with putative phylogenetic support were defined for this genus of complex taxonomy. [...] Read more.

The largest genus of Palaearctic Syrphidae, Cheilosia Meigen, 1822 (Syrphidae: Rhingiini), is currently under revision in the Ibero-Balearic region (Iberian Peninsula + Balearic Islands). Prior to this study, various species groups with putative phylogenetic support were defined for this genus of complex taxonomy. The group of Cheilosia melanura Becker, 1894 includes species distributed all over Europe, with some of these species being similar each other in both morphology and genetics. After recent fieldwork in different Iberian localities and consultation of entomological collections, a new species from Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain) was uncovered, described, and illustrated. Data on diagnostic characters, intraspecific variability, and adult biology were also provided. Maximum likelihood analyses of the fragment “C” of the 5′ end of the cytochrome c oxydase subunit I (COI-5′) and complete COI-5′ were performed to explore and support morphological species concepts within the group. The Spanish-endemic Cheilosia andalusiaca Torp Pedersen, 1971 is recognised here to be part of the C. melanura group based both on morphological and molecular evidence. Cheilosia carbonaria Egger, 1860 and Cheilosia cynocephala Loew, 1840 from the Iberian Peninsula are reported for the first time based on specimens originating in the Spanish Pyrenees. An identification key for the Iberian species of the C. melanura group is provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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13 pages, 2035 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring Bemisia tabaci Middle East–Asia Minor I and Mediterranean Cryptic Species Relationship with Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus and Their Dynamics in Soybean Fields

by Felipe Barreto da Silva, Rodrigo de Sarandy Raposo, Sarah Forlani de Campos, Juliana Uzan, Julio Massaharu Marubayashi, Marcos Roberto Ribeiro-Junior, Angélica Maria Nogueira, Caroline da Cruz Martines, Vinicius Henrique Bello, Cristiane Müller, Maria Márcia Pereira Sartori and Renate Krause-Sakate

Insects 2024, 15(8), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080624 - 19 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2176

Abstract

Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV, genus Carlavirus, family Betaflexividae) is an economically important virus infecting soybeans in Brazil, where it was initially identified in 1983. CPMMV is transmitted by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and occasionally by seeds. Over the last [...] Read more.

Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV, genus Carlavirus, family Betaflexividae) is an economically important virus infecting soybeans in Brazil, where it was initially identified in 1983. CPMMV is transmitted by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and occasionally by seeds. Over the last three decades, the most invasive B. tabaci Middle East–Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), and lately the Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species, have replaced the indigenous species in Brazil, with MEAM1 being predominant. In this study, we investigated the transmission properties of CPMMV by MEAM1 and MED, and their distribution in major soybean-growing areas in São Paulo State. Our results from transmission assays with a single insect revealed that MED is a more efficient vector compared to MEAM1, transmitting the virus within a two-minute inoculation access period. B. tabaci MEAM1 is still the predominant whitefly species in São Paulo State, but MED was also identified in different places, mainly in mixed infestations with MEAM1. Some areas transitioned to a predominance of MED over the three years, while others, where MED had previously been detected, showed a reduction in the insects during the same period. Understanding the transmission dynamics of CPMMV and the distribution of its vectors is crucial for implementing effective management strategies to control the virus spread and protect soybean crops. Further research into the mechanisms driving the shifts in whitefly species dominance and CPMMV distribution will be essential for sustaining soybean production in Brazil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects Vectors of Phytopathogenic Agents: Biology, Host-Plant Interactions, and Management)

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11 pages, 1714 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Temperature-Dependent Oviposition Models for Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

by Hyoseok Lee, Jong-Kook Jung, Youngwoo Nam and Sang-Hyun Koh

Insects 2024, 15(8), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080597 - 6 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1564

Abstract

Monochamus saltuarius Gebler is a serious insect pest in Europe and East Asia regions, including Portugal, Spain, China, Japan, and Korea. It transfers the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus to conifer trees, resulting in pine wilt disease (PWD). As temperature is a key [...] Read more.

Monochamus saltuarius Gebler is a serious insect pest in Europe and East Asia regions, including Portugal, Spain, China, Japan, and Korea. It transfers the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus to conifer trees, resulting in pine wilt disease (PWD). As temperature is a key factor influencing insect population dynamics, temperature-dependent models describing M. saltuarius oviposition could estimate population growth potential and evaluate outbreak risks. In this study, the longevity and fecundity of M. saltuarius females were measured under constant temperature conditions ranging from 20 to 32 °C, and temperature-dependent models were constructed. The longevity of M. saltuarius females ranged from 83.36 days to 22.92 days, with a total fecundity of 141 eggs and 52.77 eggs at 20 °C and 32 °C, respectively. To describe oviposition, we used a single-phase simulation describing oviposition as a single model and a two-phase simulation describing sexual maturation and oviposition as two separate models. These models effectively described M. saltuarius oviposition (r² > 0.96) under constant temperature conditions, with the two-phase simulation demonstrating greater accuracy overall. Such models could facilitate assessments of PWD risks. The modeling framework of this study shows potential for predicting threats from various forestry and agricultural pests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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18 pages, 2737 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chlorantraniliprole Enhances Cellular Immunity in Larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

by Qingyan Liu, Xiaoyue Deng, Liuhong Wang, Wenqi Xie, Huilai Zhang, Qing Li, Qunfang Yang and Chunxian Jiang

Insects 2024, 15(8), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080586 - 1 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1976

Abstract

The innate immunity of insects encompasses cellular and humoral defense mechanisms and constitutes the primary defense against invading microbial pathogens. Cellular immunity (phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation) is primarily mediated by hemocytes. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes play an important role and require changes in the [...] Read more.

The innate immunity of insects encompasses cellular and humoral defense mechanisms and constitutes the primary defense against invading microbial pathogens. Cellular immunity (phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation) is primarily mediated by hemocytes. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes play an important role and require changes in the cytoskeletons of hemocytes. However, research investigating the immunological impacts of insecticides on the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, remains scarce. Therefore, we conducted a study to investigate the effects of chlorantraniliprole exposure on cellular immunity in FAW larvae. Our findings revealed the presence of five types of hemocytes in the larvae: prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, oenocytoids, and spherulocytes. The LD₁₀, LD₂₀, and LD₃₀ of chlorantraniliprole affected both the morphology and total count of some hemocytes in the larvae. Moreover, larvae exposed to chlorantraniliprole showed increased phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation. To determine the mechanism of the enhanced cellular immunity, we studied plasmatocytes in the spread state and the cytoskeleton in hemocytes. It was found that the spreading ratio of plasmatocytes and the areas of the cytoskeletons in hemocytes were increased after chlorantraniliprole treatment. These results suggest that exposure to chlorantraniliprole results in an enhanced immune response function in FAW larvae, which may be mediated by cytoskeletal changes and plasmatocyte spreading. Consequently, this study provides valuable insights into the cellular immune response of FAW larvae to insecticide exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Insect Interactions with Symbionts and Pathogens)

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24 pages, 3912 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cryptic Taxa Revealed through Combined Analysis of Chromosomes and DNA Barcodes: The Polyommatus ripartii Species Complex in Armenia and NW Iran

by Vladimir A. Lukhtanov and Alexander V. Dantchenko

Insects 2024, 15(7), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070545 - 19 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1775

Abstract

The detection of cryptic species in complexes that have undergone recent speciation is often difficult, since many standard nuclear markers have not yet accumulated differences between closely related taxa, and differences in mitochondrial markers can be leveled out due to mitochondrial introgressions. In [...] Read more.

The detection of cryptic species in complexes that have undergone recent speciation is often difficult, since many standard nuclear markers have not yet accumulated differences between closely related taxa, and differences in mitochondrial markers can be leveled out due to mitochondrial introgressions. In these cases, the use of derived chromosomal characters such as non-ancestral chromosomal numbers and/or unusual karyotype features may be a solution to the species delimitation problem. However, non-ancestral but similar karyotypes may arise secondarily as a result of homoplastic evolution, and their interpretation as homologies may lead to incorrect taxonomic conclusions. In our study, we show that the combined use of mitochondrial DNA barcodes and karyotypes helps to solve this problem and identifies cryptic species in situations where each of these markers does not work individually. Using this approach, we show that the fauna of Armenia and adjacent Iran includes the following cryptic taxa of the Polyommatus ripartii species complex (haploid chromosome number, n in parentheses): P. ripartii paralcestis (n = 90), P. ripartii kalashiani, subsp. nov (n close to 90), P. emmeli, sp. nov. (n = 77–79), P. keleybaricus, sp. nov. (n = 86), P. demavendi belovi (n = 73–75), P. demavendi antonius, subsp. nov. (n = 71–73), P. admetus anatoliensis (n = 79) and P. eriwanensis (n = 29–34). Polyommatus admetus yeranyani is synonymized with P. admetus anatoliensis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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17 pages, 7202 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Future Range Expansions of Invasive Wasps Suggest Their Increasing Impacts on Global Apiculture

by Xueyou Zhang, Peixiao Nie, Xiaokang Hu and Jianmeng Feng

Insects 2024, 15(7), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070546 - 19 Jul 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2147

Abstract

Until now, no study has examined the future range dynamics of major invasive wasp species to assess their future impacts on global apiculture. Here, we developed 12 species distribution models to calibrate the future range dynamics of 12 major invasive Vespidae wasp species [...] Read more.

Until now, no study has examined the future range dynamics of major invasive wasp species to assess their future impacts on global apiculture. Here, we developed 12 species distribution models to calibrate the future range dynamics of 12 major invasive Vespidae wasp species under a unified framework. An increase in their habitat suitability was identified in more than 75% of global land. Substantial range expansions were detected for all 12 species, and they were primarily induced by future climate changes. Notably, Polistes dominula and Vespa crabro had the largest potential ranges under all scenarios, suggesting their greater impact on global apiculture. Polistes chinensis and Vespa velutina nigrithorax had the highest range expansion ratios, so they warrant more urgent attention than the other species. Polistes versicolor and P. chinensis are expected to exhibit the largest centroid shifts, suggesting that substantial shifts in prioritizing regions against their invasions should be made. Europe and the eastern part of the USA were future invasion hotspots for all major invasive wasp species, suggesting that apiculture might face more pronounced threats in these regions than in others. In conclusion, given their substantial range shifts, invasive wasps will likely have increasingly negative impacts on global apiculture in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)

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18 pages, 1383 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Beekeepers Support the Use of RNA Interference (RNAi) to Control Varroa destructor

by Rose McGruddy, John Haywood and Philip J. Lester

Insects 2024, 15(7), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070539 - 18 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3452

Abstract

Current Varroa mite management strategies rely heavily on the use of pesticides, adversely affecting honey bee health and leaving toxic residues in hive products. To explore the likelihood of RNAi technology being utilised as an alternative control method for pests like Varroa, [...] Read more.

Current Varroa mite management strategies rely heavily on the use of pesticides, adversely affecting honey bee health and leaving toxic residues in hive products. To explore the likelihood of RNAi technology being utilised as an alternative control method for pests like Varroa, the opinions of beekeepers on the use of this new biotechnology were obtained using a mixed-methodology approach. In-person surveys and focus groups using the Q method were conducted to discover the willingness of beekeepers to utilise Varroa-targeting RNAi treatments in their hives, and to gain feedback to inform decisions before the implementation of this new technology. Overall, the beekeepers saw potential in RNAi being used to control Varroa in their hives and were eager to have access to an alternative to pesticide treatments. Participants raised concerns about unknown long-term effects on bees and other non-target species, and the potential of an uninformed public preventing them from accessing a new Varroa treatment. While further research and discussion is needed before RNAi treatments for Varroa become commercially available, RNAi technology presents a promising, species-specific and non-toxic solution for Varroa management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Insects and Apiculture)

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18 pages, 2079 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Haplotype Diversity in mtDNA of Honeybee in the Czech Republic Confirms Complete Replacement of Autochthonous Population with the C Lineage

by Aleš Knoll, Lucie Langová, Antonín Přidal and Tomáš Urban

Insects 2024, 15(7), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070495 - 2 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1726

Abstract

The study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity in the Czech population of Apis mellifera using mitochondrial DNA markers, tRNA^leu-cox2 intergenic region and cox1 gene. A total of 308 samples of bees were collected from the entire Czech Republic (from colonies [...] Read more.

The study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity in the Czech population of Apis mellifera using mitochondrial DNA markers, tRNA^leu-cox2 intergenic region and cox1 gene. A total of 308 samples of bees were collected from the entire Czech Republic (from colonies and flowers in 13 different regions). Following sequencing, several polymorphisms and haplotypes were identified. Analysis of tRNA^leu-cox2 sequences revealed three DraI haplotypes (C, A1, and A4). The tRNA^leu-cox2 region yielded 10 C lineage haplotypes, one of which is a newly described variant. Three A lineage haplotypes were identified, two of which were novel. A similar analysis of cox1 sequences yielded 16 distinct haplotypes (7 new) within the population. The most prevalent tRNA^leu-cox2 haplotype identified was C1a, followed by C2a, C2c, C2l, and C2d. For the cox1 locus, the most frequent haplotypes were HpB02, HpB01, HpB03, and HpB04. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices were high in both loci, in tRNA^leu-cox2 with values of 0.682 and 0.00172, respectively, and in cox1 0.789 and 0.00203, respectively. The Tajima’s D values were negative and lower in tRNA^leu-cox2 than in cox1. The most frequent haplotypes were uniformly distributed across all regions of the Czech Republic. No haplotype of the indigenous M lineage was identified. High diversity and the occurrence of rare haplotypes indicate population expansion and continuous import of tribal material of the C lineage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)

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19 pages, 3263 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Biological Roles of microRNAs in Drosophila Development

by Daegyu Jang, Chae Jeong Kim, Bo Hyun Shin and Do-Hwan Lim

Insects 2024, 15(7), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070491 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3832

Abstract

Drosophila is a well-established insect model system for studying various physiological phenomena and developmental processes, with a focus on gene regulation. Drosophila development is controlled by programmed regulatory mechanisms specific to individual tissues. When key developmental processes are shared among various insects, the [...] Read more.

Drosophila is a well-established insect model system for studying various physiological phenomena and developmental processes, with a focus on gene regulation. Drosophila development is controlled by programmed regulatory mechanisms specific to individual tissues. When key developmental processes are shared among various insects, the associated regulatory networks are believed to be conserved across insects. Thus, studies of developmental regulation in Drosophila have substantially contributed to our understanding of insect development. Over the past two decades, studies on microRNAs (miRNAs) in Drosophila have revealed their crucial regulatory roles in various developmental processes. This review focuses on the biological roles of miRNAs in specific tissues and processes associated with Drosophila development. Additionally, as a future direction, we discuss sequencing technologies that can analyze the interactions between miRNAs and their target genes, with the aim of enhancing miRNA studies in Drosophila development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Insect Epigenetics)

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11 pages, 8571 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Unveiling the Microbiome Diversity in Telenomus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Parasitoid Wasps

by Mayra A. Gómez-Govea, Kenzy I. Peña-Carillo, Gabriel Ruiz-Ayma, Antonio Guzmán-Velasco, Adriana E. Flores, María de Lourdes Ramírez-Ahuja and Iram Pablo Rodríguez-Sánchez

Insects 2024, 15(7), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070468 - 23 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2459

Abstract

Bacterial symbionts in insects constitute a key factor for the survival of the host due to the benefits they provide. Parasitoid wasps are closely associated with viruses, bacteria, and fungi. However, the primary symbionts and their functions are not yet known. This study [...] Read more.

Bacterial symbionts in insects constitute a key factor for the survival of the host due to the benefits they provide. Parasitoid wasps are closely associated with viruses, bacteria, and fungi. However, the primary symbionts and their functions are not yet known. This study was undertaken to determine the gut microbiota of six species of the Telenomus genus: T. alecto (Crawford), T. sulculus Johnson, T. fariai Costa Lima, T. remus Nixon, T. podisi Ashmead, and T. lobatus Johnson & Bin. Wasp parasitoids were collected from their hosts in different locations in Mexico. DNA was extracted from gut collection, and sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA was carried out in Illumina^® MiSeq™. Among the six species of wasps, results showed that the most abundant phylum were Proteobacteria (82.3%), Actinobacteria (8.1%), and Firmicutes (7.8%). The most important genera were Delftia and Enterobacter. Seventeen bacteria species were found to be shared among the six species of wasps. The associate microbiota will help to understand the physiology of Telenomus to promote the use of these wasp parasitoids in the management of insect pests and as potential biomarkers to target new strategies to control pests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

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19 pages, 2425 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Compatibility of Bioinsecticides with Parasitoids for Enhanced Integrated Pest Management of Drosophila suzukii and Tuta absoluta

by Fabrizio Lisi, Carmelo Cavallaro, Maria Flavia Pitruzzello, Judit Arnó, Nicolas Desneux, Peng Han, Xingeng Wang, Lucia Zappalà, Antonio Biondi and Antonio Gugliuzzo

Insects 2024, 15(7), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070467 - 22 Jun 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3959

Abstract

Drosophila suzukii and Tuta absoluta are successful biological invaders of agroecosystems. Their integrated pest management (IPM) programs involve the release and/or conservation of natural enemies. Among these, Ganaspis kimorum is a major Asian parasitoid of D. suzukii and has been introduced as a classical [...] Read more.

Drosophila suzukii and Tuta absoluta are successful biological invaders of agroecosystems. Their integrated pest management (IPM) programs involve the release and/or conservation of natural enemies. Among these, Ganaspis kimorum is a major Asian parasitoid of D. suzukii and has been introduced as a classical biological control agent of this pest in Europe and North America, while Necremnus tutae is a key fortuitous parasitoid of T. absoluta in the Mediterranean region. Bioinsecticides represent key alternatives to chemicals for controlling both pests. This study investigated the potential compatibility of both parasitoids with Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis, garlic essential oil (EO), and spinosad, in comparison to two synthetic insecticides, cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. The results showed that combining each of the tested insecticides with G. kimorum slightly increased pest mortality compared to the insecticide alone. Necremnus tutae had a significant additive effect on host mortality when combined with insecticides. Beauveria bassiana and B. thuringiensis were most compatible with both parasitoid species. Both garlic EO and chlorantraniliprole impaired the survival of immature N. tutae and showed sublethal toxicity on the reproductive and non-reproductive behaviors of N. tutae. Spinosad exhibited high acute toxicity on both juvenile and adult parasitoids of both species. Overall, these findings provide useful insights into insecticide selectivity toward two key parasitoids and offer new knowledge on the potential of combining natural enemies and bioinsecticides for optimized IPM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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14 pages, 3044 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Mysterious Asian Firefly Genus, Oculogryphus Jeng, Engel & Yang (Coleoptera, Lampyridae): The First Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Its Phylogenetic Implications

by Yu-Xia Yang, Ya Kang, Xue-Ying Ge, Shuai-Long Yuan, Xue-Yan Li and Hao-Yu Liu

Insects 2024, 15(7), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15070464 - 21 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2350

Abstract

The firefly genus Oculogryphus Jeng, Engel & Yang, 2007 is a rare-species group endemic to Asia. Since its establishment, its position has been controversial but never rigorously tested. To address this perplexing issue, we are the first to present the complete mitochondrial sequence [...] Read more.

The firefly genus Oculogryphus Jeng, Engel & Yang, 2007 is a rare-species group endemic to Asia. Since its establishment, its position has been controversial but never rigorously tested. To address this perplexing issue, we are the first to present the complete mitochondrial sequence of Oculogryphus, using the material of O. chenghoiyanae Yiu & Jeng, 2018 determined through a comprehensive morphological identification. Our analyses demonstrate that its mitogenome exhibits similar characteristics to that of Stenocladius, including a rearranged gene order between trnC and trnW, and a long intergenic spacer (702 bp) between the two rearranged genes, within which six remnants (29 bp) of trnW were identified. Further, we incorporated this sequence into phylogenetic analyses of Lampyridae based on different molecular markers and datasets using ML and BI analyses. The results consistently place Oculogryphus within the same clade as Stenocladius in all topologies, and the gene rearrangement is a synapomorphy for this clade. It suggests that Oculogryphus should be classified together with Stenocladius in the subfamily Ototretinae at the moment. This study provides molecular evidence confirming the close relationship between Oculogryphus and Stenocladius and discovers a new phylogenetic marker helpful in clarifying the monophyly of Ototretinae, which also sheds a new light on firefly evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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14 pages, 2861 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Spotted Lanternflies Respond to Natural Pheromone Lures for Mate-Finding and Oviposition

by Miriam F. Cooperband and Kelly M. Murman

Insects 2024, 15(6), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15060447 - 13 Jun 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2241

Abstract

Using semiochemicals collected from spotted lanternflies Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) (SLF) and deployed in the field with circle traps, we demonstrated that SLF responded to SLF pheromones: in particular, this was the case for males while seeking mates and for females while ovipositing. [...] Read more.

Using semiochemicals collected from spotted lanternflies Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) (SLF) and deployed in the field with circle traps, we demonstrated that SLF responded to SLF pheromones: in particular, this was the case for males while seeking mates and for females while ovipositing. The attractants consisted of SLF body extract emitted from diffuser lures and SLF honeydew on burlap ribbons, collected from heavily infested locations. Traps with attractants were deployed in field sites with very light SLF infestations to avoid competing signals of pre-existing aggregations. The number of SLF equivalents emitted by each diffuser per trapping period was used in a dose–response analysis. Three trees per block received either (1) a control hexane lure and a clean ribbon, (2) a lure containing SLF extract and a clean ribbon, or (3) a lure containing SLF extract and a honeydew-laden ribbon. Ten blocks were sampled three times per week for twelve weeks. We found a significant positive dose–response by males to SLF body extract only in the presence of SLF honeydew, indicating a synergistic effect between honeydew volatiles and body volatiles. This dose–response occurred for five weeks after mating started, after which males no longer responded. Subsequently, females had a significant positive dose–response to SLF extract only in the presence of honeydew when oviposition was their primary activity, continuing for two weeks, suggesting that females may use pheromones to aggregate for oviposition. The extract in the absence of honeydew did not result in a positive dose–response, nor did the hexane control. These findings suggest that SLF respond synergistically to the combination of pheromones present in both SLF honeydew and SLF bodies. Thus, combining key components from both sources may aid the development of semiochemical lures for SLF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Insect Signals)

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21 pages, 3177 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Susceptibility of Yellow Squash and Zucchini Cultivars to the Sweetpotato Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (MEAM1), in the Southeastern United States

by George N. Mbata, Yinping Li, Sanower Warsi and Alvin M. Simmons

Insects 2024, 15(6), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15060429 - 6 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4358

Abstract

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Middle East–Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), causes significant losses to vegetable crops directly by sap-feeding, inducing plant physiological disorders, and elevating the build-up of sooty mold, and indirectly by transmitting plant viruses. In this study, we evaluated the [...] Read more.

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Middle East–Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), causes significant losses to vegetable crops directly by sap-feeding, inducing plant physiological disorders, and elevating the build-up of sooty mold, and indirectly by transmitting plant viruses. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of 20 yellow squash and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) cultivars to MEAM1, across three growing seasons in the southeastern United States. Weekly sampling of the numbers of MEAM1 adults, nymphs, and eggs were conducted from the fourth week after seed sowing and across 6 weeks during the summer and fall of 2021 and five weeks during the fall of 2022. In general, adult whitefly populations were high during the first week of sampling but decreased as the seasons progressed. The zucchini cultivar ‘Black Beauty’ harbored the most adults, while ‘Green Eclipse Zucchini’ was the least attractive zucchini cultivar to the adults in fall 2022. For yellow squash, ‘Early Summer’ (summer 2021) and ‘Amberpic 8455’ (summer 2021 and fall 2022) were the cultivars with the highest adult populations, while ‘Lioness’ (summer 2021) and ‘Gourmet Gold Hybrid’ (fall 2022) harbored the lowest adult counts. The whitefly egg counts across both vegetables trailed those of adults and peaked in the second week of sampling. The counts of nymphs increased as the seasons progressed, but there was a decline after the second week during fall 2021. For the yellow squash cultivars, ‘Gourmet Gold Hybrid’, (summer 2021 and fall 2022), ‘Lioness’, and ‘Fortune’ (summer 2021) recorded the highest yields. For zucchini, ‘Golden Glory’ (summer 2021) was the top performer. These results provide valuable information for whitefly management in yellow squash and zucchini based on host plant susceptibility and yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests in Agroecosystems)

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17 pages, 624 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Buzzing with Intelligence: Current Issues in Apiculture and the Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Tackle It

by Putri Kusuma Astuti, Bettina Hegedűs, Andrzej Oleksa, Zoltán Bagi and Szilvia Kusza

Insects 2024, 15(6), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15060418 - 4 Jun 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5108

Abstract

Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are important for agriculture and ecosystems; however, they are threatened by the changing climate. In order to adapt and respond to emerging difficulties, beekeepers require the ability to continuously monitor their beehives. To carry out this, the utilization [...] Read more.

Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are important for agriculture and ecosystems; however, they are threatened by the changing climate. In order to adapt and respond to emerging difficulties, beekeepers require the ability to continuously monitor their beehives. To carry out this, the utilization of advanced machine learning techniques proves to be an exceptional tool. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the available research on the different applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in beekeeping that are relevant to climate change. Presented studies have shown that AI can be used in various scientific aspects of beekeeping and can work with several data types (e.g., sound, sensor readings, images) to investigate, model, predict, and help make decisions in apiaries. Research articles related to various aspects of apiculture, e.g., managing hives, maintaining their health, detecting pests and diseases, and climate and habitat management, were analyzed. It was found that several environmental, behavioral, and physical attributes needed to be monitored in real-time to be able to understand and fully predict the state of the hives. Finally, it could be concluded that even if there is not yet a full-scale monitoring method for apiculture, the already available approaches (even with their identified shortcomings) can help maintain sustainability in the changing apiculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Apicultures)

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12 pages, 1196 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ethyl Formate Fumigation for Controlling Two Major Aphid Pests, Aphis spiraecola and Aphis gossypii, on Passion Fruit, from Cultivation to Post-Harvest Storage

by Jeong Oh Yang, Dongbin Kim, Young Su Lee, Ki-Jeong Hong, Byung-Ho Lee and Min-Goo Park

Insects 2024, 15(6), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15060386 - 26 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2154

Abstract

Tropical and subtropical crops are being increasingly cultivated in South Korea, leading to an increase in damage by exotic insect pests. Consequently, ethyl formate (EF) is currently being considered for quarantine and pre-shipment fumigation. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of EF [...] Read more.

Tropical and subtropical crops are being increasingly cultivated in South Korea, leading to an increase in damage by exotic insect pests. Consequently, ethyl formate (EF) is currently being considered for quarantine and pre-shipment fumigation. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of EF fumigation for controlling Aphis spiraecola Patch and Aphis gossypii Glover, two representative quarantine pests on passion fruit (“Pink Bourbon”) during greenhouse cultivation and post-harvest storage. The efficacy of EF against both aphids in terms of the lethal concentration causing 50% mortality (LCt_50%) and LCt_99% was 1.36–2.61 g h/m³ and 3.73–7.55 g h/m³ under greenhouse conditions (23 °C), and 1.37–2.02 g h/m³ and 3.80–14.59 g h/m³ post-harvest (5 °C), respectively. EF at 4 g/m³ for 4 h resulted in 100% mortality of A. spiraecola, which was more resistant to EF, without causing phytotoxic damage to the trees in a 340 m³ greenhouse. Post-harvest fruit fumigation at 10 g/m³ for 4 h in a mid-size (0.8 m³) fumigation chamber resulted in complete disinfection. Moreover, the EF level decreased below the EF threshold within 10 min after natural ventilation in the greenhouse. Therefore, our results suggest EF fumigation as an effective method for controlling A. spiraecola and A. gossypii. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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16 pages, 2526 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transcriptomic Insights into Host Metabolism and Immunity Changes after Parasitization by Leptopilina myrica

by Junwei Zhang, Jieyu Shan, Wenqi Shi, Ting Feng, Yifeng Sheng, Zixuan Xu, Zhi Dong, Jianhua Huang and Jiani Chen

Insects 2024, 15(5), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050352 - 14 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1923

Abstract

Parasitoids commonly manipulate their host’s metabolism and immunity to facilitate their offspring survival, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we deconstructed the manipulation strategy of a newly discovered parasitoid wasp, L. myrica, which parasitizes D. melanogaster. Using RNA-seq, we analyzed [...] Read more.

Parasitoids commonly manipulate their host’s metabolism and immunity to facilitate their offspring survival, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we deconstructed the manipulation strategy of a newly discovered parasitoid wasp, L. myrica, which parasitizes D. melanogaster. Using RNA-seq, we analyzed transcriptomes of L. myrica-parasitized and non-parasitized Drosophila host larvae. A total of 22.29 Gb and 23.85 Gb of clean reads were obtained from the two samples, respectively, and differential expression analysis identified 445 DEGs. Of them, 304 genes were upregulated and 141 genes were downregulated in parasitized hosts compared with non-parasitized larvae. Based on the functional annotations in the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, we found that the genes involved in host nutrition metabolism were significantly upregulated, particularly in carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. We also identified 30 other metabolism-related DEGs, including hexokinase, fatty acid synthase, and UDP-glycosyltransferase (Ugt) genes. We observed that five Bomanin genes (Boms) and six antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were upregulated. Moreover, a qRT-PCR analysis of 12 randomly selected DEGs confirmed the reproducibility and accuracy of the RNA-seq data. Our results provide a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of how L. myrica manipulates its host, laying a solid foundation for studies on the regulatory mechanisms employed by parasitoid wasps in their hosts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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18 pages, 7791 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanopore-Based Surveillance of Leishmania Parasites in Culicoides Latrielle (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Caught from the Affected Community and Tham Phra Cave in Chiang Rai Province, the Endemic Area of Leishmaniasis in Northern Thailand

by Rinnara Ampol, Puckavadee Somwang, Pathamet Khositharattanakool, Chulaluk Promrangsee, Thanapat Pataradool, Piyapat Tepboonreung, Padet Siriyasatien and Kanok Preativatanyou

Insects 2024, 15(5), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050327 - 2 May 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3368

Abstract

In this research, we elucidated the species composition of Culicoides biting midges, infection prevalence, and genetic diversity of Leishmania parasites circulating in the affected community in Chiang Rai Province, being the most endemic area in Northern Thailand. A total of 146 parous and [...] Read more.

In this research, we elucidated the species composition of Culicoides biting midges, infection prevalence, and genetic diversity of Leishmania parasites circulating in the affected community in Chiang Rai Province, being the most endemic area in Northern Thailand. A total of 146 parous and gravid females, belonging to at least twelve Culicoides species in five subgenera and one species group, were trapped from three collection sites with an overall Leishmania prevalence of 26.7% (39/146). Leishmania was detected, using ITS1-PCR, in C. mahasarakamense (15), C. guttifer (11), C. (Trithecoides) spp. (8), C. jacobsoni (2), C. oxystoma (2), and C. orientalis (1). The evidence of Leishmania infection in these last five species represents new records in Northern Thailand. Given a high infection rate in cavernicolous specimens, this indicates an increased risk of parasite exposure when visiting the cave. Using the nanopore amplicon sequencing, L. martiniquensis was ubiquitously identified in all positives, and more than half of these were also co-infected with L. orientalis. The genetic diversity analysis revealed 13 and 17 unique haplotypes for L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis, respectively. Higher haplotype diversity and relatively low nucleotide diversity were observed in both parasite populations, suggesting recent population divergence. Neutrality tests (Tajima’s D and Fu and Li’s D) showed to be significantly negative, indicating rapid population growth or a selective sweep. Moreover, dominant haplotypes of both Leishmania species were 100% identical to those in all leishmaniasis patients previously reported from Northern Thailand, strongly supporting the imperative role of Culicoides spp. in disease transmission. Essentially, this research provides the first entomological surveillance data representing the sympatric existence, transmission dynamics, and genetic complexity of two autochthonous Leishmania (Mundinia) parasites in several Culicoides species in the endemic area of Northern Thailand. This would contribute to a more complete understanding of the epidemiology of vector infection and facilitate the development of vector control programs to effectively reduce the transmission of this neglected tropical disease in endemic areas of Northern Thailand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Vectors of Human and Zoonotic Diseases)

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17 pages, 3845 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Beneficial Effects of Soluble Silicon Fertilizer in Dendrobium Orchids: Silicon-Augmented Resistance against Damage by Insect Pests and Fungal Pathogens

by Joanna Bloese, Russell Galanti, Ryan Porter and Tiani Know

Insects 2024, 15(5), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050323 - 1 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2360

Abstract

The effects of soluble silicon fertilization on monocots and dicots have been widely studied. However, little is known regarding its effects on protecting epiphytes against insect and fungal pests. The efficacy of silicon fertilizer to reduce damage by thrips pest complexes, namely: Thrips [...] Read more.

The effects of soluble silicon fertilization on monocots and dicots have been widely studied. However, little is known regarding its effects on protecting epiphytes against insect and fungal pests. The efficacy of silicon fertilizer to reduce damage by thrips pest complexes, namely: Thrips palmi Karny, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, Chaetanaphothrips orchidii Moulton, and Chaetanaphothrips signipennis Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and the fungal pathogens: Botrytis cinerea Persoon (Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) and Fusarium spp. Link (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) was examined during a nine-month greenhouse trial in Hawaii. The trial assessed yield, quality, and pest damage across three common varieties of dendrobiums. All replicates received additional soluble silicon fertilizer applications alternating weekly between soil drench and foliar (50 mg Si/plant) applications. Yield, quality, and spray length, pest damage, plant vigor, SPAD, and leaf temperature were measured. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear model (glm) with repeated measures followed by post-hoc pair-wise comparisons in R, version 4.3.1. Treatment effects were significant at p < 0.001 for the majority of the explanatory variables including: marketable yield, spray length, thrips damage, and fungal damage. Overall, the lavender variety (‘Uniwai Supreme’) benefited the most from silicon applications with a 73.0% increase in marketable yield, compared to the white variety (‘Uniwai Mist’), which had an increase of 50.6% marketable sprays in contrast to its untreated control. Si benefits conferred to the purple variety (‘Uniwai Royale’) were intermediate to the lavender and white varieties. Although the magnitude of Si benefits varied among the varieties, all dendrobium varieties significantly benefited from silicon fertilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Horticultural Crops)

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20 pages, 11901 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Which SDM Model, CLIMEX vs. MaxEnt, Best Forecasts Aeolesthes sarta Distribution at a Global Scale under Climate Change Scenarios?

by Umer Hayat, Juan Shi, Zhuojin Wu, Muhammad Rizwan and Muhammad Sajjad Haider

Insects 2024, 15(5), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050324 - 1 May 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4601

Abstract

A precise evaluation of the risk of establishing insect pests is essential for national plant protection organizations. This accuracy is crucial in negotiating international trade agreements for forestry-related commodities, which have the potential to carry pests and lead to unintended introductions in the [...] Read more.

A precise evaluation of the risk of establishing insect pests is essential for national plant protection organizations. This accuracy is crucial in negotiating international trade agreements for forestry-related commodities, which have the potential to carry pests and lead to unintended introductions in the importing countries. In our study, we employed both mechanistic and correlative niche models to assess and map the global patterns of potential establishment for Aeolesthes sarta under current and future climates. This insect is a significant pest affecting tree species of the genus Populus, Salix, Acer, Malus, Juglans, and other hardwood trees. Notably, it is also categorized as a quarantine pest in countries where it is not currently present. The mechanistic model, CLIMEX, was calibrated using species-specific physiological tolerance thresholds, providing a detailed understanding of the environmental factors influencing the species. In contrast, the correlative model, maximum entropy (MaxEnt), utilized species occurrences and spatial climatic data, offering insights into the species’ distribution based on observed data and environmental conditions. The projected potential distribution from CLIMEX and MaxEnt models aligns well with the currently known distribution of A. sarta. CLIMEX predicts a broader global distribution than MaxEnt, indicating that most central and southern hemispheres are suitable for its distribution, excluding the extreme northern hemisphere, central African countries, and the northern part of Australia. Both models accurately predict the known distribution of A. sarta in the Asian continent, and their projections suggest a slight overall increase in the global distribution range of A. sarta with future changes in climate temperature, majorly concentrating in the central and northern hemispheres. Furthermore, the models anticipate suitable conditions in Europe and North America, where A. sarta currently does not occur but where its preferred host species, Populus alba, is present. The main environmental variables associated with the distribution of A. sarta at a global level were the average annual temperature and precipitation rate. The predictive models developed in this study offer insights into the global risk of A. sarta establishment and can be valuable for monitoring potential pest introductions in different countries. Additionally, policymakers and trade negotiators can utilize these models to make science-based decisions regarding pest management and international trade agreements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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12 pages, 3417 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Residual Efficacy of Two Diatomaceous Earths from Greece for the Control of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) on Wheat and Maize

by Georgia V. Baliota, Christos I. Rumbos and Christos G. Athanassiou

Insects 2024, 15(5), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050319 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1854

Abstract

We evaluated the persistence and efficacy of two different, in granulometry and content of diatoms, diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations (i.e., DE5 and DE6), against two major beetle species of stored products, i.e., Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). [...] Read more.

We evaluated the persistence and efficacy of two different, in granulometry and content of diatoms, diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations (i.e., DE5 and DE6), against two major beetle species of stored products, i.e., Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). The formulations were applied as powders in soft wheat and maize in two doses of 500 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ (ppm). Samples of the treated grains were taken on the day of application and every 30 days until completion of the six-month period of storage. Adults of S. oryzae and R. dominica were exposed to the treated grains at 25 °C and 55% relative humidity, and the mortality was measured after 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure. Rhyzopertha dominica survival was not affected by any combination of DE formulation, dose, and commodity. Contrariwise, the DEs caused significant adult mortality of S. oryzae, in most of the cases tested. We observed that DE6 was equally effective in both wheat and maize, and no considerable variations were observed in S. oryzae mortality during the 6-month experimental period. Furthermore, DE6 was more effective against S. oryzae than DE5, a difference that could have potentially contributed to the variations in the diatom granulometry between these two DEs. Thus, a DE treatment of 1000 ppm was shown to provide long-term protection of wheat and maize against S. oryzae, but this is strongly dependent on the DE formulation, commodity, and insect species. Overall, such natural resource-based inert silicaceous deposits could be used with success in stored-product protection with only some minor modifications, such as sieving and drying of the raw deposit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Non-Chemical Control in Stored Product Protection: Modern Methods for Old Problems)

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17 pages, 1499 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Different Sensitivity of Flower-Visiting Diptera to a Neonicotinoid Insecticide: Expanding the Base for a Multiple-Species Risk Assessment Approach

by Cátia Ariana Henriques Martins, Celeste Azpiazu, Jordi Bosch, Giovanni Burgio, Maria Luisa Dindo, Santolo Francati, Daniele Sommaggio and Fabio Sgolastra

Insects 2024, 15(5), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050317 - 29 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2667

Abstract

Insects play an essential role as pollinators of wild flowers and crops. At the same time, pollinators in agricultural environments are commonly exposed to pesticides, compromising their survival and the provision of pollination services. Although pollinators include a wide range of species from [...] Read more.

Insects play an essential role as pollinators of wild flowers and crops. At the same time, pollinators in agricultural environments are commonly exposed to pesticides, compromising their survival and the provision of pollination services. Although pollinators include a wide range of species from several insect orders, information on pesticide sensitivity is mostly restricted to bees. In addition, the disparity of methodological procedures used for different insect groups hinders the comparison of toxicity data between bees and other pollinators. Dipterans are a highly diverse insect order that includes some important pollinators. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the sensitivity of two hoverflies (Sphaerophoria rueppellii, Eristalinus aeneus) and one tachinid fly (Exorista larvarum) to a neonicotinoid insecticide (Confidor^®, imidacloprid) following a comparative approach. We adapted the standardized methodology of acute contact exposure in honey bees to build dose–response curves and calculate median lethal doses (LD₅₀) for the three species. The methodology consisted in applying 1 µL of the test solution on the thorax of each insect. Sphaerophoria rueppelli was the most sensitive species (LD₅₀ = 10.23 ng/insect), and E. aeneus (LD₅₀ = 18,176 ng/insect) the least. We then compared our results with those available in the literature for other pollinator species using species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Based on the SSD curve, the 95th percentile of pollinator species would be protected by a safety factor of 100 times the Apis mellifera endpoint. Overall, dipterans were less sensitive to imidacloprid than most bee species. As opposed to most bee species, oviposition and fecundity of many dipteran species can be reliably assessed in the laboratory. We measured the number of eggs laid following exposure to different insecticide doses and assessed the potential trade-off between oviposition and survival through the sublethal sensitivity index (SSI). Exposure to imidacloprid had a significant effect on fecundity, and SSI values indicated that oviposition is a sensitive endpoint for the three dipteran species tested. Future studies should integrate this information related to population dynamics in simulation models for environmental risk assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollinator Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services)

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14 pages, 3244 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

CRISPR/Cas9-Based Functional Characterization of SfUGT50A15 Reveals Its Roles in the Resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda to Chlorantraniliprole, Emamectin Benzoate, and Benzoxazinoids

by Zhan Shi, Mei Luo, Jinxi Yuan, Bin Gao, Minghuan Yang and Guirong Wang

Insects 2024, 15(5), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050314 - 26 Apr 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2437

Abstract

UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are a diverse superfamily of enzymes. Insects utilize uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-glucose) as a glycosyl donor for glycosylation in vivo, involved in the glycosylation of lipophilic endosymbionts and xenobiotics, including phytotoxins. UGTs act as second-stage detoxification metabolizing enzymes, which are essential for [...] Read more.

UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are a diverse superfamily of enzymes. Insects utilize uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-glucose) as a glycosyl donor for glycosylation in vivo, involved in the glycosylation of lipophilic endosymbionts and xenobiotics, including phytotoxins. UGTs act as second-stage detoxification metabolizing enzymes, which are essential for the detoxification metabolism of insecticides and benzoxazine compounds. However, the UGT genes responsible for specific glycosylation functions in S. frugiperda are unclear at present. In this study, we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to produce a SfUGT50A15-KO strain to explore its possible function in governing sensitivity to chemical insecticides or benzoxazinoids. The bioassay results suggested that the SfUGT50A15-KO strain was significantly more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, and benzoxazinoids than the wild-type strains. This finding suggests that the overexpression of the SfUGT50A15 gene may be linked to S. frugiperda resistance to pesticides (chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate) as well as benzoxazinoids (BXDs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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18 pages, 2566 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Future Climate Change and Anthropogenic Disturbance Promote the Invasions of the World’s Worst Invasive Insect Pests

by Runyao Cao and Jianmeng Feng

Insects 2024, 15(4), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15040280 - 16 Apr 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4795

Abstract

Invasive insect pests adversely impact human welfare and global ecosystems. However, no studies have used a unified scheme to compare the range dynamics of the world’s worst invasive insect pests. We investigated the future range shifts of 15 of the world’s worst invasive [...] Read more.

Invasive insect pests adversely impact human welfare and global ecosystems. However, no studies have used a unified scheme to compare the range dynamics of the world’s worst invasive insect pests. We investigated the future range shifts of 15 of the world’s worst invasive insect pests. Although future range dynamics varied substantially among the 15 worst invasive insect pests, most exhibited large range expansions. Increases in the total habitat suitability occurred in more than ca. 85% of global terrestrial regions. The relative impacts of anthropogenic disturbance and climate variables on the range dynamics depended on the species and spatial scale. Aedes albopictus, Cinara cupressi, and Trogoderma granarium occurred four times in the top five largest potential ranges under four future climate scenarios. Anoplophora glabripennis, Aedes albopictus, and Co. formosanus were predicted to have the largest range expansions. An. glabripennis, Pl. manokwari, Co. formosanus, and So. invicta showed the largest range centroid shifts. More effective strategies will be required to prevent their range expansions. Although the strategies should be species-specific, mitigating anthropogenic disturbances and climate change will be essential to preventing future invasions. This study provides critical and novel insights for developing global strategies to combat the invasions of invasive insect pests in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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14 pages, 2337 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Verbenone Affects the Behavior of Insect Predators and Other Saproxylic Beetles Differently: Trials Using Pheromone-Baited Bark Beetle Traps

by Matteo Bracalini, Guido Tellini Florenzano and Tiziana Panzavolta

Insects 2024, 15(4), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15040260 - 9 Apr 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2503

Abstract

In our study, we assessed the effects of verbenone, the most widely studied bark beetle aggregation inhibitor, on saproxylic beetles in a Mediterranean pine forest in Tuscany. Verbenone pouches were devised in the laboratory and then applied to Ips sexdentatus pheromone traps so [...] Read more.

In our study, we assessed the effects of verbenone, the most widely studied bark beetle aggregation inhibitor, on saproxylic beetles in a Mediterranean pine forest in Tuscany. Verbenone pouches were devised in the laboratory and then applied to Ips sexdentatus pheromone traps so that their catches could be compared to those of traps containing just the pheromone. The trial was carried out in spring–summer 2023, and insect catches were collected every two weeks. A total of 9440 beetles were collected that belonged to 32 different families and 57 species. About 80% of the captures were bark beetles, mainly Orthotomicus erosus. Beetle predators accounted for about 17% of the captures, with a total of 12 species. Some of these predator species had not yet been studied in relation to verbenone effects, like other saproxylic beetles recorded in this study. A significant reduction in captures was recorded for some beetles (e.g., I. sexdentatus and O. erosus), while for other species, no differences emerged, and in some cases, captures increased significantly when verbenone was present in the traps (i.e., Hylurgus ligniperda, Corticeus pini, and Aulonium ruficorne). The diversity of caught saproxylic beetles increased significantly in the verbenone traps, highlighting possible implications of the use of verbenone when managing bark beetle outbreaks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Abundance of Predators and Parasitoids of Insect Pests)

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15 pages, 4227 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

GIS-Based Tool for Pest Specific Area-Wide Planning of Crop Rotation Distance with Land Use Data

by Manuela Schieler, Natalia Riemer, Paolo Racca, Benno Kleinhenz, Helmut Saucke, Michael Veith and Bernd Meese

Insects 2024, 15(4), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15040249 - 4 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2456

Abstract

Crop rotation is an important strategy for pest reduction. For mono-, or oligophagous pests that overwinter at a previously infested site, crop rotation means that the pests must find new host crop sites in the following year, and it is more efficient if [...] Read more.

Crop rotation is an important strategy for pest reduction. For mono-, or oligophagous pests that overwinter at a previously infested site, crop rotation means that the pests must find new host crop sites in the following year, and it is more efficient if a pest-specific distance is applied. Here, we report the development of a GIS-based tool for efficient cultivation planning using the example of the pest complex pea moth (Cydia nigricana) and grain and green peas (Pisum sativum). Monitoring data for four consecutive years (2016–2019) from 513 sites were used. Infestation of pea seeds and the distance to the previous year’s pea sites were recorded. An adjustable Python script was developed by means of infestation–distance–correlation as a pest and crop-specific minimum migration distance (MD). The output of the tool is a risk map as decision support for cultivation planning. It shows different risk buffers with distances from 1261 m to 1825 m, depending on the cultivation type. The web tool is easily adjustable to other pests and crops anywhere in the world. The tool helps to prevent damages caused by agricultural, mono-, or oligophagous insect pests and consequently reduces pesticide applications for the benefit of the environment and biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Integrated Pest Management in Agricultural Crops and Forest Ecosystems)

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17 pages, 3219 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Thrips Species Composition in Ontario Greenhouse Floriculture: Innovative Identification Tools and Implications for Integrated Pest Management

by Sarah Elizabeth Jandricic, Ashley Summerfield, H. Eric L. Maw, Bryan M. T. Brunet and Rosemarije Buitenhuis

Insects 2024, 15(3), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15030211 - 21 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3188

Abstract

Proper species identification is the keystone of successful integrated pest management (IPM). However, efforts to identify thrips species in Canadian greenhouses have not been formally made since the 1980s. In response to recent increases in crop damage, we sampled thrips communities from eight [...] Read more.

Proper species identification is the keystone of successful integrated pest management (IPM). However, efforts to identify thrips species in Canadian greenhouses have not been formally made since the 1980s. In response to recent increases in crop damage, we sampled thrips communities from eight commercial floriculture greenhouses in the Niagara region (Ontario, Canada) from May until August 2016. Selected sites were revisited in 2017, 2018, and 2019 to determine changes in species composition over time. Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)), along with onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman), constituted the majority of species found. Other pest species (less than 8% of specimens across all sampling years) included poinsettia thrips (Echinothrips americanus Morgan), chrysanthemum thrips (Thrips nigropilosus Uzel), and Frankliniella fusca (Hinds). Further investigations of thrips outbreaks in Ontario from 2016 to 2023 revealed other important species, including Thrips parvispinus (Karny), Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter), and Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood. The current biocontrol strategies used in Ontario floriculture crops for western flower thrips do not adequately control onion thrips or other thrips pests in ornamental crops, making identification a fundamental step in determining whether biocontrol or chemical control strategies should be implemented. However, traditional taxonomic keys are inaccessible to non-specialists due to their technical difficulty. Using the data gathered in these surveys, we developed a simplified, illustrated identification key for use by growers and IPM consultants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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20 pages, 3423 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Examining Innovative Technologies: Nano-Chelated Fertilizers for Management of Wheat Aphid (Schizaphis graminum Rondani)

by Masoud Chamani, Bahram Naseri, Hooshang Rafiee-Dastjerdi, Javid Emaratpardaz, Reza Farshbaf Pourabad, Ali Chenari Bouket, Tomasz Oszako and Lassaad Belbahri

Insects 2024, 15(3), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15030209 - 20 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2298

Abstract

The use of nanofertilizers has both advantages and concerns. One benefit is that nano-fertilizers can enhance plant resistance against insect pests, making them a valuable strategy in integrated pest management (IPM). This study focused on the effect of wheat leaves treated with nano-chelated [...] Read more.

The use of nanofertilizers has both advantages and concerns. One benefit is that nano-fertilizers can enhance plant resistance against insect pests, making them a valuable strategy in integrated pest management (IPM). This study focused on the effect of wheat leaves treated with nano-chelated fertilizers and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum Rondani), a harmful pest of wheat plants that transmits dangerous viruses. The nano-Cu treatment showed the longest pre-adult longevity. Additionally, the nano-Cu treatment resulted in the lowest adult longevity, fecundity, nymphoposition day number, intrinsic rate of population growth (r), finite rate of population increase (λ), and net reproductive rate (R₀) and gross reproductive rate (GRR). Also, nano-Cu treatment led to the highest amount of (T). The N treatment led to the highest levels of fecundity, nymphoposition days, r, λ, and R₀. Nano-Fe and nano-Zn demonstrated fewer negative effects on S. graminum life table parameters than nano-Cu. Our results indicate that N treatment yielded numerous advantageous effects on the wheat aphid while simultaneously impeding the efficacy of the aphid control program. Conversely, nano-Cu treatment exhibited a detrimental influence on various parameters of the aphid’s life table, resulting in a reduction in the pest’s fitness. Consequently, the integration of nano-Cu should be seriously considered as a viable option in the IPM of the wheat aphid. Full article

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16 pages, 1880 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mapping and Characterization of Target-Site Resistance to Cyclic Ketoenol Insecticides in Cabbage Whiteflies, Aleyrodes proletella (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

by Viola Müller, Frank Maiwald, Gudrun Lange and Ralf Nauen

Insects 2024, 15(3), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15030178 - 6 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4412

Abstract

Cabbage whitefly, Aleyrodes proletella L., is an invasive hemipteran pest of cruciferous plants, particularly field brassica crops. Its importance has been increased over the last decade, particularly in European countries. The control of cabbage whiteflies largely relies on the application of synthetic insecticides, [...] Read more.

Cabbage whitefly, Aleyrodes proletella L., is an invasive hemipteran pest of cruciferous plants, particularly field brassica crops. Its importance has been increased over the last decade, particularly in European countries. The control of cabbage whiteflies largely relies on the application of synthetic insecticides, including tetronic and tetramic acid derivatives such as spiromesifen and spirotetramat (cyclic ketoenol insecticides), acting as insect growth regulators targeting acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). In 2019, reduced efficacy against cabbage whiteflies of ketoenol insecticides at recommended label rates has been reported. Subsequently we collected field samples of A. proletella in different European countries and confirmed the presence of ketoenol resistance in laboratory bioassays. Reciprocal crossing experiments revealed an autosomal dominant trait, i.e., heterozygotes express a fully resistant phenotype. Transcriptome sequencing and assembly of ACC variants from resistant strains revealed the presence of an ACC target-site mutation, A2083V, as previously described and functionally validated in Bemisia tabaci (A2084V in A. proletella). Next, we employed a molecular genotyping assay to investigate the geographic spread of resistance and analyzed 49 populations collected in eight European countries. Resistance allele frequency was highest in the Netherlands, followed by Germany. Finally, we provide a proposal for the implementation of appropriate resistance management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Insect Chemical Adaptation)

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20 pages, 3727 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Red–Green–Blue Images for Detecting Needle Pests: A Case Study with Erannis jacobsoni Djak (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)

by Liga Bai, Xiaojun Huang, Ganbat Dashzebeg, Mungunkhuyag Ariunaa, Shan Yin, Yuhai Bao, Gang Bao, Siqin Tong, Altanchimeg Dorjsuren and Enkhnasan Davaadorj

Insects 2024, 15(3), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15030172 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2409

Abstract

Erannis jacobsoni Djak (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) is a leaf-feeding pest unique to Mongolia. Outbreaks of this pest can cause larch needles to shed slowly from the top until they die, leading to a serious imbalance in the forest ecosystem. In this work, to address [...] Read more.

Erannis jacobsoni Djak (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) is a leaf-feeding pest unique to Mongolia. Outbreaks of this pest can cause larch needles to shed slowly from the top until they die, leading to a serious imbalance in the forest ecosystem. In this work, to address the need for the low-cost, fast, and effective identification of this pest, we used field survey indicators and UAV images of larch forests in Binder, Khentii, Mongolia, a typical site of Erannis jacobsoni Djak pest outbreaks, as the base data, calculated relevant multispectral and red–green–blue (RGB) features, used a successive projections algorithm (SPA) to extract features that are sensitive to the level of pest damage, and constructed a recognition model of Erannis jacobsoni Djak pest damage by combining patterns in the RGB vegetation indices and texture features (RGB_VI&TF) with the help of random forest (RF) and convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithms. The results were compared and evaluated with multispectral vegetation indices (MS_VI) to explore the potential of UAV RGB images in identifying needle pests. The results show that the sensitive features extracted based on SPA can adequately capture the changes in the forest appearance parameters such as the leaf loss rate and the colour of the larch canopy under pest damage conditions and can be used as effective input variables for the model. The RGB_VI&TF-RF₄₄₀ and RGB_VI&TF-CNN₇₄₀ models have the best performance, with their overall accuracy reaching more than 85%, which is a significant improvement compared with that of the RGB_VI model, and their accuracy is similar to that of the MS_VI model. This low-cost and high-efficiency method can excel in the identification of Erannis jacobsoni Djak-infested regions in small areas and can provide an important experimental theoretical basis for subsequent large-scale forest pest monitoring with a high spatiotemporal resolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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20 pages, 871 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Heterosis for Resistance to Insect Herbivores in a 3-Line Hybrid Rice System

by Finbarr G. Horgan, Carmencita C. Bernal, Angelee F. Ramal, Maria Liberty P. Almazan, Enrique A. Mundaca and Eduardo Crisol-Martínez

Insects 2024, 15(3), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15030164 - 28 Feb 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2651

Abstract

Three-line hybrid rice is produced by crossing male sterile (A line) rice with a fertility-restorer (R line). Fertile lines (B lines) are also required to maintain A line seed for breeding programs. We used a range of hybrids and their parental lines to [...] Read more.

Three-line hybrid rice is produced by crossing male sterile (A line) rice with a fertility-restorer (R line). Fertile lines (B lines) are also required to maintain A line seed for breeding programs. We used a range of hybrids and their parental lines to assess the frequency and nature of heterosis for resistance to the whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) and yellow stemborer (Scirpophaga incertulas). Heterosis is defined as trait improvement above the average of the parental lines as a result of outbreeding. Based on the results from a greenhouse study that challenged hybrids and their parental lines with each herbivore species, we found that susceptibility to planthoppers was associated with one of the eight A lines tested, but resistance was improved by crossing with a relatively resistant restorer. Higher frequencies of heterosis for susceptibility in comparisons between hybrids and their B lines suggest that susceptibility was not related to the cytoplasmic genomes of the associated sterile A lines. Furthermore, because none of the parental lines possessed currently effective resistance genes, improved resistance against planthoppers was probably due to quantitative resistance. In a related field trial, hybrids had generally higher yields than their fertile parents and often produced larger grain; however, they were often more susceptible to stemborers, leaffolders (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and other caterpillars (Rivula atimeta). This was largely a consequence of hybrid heterosis for plant biomass and was strongly affected by crop duration. We make a series of recommendations to improve hybrid breeding to reduce the risks of herbivore damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Biology and Management of Sap-Sucking Pests)

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13 pages, 1503 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microbiome of Invasive Tick Species Haemaphysalis longicornis in North Carolina, USA

by Loganathan Ponnusamy, Nicholas V. Travanty, D. Wes Watson, Steven W. Seagle, Ross M. Boyce and Michael H. Reiskind

Insects 2024, 15(3), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15030153 - 24 Feb 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3694

Abstract

Ticks are one of the most important vectors of human and animal disease worldwide. In addition to pathogens, ticks carry a diverse microbiota of symbiotic and commensal microorganisms. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to survey the microbiomes of Haemaphysalis longicornis [...] Read more.

Ticks are one of the most important vectors of human and animal disease worldwide. In addition to pathogens, ticks carry a diverse microbiota of symbiotic and commensal microorganisms. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to survey the microbiomes of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) at different life stages collected from field populations in North Carolina (NC), USA. Sequence analyses were performed using QIIME2 with the DADA2 plugin and taxonomic assignments using the Greengenes database. Following quality filtering and rarefaction, the bacterial DNA sequences were assigned to 4795 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in 105 ticks. A core microbiome of H. longicornis was conserved across all ticks analyzed, and included bacterial taxa: Coxiella, Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonadaceae, Actinomycetales, and Sphingobium. Less abundant bacterial taxa, including Rickettsia and Aeromonas, were also identified in some ticks. We discovered some ASVs that are associated with human and animal infections among the identified bacteria. Alpha diversity metrics revealed significant differences in bacterial diversity between life stages. Beta diversity metrics also revealed that bacterial communities across the three life stages were significantly different, suggesting dramatic changes in the microbiome as ticks mature. Based on these results, additional investigation is necessary to determine the significance of the Haemaphysalis longicornis microbiome for animal and human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Other Arthropods and General Topics)

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28 pages, 2241 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of Flower-Visiting Insects in Coffee Crops

by Juan Diego Maldonado-Cepeda, Jesús Hernando Gómez, Pablo Benavides, Juliana Jaramillo and Zulma Nancy Gil

Insects 2024, 15(3), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15030143 - 21 Feb 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4292

Abstract

Despite the important role that flower-visiting insects play in agricultural production, none of the previous studies of coffee pollinators in Colombia have incorporated functional diversity into their analysis. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the abundance, richness, and functional diversity of insects that [...] Read more.

Despite the important role that flower-visiting insects play in agricultural production, none of the previous studies of coffee pollinators in Colombia have incorporated functional diversity into their analysis. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the abundance, richness, and functional diversity of insects that visit flowers in coffee crops. Twenty-eight plots were selected among five sites in the north, center, and south of Colombia. In each plot, coffee flower insect visitors were collected and recorded on 90 trees at eight-minute intervals per tree, at three different times over three days. All sampling was carried out during two flowering events per year, over three years, resulting in a total of 1240 h of observations. Subsequently, the insects were taxonomically identified, and the number of individuals and species, as well as the diversity of the order q, were estimated. Functional diversity was also characterized in the bee community. The results: (a) 23,735 individuals belonging to 566 species were recorded; of them, 90 were bees, with the native species being the most abundant during 10:30 and 13:00 h; (b) bees formed five functional groups, with corbiculate and long-tongued non-corbiculate bees being the most abundant and occupying the largest regions of functional space; (c) potential pollinators in coffee crops are Apis mellifera, Nannotrigona gaboi, Tetragonisca angustula, Geotrigona cf. tellurica, and Partamona cf. peckolti. Coffee crops host a wide diversity of flower visitors, especially bees, which could be beneficial for productivity and contribute to the maintenance of plant species that accompany coffee cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Insects on Pollination Ecology)

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11 pages, 2137 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Blue Light Attracts More Spodoptera frugiperda Moths and Promotes Their Flight Speed

by Haibo Yang, Jing Lu, Pinhong Zhu, Yalan Sun, Zhenjie Hu, Dingxu Li and Jianrong Huang

Insects 2024, 15(2), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15020129 - 14 Feb 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3461

Abstract

Light traps are a useful method for monitoring and controlling the important migratory pest, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Studies have shown that S. frugiperda is sensitive to blue, green, or ultraviolet (UV) light, but the conclusions are inconsistent. Furthermore, conventional black [...] Read more.

Light traps are a useful method for monitoring and controlling the important migratory pest, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Studies have shown that S. frugiperda is sensitive to blue, green, or ultraviolet (UV) light, but the conclusions are inconsistent. Furthermore, conventional black light traps are less effective for trapping S. frugiperda. To improve the trapping efficiency of this pest, it is crucial to determine the specific wavelength to which S. frugiperda is sensitive and measure its flight capability under that wavelength. This study investigated the effects of light wavelength on the phototaxis and flight performance of S. frugiperda. The results showed that blue light was the most sensitive wavelength among the three different LED lights and was unaffected by gender. The flight capability of S. frugiperda varied significantly in different light conditions, especially for flight speed. The fastest flight speed was observed in blue light, whereas the slowest was observed in UV light compared to dark conditions. During a 12 h flight period, speed declined more rapidly in blue light and more slowly in UV, whereas speed remained stable in dark conditions. Meanwhile, the proportion of fast-flying individuals was highest under blue light, which was significantly higher than under UV light. Therefore, the use of light traps equipped with blue LED lights can improve the trapping efficiency of S. frugiperda. These results also provide insights for further research on the effects of light pollution on migratory insects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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12 pages, 1039 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Global Trends in Climate Suitability of Bees: Ups and Downs in a Warming World

by Ehsan Rahimi and Chuleui Jung

Insects 2024, 15(2), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15020127 - 11 Feb 2024

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7507

Abstract

Bees represent vital natural assets contributing significantly to global food production and the maintenance of ecosystems. While studies on climate change effects impacting major pollinators like honeybees and bumblebees raise concerns about global diversity and crop productivity, comprehensive global-scale analyses remain limited. This [...] Read more.

Bees represent vital natural assets contributing significantly to global food production and the maintenance of ecosystems. While studies on climate change effects impacting major pollinators like honeybees and bumblebees raise concerns about global diversity and crop productivity, comprehensive global-scale analyses remain limited. This study explores the repercussions of global warming on 1365 bees across seven families of bees worldwide. To compile a robust global bee occurrence dataset, we utilized the innovative ‘BeeBDC’ R package that amalgamated over 18.3 million bee occurrence records sourced from various repositories. Through species distribution models under the SSP585 scenario in the year 2070, we assessed how climate change influences the climate suitability of bees on a global scale, examining the impacts across continents. Our findings suggested that approximately 65% of bees are likely to witness a decrease in their distribution, with reductions averaging between 28% in Australia and 56% in Europe. Moreover, our analysis indicated that climate change’s impact on bees is projected to be more severe in Africa and Europe, while North America is expected to witness a higher number (336) of bees expanding their distribution. Climate change’s anticipated effects on bee distributions could potentially disrupt existing pollinator–plant networks, posing ecological challenges that emphasize the importance of pollinator diversity, synchrony between plants and bees, and the necessity for focused conservation efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)

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12 pages, 1836 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Genome of Arsenophonus sp. and Its Potential Contribution in the Corn Planthopper, Peregrinus maidis

by Yu-Hui Wang, Aram Mikaelyan, Brad S. Coates and Marcé Lorenzen

Insects 2024, 15(2), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15020113 - 5 Feb 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3149

Abstract

The co-evolution between symbionts and their insect hosts has led to intricate functional interdependencies. Advances in DNA-sequencing technologies have not only reduced the cost of sequencing but, with the advent of highly accurate long-read methods, have also enabled facile genome assembly even using [...] Read more.

The co-evolution between symbionts and their insect hosts has led to intricate functional interdependencies. Advances in DNA-sequencing technologies have not only reduced the cost of sequencing but, with the advent of highly accurate long-read methods, have also enabled facile genome assembly even using mixed genomic input, thereby allowing us to more easily assess the contribution of symbionts to their insect hosts. In this study, genomic data recently generated from Peregrinus maidis was used to assemble the genome of a bacterial symbiont, Pm Arsenophonus sp. This ~4.9-Mb assembly is one of the largest Arsenophonus genomes reported to date. The Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) result indicates that this Pm Arsenophonus assembly has a high degree of completeness, with 96% of the single-copy Enterobacterales orthologs found. The identity of the Pm Arsenophonus sp. was further confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicates a major contribution by Pm Arsenophonus sp. to the biosynthesis of B vitamins and essential amino acids in P. maidis, where threonine and lysine production is carried out solely by Pm Arsenophonus sp. This study not only provides deeper insights into the evolutionary relationships between symbionts and their insect hosts, but also adds to our understanding of insect biology, potentially guiding the development of novel pest control methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)

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14 pages, 2219 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Study of the Effect of Pollen Substitute Diets on Honey Bees during Early Spring

by Hyunjee Kim, Olga Frunze, Abdulkadir Yusif Maigoro, Myeong-Lyeol Lee, Jeong-Hyeon Lee and Hyung-Wook Kwon

Insects 2024, 15(2), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15020101 - 1 Feb 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4757

Abstract

The nutritional quality of a colony significantly affects its health and strength, particularly because it is required for population growth in the early spring. We investigated the impact of various artificial pollen substitute diets on colony performance in the Republic of Korea during [...] Read more.

The nutritional quality of a colony significantly affects its health and strength, particularly because it is required for population growth in the early spring. We investigated the impact of various artificial pollen substitute diets on colony performance in the Republic of Korea during early spring, a critical period for colony health and growth. The colonies were provided with different diets, including the commercial product Megabee (positive control), our developed diet Test A, and four upgraded versions (Diet 1, Diet 2, Diet 3, and Diet 4) of Test A. The negative control group received no supplementary feed. Over 63 days, we observed 24 experimental colonies and assessed various parameters at the colony and individual levels. The results revealed that Diet 2 had the highest consumption and had the most positive impact on population growth, the capped brood area, colony weight, honey bees’ weight, and vitellogenin levels. These findings suggested that Diet 2 is most attractive to honey bees and thus holds great promise for improving colony maintenance and development during the crucial early spring period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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15 pages, 2766 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Multivariate Regression Models Suggested as Standardising Tools for Categorising Solitarious and Gregarious Groups of the Main Pest Locust, Schistocerca gregaria, Produce Reproducible Results

by Somia Saadi, Noureddine Bakkali, Rubén Martín-Blázquez, Abdelmounim Badih and Mohammed Bakkali

Insects 2024, 15(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15020102 - 1 Feb 2024

Viewed by 2463

Abstract

Outbreaks of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria affect some of the poorest parts of Africa, with devastating outcomes. The key to understanding and dealing with this problematic adaptation to environmental changes is comparing gregarious and solitarious locusts, either in nature or in laboratories. [...] Read more.

Outbreaks of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria affect some of the poorest parts of Africa, with devastating outcomes. The key to understanding and dealing with this problematic adaptation to environmental changes is comparing gregarious and solitarious locusts, either in nature or in laboratories. Categorising locusts and detecting changes in their phase status is key to such comparisons, which have been hitherto based on applying mathematical models that use behavioural parameters and that each laboratory has to build anew for each experiment. All the models used thus far are different from one another. This implies differences in the tools used for the different experiments and by the different laboratories and, thus, potential noise in the results and interpretations. Standardising the way locusts are categorised is necessary if we want to reduce noise and errors. It is crucial if we seek to make the results and interpretations transferable and comparable between experiments and laboratories for such an important research area. To tackle this problem, we suggested two models as possible standardising tools. However, the problem of a lack of standardised tools re-emerged due to the doubts cast on the validity of those models. Here, we use samples from independent S. gregaria populations in order to test and validate those models. We discuss how successful the two models were at categorising solitarious, intermediate (transient), and gregarious nymph and adult S. gregaria samples. We highlight shortcomings and make more specific recommendations on the use of those models based on the precision differences they show when categorising solitarious and gregarious S. gregaria nymph and adult samples. Overall, both models have proven to be valid since their results were largely replicated and seem reproducible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects Ecological, Physiological, and Genetic Adaptation to the Environment)

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22 pages, 10020 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ecological Speciation without Morphological Differentiation? A New Cryptic Species of Diodontus Curtis (Hymenoptera, Pemphredonidae) from the Centre of Europe

by Eduardas Budrys, Svetlana Orlovskytė and Anna Budrienė

Insects 2024, 15(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15020086 - 26 Jan 2024

Viewed by 2749

Abstract

Upon exploring the mitotype diversity of the aphid-hunting wasp, Diodontus tristis, we revealed specimens with highly divergent mitotypes from two localities in Lithuania and nesting in clayey substrate, while the specimens with typical mitotypes were found nesting in sandy sites. The comparison [...] Read more.

Upon exploring the mitotype diversity of the aphid-hunting wasp, Diodontus tristis, we revealed specimens with highly divergent mitotypes from two localities in Lithuania and nesting in clayey substrate, while the specimens with typical mitotypes were found nesting in sandy sites. The comparison of inter- and intra-specific distances and application of delimitation algorithms supported the species status of the clay-nesting populations. Using a set of DNA markers that included complete or partial sequences of six mitochondrial genes, three markers of ribosomal operon, two homeobox genes, and four other nuclear genes, we clarified the phylogenetic relationships of the new cryptic species. The endosymbiotic bacteria infestation was checked, considering the option that the divergent populations may represent clades isolated by Wolbachia infection; however, it did not demonstrate any specificity. We found only subtle morphological differences in the new clay-nesting species, D. argillicola sp. nov.; the discriminant analysis of morphometric measurements did not reliably segregate it as well. Thus, we provide the molecular characters of the cryptic species, which allow confident identification, its phylogenetic position within the genus, and an updated identification key for the D. tristis species group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Hymenoptera: Biology, Taxonomy and Integrated Management)

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22 pages, 3229 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bridging the Gap between Field Experiments and Machine Learning: The EC H2020 B-GOOD Project as a Case Study towards Automated Predictive Health Monitoring of Honey Bee Colonies

by Coby van Dooremalen, Zeynep N. Ulgezen, Raffaele Dall’Olio, Ugoline Godeau, Xiaodong Duan, José Paulo Sousa, Marc O. Schäfer, Alexis Beaurepaire, Pim van Gennip, Marten Schoonman, Claude Flener, Severine Matthijs, David Claeys Boúúaert, Wim Verbeke, Dana Freshley, Dirk-Jan Valkenburg, Trudy van den Bosch, Famke Schaafsma, Jeroen Peters, Mang Xu, Yves Le Conte, Cedric Alaux, Anne Dalmon, Robert J. Paxton, Anja Tehel, Tabea Streicher, Daniel S. Dezmirean, Alexandru I. Giurgiu, Christopher J. Topping, James Henty Williams, Nuno Capela, Sara Lopes, Fátima Alves, Joana Alves, João Bica, Sandra Simões, António Alves da Silva, Sílvia Castro, João Loureiro, Eva Horčičková, Martin Bencsik, Adam McVeigh, Tarun Kumar, Arrigo Moro, April van Delden, Elżbieta Ziółkowska, Michał Filipiak, Łukasz Mikołajczyk, Kirsten Leufgen, Lina De Smet and Dirk C. de Graaf Show full author list Hide full author list

Insects 2024, 15(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15010076 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3811

Abstract

Honey bee colonies have great societal and economic importance. The main challenge that beekeepers face is keeping bee colonies healthy under ever-changing environmental conditions. In the past two decades, beekeepers that manage colonies of Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) have become [...] Read more.

Honey bee colonies have great societal and economic importance. The main challenge that beekeepers face is keeping bee colonies healthy under ever-changing environmental conditions. In the past two decades, beekeepers that manage colonies of Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) have become increasingly concerned by the presence of parasites and pathogens affecting the bees, the reduction in pollen and nectar availability, and the colonies’ exposure to pesticides, among others. Hence, beekeepers need to know the health condition of their colonies and how to keep them alive and thriving, which creates a need for a new holistic data collection method to harmonize the flow of information from various sources that can be linked at the colony level for different health determinants, such as bee colony, environmental, socioeconomic, and genetic statuses. For this purpose, we have developed and implemented the B-GOOD (Giving Beekeeping Guidance by computational-assisted Decision Making) project as a case study to categorize the colony’s health condition and find a Health Status Index (HSI). Using a 3-tier setup guided by work plans and standardized protocols, we have collected data from inside the colonies (amount of brood, disease load, honey harvest, etc.) and from their environment (floral resource availability). Most of the project’s data was automatically collected by the BEEP Base Sensor System. This continuous stream of data served as the basis to determine and validate an algorithm to calculate the HSI using machine learning. In this article, we share our insights on this holistic methodology and also highlight the importance of using a standardized data language to increase the compatibility between different current and future studies. We argue that the combined management of big data will be an essential building block in the development of targeted guidance for beekeepers and for the future of sustainable beekeeping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy and Sustainable Beekeeping)

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12 pages, 1801 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Deceptive Seduction by Femme Fatale Fireflies and Its Avoidance by Males of a Synchronous Firefly Species (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

by Yara Maquitico, Jazmín Coronado, Andrea Luna, Aldair Vergara and Carlos Cordero

Insects 2024, 15(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15010078 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4015

Abstract

Photuris female fireflies attract males of different firefly species by responding to their flashing signals; then, they try to capture and feed on them. This aggressive mimicry is considered a major selective pressure on the communication systems of the fireflies of the American [...] Read more.

Photuris female fireflies attract males of different firefly species by responding to their flashing signals; then, they try to capture and feed on them. This aggressive mimicry is considered a major selective pressure on the communication systems of the fireflies of the American continent. The intensity of this selective pressure is a function of its efficiency in prey capture. In this study, the rates of attraction and capture of males of the synchronous firefly Photinus palaciosi by the predatory females of Photuris lugubris are reported. Although the females attract numerous males, their hunting success is low. This result is consistent with the few previous measurements published. In agreement with the predicted coevolutionary race between predator and prey, behaviors consistent with predation avoidance in P. palaciosi and increasing prey encounters and prey deception by P. lugubris were observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Insect Signals)

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24 pages, 2939 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Illuminating Firefly Diversity: Trends, Threats and Conservation Strategies

by Sara M. Lewis, Wan F. A. Jusoh, Anna C. Walker, Candace E. Fallon, Richard Joyce and Vor Yiu

Insects 2024, 15(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15010071 - 19 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 15320

Abstract

Fireflies are a diverse group of bioluminescent beetles belonging to the family Lampyridae. Recent research on their diversity, evolution, behavior and conservation has greatly advanced our scientific understanding of these charismatic insects. In this review, we first summarize new discoveries about their taxonomic [...] Read more.

Fireflies are a diverse group of bioluminescent beetles belonging to the family Lampyridae. Recent research on their diversity, evolution, behavior and conservation has greatly advanced our scientific understanding of these charismatic insects. In this review, we first summarize new discoveries about their taxonomic and ecological diversity, then focus on recent endeavors to identify and protect threatened fireflies around the world. We outline the main threats linked to recent population declines (habitat loss and degradation, light pollution, pesticide overuse, climate change and tourism) and describe relevant risk factors that predict which species will be particularly vulnerable to these threats. Although global coordination of firefly conservation efforts has begun only recently, considerable progress has already been made. We describe work by the IUCN SSC Firefly Specialist Group to identify species currently facing elevated extinction risks and to devise conservation strategies to protect them. To date, IUCN Red List assessments have been completed for 150 firefly taxa, about 20% of which face heightened extinction risks. The conservation status for many species has yet to be determined due to insufficient information, although targeted surveys and community science projects have contributed valuable new data. Finally, we highlight some examples of successful firefly habitat protection and restoration efforts, and we use the framework of the IUCN SSC Species Conservation Cycle to point out high-priority actions for future firefly conservation efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)

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16 pages, 302 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Critical Review on the Use of Extractives of Naturally Durable Woods as Natural Wood Protectants

by Grant T. Kirker, Babar Hassan, Mark E. Mankowski and Fred J. Eller

Insects 2024, 15(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15010069 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4534

Abstract

Naturally durable wood pre-dates preservative-treated wood and has been demonstrated to offer a suitable service life for certain applications where preservative-treated wood is not feasible. Heartwood extractives have been demonstrated to impart bio-deteriorative resistance to naturally durable wood species. These extractives are typically [...] Read more.

Naturally durable wood pre-dates preservative-treated wood and has been demonstrated to offer a suitable service life for certain applications where preservative-treated wood is not feasible. Heartwood extractives have been demonstrated to impart bio-deteriorative resistance to naturally durable wood species. These extractives are typically found in the heartwood of living trees and are produced either by the death of parenchyma cells or as the result of external stimuli. The mechanisms of natural durability are not well understood, as heartwood extractives can be extremely variable in their distribution, composition, and efficacy in both living and harvested trees. The underlying complexity of heartwood extractives has hindered their standardization in residential building codes for use as wood preservatives. The use of naturally durable lumber is not always feasible, as woods with exceptionally durable heartwood do not typically yield lumber with acceptable machining properties. A potential approach to overcome the inherent difficulty in establishing guidelines for the appropriate use of naturally durable wood is to focus solely on the extractives as a source of bioactive protectants based on the strategies used on living and dead wood to repel the agents of biodeterioration. This critical review summarizes the relevant literature on naturally durable woods, their extractives, and their potential use as bio-inspired wood protectants. An additional discussion will be aimed at underscoring the past difficulties in adopting this approach and how to overcome the future hurdles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

19 pages, 2759 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Population Dynamics and Parasitism Rates of Ceratitis capitata, Anastrepha fraterculus, and Drosophila suzukii in Non-Crop Hosts: Implications for the Management of Pest Fruit Flies

by María Josefina Buonocore-Biancheri, Xingeng Wang, Segundo Ricardo Núñez-Campero, Lorena Suárez, Pablo Schliserman, Marcos Darío Ponssa, Daniel Santiago Kirschbaum, Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia and Sergio Marcelo Ovruski

Insects 2024, 15(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15010061 - 15 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3237

Abstract

Understanding the seasonal dynamics inherent to non-crop host–fruit fly–parasitoid interactions is vitally important for implementing eco-friendly pest control strategies. This study assessed the abundance and seasonal infestation levels of three pest fly species, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), as [...] Read more.

Understanding the seasonal dynamics inherent to non-crop host–fruit fly–parasitoid interactions is vitally important for implementing eco-friendly pest control strategies. This study assessed the abundance and seasonal infestation levels of three pest fly species, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), as well as the related saprophytic drosophilids, and their natural parasitism in a disturbed wild habitat characterized by non-crop hosts in northwestern Argentina over 40 months. Juglans australis Griseb (walnut), Citrus aurantium L. (sour orange), Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindley (loquat), Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (peach), and Psydium guajava L. (guava) were sampled throughout their fruiting seasons. Fruits were collected from both the tree canopies and the ground. The most abundant puparia was A. fraterculus, followed by C. capitata and D. suzukii. Drosophila species from the D. melanogaster group were highly abundant only in fallen fruits. Spatiotemporal overlaps of different host fruit availability provided suitable sources for pest proliferation throughout the year. The populations of both invasive pests peaked from December to January, and were related to the highest ripe peach availability, whereas the A. fraterculus population peaked from February to April, overlapping with the guava fruiting period. The three pest fly species were parasitized mainly by three generalist resident parasitoids, which are potential biocontrol agents to use within an integrated pest management approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fly Biology, Ecology, Behavior and Management)

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16 pages, 1425 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Efficacy of Conventional and Biorational Insecticides against the Invasive Pest Thrips parvispinus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) under Containment Conditions

by Livia M. S. Ataide, German Vargas, Yisell Velazquez-Hernandez, Isamar Reyes-Arauz, Paola Villamarin, Maria A. Canon, Xiangbing Yang, Simon S. Riley and Alexandra M. Revynthi

Insects 2024, 15(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15010048 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 9998

Abstract

In 2020, the invasive Thrips parvispinus (Karny) was first detected in Florida, United States. In response to the implemented regulatory restrictions, we conducted laboratory experiments under containment conditions. Thrips larvae and adults were exposed to 32 products (conventional and biorational insecticides) either directly [...] Read more.

In 2020, the invasive Thrips parvispinus (Karny) was first detected in Florida, United States. In response to the implemented regulatory restrictions, we conducted laboratory experiments under containment conditions. Thrips larvae and adults were exposed to 32 products (conventional and biorational insecticides) either directly or indirectly. Direct exposure was performed using a Spray Potter Tower, while indirect exposure was conducted by evaluating residue toxicity against the thrips. Water served as a control. We assessed mortality and leaf-feeding damage 48 h post-treatment. Among the conventional insecticides, chlorfenapyr, sulfoxaflor-spinetoram, and spinosad caused high mortality across all stages in both direct and residue toxicity assays. Pyridalyl, acetamiprid, tolfenpyrad, cyclaniliprole-flonicamid, acephate, novaluron, abamectin, cyantraniliprole, imidacloprid, cyclaniliprole, spirotetramat, and carbaryl displayed moderate toxicity, affecting at least two stages in either exposure route. Additionally, chlorfenapyr, spinosad, sulfoxaflor-spinetoram, pyridalyl, acetamiprid, cyclaniliprole, cyclaniliprole-flonicamid, abamectin, and acephate inhibited larvae and adult’s leaf-feeding damage in both direct and residue toxicity assays. Regarding biorational insecticides, mineral oil (3%) and sesame oil caused the highest mortality and lowest leaf-feeding damage. Greenhouse evaluations of spinosad, chlorfenapyr, sulfoxaflor-spinetoram, and pyridalyl are recommended. Also, a rotation program incorporating these products, while considering different modes of action, is advised for ornamental growers to avoid resistance and to comply with regulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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13 pages, 8990 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Host-Encoded Aminotransferase Import into the Endosymbiotic Bacteria Nardonella of Red Palm Weevil

by Ying Huang, Zhen-Feng Feng, Fan Li and You-Ming Hou

Insects 2024, 15(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15010035 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2561

Abstract

Symbiotic systems are intimately integrated at multiple levels. Host–endosymbiont metabolic complementarity in amino acid biosynthesis is especially important for sap-feeding insects and their symbionts. In weevil–Nardonella endosymbiosis, the final step reaction of the endosymbiont tyrosine synthesis pathway is complemented by host-encoded aminotransferases. [...] Read more.

Symbiotic systems are intimately integrated at multiple levels. Host–endosymbiont metabolic complementarity in amino acid biosynthesis is especially important for sap-feeding insects and their symbionts. In weevil–Nardonella endosymbiosis, the final step reaction of the endosymbiont tyrosine synthesis pathway is complemented by host-encoded aminotransferases. Based on previous results from other insects, we suspected that these aminotransferases were likely transported into the Nardonella cytoplasm to produce tyrosine. Here, we identified five aminotransferase genes in the genome of the red palm weevil. Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, we confirmed that RfGOT1 and RfGOT2A were specifically expressed in the bacteriome. RNA interference targeting these two aminotransferase genes reduced the tyrosine level in the bacteriome. The immunofluorescence-FISH double labeling localization analysis revealed that RfGOT1 and RfGOT2A were present within the bacteriocyte, where they colocalized with Nardonella cells. Immunogold transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the localization of RfGOT1 and RfGOT2A in the cytosol of Nardonella and the bacteriocyte. Our data revealed that RfGOT1 and RfGOT2A are transported into the Nardonella cytoplasm to collaborate with genes retained in the Nardonella genome in order to synthesize tyrosine. The results of our study will enhance the understanding of the integration of host and endosymbiont metabolism in amino acid biosynthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

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12 pages, 3134 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Disruptive Effects of Two Curcuminoids (Demethoxycurcumin and Bisdemethoxycurcumin) on the Larval Development of Drosophila melanogaster

by Jun-Hyoung Jeon, Seon-Ah Jeong, Doo-Sang Park, Hong-Hyun Park, Sang-Woon Shin and Hyun-Woo Oh

Insects 2023, 14(12), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14120959 - 18 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2902

Abstract

Juvenile hormones (JHs) play a central role in insect development, reproduction, and various physiological functions. Curcuminoids generally exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and insecticidal, and they exhibit insect growth inhibitory effects. However, research on insecticidal properties [...] Read more.

Juvenile hormones (JHs) play a central role in insect development, reproduction, and various physiological functions. Curcuminoids generally exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and insecticidal, and they exhibit insect growth inhibitory effects. However, research on insecticidal properties of curcuminoids has been limited. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, studies on JHs of insects and curcuminoids are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the substances that act as JH disruptors (JHDs) from edible plants. Demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), two curcuminoids from the turmeric plant Curcuma longa L. inhibited the formation of a methoprene-tolerant (Met)–Taiman (Tai) heterodimer complex in Drosophila melanogaster, as shown through in vitro yeast two-hybrid assays. An artificial diet containing 1% (w/v) DMC or BDMC significantly reduced the number of D. melanogaster larvae in a concentration-dependent manner; larval development was disrupted, preventing the progression of larvae to pupal stages, resulting in an absence of adults. Building on the results obtained in this study on curcuminoids, researchers can use our study as a reference to develop eco-friendly pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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